G R A M MA R ,

OF THE

H EB R E W L A N G U A G E,

C P
OM RISE D IN A

S ER I ES OF L EC T U R ES ;

C O M P I L ED F R OM TH E B EST A UT H OR I T I ES , A ND

P R I NC I PA L L Y

f rom QBriz n t aI hun t s ,

D ES I G N E D
F OR T H E U S E OF S TUD EN T S I N T H E U NI V ER S I T I ES .

BY T H E R EV . S . LEE, 11 D W
R EG I U P F
S RO ES S O R B W OF HE RE U T IN A B DG ;
THE N I V ER S I Y OF C M RI E
D D
. . or
TROTRA N
Tm : u m
'
xm s xr r or ONO RAAMRER MAEM ER
H AL Lz ; H Y
R A O ET B
RE A
o r
T
'
A Q I A I ‘ N‘ S CI Y OF P u m a. A N D o r T HE

REO MMN TT EE T RRANM OTATN N O MM TT EENO W E O E

'
HIS I C AL so cm n r or a x o n s u L AN D , IC ; M P M B ER o r Tu n OY L A s u T xo s o o n ”? o r G
B I I AN D I LA D, AN D or n o OR I F N T A L SL IO C I ; A LS o r Tu n r o m r m u
T n As A T TO N C I
R TO
or B
o r
IS
T H E s o c rm
L ; m or o n
yo u
OF
P O
H A R L EY ,
I G c n m s T t AN K
m u ms , ‘
&O .
, &o.
L DG ; P R EB F N D AR Y

Ta m mEm TI o NJ J
WI T H
I

EN R I CHED M U C H O R I G I N AL M AT T ER .

L OND ON
DU NC A N AND M A L C OLM , P A T ER N OS T E R RO W .

M D C C C XL I .
A L EX A N D E R M A C IN T OS H,
P RIN T ER ,

G REAT N EW- S T R EE T L D
,
ON ON .
 P R EF A C E .

H A VI N G be e n ca l l e d u p o n to su
p e r in t en d a Thi r d Edi t i o n o f the

o l lo wi n
f g W o r k, I ha v e , f
— or v ar o u si r e a s o n s, — de e m e d i t m y
d u t y t o d e s cr ib e , m o re p a r t i cu l a r l y t han on fo r m e r o cca s i o n s, its
n at ure an d c ha r a ct e r : in o the r w o r d s, to m a ke the Pref
a ce a

so rt of I n t r o d u ct i o n , an d th a m il i a r i z e t h
er e by t o f e m in d o f the

L e ar n e r , i n so m e de gr ee , w i t ha s u b ec t
j t o whi ch he m a
y b e

su pp o se d t o be a st r an
g er ; an d w i t ha W o rk dif
fe r i n g, i n so m e

r es
p e ct s, fr o m t he G ram m ars g en eral l y in u se . So m e s l ight
a l te r a t io n s ha v e , m o r e o ve r, be e n m ad e in this Edit i o n , an d
so m e a d di t i o n a l m at ter gi ven , Of w hi ch t he R e a de r ou
g ht to
be a r iz e d
pp .

It s ho u l d be b o r n e i n m in d tha t, as the st u d y of the H e br e w

L a n gu a g e i s n o t co m m e n ce d g e n e r al l y i n chil d ho o d t he , m et ho d
u su a l l
yhad r e co u r se to i n t e a ch
hi ld r e n co u ld n o t w e l l b e
in g c ,

a d o t ed
p W . i t h t hem t he m em o r y is
p erh
p
a s t h e o n ly f a c,u l t y ,

wh i ch w e ca n ca l l i n t o e x e r ci s e We ca n ha r dl y e xpe ct t he m .

t o a do p t a n y m e t h o d o f i n s t r u ct i o n cal l in g f or an e x t e n s iv e

u se o f th e r e a so n Wi t h m e n t he ca se i s w i de l y di ffe r e n t
. .

T O a sk t h e m t o c o m m i t l a r g e p o r t i o n s Of e l e m e n t a r y w o r k s t o

m e m o r y— a s i t i s t h e ca s e w i t h ch ild r e n — w o u ld be t o r e q u i r e
o ft h e m a t o il t o w h ich t h e y co u l d n o t r e a s o n a b l y b e e x e c t e d
p
t o su b m it Wi t h t he m t he r e a s o n in g fa cu l t ie s ha v e t o s o m e
.
,

e xt e n t a t l e as t be e n e xe r ci s e d
, An d w h e n i n s t r u ct i o n ca n b e
.
,

i m pa r t e d b y m ea n s o f t h e se —a s i t i s t h e cas e i n s t u d y i n g t h
, e

sci e n ce s — i t is o u r d u t y t o a v a i l o u r s e l v e s o f t h
, em .

I n co n s t r u ct i n g t h e f o l l o w in g G r a m m a r I h a ve th e ref o re , ,

a 2

25 1 094
iv P R EF A CE .

a do
p t e d t he A n a lyt i ca l m ho d e n de a v o u r i n g a s I ha v e p r o
et , ,

ce e d e d n ot , o n ly t o g i v e t h e R u l es b y w h i c h t h e H eb r e w

L a n gu a ge i s go v e r n e d b u t t h e R ea s o n s o f t h
, em Th is I h av e .
,

c o n ce iv e d w o u l d b e t h , e m o st e f fe ct u al m e t h o d o f d e a l in g w i t h

th i s s u bj e ct w i t h m e n ; a n d p a r t i cu l a r l y w i t h t h o se f o r wh o se

u se i t i s
p r in ci a ll y i n t e n d e d
p t h e S t u de n t s o f o u r U n i v e r s i t i e s
, .

Th is t o o a s i t h
, , a s o ccu r r e d t o m e w o u l d b e o n e o f t h e best ,

m e a n s o f k e e in
p g u
p t h e in t e r e s t in an i n q u ir y b u t t o o l i t t l e

e n co u r a e d i n o t h t an d i n d e e d o f ca r r i n L
g e r r e s p e c s , y g ,e a rn e r s ,

o n t o a n e x t en t w h i chco u l d n o t e v e n t u a l l y b u t b e d e l i gh
,
tf u l to

th e m s el ve s a n d
p r o fit a bl e t o t h
, e p u bl i c .

A n e x pe r i e n ce o f s o m e y e a r s h a s co n v in ce d m e th at th e ,

cr i t i ci s m o f th e H e b r e w B ib l e i s n o t t o b e m a s t e r ed i n a f ew

l e sso n s w h a t ever so m e
, p r e t e n de r s m a
y af fi rm t o t h e co n t r a r y .

I t s l a n gu a g e i n d e e d i s n o t i n fe r i o r e i t h
, , e r i n r e gu l a r i t y e a se , ,

e l e a n ce s t r e n t h r e xt e n t t o m a n y o t h rs wh i h r e cu l t iv a t e d
g ,g o , e , c a

a m o n g u s w i t ht h e gr e a t e s t a r d o u r : w h il e i t s h i s t o r y d o ct r in e s , ,

P p
O
r o h e t i ca l d e c l a r a t io n s a n d m o r al s ,a r e a s m u ch s u e r i o r t o
p ,

an
y t h i n
g t o b e f o u n d in t h e m a s l i g h t i s t o d a r kn e ss o r a s t h
, e ,

g l o r i e s o fh e a v e n a r e t o t h e p o o r an d
p e r i sh i n
g e n j o y m e n t s o ft h i s

state o f t h in gs S t ill i t m u s t b e co n fe s se d m u cht im e t h ou h t

.
, g , , ,

a n d d i l i e n t i n qu i r y r e i n di s e n s a b l e t o i t s r i h t u n de r s t a n d
g a , p g
i n g e s pe ci a l l y i n t h ar t s w h cha r e t h o s t i n t e r e s t i n g, a n d
'

, o se
p i e m

Of t h reatest r a ct i ca l m m n t T t u dy i t s l a n
e
g p o e o s g g
.ua e ,

th er ef ore as IT 1s , th a t is , a s i t s o w n AN AL OG Y
-
, co l l e ct e d f rom ,

i t s el f a n d i t s co gn a t e di a l e ct s e x h
, i b it s i t ha s a p p e a r e d t o m e
, ,
-

t o pr o m i s e t h e be st m e an s b o th o f t h o r o u gh ,
l y im b u in g t h e

m i n d w i t h a r e a l k n o w l e d ge o f i t a n d o f k e e in
p g t h t
u
p , a

i n t e r e st i n t h e m e a n t im e w h i ch i s a b so l u t e l y n e ce s s a r y t o i t s
,

du e ac qu i r e m e n t .

U n de r t he s
yn the t i ca l m et ho d — , as it ha s be e n ca l l e d, — that

i s, t h hi chm i ght b e
'

e m ere p ro
p ou n di n g Of ce r t a i n r u l e s, — w true
or fa l s e , an d w hi ch i n ca se s in n u m e r a bl e we re n ot t r u e— m ost

m en eve n t u al l y di sco v e r , t h
p at theyh ce r t a i n t y ca n r o n o u n ce wit
on s ca r ce l y a n yt hi n g co n n e ct e d w i t h t he l e t ter o f th e Hebre w

B ib l e T he r e a s o n i s NO fo u n d a t i o n ha s b e e n l a id in t he ir o w n
.
,

m in d s o n w h , i cht h e y ca n r e l y Of t h e e x a ct a n d p r e ci s e i m po r t .
 PR EFACE .

eit he r of w o r d s, p hr ases , or m ore l e n gt hen ed c o n s tr u ct i o n s, the y

ha v e r e a l i z e d n o bs t a n t ia l m e a n s o f j u dgi n g T he y k n o w n o t
su .

ho w t he s e ha ve n a t u r al ly u su al ly an d th e n ce a u t h
,
o r i t a t i ve l y
, ,

Ob t a i n e d c u r r e n cy ; a n d t h e co n se q u e n ce u n i v e r sa ll y i s t h ey
a re ,

co m e l le d e i t h r t o r est o n th e a u th o r i t y Of s o m e o t her e rso n

p e p ,

n o b e t t e r in fo r m e d pe r h a s
p than the m se l v e s ,
-
or e l se to ha v e
r e co u r s e t o i n e n i o u s co n j e ct u r e
g .

I t is n ot m
y i n t en t io n he n ce t o in f
er, or to ha v e i t b e l ie ve d,
that I ha v e t he r e fo r e n o w a t l e n g t hdi sco ve r e d s o m e t hin g fr o m
, ,

wh ich n o n e s h o u l d in r esu m e t o d is se n t B y
an
y ca s e p n o .

m e an s . M y o n l y w i shi s t o r e co m m e n d I N VEST I G AT I O N a n d t h
, is ,

r o u n ds t h m o s t l ib e r a l a n d e x t e n d e d ; a n d t h u s t o o b t a in
on
g e

th at a d d i t io n a l l igh t a n d k n o w l e dg e o n t h e co n t e n t s o f th e

i n s pi r e d S cr i p t u r e s o f t h e Old T e s t a m e n t o f wh i ch I t h in k , ,

e v e r y o n e m u s t co n f e ss w e st a n d in ,
n eed I w ill o n l y s a y t h at .
,

if i n d ee d I h a ve b e e n fo r t u n a t e e n o u gh t o h a v e a d v a n ce d in ,

a m o de o f i n q u ir y i n h
'

d e m o r e el e m e n t a r
an
y e gr ee , t yf p arts o f

th e H e b r e w l a n g u a ge l ik e l y t o r e n d e r g o o d s e r v i ce i n i t h
, is
r e s e ct I sh al l h a ve a m l e r e a s o n t o b e m o st t h an kf u l t o H im
p , p ,

wh o is t h e gi v e r o f e v e r y g o o d a n d p e r f e c t g if t I w il l o n l y .

a dd , th e a d v a n ce m e n t o f D iv i n e t r u t h a n d Of t h e h o n o ur o f ,

H im t o w h om w e o w e it ha s b e e n m y s o l e m o t i v e i n s o fa r
,

v e n t u r in t d iffer f ro m o th ers wh o h a ve r e ce d e d m e i n t h i li
g o p s n e

o f l it e r a t u r e .

On the let ters em pl o y ed i n

g i v in
g u t t e ran ce to thi s l a n g u a ge ,
n o thin g n eed be s a id a s t o a n a l s i s
y T h e s e . m u st n e ce s s a r il y be
t a ke n pas o st u la t e s . The h od
p e rh
e a s ie s t
a
p s o f a c q
m et
u i r i n
g , ,

a S ee d y a n d f a m i li a r k n o w l e dg e o f t h e m is t o w r it e t h m
p e o ve r ,

fr e q u e n t l y a s r e co m m e n d e d i n t h
, e f o l lo w in
g w o rk a
p g e s 12 , .

Th e s yl l a b l e s h o w e ve r
p r e se n t m a t t e r f r i n qu ir d t h i
, , o
y ; a n s as ,

th e L e a rn e r w i l l e v e n t u a l l y fi n d o f v e r y co n s i d e r a b l e i m
,
p o r t a n ce

as i t r e s p e ct s t h e c o n s t r u ct i o n a n d va r ia t io n o f th e f orm s of

w o r ds .

The le t ters of the al

p ha be t a r e, he r e , a cco r d i n
g t o the m o st

au t ho r i t a t iv e m o de o f v i e w in g t he m , all Co n s o n a n t s as i t is a l so

the ca se in t ho se al
p h a be t s w hi ch ha v e b e e n i m m e d ia t e l y de r i v e d
fr o m t h
e H e b r e w, v iz th
. e S y r ia c
, a n d A r a b ic Th , e se .
, to f
o rm
v i P R EFA CE .

s yl l a b l e s , are co m b in e d w it h a s ys t e m of Vo w els, p l ace d eit he r

a bo v e , bel o w, or in the sa m e l in e w it h t he
, co n s o n a n ts : an d, i n
fo r m in g su ch s yl l a bl e t he y u n i v e r sa l l y co m e fi r s t i n t he o r d e r
, ,

d, o cca s i o n a l l y b o t hfi r s t a n d l a s t : a s i n t he En l i s h s y l l a b l e
an g ,

ba , or ba d, r es
p e ct i v e l y . No w , as w o r d s Of
ten co n s i s t o f m o re

s yll a b l e s t han o n e, a d ifi cu l t
y m a ya r i s e , — as it is ofte n the ca s e

in t h e En gl i sh ,
— as t o w he r e a p r e ce d in
g s yl l a b l e en d s, an d a

s u b s e q u e n t o n e b e gi n s .

U n de r t h e s n th
y e t i ca l m e t hod o f teac hi n g H e b r e w , a s a do
p t e d ,

I b e l i e v e , i n a ll t he G r am m ar s u
p t o m y t im e t h e , Vo w els w er e

sa i d t o b e , lo n g , s ho r t (G r a m p 1 4 n o t e ) l e a vi n g
ho r t , o r m o st s , .
,

th e L e a r n e r t o d e t e r m in e fo r h im s e l f n e v e r t h el e ss ho w t he , ,

s yl l a b l e s i n w o r d s Of a n l e n g t hw e r e t o b e d i v id e d : a n d, h
y e n ce ,

o n wh at r i n ci l e i t w a s t h at t h e s e v o w e l s v a ri e d w h w r ds
p p , e n o

r e ce i v e d a n
y i n cr e m e n t , f ro m t h e fo r m a t io n o f th e fe m in in e

f rom th e m as cu l in e n o u n th e du al o r
p l u r al f ,rom t h e s i n u lar
g
n u m b er ; o r th e f orm
p pr o er f o r th e s t a t e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n i n e i th er ,

ca se A sl i gh
. t v a r ia t io n o f t h i s d o ct r i n e w a s i n d e e d p r o p o s e d , ,

by Dr G e se n i u s : w hi chho w e v e r ha d t he se de fe ct s t ha t i t n o t
.
,

o n l y p r e s u me d u p o n a k n o w l e dge o f t h e a n al o y i n t h
g e L e a r n e r ,

wh i chh e co u l d n o t b e s u pp o s e d t o
p o sse ss b u t al so le f t h i m ,

e n t ir e l y i n t h h i
e d a k a s t o t e p a t cu a s j u s t m e n t i o n e d
l
r r r * .

I th o u gh t i t r igh t th er ef ore t o p r o p o se a dif

, fe r e n t v i e w , a n d
,

t o d e s i gn a t e t h e Vo w e l s by n am e s w h i ch w o u l d i n di ca t e t h e ir

r o e r t i e s a n d p o w e r s a s i t r e s p e ct e d t h e ir u s e i n t h e co n s t ru e
p p ,

t i o n o f s yl l a b l e s : a n d t h e n ce t o
p pr e ar e t h e m i n d o ft h , e L e a r n e r

The d o c t r in e of G e s e n i u s— an d w hi ch ha s been a do
p t e d b y M r . Ew a l d
t e a che s, t hat the V o wel s are her p u r e o r i m p u r e P u r e
t o be co n s i d e r e d a s e i t
, .

wh e n n o co n s o n a n t i n t e r f e r e s w i t ht he so u n d o f t h e V o w el if w e e xc e p t t h at ,

wh i chpr e c e d e s i t a s 3 o r 3 ba I m p u r e w h en o ther w i s e a s N1
3 3 71 1 71 9
, , , , .
1g ;
, 1 , , , , , ,

& c ba be ba d 8r c
.
, , , H e fu r t h
, .e r sa s t h
y a t s u chs l l a bl e s as
y 3 N
3 ,” N
3 diffe r , , ,

i n l e n g t hfr o m e a cho t h er B u t in n e i t h er o f t h
. e se ca s e s d o e s h
, e
p r e sen t f he
Le a r n e r w i t ha n y t h in g b e yo n d i n g e n i o u s t heo r
y o f wh i chn o p o ssi bl e u s e ca n ,

b e m a d e : a n d in t h
be tru e o r n o t
e l a st h
, e h as n o m e a n s o f k n o w i n
, g wh eth er h i s st a t e m e n t
I a m s o r r y t o d iss e n t fr o m a u t h
. o r i t i e s s o r e s e ct a b l e
p ; th e

d e s i r e t o a d v a n ce t he t r u thi s m
y o n l y r e aso n fo r d o i n g s o .
 P R EFA CE .

fo r all t he v a r i e t ie s fo u n d t o af
fe ct the fo r m s o f w o r ds by t he
a cci d e n ce of Gram m ar . The n ew n am e s
p ro
p o se d b ym e w e r e,
P eq ‘
e ct , an d I m p e rfe ct , Vo w e l s n ot b e ca u se on e Vo w e l w a s , as

s n o b, m o r e e ct t h
er f an an o th b u t b e ca u s e t h l ha d
p e r : e o n e c ass ,

-
w en h p r e ce d e d by a co n s o n a n t, — the ro e rt
p p y o f co n s t i t u t i n g
a co m
p l e t e, or
p er f ect , s
yl l a bl e i n H e b r e w ort ho gr a p hy : t he o ther,

that of fo r m in g syl l a b l e s, w hi ch w e r e i n co m p le t e, o r i mp erfe ct

( se e the G r a m , A r t t 29 . 33 an d wh
. i ch
, th.er ef
o r e, .

re q u i re d eit he r t he a d di t i o n o fa s u bs e q u e n t co n s o n a n t, o r e l se o f

an a cce n t, t o t e r m in a te them .

B y t his m e a n s t he Le ar n e r i s e n a b l e d t o see at o n ce , w he r e
e v e r y s yll a b l e e n ds ; a n d co n s e q u e n t l y w h bs e q u e n t o n e,
er e , an
y su

co n t a i n e d in t he ht t o b e gi n (s e e G r a m Ar t t
s am e w o r d, o ug .
, .

67 . an d in th e sa m e w ay
, , wh eth e r a V o w e l o u gh t t o be o f
th ect o r I m p e r e ct cl a s s u p o n a n yi n cr e m e n t e ith e r s l l a bi c
e Pe f
r f , , y ,

a s l l a bi c b e i n g a t ta ch ed to a w o r d by t h e a ccid e n ce of
or y ,

G r a m m a r (s ee G r a m A r t t 9 2 an d
. i n de e d t o se e t h
, e
.
, ,

e n t ir e gr o u n d w o r k o n wh i ch t he wh ole o f th
, e ch a n e s o f th
g e

Vo w e l s r e s t s I w as m y s e l f m o s t a gr e e a b l y s u r p r i s e d w h
. en I

fo u n d th i s t o be t h e ca s e I w as a s t o n i shed t o fin d th at th
. e ,

s ys t e m w h ich h ad h it h e r t o a pp e a r e d t o b e t h e m o s t i n t r i ca t e ,

i rr e gu l a r , an d d iffi cu l t i m a gi n a b l e , w a s a s e a s y, r e gu l a r , a n d
Ob v i o u s , a s w as perh a s di s co v e r a b l e i n a n l u a g e u n de r t h
p y an
g e

su n . I t is t r u e a fe w a n o m a l ie s a r e v i s i bl e in it , a s o cca s i o n a ll y
n o t ice d in the G ram m ar ; b ut this ca n n o t be s u r p r is i n g i n a

l a n g u ag e so ver y a n ci e n t as that of the He br e w B i bl e i s, a n d

u
p on w hi chs o ver y l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n ha s been be s t o w e d . b u t, w he n
we co m a re the s e w i t hw ha t is fo u n d in m o st o the r l a n g u a g e s:
p
an d in the En gl i sh i n p a r t i cu l a r , we ca n n o t b u t be co m p e l l ed

to co n f
e ss that the y a r e as n o thin g .

U n de r t his s ys te m al l s yll a b l e s , in t he H e b r e w, ha t t he are w

La t in an d G r ee k G r a m m a r ia n s w o u l d t e r m lo n g : i e w he ther we . .

t ake h syll ab l e a s bd ba d
su c , , H e b 13 NE ms o r wa s ; w i t h
.
, T , ,

wh at I h a v e t e r m e d P erf e ct v o w e l s ; o r a s ba d bed H e b 7 3 , , , .
, ,

&c o r 9 b d ,
. i e e a ch h ,
a v in g a n I m p e rfe ct v o w e l a n d
. . ,

t erm i n a t g
i n e i t he r i n a co n s o n a n t o r e l s e w i t ha n a cce n t w i tho ut ,

a co n so n a n t I n e v e r y case t h
. e s yl l a b l e w i l l b e l o n g a n d so f ar , ,
v iii P R EFACE .

e ve r y syl l a bl e in an
yw o r d, e qu a l to o n e an o t he r . The s yll a bl e on

whic h e i t he r a To n e -
a ccen t, or E up l i o n i c -
a ccen t, r e s t e d, or w hi ch
in v o l ve d a qu i e sce n t l e t t e r , 81 a , m ig ht i n d e e d, ,
h
w en t he l a n gu a g e
w as ha v e ha d a gr e a t e r l e n g t ho f t i m e a ll o we d fo r i t s
v e r n a cu l a r ,

e n u n ci a t i o n t h o th e r i n a gi v e n w o r d fi B of th i
“
ut s we
an an
y ,

n o w kn o w n o t h i n g ; a n d fr o m t h e n a t u re o f t h
, e ca s e ca n k n o w ,

n o th in g B u t th
. i s i s o f n o i m p o r t a n ce All w e w a n t n o w t o .

kn o w is h o w t o u n d e r s t a n d w i t h a ccu r a cy a n d p r e ci s i o n
,
th e ,

m a n n e r in w h i chw o r d s h a v e b e e n d e r iv e d a n d v a r i e d ; a n d t h e n ce

th e f o r ce Of t h e d e cl a r a t i o n s o f h
t e S c ea r d w r i t e r s — A n d fo r ,

th is I t h , i n k e n o u gh h a s been
p l a ce d w i t hi n our
p o we r — Th e .

L e a r n e r ca n n o t d o b e t t e r i n t h e fi r st l a ce t h an t o m ake h i m se l f
p , ,

fa m il i a r w i t h t h i s s y s t e m o f s yl l a b i ca t i o n ; w h i ch h e w ill fi n d

su f
fi ci e n t l y un fo ld e d i n our fi rst , an d s e co n d, Le c t u r e s .

The n ex t thin g t o w hi ch m y a t ten t i o n w a s t u r n e d w as , the

A n a l ogy, b y wh i cht h e def e ct s v i s ib l e i n H e b r e w w o r d s a ppe a r e d

to h a v e a r i s e n : a s u bj e ct e n t i r e l y un t o u che d, as fa r as m
y k n ow

l e d g e g o e s, b y a n y G r a m m a r ia n e i t he r J e w i sho r Chr i s t ia n u
p t o

th e t im e in w h i ch t his w o rk fi r st a ear ed in 1 8 27 In Mr
pp . .

Ew a l d s G r a m m
’
ar , i n de e d, w hi cha p p e a r e d in t he sa m e y e a r t he ,

sam e thi n g w as d o n e ; bu t in a m a n n er a cco r din

( g t o it s R e

i M d e S a cy) , 1 y w el l a da ed t o th u se o f b e g in
L
v e we r , r. n o t ver t
p e

n er s — This t he R e a d e r w i l l fi n d, f
rom Ar t 7 2 t o Ar t 7 7
. . . . o f
the
p r e sen t w o r k, as to the Co n so n a n ts ; an d fr o m Ar t 8 6 t o . .

Ar t 8 7 6 . . . as t o the Vo w e l s .

It w il l be s ee n tha t, b
y t he o
p e r a t io n of the se l a w s , —w hi c h

In a l l c a se s , th o r e, th
er ef e
y lsl a b l e s i n H e b r e w a r e t o b e a cco u n t e d l o n
g,
~

whethe r in v o l v in
f
e r e ct , o r i m p e rfe ct V o w e l s ; a s , 1 , N3 , 71 24 3 , DRE; 1 , 1 2 ,
‘

g p 7

81 0 . N e it her t he 67 1 50 4, s i m pl e o r c o m p o u n d ( G r a m , A r t 4 0 . . . n or the

F u r t i ve P é t ka kh(Ar t i s e v e r a ll o w e d t o c o n st i t u t e a s yll a bl e
. . Wht t h a e

d iffe r e n t l e n g t hs Of su ch (l o n
g ) syll a b l e s w e r e , w h en t h e H e br e w w a s a l i v in g
l a n gu a g e , i t i si m p o s s i b l e a s i t i s u s el e s s n o w t o a s ce r t a in
as No r c a n t h e
p u r it ,
y .

o r i mp u r i ty, o
f th e Vo w el s o u n ds b e t u r n e d t o a n
yg o o d a c co u n t w h a t so ver .

So m e o f t h e Gr a m m ar s
p u bl i s h e d i n En
g l a n d s i n ce t h e a
pp e a r a n c e o f m in e

m 1 8 27 , ha v e a do pt e d this m et ho d o f v i e w i n g t he V o w el s, wi t ho u t, ho w e v e r ,

a ck n o w l e d gi n g the s o u r ce fr o m wh i chi t w a s t a k e n .

1 J o u rn a l d e s Sp a v a n s , D e ce m b e r , 1 8 2 8 .
 P R EFACE;

o we the ir o r igi n en t ir e l y to h
eup o y
n —
, e ve r y e ct i v e f
de f orm of

w o rd in t he H ebre w m a y be a ct o r i l
s a t i sf y a cco u n o r ; th
ted f at

all s u ch d e ect s ,
fi g
-
t he y t h
o v er n e d
u s a r e — a r e r e gu l ar a n d
as ,

co n s t a n t an d ther ef that th ey r e se n t t o t h e Le a r n e r a n y
: , ore p ,

t hin g b u t th fi cu l t i e s w h
e di f i chh ad h ith er t o b e e n s u pp o se d
—t hat n ot on ly ever y e ct i v e
de f n oun d p a r t i cl e m a y n o w
an
,

be r e d u ce d to so m e on e m e a su r e or o ther o f th e t e rm , 7 17 53
;
.

( t ak e n a s a m ere m easu r e o fw o r d s : se e Gr am .
, Ar t 1 46 8
. . . se q .
)
bu t als o , ever y d e fe ct i v e v e rb, t o that of the re
g u lar t r il i t e r a l
the Le a rn ha v in g h be e n an d wh ri se d w
on e : er
pp er e a y ever
y , ,

p o ssib l e de f e c t ca n a n d do e s a r i se
, T h i s t h e R e a d e r w i ll fi n d
, .

di s cu s se d a n d r e d u ce d t o p r a ct i ce u n d e r t h e v a r io u s f orm s of

th e n o u n s se o l ate an d o th
g e r w i se a s w e l l a s u n de r t h o se o f t h
, e

d iffe r e n t s o r t s o f d e f e ct i v e v e r b s
*
B y t hi s m u ch t im e a n d .
,

r lex ity h v e b ee n s ar ed t o t h e Le a r n e r : a n d u n l e ss I am
p p
e a
p ,

g r e a t l y m is t a k e n t h e ch a r a ct e r o f t h
, e H e b re w lan u a e h
g g a s b e e n

v i n d i ca t e d f ro m th a t m a s s o fu n si h t l y a n d a l m o s t u n co n u e r a bl e
g q
'
,

di s o r d e r a n d d if fi cu l t y i n t o w hi ch t he G r a m m a r i a n s ha d u n
,

ha p pil y t hr o w n i t .

Th e n e x t qu e s t i o n w h i che n ga ge d m yb e s t a t t e n t i o n w a s t h at ,

o f th e l aws b h i ch t h T h H eb r e w V
y w e e n s es o
f t e e r bs w er e

g o ve r n ed .A n d I t h i nk I m a
, y a ffi rm t h a t i n t h i s I s u cce e d e d , .

Th e r e su l t s a t w h i chI a r r i v e d a r e t h o se
g i v e n in t h e, s e v e n te e n th

L e ct u r e o f t h r e se n t W rk ; an d wh i h d t m f l l y
e
p o c a
pp e a r e o e u

a n d e a s il y t o m e e t e v e r y ca s e o ccu r r i n
g i n t h e H e b r e w B i bl e .

Whe n I ha d t hu s fa r co m pl e t e d m y s y s t e m I ha d r e co u r s e t o t h e ,

Ar a b ic G r a m m a r s a n d C o m m e n t a r i e s w r i t t e n 0 1 1 t h
, em b y n a t iv e ,

G r a m m a r ia n s o f t h e Ea s t ; a n d w as m o s t a r e e a bl y s u r r i s e d t o
g p
fin d th at m
y c o n cl u s i o n s w e r e t h o s e a t wh i c h t h e y ha d a r r iv e d,

l o n g bef o re m e Ex t r a ct s fr o m t h
. e se W r i t e r s w i ll b e f o u n d in

th e ir
p pro e r
p l a ce s o n e v e r y a t i c l t i l t t h i q u e st io n :
p r, u a r e s s e n a o s

an d wh i ch I t h in k ca n n o t b u t a f
, ,fo r d p r o o f s u f fi ci e n t ag a i n s t

Gr a m .
, Ar t t 1 4 8 — 1 9 8
. . se
q . Mr . Ni cho l so n
p s e a ks o f the Gr a m m ar
of Ew a l d (p r e fa ce , p p . x iv . x v .
) as if n o o ther e xhib i t e d t he fo r m s o f n o u n s,

w i t ht he v a r i a t io n s o ft he Vo w el s a n al t i ca l l y Se e m G ra m Ar t 1 4 8 4 &c
, y .
y .
, . . . .
 P R E ACE. F
e ve r y t hin g sho r t of l o n g s t a n di n g
-
an d i n v e t e r a t e p r ej u di ce ,
tha t, in this r es
p e c t , I ha v e ha d t he g o o d fortu n e t o h ave f u ll
y
s u cce e d e d.
I

U n de r t his s yst e m we ha v e t wo T e n s e s, a P r e t e r i t e, an d a

P r es en t , j u st w ha t we ha v e in t h e En glish , th e Ger m an , the

P e r sian , an d m an y o the r l a n gu a g e s *
Th is P r e t e r it e i s
.
~

(g r

m a t i ca ll
y ) t a ke n u n i v e r s a ll y as a P r et er i t e bu t is a
pp l i e d al so

as a Fu tu r e in st r o n g p ro
p he t i ca l d i m p er a t i v e de cl a r a t i o n s ;
an

i n t e n d in g t he r e b y, — a cco r d i n
g t o Ar a b i a n u s a ge , — t o i n t im a t e t h e

highe s t d e gr e e o f ce r t a in t y o r n e ce s s i t y r e s p e ct i v e l y t ha t s u ch , ,

Th is in de e d h
.

th in g sh a l l b e o r o u ght t o be d o n e,
ad l o n
g g
a o .
, ,

b e e n s e e n b y G r a m m a r i a n s a n d Co m m e n t a t o r s T h e o th e r T e n se .

wh i ch I h ave t er m e d th e P r es en t Te n s e w a s af ter t h e J e w i sh , ,
—

Gra m m a r i a n s ,
— t e r m ed t he Fu tu r e . B u t, as it wa s o cca s i o n a l l
y
fo u n d t o d e s ign a t e t he P a s t Te n s e ; an d, i n t his ca s e , was o ft e n

p r e ce d ed b y t he
p a r t i cl e 1 ; i . e. Va w wit hP d t ha hh i t w a s co n ,

e ct u r e d, a n d t h e n l a id do w n l a w, th a t thi s p a r t i cl e had t h
j as a e

a bso l u t e p o w e r o f co n v e r t i n
g t hi s T e n se i n t o a P r e t er i t e w h e n ce

it r e ce v e d i ho n o u r a b l e a pp e l l a t i o n o f Va w co n v er s i v u m
the ,
”

H eb .
m e
, a n 1 3 O f t he m a n y i n s t a n ce s o ccu r r in
.
g w h i ch ,

m il i t a t e d d ir e ct l y a ga i n s t t h i s d o ct r in e n o a cco u n t w a s m a d e ; 1 ,
~

s o m e e ve n af fi r m i n g t ha t t he s e a s e xce pt i o n s a ffo r de d a m pl e
, , ,

ro of o fth e t r u t ho f t h e r u le I
p

E g L o ve , p r e s a n d L o v e d, p r e t
. . . . ar e the t wo En gl i shTe n s e s . Al l t he

r e s t a r e m a de b
y a u il i a r i e s : a s , fut I x . w il l l o ve ; i . e . I w il l t o do ; i
so m
pyl
i n g— n ot e xp r e s si n
g
— a fu t u r i t y i n the a ct i o n n am e d. So the G e r m a n , I ch
l o be (p r aise ) p r es : I chw e r d e l o be n , fu t i m p l yin g , . as b e fo r e , n o t e xp r e ss i n b
g y
an
y p a r t i cu l a r
g r a m m a t i ca l fo r m , the fu tu rit
y o f a ct i o n in t e n de d . So the

P e r s i c, O ! ret. di d a ! MP I d e s ir e, ( to ) d o , fu t The La t in d
(
p an
J
A

)
.
, .

G r e e k fu t u r e s pp ar e, a a r en t l y, m a de in a si m
il a r w a y .

r It h pp e a r e d d o u b t fu l t o m e , whe ther th e b e st Gr a m m aria n s a m o n g th

J
as a e

J ews ev er h el d t h i s d o ct r in e Al l t he
y se e m t o . ha v e t a u ght w a s, t hat, a s this
co n j u n ct i o n u su a l l
y co n n e c t e d w ha t wa s in r eal it
y a
p r e sen t t en h t he
se , w it

p a st a ct i o n o f so m e o ther v e rb , or n a rr a t i v e , it ha d t he e ffe ct o f m a kin

g t hi s

p r e se n t t en s e co n t em po ran eo u s w it hsu cha ct io n ,

an d th u s r e l a t i ve ly ,
-
n o t a bs o
l a t e ly, —c ha n gin g it s t en se . See Gra m .
, Ar t . 23 1 . 23 3 .
-
5 . w it h t he
n o t e s, a n d m y H e b r e w Le i co n , x un der the l ett er 1 , pp 1 63 . . w i t ht he n o te s.
 P R E F A CE . x i

I t w a s w el l k n o w n , m o r e o ver, t ha t t hi s F u t u r e t e n s e, — a s it was
ca l l e d — ha d o c ca s i o n a l l y t he fo r ce ofa P r es en t . I t was ther ef
o re

fo u n d in al l the thr e e t en se s, P a s t , P r es en t, an d Fu tu r e . Var io u s

e xp e d i e n t s w e re ha d r e co u r se to, fo r th e u r o s e o f a cco u n t in
p p g
fo r t his : an d am on g t he se , tho se a d o t e d b
p y K o o lha a sfif an d

after h
im b y S chr o ed e r u s ,
1
~
an d the n ce , s l ig ht l y v ar e i d by s o m e
o the r s, w e r e ce r t a i n ly the m o st s u cce s s f
ul ; bu t s t il l , the y a ll fe ll

sho r t o f t he t r u t h T he s y s t e m a d o p t e d by m e —a n d s ho w n t o
.
,

be t h at o f th e Gra m m a r ia s o
n f A b a
r a i — m a ke s t h is a P r es e n t ,

Te n s e P r es en t i n t h
. e fi r s t i n s t a n ce
, t o th e t im e i n wh i ch a n y ,

d e cl a r a t io n i s m a d e o r co m m it t e d t o w r i t i n g : m t h e s e co n d to ,

t i m e o r ev en t i n t r o d u ce d i n t o t h n t e x t : a n d in t h i l t
an
y , e co s a s

ca se ,i t i s i d e n t i ca l w i t hw h at h a s u su a l l y b e e n t e r m ed a m o n
g
o u r se l v e s t h e h i s t o r i ca l Te n s e ji
, .

Wil h . Ko o l haa s D i ss e r t t . Gra m . S a cr ae, q u ib u s a n al o

g i a t e m po r u m et

m od o r u m H e b Lin g i n v e s t iga t u r , &c

. . A m st el 1 7 4 8 . . .

I t i t t i d F d t L i uae H e br ae ae
f n s u o n e s a u n a m e n a n
g .

1 M r Ew a l d t e l l s u s (p 1 3 5 H e b G r a m , Ni ch Tr a n sl a t i o n ) , t h
’
. o l so n
. . . s at
“
the n a m es p r e t er ite a n d f u ture are i n a p pr o p r ia t e ; i t a p p e a r s m o s t co rr e ct t o
th B y th r e ct a n d i m e r e ct , h
”
call em p f er de cti m p f
an e r e ct . e t erm s
p f
e p f e

fu r t her t el l s u s , t ha t i n is h
f e d, a n d un
fi n is he d, are to be un d e r s t o o d, as it r es
p e ct s

the a ct i o n he v e rb Which ho w e v e r w ill n o t ho l d ; fo r he hi m

oft .
, , us s e lf t e l l s

(p . t h a t t he f o r c e o f t h i s i m p f e r e c t ( fi
u n n i s h e d a c t i o n ) m a
y b e c o n c e i ve d

in a n e v e n t th
“
at h a s s im l
p y pp h a e n ed a n d i s
p a st B y w h i chh e m u st
, .

ha v e m e a n t is fi n ishe d The fa c t i s t he s e d is t in ct i o n s a r e b o t h u n n e ce s sa r y
, .
,

a n d u n tru e h er e ; th r e t e r it e t e n se n o t n e ce s s a r il i l i n is h e d a ct i o n
e
p y py gfm n, i ,

n o r th r e s e n t u n i n is h ed M r Ew a l d h o w e v e r i s qu i t e r i gh wh en h e m a ke s
e
p f ,
. . t , ,

th i s Te n s e (o u r p r e s e n t ) e q u a l t o a p r ese n t o r a fut u r e j u st a s t h e ci r cu m s t a n c e s ,

o fth e co n t e x t m a y r e q u i r e an d as th e m in d o
, f t h e w r it e r v i e w in g t h i n s
g in , ,

e it h u t u r e t i m e w i t hr e f e r e n ce t o t h a t in w h i chh e w rit e s
er
p as t p r es e n t ,
or
f , , ,

co n ce i v e s Th
. i s i s j u st w h at th e G r a m m a r i a n s o f Ar a b i a t e a ch If M r . .

Ew a l d h a d k e t s im l t o th i o in t n d sh w t h a t th T e n se s ( r e t e r i t e a n d
p py s
p a o n e , p
p r es e n t
) a r e u s e d b o t ha bs o l u t e l
y a n d r e l a t i v e ly a n d o m i t t e d e v e r y t h in g ab o u t ,

n is h ed an d u n n is h x t er n a l s h h
fi fi ed i m a i n a t i ve
g , e
p e r es o
f t i,
n ki n
g &c &c I d o , . .
,

n o t th ink h is G r a m m a r w o u l d o n t h i s qu e s t i o n h , a v e d if f er e d a t a ll f r o m m in e , .

No r i n fa ct d o e s i t e ss e n t i a ll y d if fe r o n t h i s q u e s t i o n i n M r Ni ch
’
, ,
o l so n s t r a n s , .

l a t io n a l t h o u hi n M r Ew a l d s o r i i n a l w o r k o f1 8 2 7 i t d o e s s th
’

, g g
. H o w i i s to be .

a c co u n t e d f o r ? I t is n o t im r o b a bl e I t h i n k th a t M r Ew a l d m i h t h a v e p l o u gh ed
p , g , .

a li t tl e w i t hm h if I h a v e b e e n b o t h a m u se d a n d r a t i fi e d i n o b s erv i n
y e e r .
g g
th r o r e s s o f M r Ew a l d s m i n d o n t h j h
’
e
p g . i s s u b e c t I n i s G r am m a r as i t .
,
 x ii P R EF ACE .

This w il l e a si l y , an d fu ll y, a cco u n o r th
t f e v a r i o u s u s a ge s o ft hi s
T e n se ; as it e xhi bi t s , i n fa ct , n o thin g b e y o n d t he u s a ge s fo u n d t o

a
pp e ar e d i n 1 8 27 , he t re a t s t he tw o Te n s es as A o r is ts 27 7 . an d as

ca p a b l e o f b e i n g u sed in t he
p a st, the
p r es e n t , o r t he
f u t u r e, t im e : v er
y m uc h
as J ahn , G e se n i u s, an d o the r s, h a d do n e b e f ore h im r

. He j
r e e ct s the n o t io n
,

ho w e v e r ,
of t he Va w c o n v e r s i vu m ,
”
as a do
p t e d b y G e se n i u s (ib . 2 8 4 pp .

53 8— 9 . an a dO
p t s t ha t
ha v i n g a R e l a t iv e co n v er s i v e p o w e r o n l y
d of its .

H e t el l s u s m o r e o v e r (i b p , that th e P o ets o f t e n u s e (w h. a t I t e rm
.
) t h e

P r es e n t t e n s e a s a p r e s e n t t e n s e i n t h e i r m o r e l iv e l m a n n e r o fe xh i b i t i a st
, y ,
n
g p
t h i n
g s a s
p r e s e n t t o t h e m i n d fi"
T h i s w as i n d e e d m a k i n
g co n s i d e r a bl e
p g r o r e ss , ,

t o war ds th e t ru t h I t s o n l y fa u l t w a s t h a t it w a s d e f e ct i v e a s cr i b i n t o th
.
g e , ,

h M r Ew a l d w a s e a sed t o st l e t h
v iv id i m a g in a t i o n o
f t e P o ets o n l
y a s
p l y ,
e -
.

P r o p he t s &c — w h a t i n d e ed w a s f oun d to r e v a il i n e v e r o th er W ri t e r o f t h
,
.
, p y e

Ol d Te s t a m en t .

I n the Ed i t i o n ho w e v e r , o f M r Ew a l d s G r a m m a r o f 1 8 3 5 a s t r a n sl a t e d by
, .
’
,

M r N i cho l s o n d t he ca s e i s qu i t e di f
. fe r e n t M r Ew a l d ha s h e r e e n ti r el y . .

r ej e c t e d t h e d o ct r i n e a b o u t t h e A o r is t s ; a n d h as a do te d th
p e wh o l e d o ct ri n e

r e s e ct i n g t h e Te n s e s u b l ish e d in m G m m a r o f 1 8 27 ; a n d o f t h i s th
p as
p y ,r a e

fo l l o w i n g e xt r a ct s w il l a f fo r d s u f fi ci e n t p r o o f I n p 1 3 5 w e a r e t o l d t ha t The “
. .
,

d i s t in ct i o n o f t e n s e a n d m o d e i s st ill v e r y s i m pl e i n H e b r e w s i n ce t he fu l l ,

s en se is r ath e r co n t a i n e d i n t h h ”
e v ivid
f e e li n
g f o t e s e a ke r
p H er e I r em a rk .
, ,

n o e xce p t i o n i s m a d e i n f h Th
”
a v o u r o f t e Po e t s I t is a d d e d “ “
e c o n ce p t i o n .
,

Of t h e t i m e o f a n a ct i o n i s fi r s t t w o fo l d : i t i s e i t h e r co n s i d e r e d a s al r e a d
y
n is h a n d th er ef o r e a s de n i t e a n d ce rt a in n is h
f i e d do n e , , fi or a s n o t ye t
fi ed a n d , ,

Th Ew a l d s Obj e ct t o
” ’
d o n e a s b e in g d o n e m e r el y
,
e s e di s t i n ct i o n s i t i s M r . .

a ppl y t o t h e P r e t er it e a n d P r es e n t t e n s e r e s e ct i v el B u t th rou n d
, p y e
y are
g , .

l e s s a s M r Ew a l d h
,
im s e l f h
. a s i n di r e c t l
y a ll o w e d a li t t l e l o w e r d o w n w h e re ,

he t ell s u s t ha t t he fo r ce o f su ch i m p e rfe ct (i e u nfi n is he d a ct io n ) m a y
,
. .
“

b e co n ce i v e d in a n e v en t t h at h a s s im
p yl h a
pp en ed a n d is
p as t : i e , . .

c o m pl e t e d a n d fi n ish ed H is r u l e h o wev er i s m o r e co m p l e t e l y u n fo l d e d a s
.
, , ,

fo ll o w s (ih p B u t th e i m p e r e ct m a y b e u s e d w i t h r o rie t
. .
f p p y t o

d en o t e a h h i n th a st a s so o n a s th e T H O U G H T is e n a e d
a
pp e n in
g ( t e
p r es e n t
) e
p g g ,

in t h at s h an d th l a ci n t h e h e a r e r a t o n ce i n t h e t im e in w h i ch
p er e us
p g
it h en e d — t h s th o e t s e sp e ci a ll y c a n d o w i t hgr e a t e a se
”
i & c A a in
a
pp e
p g , .

E v e n w i tht h
“
e u su a l r e sen t t im e t h e im e rf e ct i s a l w a s u s e d t o
(p .
p p y ,

e x r e ss t h i s i de a an d n o t th er f e ct a s W di ci t u r d i b q u it e a s
”
n i t
p e
p ,
79
8 o u u
, , , ,

of ten f or th e a st t h e id e a o f w h i cha r i s e s f ro m t h e co n n e xi o n o f t h e s e n t e n ce
p ,

o r th u t u r e in th sh ould h
o n l y; al s o e r m it t e d f e f a st
Tg
a1 2
e as a ve
p p , ,
-
,

r e i g n e d 2 K i n g s i ii 2 7 The fu t u r e m a yb e p r o m i n e n t
. . a s so m e t h in g
,

t o b e p u t i n e x e cu t i o n f r o m th v iew o f t h
”
e sp e a k e r
i n t e n de d e
p o i n t o
f
G es e n i u s, t o o , app e a r s to ha v e g o t t hu s far , Co n a n t
’
s Tr a n sl a t i o n , Lo n d o n , 1 8 40,

p . 1 13 .

1 Whi t t ak er a n d Co .
, Lo n d o n , 1 8 3 6 .
 P R E F ACE .

p r e v a il , —to s o me e xt e n tin pe rha s a l l La n gu a e s , a n d ce r t a i nl y

p ,
—
g
in t he Ar a b i c I t fu r n i s he s u s w it h a ke , m o r e o ver , t o t h
‘

.
y e

ex
p e di e n t ha d r e co u r se to by t he H ebr e w s, —
as w el l as by t he

Ar a b s e ve n n o w, -
bywhi che v e r y v a r ie t y o f T e n se , n e ce s s a r y t o?
the
p p
u r o se s
“

o f L a n g u a ge , co u l d be fo r m e d : an d all w it ho u t
ca l li n g i n an yt hin g li ke a Co n v er s i v e Va w , or d e a li n g ou t, -
as it
w as t he case w i t hB u x t o r f a n d his fo l l o w e r s, — the n e ve r- e n d in g
d o ctr i n e , en t i t l e d, “
E n a ll a g e Te m p o r u m .
”
( S ee G ram .
, L e ct u r e
XV I I ) .

The n e x t t hin g to be d o n e , an d to w hi ch m y a t t e n t i o n wa s

t u r n e d, w a s , t o a s ce r t a i n the d p o w e r s o fAp o cop e, a n d t h

u se a n e

t e rm in a t io n s sa i d to be P a r a g og i c a n d Ep e n t he t i c, as f ou n d

a s,
1 5W} , shal l I g o &c ? in n a rr a t io n of the
p a st (i . e .
Q K> o fm y
Gram .
, p 3 3
. 9 n o t e , e t se
q Ag a i n i n p 1 66 s e q , w h
.
) ere M r .Ew a l d d is cu ss e s . .

the su b j e ct o f the Va w c o n s e gu u t i v u m
”
— Co n v e r s i v u m o f o t he r s, — t he sa m e

d o ct r i n e i s fu ll y p r o p o u n d e d e g , On t he o n e h a n d, t h e i m a in a t io n s e t s o u t
g . .

fr o m w ha t is d i s t a n t a n d p a s t , de s ce n ds i n t o t he
p r e s e n t , &c ; o n t h e o th er , .

it se t s o u t fr o m w ha t i s n ear m o u n ts u p i n to t he d is t a n t r ea li ty, an d ca l m ly
an t i ci p a t e s t he ir co n s e q u e n ce s a s s u r e a n d ce r t a i n .
”
E xl c u d in g , t herefo r e, M r .

he d hed — wh chi s ouh

’
Ew a l d s d o ct r i n e res
p e c t i n
gfi n si , an d fi un i
n is
p e rfe ct l
yg r d
l e s s, —a ll t h r e st is n e it he r m o re n o r l e ss t h a n wh at ha d b e e n d e t a il e d i n m
e
y
Gram m ar (A r t . 23 1 . 9— 1 4, an d th e r e sh o wn to be th e d o ct r i n e o f t he

G ram m a r i a n s o fA r a b ia

H o w fa r M r Ew a l d . hi m se l f o f t he s e r e so u r ce s i t i s n o t
m ay ha v e a v a il e d
,

erh fo r m e t o sa y I c an n o t h el t hi n ki n h o w e v er t h a t if h e h as n o t
p a s
p , p .
g , ,

a ct u a ll y a v a il e d h i m s e l f o f m y d i sco v e r i e s h e ce r t a in l
y h a s su cce e d e d i n a ,

m a rv e ll o u s d e g r e e in a r r i v i n g a t p r e ci s e l y t h e r e su l t s t h at I h a d an d o f wh i ch ,

n o t a t r a ce i s t o b e f o u n d in h is Gr a m m a r o f 1 8 27 I n th e r ef a ce t o h is
p .

u bl i s h
'
”
H e b r G r a m m i n v o l l s t an d ige r Kii r z e n e u b e a r b e i t e t
. .
p e d i n 1 8 28 ,

j( u s t o n e ye a r a ft e r t he a pp e a r a n ce o f m i n e ) he s a ys (Ni cho l so n s Tr a n sl a t i o n ,
’

pp xi
. . I h a v e a l w a s in v e s t i a t e d i t
y g (i e t h e H eb r e w La n
g g ) by
u a e . .

m e a n s o f itse l f w it h o u t kn o w i n
, g t he o in io n s o
p ff o r m er G r a m m a r i a n s : it
w a s n e ce ss a r il y i n difi e r e n t t o m e a s t o t h n v e s t i a t io n s w h eth
'
e r e su l t s o fm i
y , g er ,

a ct h ca n h
”
a d be e n o bs e r v e d bef I a r dl o s e M r Ew a l d
an
yf o r e or n o t
y ppsu . .

n o t to h a v e kn o wn i n 1 8 28 wh at m
y G r am m ar h , a d p u t f o r t hf o r t he fi r s t t im e

in n o r ca n I b r i n g m y s e l ft o b e li e v e th a t i t w a s a m a t t e r i n d if fe r e n t t o
,

hi m a s t o t he r e s u l t s o f hi s i n v e s t iga t io n i n t his r e sp e ct The p r o b a b il i t y

,
.

rs t o m e t o m a ke f o r th e co n t r a r o n cl u s i o n i n h A t
a
pp ea y c e a c c a se a n
y .

r at e I ca n n o t b u t r ej o i c e i n fi n din g a u t h
,
o r it
y so r es e ct a b l e f
p or m
y d o ct r i n e

o ft h e H e b r e w Te n se s a s t h a t o fM r Ew a l d , . .
x iv P R EFACE .

fe ct i n
af g t he v e r b s, a n d
p a r t i cu l a r l y t he ir
, P r es en t Te n s es . So m e
l i ght on thi s s u bj e ct h ad be en ~
di s co v e r e d b y D r G e se n i u s . .

M u ch,
ho w e v e r , st il l r e m a in e d to b e do n e ; w h i ch
, by t
h
e hel
p of

the Ar a b i a n G r a m m a r i a n s, I t r u st I ha v e be e n f
o r t u n ate en o ug h
to h a v e e ffe c t e d B y. t h i s i t w i ll n o w b e s ee n — wh i chco u l d n o t b y ,

th e in fl n
u e ce o f h
t e A cce t s
n — ho w t he l e a d in g, a n d co n s e q u e n t
, ,

r ts o f h y o th e t i ca l a n d o t h e r s i m il a r co n s t r u ct i o n s a r e t i e d as
p a p ,

i t w e r e a n d b o u n d t o ge t h
, er : a n d t h e n ce w h y t h e se a p o cop a t e d , ,

p a r a o ic
g g a n d e en t h
, p et i c f o rm s ha v e in i n n u m e r a b l e i n s t a n ce s
,

b e e n a d o p t e d : ca s e s w h i ch u p t o t h
,
i s t i m e co u l d n o t b e
a cco u n t e d f or B y t he fo r m e r e xp e di e n t we pe r ce iv e ho w e v e r y
.
,

o s s i b l e v a r i e t y o f Ten s e w as o b t a i n e d i n t h e H ebr e w : by t h i s
p
l a t t er h, o w S u bj u n ct i v e C o n di t i o n a l a n d Op t a t i v e co n s t r u ct i o n s
, , ,

an d e x r e s si o n s
p w er e — t h e w an t of wh i ch i gn o r a n ce h ad ,

ch ar e d u o n t h i s La n r i e v o u s de f e ct T hi s i n si h t
g p g g
u a e a s a
g g
in to t h e p r i n ci p l e s w h i chr e g u l a t e t h e u se o f t h e T e n se s a n d in , ,

s o m e d e gr e e o f t h , e m o de s o ft h e Ve r b s h a s lik e w i s e t h i s fu r t h
,
er

a d v a n t a ge th, a t i t e n abl e s u s t o se e t h e e x a ct p o s i t i o n i n w h i ch
th e S a cr e d Wr i t e r s pl a ce d t h e m se l v e s wh en co m m i t t i n g t o
,

w r i t in g a n y gi v e n
p o r ti o n of Holy Wi t ;
r an d, co n se qu e n t l y ,

it fo r d s
af m e an s o f a s ce r t a i n i n g t he ir in t e n t io n s , n ot ot he r w i se
a v a il a bl e .

I n d e t a il i n g t he v a r io u s f
o rm s o ft he n o u n s I ha v e e n d e a v o u r e d
,

t o t r a ce t hem fr o m t he sim l e s t,
p t o th e m o s t l a r ge l y a u m e n t e d
g
fo r m s ; an d to a cco u n t fo r t he ir sh a de s o f m e a n i n
g a s co u ch e d ,

un de r t h o r m s, i n t h
e se f e m o st eas y an d n a t u r al way I co u l d :

c a l li n g i n, at the sam e t im e, su c h a s s i s t a n ce f
rom the S is t e r

d i a l e ct s , as a
pp e ar e d u sef
u l t o the St u de n t, an d r ef
e rr i n
g t o su c h
ther Tr e a t ise s this s u b e ct a s a p
j e ar e d m o s t w o r th y o fn o ti ce ;
‘

o on
p
p a r t i cu l a r l y t he On o m a st i ca of S im o n i s an d H ill e r .

H a v in g so fa r l a i d d o wn , an d a cco u n o r, th
t ed f e f
o rm s an d

p e cu li a r i t i e s o f fo r ce e xhib i t e d in t he n oun s ; I de e m ed i t t he

m o s t n a t u r a l w a y o f p r o cee di n g, t o co n s id e r t he s e a s t he gr o u n d
fo r m s a s su m e d in t he v ar i o u s i n fl e x io n s o f the Ve r b s Ve r b s i n .
,

the s t a t e o f co n u ga t i o n j , a r e ce r t a i n ly co m
p o un d t e rm s, i n v o l v in g
the S yn t a x of the La n u a e
g g to so m e e xt en t . They can n o t,
th o r e, b e f
er ef a ir l y co n sid e r e d as co n t a i n i n
g , in t he ir o w n r ig ht ,
 P R EF ACE .

an y c l a i m t o o r i g i n a li t y, a s i t r e s
p e c t s t he d e r i v a tio n o f t h i s

La n g u a ge I h
. a ve , t h e re f o r e , co n s i de r e d th em a s co m o u n d
p
fo rm s ; a n d t h e se I h a v e e n de a v o u r e d t o d e d u ce f ro m t h e Nou n s

by t h e p r o c es s e i t h e r o f r e d u
p l ic a t i o n , o r a d di t i o n , a s fo u n d t o

r e v ai l i n t h e n o u n s o f La n gu a ge ge n e r a l l y B y th e s e m e a n s,
p
.

I th in k , I h a v e a s ce r t a i n e d t h e p r e c i s e o r ce o f w h a t a r e t e rm ed
f
t h e P a ss i v e co n
j g
u a t i o n s w h i c h I h a v e e n d e a v o u r e d t o e s t a b li s h
b ya n a
p pea l t o Or ie n t a l u s a ge , a n d the n a tu re oft he C o n t e xt .

S Gram Ar t t 1 5 7 — 12 13 Ib q ) In
( ee . . . . . se
q ; . se . co n

s id e r i n
g t h e F o r m s, t o o , I ca n n o t he l p be l ie vi n g I a rr iv e d a t a ,

m o s t i mp o r t a n t r e s u l t , — gr o u n d e d
o n th e u s a ge o f t h e Ar a b ia n s ,

— b w h i ch t he tr u e fo r ce o f s u ch p a ss a ge s a s G od h a r d e ne d
y ,

the hea r t , m a de i t
f at cl o s e d t h
y
e e es ea r s,
ha s b ee n a s ce r , ,

t a in ed .
( G r a m , Ar t t 1 5 4 7 — 9 ; 1 5 7
. . 2 . .

In l a yi n g d o w n t h e S y n t a x g e n e r a l l y, I ha v e en de a v o u r e d t o
a sce r t a i n w ha t t he hp ar t icu l a r ca se d e m a n de d a s i n
n a t u r e o fe a c ,

th e co n s t r u ct i o n o f P r o p o s i t i o n s ; t h e r e q u ir e m e n t o f w o r d s as ,

d e pe n d in g o n o n e a n o t h er wh e th e r u n de r t h
, e n a m e s o f No u n s,

V e rb s o r P a r t icl e s : a n d t h
, en t o co n fi r m t h e r u l e s so
g i ven

b y ci t a t io n s fr o m t h e Na ti v e G r a m m a r i a n s o fA r a b i a : e n d e a v o u r

in g in t h
, i s w a y t o p r o p o se Or i e n t a l u sa g e a l o n e fo r t h
, e a do t io n
p
o f th e S t u d e n t , a n d sh o win g h o w th i s co m p o r t e d w i t ht h e n atu re

o f e a ch i n di vi d u a l ca s e S u cha m e t h . o d o f i n v e s t i ga t i o n I h ave ,

th o u gh t c o u l d n o t b u t be b o t h s a f
, e a n d i n t e r e s t in
g B u t t h e .

t e t d va n t a e h e l d o u t is t h i s : T o a ccu s t o m t h m i d f t h
g re a s a
g e n o e

Le a r n e r t o i n q u ir y i n t h e v e r y fi r s t s t a ge s o f h
, i s p r o gr e s s i n t h is
im po r t a n t li n e o f Li t e r a t u r e ; a n d t h e n ce t o r e m o v e as f ar a s ,

o ss ibl e , f r o m a u th o ri t y o ft e n m e r e l y co n j e ct u r a l a n d f l th
p a se e ,

fi rs t p r i n ci pl e s o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a p p li e d t o t h e S a cr e d T e x t o f

th e Ol d T e s t a m e n t an d to
p l
, a ce t h e se o n t h e o n ly f o u n d a t i o n

th a t ca n s a f e l y b e r e l ie d o n viz th at o f th h
e n a tu r e
, .
, of t i n s
g ,

co n s id e r e d i n co n j u n ct i o n w i t hr e a l Or i en t a l u s a e
g .

To th e S yn t a x i s a t t a ch e d a L e ct u r e o n t h e Ra bbi n i ca l u se o f

th e A cce n t s fl Th i s wa s t h o u gh t n e ce s s a r y n o t s o m u cht o g i v e
‘

M r Ew a l d, t o o ,
. has t o his G r a m m a r t r a n sl a te d , b y M r Ni ch
. o l so n , a dde d

a si m il a r , bu t s t ill sho rt e r vi e w o f t h
, e ir u s e An d in this c a se , I thi n k, he
.
,

has al so b e e n i n deb t e d t o me .
 x vi P R EF ACE .

c u rr e n c y o r su
pp ort to the aut ho r i t y oft ho se m ar k s , a s t o e n a bl e
the S t u de n t t o se e the ir fo r ce an d b e a r in g . The ru es l gi ve n o n

this s u b e ct j hi s fo l l o w e r s w e r e i t m
by B u x t o r f a n d , u s t b e co n

fe s s e d v e r y d e fe ct iv e l e a vi n g t h
, e Le a r n e r
, v e r y m u ch a s t h ey ,
—

fo u n d h i m — w i t he v e r y t h
,
in g t o l e a r n a n d n o t h in g o n w h i chh , e

co u l d r o n o u n ce w i t hce r t ai n t y S t il l i t m u s t b e co n f e ss e d t h i s
p .
,

q u e s t io n i n v o l v e s m u cht ha t i s fa r fr o m o b v i o u s a n d ce r t a i n ; a n d
th is I th
, i n k n o l e n g t h o f T r e a t i s e o r t im e co n s u m e d i n i t s
, ,

i n v e s t iga t i o n w ill r e m o v e
, S u cha s i t i s h . o w ever th e St u d e n t , ,

ou h t t b q i t d t m e e x t e n t w i t hi t s l a w s : a n d t h i s is
g o e a c u a n e o s o ,

a ll th at I h a v e i n t e n d e d t o s u p pl y h im w i t h .

Th e a ddi t i o n s m a d e t o t h i s Ed i t i o n o f t h e G r a m m a r a r e co n

s id e r a b l e a n d e x t e n d t o s e v e r a l T h e u se o f t h e s i n gl e
p a ge s .

Ep e n t he t i c 3 i s giv e n h , er e f o r th e fi r s t t i m e (Ar t 2 3 5 . .

I m ay n o w o f fe r a fe w w o r d s o f a d v i c e o n t h e u se o f t h is
G ram m ar In th e fi r st l a ce t h en as th e wh o l e is m a de m a t t e r
.
p ,

o f a n a l t i ca l i n v es t i a t i o n n o th i n e e d b e co m m i t t e d t o m e m o r y
y g n
g ,

a t all . T o e n ga g e t h e m in d f o r so m e t i m e ,so a s t o f a m i li a r i z e ,

i t w i t h e a ch p a r t i cu l a r w il l i f I m i s t a k e n o t , , ten d m o re ,

ef fe ct u a l l y t o fi x t h e wh o le i n t h e m em o ry th an a n
y m e t h od of ,

l e arn i n g b y r o t e e v e r ca n : n o t t o i n s i s t o n t h e v e r y ir k s o m e
p ro

ce s s t h u s t o b e a v o i de d a n d o n t h e a d v a n t a ge o f t h u s e x e r ci s in
, g
th e j u dgm e n t i n
p h il o l o gi ca l i n q u i r y .

I n s t u dyin g t h e Le t t e r s o f t h e Al h ab e t w i tht h o wel s a n d

p e v

a cce n t s t h , e m o st e f fe ct u a l m e t h o d w il l b e t o w r ite t h em o ve r ,

a a i n a n d a a in u n t il t h e e e is f a m ili a r w i t h t h An d in
g g , y em .
,

d o in g t h i s i t w o u l d b e w e l l n o t o n l y t o fo r m a s yl l a b a r i u m a s
, , ,

r e c o m m e n d e d i n Ar t 3 1 o r t o t r a n s cr i b e l a r e
.
, g p o r t i o n s f r o m th e

H e b r e w B ib l e a s i n Ar t 7 0 ; b u t t o p r o ce e d t o w r it e o u t t h
, .
e

fo r m s o f t h e n o u n s (Ar t 1 4 8 t u rn i n g b a ck t o t h
. . e
p l ac e s

r ef e rr e d t o o n e v e r y o cca s i o n : a n d t h u s m i xin u t h t h y
, g p e e o r

w it h t h e r a ct i ce u n t il t h e Le a r n e r se e s t m ten t t h
p , o s o e e x e , ,

n a t u r e a n d ch a r a ct e r o f t h e se a s f o u n d in th e ir s i m l e a n d a u
, p g
m en te d f o r m s ; in t h e s in g u l a r d u a l a n d p l u r a l n u m b e r s ; a n d a s
, ,

a u m en t e d e ith
g er b
y t he P a r a g o gi c L e t t e r s o r th e a ffi x e d p ro ,

n ou n s . An d i n d o i n g t h,
is t h e tex t
p r i n t e d i n a s m al l e r l e t t e r
,

in th i s w o r k m a yi n t h ,
e fi r s t i n s t a n ce b e
p a ss e d o v e r .

Th e L e a r ne r m a y i n t h e n e x t p l a ce
, p as s o n t o th e Ve r b s , ,
 P R E F A CE .

(Ar t . 1 82 .
)
se q hi ch. a cco r di n
w g t o m y vie w s , , ar e n o t hin g mo r e
than n oun s of on e f o rm o r o th e r co m p o u n d e d hfr a gm e n t s o f
w it

th n al fi xe d o stfix e d as t o fo rm th e ir
e
p e r s o p ron o u n s, so
p re or
p
co n j u ga t i o n s , an d t o gi v e a t o n ce b o t h t h e f orm s an d s i gn i fi ca ~

tio n s f
o u n d to
p r e vail i n t hem hen h e h as f a m il i ar i z e d h
. isW
m in d in so m e d e gr e e w i t h t he s e , a n d a c qu a i n t e d h i m se l f w i t h
the ca u s e s he i r s e v er a l i n fl ect io n s d e fe ct s, 8cc s o a s t o b e
of t ,
.
,

a b l e t o t r a ce t h e m in t h e ge n e r a l P ar a d igm ( A t r — wh i ch .

ca n no t f ai l t o fi x t h e wh o l e ef fe ct u a y l l i n h i s m e m o r y he w o u l d
—

d o w e ll t o a c q u a i n t h i m s e lf wi t h t h e
p a r t i cl e s A rt 1 7 1 se
q, , . . .

u p t o Ar t 181 An d if h e co i e d t h e s e o u t o n ce o r t w i ce
. .
p , ,

r e a di n t h t x t t t h m t i m t t h i r th o r y ; m y Op i n i o n
g e e a e s a e e a s o e e ,

is t h
, at h e w o u l d n e ve r r e r e t t h
g e t r o u b l e s o t a ke n I n do in
g t h i s .

he sho u l d as be fo r e t u r n b a ck t o t he l a w s o n w hicht he d e fe ct s
, ,
’

th e y e xh i b i t a r e fo u n d e d ; w h i chw i l l a t o n ce s o i n t e r e s t h im a n d ,

h h h h
.

g i ve i m s u ch a n i n s i g t i n t o t e n a t u r e o f t i s L a n
g g u a e ,

as n o o t h er m e t h o d ca n a n d s u éh I t h in k a s h ,
e n e v e r ca n , ,

fo r ge t Th n u m e r a ls
(Art 1 8 1 d Pr o p e r ( A
‘

rt
”

. e . . an n am e s .

170 . se
q ),
l n e ed n o t d et a i n him lo n g . It w il l be en o u
ghn ow to
r ea d o ve r the S yn t a x hn o t e s o n t he u ll
ca r e f y , an d to m ake su c

r l e s e x a m l e s &c
u , p as h e m a
y d e e m n e ce s s a r y
, . T,
h i s h e sh o u ld .

do i n o r de r t o fa m i li a r i z e h
, i s m in d w i t ht h i s p a r t o ft h e Gram m ar ,

a n d t o e n a bl e h i m t o t u rn a g a in t o i t a s o cca s i o n m a y r e q u i r e , .

An d h ere as bef o re , l et h i m n o t b e t e m p t e d t o i m a gi n e t h
, at h e

w i ll in a f e w m o n th s a y e a r o r s o b e co m e a n a d e p t i n t h
, i s s p e cie s , ,

o f Lit e r a t u r e I f i n d ee d a l l h e a im s a t i s
. m e r e l y t o be a bl e t o ,

m a k e o u t a Ch a t e r o r a P sa l m w i t ht h e a i d o ft h D i t i y d
p e c o n a r a n ,

a T r a n sl a t i o n , —a n un d e r t a k in g, as fa r I ca n se e, ofn o u se or

v al u e w ha t s o e v e r
he n he m a y gi v e him s e lf a s li t t l e t r o u b l e a s
,
—t

he pl e as e s i n s t u dy in g t he e l e m e n t s o f t hi s l a n g u a ge B u t i f he .

w i sh t o a s ce r t a in f or h i m sel f w h a t th e r ea l d r i ft a n d S CO e o f
p ,

th e d e cl a r a t i o n s o f t h e S a cr e d W r it e r s o f t h e Ol d T e s t a m e n t i s
,

th en h e w i ll fi n d t h at a th o r o u hk n o w l e d e o f t h
g e l em e n t s is
g e

al m o s t e ver y t h in g : a n d t h at it h a s b e en f r o m a w a n t o ft h is t h
, at

C o m m e n t a t o r s P r e a ch ers an d o th ,er s ha v e s o fr e q u e n t l y a n d s o , ,

fa t all y e rr ed ; a n d
g e n e r a l l y s e a kin
p g t h a
, t a t t h i s da y t h e , ,

S cr i pt u r e s o ft h e Ol d T e s t a m e n t a r e s o l i t t l e u n d e r s t o o d .

1)
xviii P R EFACE .

The be s t t hin g n ow t o do , -
in o r de r to save t im e, — wo uld be
y Oll i v an t An a l y si s th H ist o r y of
’
to g e t a co p of Mr . s
“
of e

J o se ph,
”
an d ca r e fu ll y to r e a d o ver that
p o r t io n oft he B o o k of

G e n e s i s, e r ri n
r ef
g co n s t a n tl y to the G r am m ar as the r e d i r e ct e d .

Wh en this i s do n e, the Cl a v i s P e n t a t e u chi o f R o be rt so n

” J
r ha d
b e t t e r b e o b t a i n e d, an d the who l e P e n t a t e u chbe u ll
r e a d o v e r ca r e f y
w it hi t s a s s i s ta n ce Wi t ht hi s a s w i t ht he H i s t o r y o f J o s e ph
.
, ,

th e Di ct i o n a r y m a b e h a d r e co u r s e t o a s m a yt h e H e b r e w Co n
y ,

co r d a n ce s bo th o f t h
, e w o r d s ge n e r a l l y an d o f th e P a r t i cl e s i ,

Th e a n ci e n t a n d m o d e r n v e r s i o n s m a y a l s o b e co n su l t e d Th e .

A r a b i c S y r i a c a n d Et h
, i o p i c w o r d s a n d u s a e s co rr e sp o n di n g
, ,
g

t o th o se o f t h e H e br e w ca r e f u ll y co n s i d e r e d,
An d t h us
g r adu .

all y t h e r a n e o f st u d y e n l a r e d r to e t h e t e rm s o f t h e
g g o u s -
,

P r o ph et — th, e co r d s
( o f th e L e a r n e r ) b e l en t h
g en ed and h i s s t a kes ,

s t r en t h en e d
g .

In th e h i gh e r s t yl e as e xh i bi t e d i n t h , e P sa l m s J o b t h e , ,

P r o ph &c t h L yr a P r o ph e t i ca o f B y th
”
ets , e .
,
“
n er § m a
y b e

u se d : t h S ch o li a o ft h e y o u n e r R o s e n m ii l l e r : t h S
“
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e g e y pn o

o r th a n d s u ch o t h er W
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si s o f P o o le C r i t i ci S a cr i o rk s as
“
e , ,

th e S t u de n t w ill fi n d p o i n t e d o u t i n t h e se Th e T r an sl a t i o n a n d .

No t e s o n t h e B o o k o f J o b as p u bl i sh ed b
y m y s e l f w il l
, p e rh a s
p ,

b e fo u n d o f so m e s e r v i ce , as w il l m y S er m o n s an d D i s se r t a t i o n s
on the R a t io n a l i sm o f G e r m a n y, an d on the I n t e r r e t a ti o n
p of

P r o phe cy g e n e r a l l y .

On t h e e x e ge t i cal i n t e r r e t a t i o n
p of the Ol d T e s t a m e n t , l e t i t
n ever b e fo r g o t t e n , t he Ne w T e s t a m e n t i s t h e firs t, th e a u th o

r it a t i v e , a n d t h e be st ,
g u id e N e xt t o t hi s , t he
p a r a l lel
p as
. s a
g e s

i n b o t h T e s t a m e n t s sh o u l d b e cl a sse d An d, I w il l v e n t u r e t o .

P u bl ish ed b
y M r D u n ca n , t h e r o r i et o r o f t h
p p . i s Gr a m m ar .

1 R e p u b l i she d a fe w ye a r s a go , a n d t o b e ha d o f a n y o f t he b o o k s e l l e r s
~
.

1 A go o d H eb r e w Co n co r da n ce i s n o w i n t he co u r s e o f p u b li ca t i o n in
G er m an
y ,
by Dr . Fiir s t , at the e xp en se of Mr . Ta u chn it z . N o l diu s
’
s

Co nco r d a n ce o f P a r t i cl e s ( Ed . J en a ) ca n e a s il
ybe o b ta in ed at the b o o k se l l e r s .

Of whi cha n ew Edi t io n w a s p ri n t e d a fe w ye a rs a go , a n d m a y r e a dil y b e

o b ta i n e d .
 P R EFA CE .

af
fi rm , that wher e t his is car e fu ll y an d ho n e s t l y do n e , m o re r eal

s cr i
p t u r a l kn o w l edge w il l be ac q u i r ed in ye a r t ha n u s u a ll y
on e ,

is in t he w ho l e s p a ce o f t i m e a ll o t t e d to the e xi s t e n ce o f m a n .

The Edi t i o n he H e b r e w B i bl e
oft , fr o m w hi ch t he ci t a t i o n s

ha v e he r e b e e n m a d e i s t ha t o f 1 8 3 6
, , p r in ted at the e xp e n s e of

M r D u n ca n a n d w h
.
, ich t h e S t u de n t w il l fin d b o t h an d
co rr e ct .

ER RA TA .

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.

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 C ON T EN T S .

LECTUR E 1 .

ON TH E L TT E ER S , &c .

On t he Al ph ab e t

On t h e P o w e r s o ft h e Co n so n a n t s

On t he i r Nu m e r i ca l V a l u e
D i v i si o n in t o G u t t u r a l s , P a l a t a l s, 85 0 .

Q u i e s ce n ce o f t he fi rm l e t t e r s
D i v i s i o n i n t o R a di ca l a n d S e rv il e
On t he V o w e l s
On She v a a n d i t s Su b st i t u t e s
On t he Fo r m a t i o n o f Syl l a bl e s
On t he Co m b in a t i o n Oft he V o w e l s wi t ht h e Co n so n a n t s

On t he I n i t i a l a n d F i n a l Ch a r a ct e r s o fShe v a a n d i t s Su b st i t u t e s

On P a t h ah hwhe n t e r m e d F u r t iv e
U s e OfS h e v a a n d i t s S u b s t it u t e s

On t h e Pf ii n t s , D a g e s ha n d M a pp i h
On t he M a r k R ap h e

On t h e Vo w el Kh o l e m , W1 t hin a n d tfi
‘

On K h i r i k w it ho r w i t h ou t

Di s t i n ct i o n s b e t w e e n K a m e t s a n d K a m e t s K h a tu h
p

LECTU R E I I .

ON THE HE RE B W A CC T S EN .

Ta b l e s o ft he H e b r e w A c ce n t s .

On t he U s e o ft h e A c ce n t s

x
Pr a i s o n t h e R e a di n g
wi t h A c ce n t s .

L ECTUR E 1 1 1 .

ON TH E P RIN C PL
I ES W C
HI H RE G U LA T E TH E E T Y OL OG
M Y .

Eu p ho n i c Ch t he
Or t h o r a ph i t r e a r ds t h
e Co n ts 3 3— 3 7
a n ge s in
g y a s g so n a n

On t he Co n t r a ct i o n s w h i cht a k e pl a ce l n t h e Vo w el s 3 7— 38
On t h e G e n er a l Ch an e s o ft h e Vo w el s 3 9— 41
g
On t he U se o f She v a a n d i t s Su b s t i t u t e s 41— 44
Pa r t i cu l ar r u l e s fo r t he i n s e r t io n o ffl a g es h

L ECTUR E I V .

ON THE G EN ER AL USE AN D SI TU AT I ON OF TH E A CC T
EN S.

fi
The ir Of ce s , To n i c a n d Eu pho n ic

On t he To n i c Acce n t
 ,
C ON T EN T s

On t he An o m a li e s fo u n d i n i t s s i t u a t i o n
On t h e u se a n d s i t u a t i o n o ft he Eu p h o n i c A cce n t

R u l e s fo r i t s i n s e r t i o n
‘

On t he u s e a n d p o s i ti o n o fM a h hap h
R u l e s fo r i t s i n se r t i o n

LECT UR E V .

ON THE TE RM I N AT I ONS OF G D EN ER , &c .

On the M a s cu l i n e G e n d e r
On the Fo r m a t i o n o ft h r o m th
e F e m i n in e f e M a scu li n e
On the i n fl e ct i o n o f N o u n s
On the fo r m a ti o n o ft h e D u a l Nu m b er

On the fo r m a t i o n o ft he P l u r a l N u m b e r M a s c u l in e

On the fo rm a t i o n o ft h e Pl u r a l N u m b e r F e m i n in e

On the c ha n g e s of t e r m in a t io n ,
&c . n e c e ss a r
y fo r the s t a t e o fc on

s t r u ct i o n

On t he Pr o n o u n s

On t he S e a r a b l e P e r s o n a l Pr o n o u n s
p
On t he I n s e a r a b l e P e r s o n a l Pr o n o u n s
p

L ECTUR E V I .

ON THE PA T R S OF S P C EE H , &c .

On t he
p r i m i ti v e ch a r a c t e r o fN o u n s

e u se a n d s i n i ca t i o n o fWo r ds g e n e r a l l y
.

On t h g fi
On t he m e as u r e s a li d t o th e r i m it i v e fo rm s
pp e p
The Pr i m i t iv e S e o l a t e f o r m s, a n d t h e i r Eu h o n i c Ch a r a ct e r
g p
On t he fi r st S ) ce i e s o fD O o ft h e f E (1 1213
“

P
‘

o rm s

d
.

On t h S pe ci e s o fD O o ft h e f
m g d 1 9
2
“ "
e s e co n o rm s a
. n

On t he th ir d , o ft h e f o r m s 117 9 a n d W E
”
“

On t he fo u r t h , o f t h e f o r m s 1 9 an d
2
"

W
On t he ft h ,
fi
o ft h e f o r m s 17 13 a n d 117 i?
“ “

On t h e a b s t r a ct f o r ce o ft h e s e No u n s .

On t h e s e co n d
g e n e r a l Cl a s s o f Pr i m it i v e N o u n s n o t Se o l a t e ,
g an d
w hi char e co n cr e t e in s en s e

T a b l e s,
'

e xhib iti n g th e i r se v e r a l in fl e ct i o n s , a s t o g e n d e r , n u m b e r ,
co n j u n ct i o n wi t ht h e
p r o n o u n s, a n d s t a t e o fco n s t r u c t i o n 1 0 2— 1 06

L ECTU R E VI I .

ON TH E AU G M EN T ED HE B W RE NO UN S.

fi
Cl a s si ca ti o n o ft h es e

On t he r e d u pl ica t e d cl a s s o fw o r d s
The fo r c e o f t h e s e wh e n co n u a t e d a sV e r b s j
g
Ta b l e s e h x
ib i t i n g t h e i r i n fl e c t i o n s, & c .

On n o u n s sa i d t o b e r e du p l i ca t e d b y i m p l i ca t i o n
On t h e a u gm e t e d No u n s t e rm e d m m
n 1
He em a n t i -

Th e ir f o r ce , w h en co n u a t e d a s Ver
j bs a cti v e a n d p a ssi v b
,
1n the
fo r m s H i h hil a n d Op hhci l
o rm H i t h a h
i

Do w h
.

en in t c f él
.
p
x xi i C O N T EN T S .

Et ym o l o gy o fN o u n s co m m e n ci n g w it h73 a n d 3
On t h e f o r ce o f t ho se c o n ju
g a t e d 1 11 the N ip hhci l s
p e ci e s

Ta bl e s o ft h e se f orm s
ge n e r a ll
y

L ECTU R E V I I I .

ON TH E AUG M EN T ED ,
RE DU PL C AT D I E ,
EN D C P U D
OM O N WOR D S.

On t ho se fo r m s w h i chha v e t h e H e e m a n t i l e t t e r s p o st fi x e d
-
1 33— 13 8
On t he R u l i
e d p ca t e d a d
n o t h e r wi s e Co m p o u n d e d W o r d s 1 3 8 — 1 4 2 .

On t he f o r m s a n d co m
p o s i t i o n o f N ou n s , a d o p t e d a s Pr o p e r N a m e s 1 4 2— 1 4 9

LECTUR E I X .

ON TH E E T YM O O L G Y OF THE PA T C L R I ES .

On t he f o r m s a n d ch a r a c t e r s o ft he S e a r a b l e P a r t i cl e s
p
D O o ft h
. e I n s e a r a b l e P ar t i cl e s
p
On t ho s e t e r m e d P a r a g o gi c
On t he D e m o n s t r a t i v e Pr o n o u n s
On t he R e l a t i v e Pr o n o u n M N
“

On t he I n t e rr o a t i v e a n d I n de n i t e Pr o n o u n s &c
g ,
fi .

On t h fi
e D e n i t e A r t i cl e 77

On t he Nu m e r a l s

L ECTUR E X .

ON TH E H E B WRE V ER B S.

On t he i r et m o l o gy, f
y o r m s, a n d r o er t i e s
p p
Et ym o l o gy a n d fo r m s o f t he co n u g a t i o n o f th e t wo j Te n s e s
fi
r s t S e ci e s K a l

On t he I n n i t i v e a n d I m p e r a t i v e fo r m s
On t he P ar t i ci l e s a s t h
p ( e
y h a v e b e e n t er m e d )

L ECT UR E XI .

Etym o l o gy a n d fo r m s of the co n j u
g a t io n in the se co n d sp e ci e s, or

N ip h hdl
DO in the thir d e ci e s , o r Pihél
‘

s
.
p
Do th
ine f o u r t hs e ci e s , o r P u h al
.
p
Do . th
ine fi x
ft ha n d s i t hs p e ci e s , o r H ip h hi l a n d H op hhci l
DO th
ine s e v e n t hSp e ci e s , o r H i t h ah él
.
p
On the r e m a i n i n g a u gm e n t e d, b u t l e ss u su a l , s e ci e s Of t he co n
p
gj
u a t io n o f H e br e w V e r b s 223 — 225

LECTU R E XI I .

ON TH E D E FE CT I VE V ER B S.

On t he c a u se s o f t he D e fe cts fo u n d t o e xi t s i n H eb r e w V e r b s g e n e
225 — 226
The co n j gu a t io n s of tho se co m m en ci n g wit h J , r e co n ci l e d w it h
tho se o f the re
g ular t r il i t e r a l V e r b s 226— 228
 CON TENTS. xxi ii
The j
co n u ga t i o n s o f t ho s e co m m e n ci n g w i t h N ,
a n d 1
l
, r e sp e ct i v e y
. 228 — 23 5
DO . o f th o se ha vi n g 1 , o r fo r t h e m i ddl e r a di c al l e t t e r r e sp e ct

i v el y
o f th o se m w h i cht h e th ir d r a di ca l l e tt e r 1 s su e ct t o e l i si o n
bj
DO .

DO . o ft h o s e Ve r b s w hi chh ave N f or th e ir t h i r d r a ca l l e t t e r

LECTUR E XI I I .

On t ho s e Verb s w hi chha v e t he ir s e co n d an d th
i rd r a di ca l l et ter s the

s am e

On t h o s e Ve rb s w h i cha r e d o u b l y d e fe ct i v e
On t h e A b b r e v i a t e d Pr o n o u n s a s a t t a ch e d t o V e r bs

x
On t he m o d e o f a ffi in g t he s e t o t he D e fe ct i v e Ve r b s
‘

Ta b l e s e h x
ib i t i n g t h j
e co n u a t i o n
g i n th e s e v e r a l s e ci e s o f e v e r
p y
s o r t OfV e r b , w h ether D e f e ct iv e o r n o t , w i t ht h e ir I n n i t iv e a n d fi
P a r t icip i a l fo r m s 26 0 — 27 3

LECTU R E XI V .

ON TH E SY N T AX .

On t he co n s t ru ct i o n o f t he s e v e r a l s o r t s o f Pr o o sit i o n s
p g e n e r a ll
y 27 4 — 27 6
On t he Pr e d i ca t e Of P r o Os i t i o n s i n H e b r e w 2 7 6— 27 8
On t he co n co r d a n c e o f t e S u b e ct w i t ht h j e P r e d i ca t e 27 8 — 28 2
On t he co n co r d a n c e Of t h e N o m 1 n a t 1 v e w i t hi t s V e r b 2 8 2— 28 5
On t he N o m i n a t iv e Ab s o l u t e 28 5 — 28 8

LECTUR E XV .

ON THE G ENER AL D P D C
E EN EN E OF W D
OR S ON ON E A T NO H ER .

This d e p e n d e n ce i s r e l a t e d b y t w o p r in cip l e s , g e n e r a l l y, i e t ha t . .

h a t o ft h e D e n it e S ta t e o
f
ofA
pp o s i t io n , a n t fi Co n s t r u ct i o n 28 9
On t he A
pp o s i t i o n o f w o r d s , i m m e d ia t e a n d m e d i a t e 28 9— 29 5
On t ha t t e rm e d H e n d i a d ys 2 96
On t ha t a f fe ct i n g t he N o u n s o f Ti m e a n d P l a ce 29 6— 29 8
O n A t t r i b u t i v e s w he n i n A p p o s it i o n 29 8 — 29 9
On t he U s e o f t h fi
e D e n i t e A r t i cl e 2 99 — 3 04
On t he A d v e r b s , a n d o t h er q
u al if
y gi n t er m s 3 05— 3 08
On t h e em h a t i c r e p e t i t io n o f w o r ds a n d p h ras es 3 0 9— 3 10
p
fi
On N o u n s p u t i n t he D e n i t e S t a t e o f Co n st r u ct io n , b o t h i m m e
d i a t e ly a n d m e d i a t e ly 3 1 0— . 316
On t h at so r t o f D e n i t e fi Co n s t ru cti o n w h i ch has b e en t e rm e d
D i s t in c ti v e
On t h e c o n s t ru ct i o n o f t h e Nu m e r a l s

On t h e ir co n c o r d a n ce w i t ht h e th in g n u m b e r e d
Ot he r m o d e s o f co n s tr u ct io n

L ECTU R E XV I .

ON TH E L G C AL C P L
O I OM EM EN T S OF W D G OR S EN ER ALL Y, AN D OF V ER B S,

IN P A T C UL A
R I R.

The Pr i n ci pl e s b y w h i cht he s e a r e r e u l a t e d s t a t ed
g
x
E a m pl e s i l l u s t r a t i v e o f t he se

On a pp a r e n t l y Ell ip t i c a l Co n st r ct i o n s u
x
On I m p e r s o n a l E p r e s s io n s
 C O N T EN T S .

LECT UR E X VI I .

ON THE M O D ES AND TE N S ES OF T H E V ER B S.

On th e P r i n cipl e s w h ic r e gu l a t e t h h
e u s e o ft he T e n se s
g en e r a ll
y,
i n

dir e ct (o r in di ca t iv e ) co n s t r u c t i o n s 3 3 5— 3 46
j
D it t o m Su b u n ct i v e o r Co n d i t i o n a l co n s t r u ct i o n s , w he t her re
gu l a t ed

byt h e s e p a r a b l e p a r t i cl e s , o r b y t he f o r m s t e r m e d A o co e
p an d
p
Pa r a go ge
On t he P r e t e r i t e u s e d a s a Fu t u r e , o r I m p e r a ti v e , e m ph a t i ca ll
y
M i sce ll a n e o u s co n s t ru ct io n s
Op in i o n s e n o u n ce d a s fa ct s ge n e r a l y l
H yp o t he t i cal s e n t e n ce s ho w e n o u n ce d
q
Co m m a n d s , r e u e s t s , &c e n o u n ce d b y t h e Im .
p e r a t i v e fo r m s
R e m a rks o n t h e P r i n ci l e s r e u l a t i n g t h e se
p g

L ECTUR E XVI I I .

ON THE N ATU RE AN D C ON S T UCT R I ON OF THE PA T CL

R I ES .

On t he A dv e r b s
g e n e r a ll
y
The co n s t r u ct i o n o f 145 , D 1
93 , 3 1s 1
133;

LECT UR E XI X .

ON TH E N ATU RE AN D U SE OF T H E C ON J U NC T I ON S .

On t he ir g e n e r a l u s a g e
On t he R e l a t i v e Pr o n o u n 1 11 5
15 a l so
p 2 87 ( . .

Of Ad v e r b s, P r e p o si t io n s , 8 m s i m p l e . an d co m
p oun d, D13! 1
1353
1
; 3 px?
)
3 1 313 1
1 217, 13 14 1 11 ,
11 5
593 F3 , an d on t he fo r ms
u se d 1 11 o a t hs
On th e Co u l at i v e C n
p j n t i o 1
'

g e Ou C
n e r a ll
y: w hen h r e du n da n t , or
d e fe ct iv e : o r d e n o t i n g di s t r ib u t i o n
On th e Co n di t i o n a l , Ca u sa l , an d C o n cl u s i v e , Co n j u n ct io n s,
ma m 1
; 123 , 3
1
1 14 as 1
; DR 1
3
p m ?’ am 179 5

F 7
,

W 195
, ,
11 3 13 1 ,
"
1 1 514
5 m m 1 m in 11 , , 0

On t he I n t er j e ct i o n s

L ECTU R E XX .

ON TH E C P OM OS I T I ON OF S EN T C EN ES AS P T DOI N E OU T BY TH E IN FL U EN C E
OF TH E A CC E T N S.

On t he di s t i n ct i v e o w e r s o f t h e A cce n t s
p
A Ta b l e , &c p o in t i n g o u t t h eir r a n k, o r der , a n d
p o w e r s

W
.

o r d s l n App o s i t i o n , o r d e n i t e c o n s t r u c t i o n , t he n o m i n a t i v ew i t h
fi
i t s v e r b , &c ho w co m b i n e d
uh
.

N o m i n a t i v e Ab s o l u t e , h o w di s t i n i
g s ed
Q u a li fyi n g w o r d s a n d ph r a s e s,
p a r en t he s e s , &c .

P a r a ll e l i s m , how o in t e d o u t
p
On t he A cce n t u a t i o n o f t h e M e r i ca l B o o k s, J o b , Pr o v e r b s
,
t
an d th e
P s al m s 3 93 — 3 9 6
 L EC T U R ES

ON TH E

H EB R E W L AN G U A G E .

L EC T U R E 1 .

O N T H E OR T H OG R AP H Y , B
S Y LL A I C AT I ON , &C .
, OF T H E
H E RE B W LANG U AG E .

1 . AS i t i s p r opo s e d t o o ffe r i n t he p r e se n t co u r se of
,

L e ct u r e s a co m p r e h
,
s t r u ct u r e of t h
e n siv e a n d p r a ct ica l v ie w of t he
e H e b r e w L a n g u a g e a l l d is c u s s i o n s r e
,

l a t in g t o G e n e r a l G r a m m a r P h , il o l o g y a n d A n t i q u i t ie s
, ,

w il l b e a v o i d e d a s m u cha s po s s i b l e r e fe r r i n g a s w e
p ro

ce e d t o Au t h o r s w ho ha v e t r e a t e d o n t he s e s u bj e c t s .

I t w il l a l s o b e t a k e n fo r g r a n t e d t h ,at th e S t u de n t is

a cq u a i n t e d w i t h ra m m a r e n e r ally t au h t d
g a s
g g ; a n ,

th at h e is p e n m a n su ff i cie n t l y g ood t o w r it e do w n su ch
fo r m s of l e t t e r s &c a s sha l l b e l a i d b e fo r e him
, .
, .

2 But
. alth
, o u g h i t i s d e s i r a bl e t ha t t he Le a r n e r
sh o u l d k n o w s o m e t hi n g of t he p r in cipl e s of G r a m m a r a s
e n e r al l y t a u gh t et h e m u st n o t h e n ce b e t e m p t e d t o
g y ,

i n fe r t h, a t a s y s t e m a l m o s t e n t i r e l y a t v a r i a n c e w i t ht h at

to wh ich h e h a s be en a ccu s t o m e d i s u n p h il o s op h i ca l o r
w r o n g ; o r b e ca u s e h e ca n n o t a t fi r s t s i h t o m p reh en d
,
g c

a l l i t s b e a r in
g s t h
, at i t i s t heref o re u n co u t h e m b a r ,

r a s se d o r a m big u o u s
, Fo r i t m a y b e t r u e t h
. at th e
,

La n g u a g e o f t h e P a t r ia r ch s an d P r op h e t s i s a s co n

s i s t e n t i n i t s s t r u ct u r e as th
, e s u bj e ct s o n w h ichi t t r e a t s
B
 2 L ECT U R E 1 .
E
AR T . 3 .

a re in t e r e s t in g a n d m o m e n t o u s a n d , t h a t i t i s a s e x p l i ci t

a n d r e u la r a s ot h er l a n a e s, w h i ch h av e be e n l
g g gu c u

t i v a t e d w i t h m u ch g r e a t e r a r d o u r , w h il e t h ey h a d in fi

n it e l
y l e ss t o o f f e r in r e t u r n H e m u s t ,
t h e r e fo
. r e , a l l o w
th e La n
g u a
g e o n w h i ch W e a r e n o w e n t e r i n
g ,
t o s t a n d o r

fa l l o n i t s o w n m e r it s ; a n d , o u r d e l in e a t io n of i t t o b e
j u d g e d by t he r u l e s of cr i t i cis m p e cu l i a r t o i t s e l f e . W
m e n t ion t h is i n t h e o ut e ,
s t — n o t t o d e p r e ci a t e t h e l a bo u r s

of o t he r s w ho m a y ha v e t a k e n a d ifl e l e n t Vi e w of t his
'

s u bj e c t , — b u t t o w a r n t h e St u d e n t , t h at t h e i d i o m s of t h e

H e b r e w a n d o t he r D i a l e ct s co n n e ct e d w it hi t , a r e n e i t he r
t o b e j u d g e d of, n o r e x p l a in e d by t h o s e of Eu r op e a n l a n ,

u a es ; a n d h t t i o h i m i n st t h t t o b l
g g e n ce o c a u n a
g a a r u e

a n d c o n fu s i o n , i n t o w h i ch s o m e h a ve h ad t h e m i s fo r t u n e

t o fa l l .

On t h e Al h
p a be t .

3 . Th
y s t e m of Or t hog r a phy fo u n d i n o u r H e b r e w
e s

B ib l e s a n d t h ,
at wh ichh a s e ve r b e e n t a u gh t w it h t h e

g r e a t e s t s u cce s s
*
p r e s e n t s a s
, u cce ss i o n of c o n s o n a n t s ,

w r i t t e n i n a d i r e ct io n p r o ce e d i n fr om t h e ri h t h a n d of
g g
th e pa e t ow a rds t h
g e l e ft T w o o r m o r e of t h . e se a r e

fo u n d i n e v e r y w o r d ; w hil e t he w o r d s t he m se l v e s a r e
s e p a r a t e d fr o m e a cho t h e r by a m od e r a t e s p a ce To t h is .

syst e m of co n so n a n t s a n o t he r i s a dd e d co n s is t i n g of ,

v o w el s ; a n d t h e s e a r e p l a ce d a bo v e in t h e m idd l e or , ,

b e l o w t he l in e of c o n s o n a n t s a s t he i r se v e r a l n a t u r e s
, ,

m a yr e qu i r e To t h i s a g a i n i s s u p e r a dd e d a n o t h
.
, e r co n
, ,

s is t in of A ce n t s w h i cha r e a l s o p l a ce d e i t h e r a bo v e i n
g c , ,

th e m i dd l e o r bel o w t h , e co n s o n a n t s i n t h
, e s a m e l in e o r ,

r a n k w i t ht h e v ow e l s B e fo r e t h e s t u d e n t ca n p o s s i bl y
.

read th e H e b r e w t e x t t he r e fo r e he m u s t b e m a d e , ,

fa m ili a r w i t ht he s e s e v er a l p a r t s of H e b r e w o r t ho g r a phy
4 We sh
.

. a l l p r o ce e d in t h e fi r s t p l a ce ,
t o d e l in e a t e ,

a n d e x pl a i n t h e ch a r a ct e r s of t h e co n s o n a n t s th e n u m be r ,

fo r m s n a m e s po w e r s a n d n u m e r i ca l v a l u e s of w hi cha r e
, , , ,

a s fo l l o w s .

a We s a y, t he ;
g rfe
o r
a t
, a
e f
t
s t
e r
s a
u l l t h
cce s sa t ha s b e e n s a i d b y t he a dvo

ca t e s fo r th e u n p o m t e d s ys t e m , i t Wl l l b e e x t r e m e l y d i f cu l t t o p o i n t o u t o n e fi
w r it e r o f t ha t s cho o l, w h o h a s i n a n y d e g r e e a d v a n ce d H e b r e w l e a r n i n g .
 F OR M S .
N A M ES . P OWER S .

Sam a ri

H u n a sp ir a t e d as in
h u m bl e,
,

h o ur ,

&c .

V or B r e s p e ct i v e l y,
as in va n or ba n
h d d
.

G ar , as in gir ,

ga in
d
.

D, as i n do , a re .

H a s pi r a te d as in
h d a r .
,

V, by so m e , as in
vo w , b y Ot e r s , h
W , as in wo r k .

Z, as in z ea l , o r S i n
t h ose .
Kb st r o n gl y a s p i ra t
e d, as c h in the
Ge rm an n ic h t .

T O W Té t b .
T, as in t u rn .

’
‘
ll Y od .
Y, as i n ye s, yon d er .

Or and
31 an d as a
q: Ca p h . C, as in ca r r y, ca s h . XX
.

as a fi n al le t

i
Hu ?Lam e d . L, as i n l o ve , & c .

d
D D M ém . M, as in ma n , & c.
an as a

N, as in no , &c .

S, as i n S i r ; n e ve r
a s S i n t o se h
d
.

The t r u e so u n o ft h is
l e t t e r be i n g u n
k n o w n , i t i s u su
a l l y p a s se o ve r d
i n s nl e n c e , a s H
in u m bl e : h we
s al l h d e si n a t e i t
g
t u s, Hh
h h
.

17 5 5 , .n a
P H, w e n w it o u t
th e o in t, as in
Ph i ip ; P , v1 h en

po i n t e , as d
in
pt” .

Tséid é .
TS , as in m a ts, &c .

P K Opb .
K, as i n l o o k, & c .

R, in r oa s t , & c.
R ésh as

W
.

P S in h . SH, as in s hi n e.

S, as i n s on n ever
as S in t h ,

o se .

Ta w, or TH or T r e s p e c t i v e l y, CCC
Ta v . as in t in h or t in .
4 LECTURE L [ AR T . 5 .

In the se fu t u r e e x a m p l e s w he r e t he
an d a ll ,
R om an

v o w e l s w ill b e u t t o r e p r e se n t t h e H e br e w on e s a or a
p , ,

w il l h a ve t he s o u n d of t h o r a in
e I t a l ia n a
far , an d a ,

th
’
in e, in w a n e i in r a in
‘

as a man e, or as a or a e, e

sa m e s o u n d sho r t e n e d i , or Z
, a s ee in s e en i, as i in in
o r 0 , as o in o u n d sho r t e n e d 22, o r
r o se o ,
the sa m e s

n ,a s o o i n bo o t ; u a s o o in
g ood T h e fi r st m a r ke d
,
.

v o w e l in e a chc a s e w i l l r e p r e se n t t h e a cce n t e d o r em ,

p h a t i ca l s y ll a bl e e
, g a i n
f a t he r ,
& c t h
. e se co n d w i t h
.
,
.

&c w il l sh ew th a s s u chv o w e l n e r a ll y
'

as a e a t —
, , .
g e ,

t e r m i n a t e s a s y l l a bl e —i t w il l b e p r o n o u n ce d op e n l y b u t
, ,

n o t Wi t ha n a cce n t .

5 Th . e S a m a r i t a n a n d R a bb i n i ca l fo r m s of t h e H ebr e w

ch a r a ct e r h a v e be en i ven f o r th e fo l l o w i n o
g g r e a s n s

1 Th e S a m a r i t a n P e n t a t e u chb e i n o t hi m o t h
.
g n n
g r e an

a d if fe r e n t e d i t i o n of t h a t in u se a m o n
g t h e J ew s th e ,

S t u d e n t w ill w a n t n o o t h er h elp f o r r e a d in
g i t t h an th e ,

fo r m s of t he S a m a r it a n cha r a ct e r : a n d ,

2 As t h
. e R a bb in i ca l c o m m e n t a r i e s a r e co m po se d f or ,

th e m os t p a r t i n B ibl i ca l H e b r e w h
, e w il l s t a n d i n n e e d ,

of l it t l e m o r e t ha n a c opy of t he ir a l p ha b e t t o e n a bl e
hi m t o r e a d t he m fi “

6 . The n um be r an d or de r o ft he co n s o n a n t s, as
g i v e n in t he t a b l e ,

a r e so fo u n d i n t he te xt o f the H e b r e w B ibl e The f

o l l o w in are
.
g
t he p assa
ges — P s al m s xxx i v. c x ix x l
. c v. Pr o v er bs xxx : fr o m
v erse 1 0 to the en d ; La m e n t a t io n s i i i ii i i v
. . . . I n P sal m xxx i v.

ho w e v e r t he v e r s e b e g in n i n g w i t h 1 Va rv ha s e i t he r b e e n l o s t o r
, ,

b o t h 71 H e a n d 1 Va n) a r e fo u n d i n t h e 6 t hv e r s e ; a n d in t h e ;

cx l v t h t h at w h ichs h o u l d co m m e n ce w i t h D i s a l s o w a n t i n I
,
g n .

th e i i iii a n d i v t hch a t e r s o ft h
'

. .
p e L a m e n t a t i o n s 37 A z n a n d D P é
y ,

are f o u n d t ra n s o se d
p w hi ch m a
yp e r h a
p s b e a t t r ib u t e d t o t h
, e

co
pyi sts .

Sho u ld he w is ht o m ake a co n s id e r a b l e
p ro
g r e ss i n Ra b b in i ca l l e a r n i n g ,
he w il l fin d f the b e st b o o ks o in t ed
‘

so m e o
p ou t i n S ect . x i . o f m y Syl l o ge
Li b r o ru m O r i e n t a l iu m Ca n t ab 1 8 2 1
. . .
 ON T H E C ONS ONANT S .

7 . he fo r m s o f t he co n s o n a n t s i t i s n o t i m pr o b a bl e t he y
As to t ,

w e r e o r ig i n a ll yh ie r o gl yp h ica l but wh eth er th e He b r e w o r Sa m a ,

r it a n f o r m is t h e m o s t a n cie n t a d if fe r e n ce o fo p in io n s e e m s t o h
‘

, a ve

r e v a il e d a s e a r l ya s t h e t i m e s o fJ e r o m e an d wh i ch a s S ch l tens
p u ,

ha s j u s t l y r e m a r k e d ha s b e e n co n t e s t e d i n s o m e in s t a n ce s w it ha n
,

ac r i m o n y w h ich n e i t h , er th e n a t u re o f th e ca s e n o r th e l o ve o f ,

t r u t h co u l d j u s t i f
, y 1: s o m e m a i n t a i n in
g t h at t h
'
e S a m a r it a n w a s
th e p r i m i t i ve f o rm an d th a t Ez r a a d o p t e d t h
, e o th er o n th e r e t u rn

fr o m B a b ylo n ; o t h ers t h at th e B ib l i ca l ch a r a ct e r a s w e n o w h
, a ve ,

i t is t h e s a m e w it h t h a t in w h ich M o s e s co m p o s e d h is A u t o
,

ra h m yo w n p a r t I a m i n cl in e d t o b e l ie v e w i t hs o m e
g p } F or , ,

o th ers th a t wh
,
icho f t h e ch a r a ct e r s s o e v e r w e t a k e a s e xh ib i t in g ,

th e m o s t a n ci e n t f o rm th e o th e r i s n o g re a t e r a v a r i a t io n f
, ro m it ,

th a n m a y b e t r a ce d i n o u r o w n b l a ck l e t t e r a s d e r i v e d fr o m t h e

R o m a n ; a n d byn o m e a n s so gre a t a s t h ,
a t d is ce r n i b l e b e t w e e n

o ur h a n d w r it i n g a n d t h e r in t e d l e t t e r f ro m w h i chi t h as be en
p
-
,

fo r m e d .

8 . The l e t t e r s SD gn w he n o ccu r r in g a t t he
x n
-
,

en d of a l in e , are so m e t im e s l e n
g t hen ed o u t t hus ,

N H
“
a t:
"
a h in o r d e r t o fil l u p t h e s p a ce .

On the P o we r s o
f the Co n s o n a n t s .

9 . Al ef a s a l r e a dy r e m a r k e d ha s t he po w e r of a n
N , ,

u n a sp i r a t e d H : t h at i s i t i s u s e d fo r t h e p u r po s e of ,

e n o u n ci n g t h e v o w e l fol l o w i n g i t w i t h o u t a n y a u d ibl e ,

as p i r a t i o n b u t w i t h a s o u n d s l i gh
,
tl y gu t t u ral It .

a pp e a r s p r ob a b l e a l s o that th is w a s i t s po w e r i n a n cie n t
, ,

t im e s ; n o t o n l y b e ca u s e t h e sa m e l e t t e r h as t o t h
,
is d a y

Ch a m o l l io n P r écis
p d a S st
y H i e r . . .
pp . 3 1 2, 3 1 6 . P l at es A t o K .

P La co u r Es s a i s u r l e s H i e r B o rd e a u
. . . x . 1 8 21 .
pp . 4 5— 4 8 , 1 3 1 , 1 66 , &c .

Tho u ghI ca n se e n o r e a so n ,
wh w
y e a re to go to Egyp t fo r t he H e b r e w Le t t e r s ,
u n l e ss w e a r e t o s u p po s e t ha t m a r k s r e p re se n t i n g ce r t a i n s u b s t a n ce s a n d s o u n d s ,
,

co u ld n o t be fo r m e d el se w he re S ee G e s ch
. i ch t e d e r H e b rai s cb e S p ra ch
-
e , &c .
,

von . t . G e se n i u s, 40— 4 5 . S ee m y Se rm o n s an d D isse r t a t i o n s on Pro

p hec y ,
& c
p 1.1 7 ,
& .c P r o l e g t o B a ster s P o ly
g .
g l o tt .
’
B i bl e ,
P ro l I . . ii ,

i F u n d a m L i n
g .H e b , p 1 8 . . . .

I S e e t he c o n t r o v e rs y b e t w e e n C a el l a n d B u x t o r f
p .
 6 L EC T U R E L
[ AR T . 1 0 .

the sa m epo w e r i n t he S y r i a c A r a bic a n d Et hi op ic , , ,

wh i cha r e n o t h in g m o r e t h an d ia l e ct s of t he H e b r e w ,

b u t b e ca u se w e fi n d i t o cca si o n a ll y p u t fo r n fl e o r ,

3?A yi n t n t h , e H e b r e w B ib l e i t s e l f ; a n d in t h e co n a t e
g ,

d i a l e ct s t h e S y r i a c a n d Ch
, a l de e fo r Yo dfi A m o n g t h
“
,
e

G r e e k s a n d L a t i n s i t w a s e x p r e sse d by o n e o r o t h e r of

th e v o w e l s u n a s p ir a t e d a n d m o s t l y by A l p h , a or A
T I n .
.

w r i t i n g H e b r e w w o r d s i n R o m a n l e t t e r s w e sh a l l fo r m ,

th e s y l l a bl e i n w h i cht h
, is l e t t e r i s fo u n d by r e p r e s e n t i n g ,

th a t v ow el on l y w h i cha cco m p a n i e s i t .

1 0 21 B et h i s fo u n d e i t h
. e r w i t h o r w it h o u t a poi n t , ,

i n s cr i b e d a s 21 o r 3 , In th e fi r s t c a se i t i s p r o n o u n ce d
.

a s o u r B ; in t h e s e co n d a s V ; a n d h e n ce i t i s s o m e t i m e s
, ,

r e p r e s e n t e d by t Va w a s 3 51 o cca s i o n a l l y w r i t t e n In
‘

, ,

th ch
'
e co n a t e d i a l e ct s i t i s oft e n an ed f o r D Pe
g , g or ,

p M e m ; b e i n g a l e t t e r of t h e sa m e or a n w it h t h
'

g e m .

B u t of t h is m o r e w ill b e sa i d h
“

e r e a ft e r .

1 1 It G i m el i s a l s o w r it t e n w i t h o r w i t h
. o u t t he poin t , ,

th u s a o r it ,
In th e fi r s t ca s e
. a ll a r e a r e e d t h
g a t it
,

sh o u l d b e p r o n o u n ce d l ik e G i n t he w o r d s g i r d g iv e , .

H o w i t sh o u l d be p r o n o u n ce d i n t he se con d g r a m m a r i a n s ,

a r e n o t a gr e e d S om e t h . i n k i t sh o u l d t ake t h e s o u n d of

G i n g in g e r ; o t h ers th a t i t sh o u l d b e p r o n o u n ce d a s
,

G in t h
,
e G er m a n G e m a ch t &c Th e u s u a l p r a c t ic e
, .
,

ho w e v e r i s t o s o u n d i t l ik e G i n g i r d i n e ve r y ca se fp
, , ,

12 1 D al e t hi s a l s o fo u n d bo t hw i t h a n d w i t h o u t t his
‘

. , ,

S ee m y H e b r e w L e i co n x .

S h B i bl i o t he c a S a c r a b y M a s ch i d l i i f 3 5
1 e e t e , p a r t s s e cu n v o
p r e p , . . . . .

&c : a l so , t h
. e D i s se r t a t i o R P B e rn h a rd i d e M o n t f
. . a u co n d e v e t e r i l i t e r a r u m

e t v o ca l i u m H e b r a i ca r u m p r o n u n t i a t i o n e , t o m i i o fhi s H e x a p l a o fOr i ge n , o r
. .

in th
e B i b l io t h
e ca H e b r ae a o f o l fi u s, t o m W
ii p 64 8 ; o r t h . e A pp e n d i
. to . x
J ah G r a m m Li n g H e b & c
’
n s . . . .

I T h e m a n n e r in w hi cht he a n ci e n t s re r e s e n t e d t h
p i s, a n d o t he r l e t t e rs o f the

Al p ha b e t , m a y b e s e e n i n M a scho r M o n t f a u co n , a s ci t e d a b o v e .
 ART . ON THE CO NS O NA N TS . 7

o i d In the fi r st
p r o n o u n ce d l i k e i t is
“

p
51
nt
“

, as , an t . c a se ,

D i n d a r e d o &c In t h e se co n d s o m e i ve i t t h e sou n d
, , g .
,

of T H i n t hi n e t hi s ; o t he r s n e g l e ct t hi s d is t i n c t i on a n d
, ,

p r o n o u n ce i t l ik e D i n e ve r y ca s e I t i s p r ob a b l e t ha t .
,

i t w a s o r ig i n a ll y p r o n o u n ce d w it h t h e t ip of t h e t on
g u e

p l a ce d a g a in s t t he r oo t s of t he fo r e t e e t h j u s t a s i t s ,

c o r r e spo n d in l e t t e r i s s t i l l p r o n o u n ce d by t h e Or i e n t a l s
g
wh i chw il l g i v e i t r a t h e r a s oft e r s o u n d t h an th a t of o u r

D . I t i s a l s o p r ob a b l e t h a t it h a d t w o s ou n d s a s i t is ,

th e c a s e n o w w i t ht h e A r a b ic w h ere w e h a v e a B ri t a n d ,

i) D h al ; t h e fo r m e r p r o n o u n ce d l ik e D d e n t a l th e la t t e r ,

l ik e t hi n t h in e H e n ce w e m a y a cco u n t fo r
. D av dr
th
’
m e a n in g a w o r d a n d T r ! D e ve r a , p es t i l e n ce e ,

r oo t of t he fo r m e r b e in g t hara s cr i s i t l i b r u m
p , ,

&c t h .
,
e oth er
j g
) D a ba r a u lc e r a t n m f. n i t th e W e a l,s o , .

ha v e fi e D hcibr s ig n ify i n g S e r ip t a r a a n d n b D hé bi r
, , ,

be n e d i s ce n s e t e d o ct n s s ap i e n t i a m ; of si m il a r i m po r t
, ,

w it h D ao é r , a w o r d r e l a t i o n &c ; a n d fr o m t h
'

, e , .

s e co n d d D d b r m o r s of s i m i l a r s i n i fi ca t i o n w i t h
p , g , ,

Th is m e t h od o f v i e w i n g t he po w e r s
’
D e o e r p e s t i s &c , , .

of s e v e r a l o t he r l e t t e r s of t he A l p ha b e t w i ll oft e n e x pl a i n ,

th e a pp a r e n t l y c o n fl i c t i n g s ig n i fi c a t i o n s s o m e t i m e s fo u n d ,

t o p r e v a il i n t h e s a m e H e b r e w r oo t of w hi cht he m od e r n
L e x co g a p h
i r e rs h a v e ve y p op e l y a v a il e d t h
r r r e m se l v e sfi
‘ e

13 I t w il l b e u n n e ce s s a r y t o o f
. fe r a n y a dd i t i o n a l
r e m a rks o n t h e fo l l o w i n
g l e t t e r s t il l w e co m e t o Kh et h
an d o n t h i s i t i s o n l y n e ce s s a r y t o s a y t h a t l ike I D ale t h
“

, , ,

i t p r ob a bl y h a d t w o so u n d s o r i in a l l y t h
g e o n e m o re t h e , ,

o t he r l e s s a s p i r a t e d a s n o t i ce d i n t he Dict io n a r ie s
, , .

1 4 w Tet h sh . o u l d b e p r o n o u n ce d w i t h t he t ip of t he

Eichho r n i n hi s Ed i t io n o f the Le rr i co n o f S im o n is , S chu l z in his Ed i t io n

o r C o cce i u s , an d D r G e se n i u s i n
. hi s H e b r e w D i c t i o n a r y, & c . Se e also S t o rr
’
s

Obs e r v a t io n e s a d An a l o gi am et S yn ta xin H e b r a i ca m , p 4 8 . .
8 LE CTURE L [ Au r . ts .

t on g u e g a a in s t
oof of tht
e h e m o n t hj u s t a s o u r o wn T
r ,

is a n d h
, e n ce i t m a
y b e t e r m e d ce r e b r a l .,

Yo d i s e q u iv a l e n t t o o u r Y a s s t a t e d i n t h
’
15 . e t a bl e , .

Th e I t a l i a n s a n d G e r m a n s r e p r e s e n t t his l e t t e r by J ,

wh i cht h e y p r o n o u n ce l ik e o u r Y an d as th e first ,

H e b r e w G r a m m a r s st u d i e d i n t his co u n t r y w e r e i m ,

po r t e d fr o m t he C o n t in e n t w e a dop t e d t he w o r d J e ho va h , ,

J eh n , &c w h icht h
. e y v e r y p r op e r l y p r o n o u n ce d Ye h o va h ,

Ye h u &c , Whe n o ccu r r i n g a t t he b e g in n i n g of a w o r d

.

w it ht h e vo w el i i t l o s e s i t s po w e r a s a co n s o n a n t a n d
, ,

t a ke s t h e sou n d of t he v o w e l o n l y a s I s r a e l n o t ,
- -
,

Yis r a e l
- -
Th i s i s a l s o fo u n d t o t a k e pl a ce i n t h
. e A r a b ic ,
(o 90 /

as I h t o b n o t Ye h
’

, to b f or 9 3 02 S e e D e S a cys G r a m
,
: .

A r a b v o l i p 4 n o t e i e dit
.
, . . .
,
. . .

1 6 Th . e s o u n d of 3 w it h o u t a poin t p r ob a bl y p a r t ook ,

o f th of bo t h K a n d l T K he t h w hi ch w il l
’
sou n d
'
e ,

a cco u n t f o r i t s b e in r e p r e se n t e d by t h e Gr e ek
X an d
g , x .

Wi t ht he poin t (3 ) i t i s u n i ve r s a l l y s o u n d e d l ik e o u r C
i n ca r r y a s a l r e a d y s t a t e d
, .

1 7 D S d m e h a n d it) S in h
.
, a ve fo r m a n y ce n t u r i e s, , ,

b e e n p r o n o u n ce d a l i k e i e l ik e S i n s i n ; a n d a l t ho u gh
, . .
,

m a n y H e b r e w w o r d s a r e n o w fo u n d w r i t t e n w i t he i t h er

p r om is cu o u sl y , i t i s do u b t fu l w he t he r t his i s n o t o w in g t o
th e cop i s t s ; po ss i b l y i t m i h
y g t b e a m e r e v a r i e t y of t h e

p r o n u n cia t i o n of it?S hin w hi ch m a yha v e b e e n p e cu l i a r ,

t o th is fo r e v e n i n a n ci e n t t i m e s S e e J u d g x ii 6
m . . . .

1 8 37 A yi n p r ob a b l y h a d l ik e I D ci l e t ha n d T 1 Kh et h
"

.
, ,

t w o s o u n d s o r ig i n a l l y ; o n e a pp r o a ch in g t o t h at of g
m i x e d w i t hh o r r a n o t h er t o t h a t of N dlef
, j u st a s i t i

is t h e ca s e w it ht h e Ar a bs wh o h a v e bo t h Gh a in an d
a , ,

A in Th e e x a m p l e s t o b e fo u n d i n t h e m od e r n L e x i co n s
t
.

u n de r t h i s le t t er a s w ell a s t h
, e v a r l o u s or t ho g r a p hy of
p r op e r n a m e s fo u n d in t he S e p t u a gi n t m a yb e co n si d e r e d ,
AR T . ON T H E C ONS ON ANTS . 9

as su f p r oof of t his p o si t io n fi At p r e se n t t his

fi ci e n t ‘
l
,

l e t t e r i s u s u a l l y p a s s e d o ve r l i k e t h e A l ey i n s il e n ce
"
.
, ,

Th e so u n d of n g i n hi n g g i v e n t o i t g e n e r a ll y by ,

th e J e ws m a y p r ob a bl y h
, a v e p r e v a il e d i n a n ci e n t t i m e s .

I ha ve ob s e r v e d t ha t t he A r a b s of B a r b a r y g iv e a
n a sal sou n d t o t h e i r Ai n an d th at th e A r ch b ishop of
E :
,

J e r u sa l e m w h o w a s som e t l m e a o in t h i s co u n t r y
, g p ro ,

n o u n ce d th e S y r ia c w i n t h is w a y alth o u gh t he
M a r o n it e s i n fo r m u s t h a t i t sh o u l d b e p r o n o u n ce d w i t ha
,

s o r t of c o m p r e s s i o n of t h e th ro at T W h l l d i t i t
e s a e s
g n a e

in t h e R o m a n ch a r a c t e r s by a n H w i t ha po i n t u n d e r i t ,
.

1 9 Th e s o u n d of p K o hi s m o r e u t t u r al t h an th
’
at
.
p g
of D Cép h b e i n g m a d e by a s u dd e n co m p r e s si o n of t he
,

th r oa t i t m a y b e co m p a r e d t o t h e n o i se m a d e by w a t e r

wh e n d is ch a r in i t s e l f fr o m bo t t l e ; i t i p e rh aps
g g a s , ,

a n a l o o u s w i t ht h e R om a n Q T h e e xp l a n a t i o n s i
g g ve n .

in t h e t a bl e w i ll b e s u ffi cie n t f o r th e r e m a in in
g l e t t e rs .

20 W . w m e not th m i l
co le fth l tt
o e n u W e r ca v a u es o e e e r s. e

ha v e g i he T a b l e ( Ar t
ve n i n t the l e t t e r s c o r r e s o n d in
p g t.o th e

u n it s t e n s a n d h u n d re ds u
p t o 4 00 T h e r e m a in in h u n d r e ds u
, , , g p .

to o n e th o usa n d a r e t h u s e x re s se d : t h 7 fi l C li / i s
p ut fo r
p , e n a
p 1 , ,

500 ; D ,
fi na l M em , fo r 60 0 ; 7 , fi na l N i i n , f
o r 7 0 0 ;
; l, n a l P é, fi
d V, fi n al Ts ci d e , 9 0 0 Th e s e u s a g e s a r e R a bb in i ca l ;
'

8 00 ; an .

n u m e r a l s in t h s a cr e d te xt be in g a l wa w r itt en at le n gt h On e
e
y s .

t h o u sa n d i s m o s t l y e x p r e s s e d b y t h e a th o u sa n d ; wo rd
ab s} l i'
l ef,

t wo t h o u sa n d b
y D DB N A l a i m ‘
m b o f th n ds b
p y ; a n
y n u e r o u s a
y v

u s in h e w o r d F 5 3 éle
f ho u s a n d o r D ‘ DB H A l a i m h
'

g t 1 t , f t o u s a n ds , , ,

w it ht h e
p pro e r n u m e ral
p r e fix e d t h l f S t x m
a s e r u e s o
y n a a
y ,

r eq u ir e S o m e t im e s a s in t h
. e n o tes o f th
, e M a so r a {3 s t a n d s fo r ,

o n e th o u sa n d bu t o n th i s s u bj e ct t h e H e b r e w t a b l e s o f a bb r e v i a

t io n s s h o uld h e co u s u l t e d
i
See m H
y e b Le ico n . x G e se n i u s, ( an d S i m o n i s, e dd . ho r n
Ei ch an d Wi n e r,
)
u n de r this letter See a l so St o rr a s a bo ve, 48
.
p . .

’
1 A m i ra s G ra m m a t i ca
S yr ia ca , R o m e , 1 5 9 6 , p 6 . .

I J o a n n is B u x t o r fi i d e A bb r e vi a t u r i s H e b ra icrs L i b e r , w i t ht h e Su
pp l e m e n t
o f Wo l fi u s B l b l l Ol h H e b
.
,
t o m ii
p
. 5 7 5 F.o r t he a b b r.e v i . . o u n d in t h
a t io n s f .e
M a so r a , se e t he Ti be r i a s o r Co m m e n t a t i u s M a so r e t h
, i cu s o f B u x t o r f , .
 10 L E CTU R E I . C AR T . 2h

The num b e r s , fr o m t e n t o t w e n t y, a r e m a d e b y a dd in g su c h
un it t o t he n u m er a l fo r ten , as w il l m a k e t he n um ber re
q iu re d .

Thus S“ w il l re
p r e sen t e l e v en , 2 ” t w elve, an d so on . The n um be r
1 5, ho w e v e r , is m a de by l l . e . 9 + 6, n o t Tl " , i . e . b e ca u s e
1 is f th f Go d I n l ike m an n e r , 2 1 w ill b e N3
"

i ! one o e n am es o .
,

2 2 DD , 3 2 2 5 42 2 D , an d so on . On t hi s p r i n ci
p l e, he n u m b e r
t

g i ven at t he en d o f G e n e s i s , fo r t he v e r se s fo u n d i n tha t b o o k is ,

1 53 t .

22 . Wht h e er t hi s m et ho d o x
f e p r e ss i n g n u m b e r s f
o r m e rl
yp re

v a il e d in t he H e br e w m a n u s c r ip t s , ha s bee n a s u b e ct o f s o m e j
d is p u t e , an d one w hichi t is no w i m p o s s i bl e t o d e t e r m i n e . That t he
n um be r s ha v e b e e n e x p r e s s e d i n w o r d s w r it t e n a t l e n gt hfo r s o m e
ce n t u r ie s , th e r e s e e m s t o be n o do u b t b u t w h eth er th is w a s t he ca s e ,

”
in v er
y a n ci e n t t i m e s o r n o t , i t i s d if
fi cu l t t o say .
6

23 . As H e b r e w l e t t e r s a r e o cca si o n a ll y cha n g e d
ce r t a in

fo r o n e a n o t h er b o t h i n p r i m i t iv e w o r d s a n d i n t he
,

p r o ce s s of d e r iv a t io n a n d a s t his cha n g e m o s t l y t a k e s , ,

pl a ce i n l e t t e r s of t he s a m e o r g a n ;i t he fo ll o w i n g cl a s s i r

fi ca t i o n of t h em a cc o r d i n t o th e d if fere n t o r an s of
g , g
s p e e ch h a s u su a l l y b e e n i ven
, g
1 G u t t u r a l s N A lej i 71 H e Kh et h 3? Af /
'
, i n , ,
r .

D Ccip h p K op h
’ ’ ’
2 Pa l a t al s it G i m e l ,
Yo d , , , .

1 D ci l e t hto Te t h l l Ta w
’
3 Li n g u a l s
‘ '
. .
v
, , ,

T Zdyi n D S a m e h fi z Ts d d e {2} S h
’
4 S i b il a n t s , i n 2) S in , , , .

Z B e t h t Va w
' ’
5 La bi a l s 73 [li en s D Pe
‘

, , , .

24 T h e l e t t e r s 5 73 a r e t e r m e d li u i d s g
J j
“

. 1 q , , , ,

25 Fo u r of t h
. e l e t t e r s of t h e Alph a b e t o cc a s i o n a l l y

l o se t h e i r po w e r s a s c o n s o n a n t s a n d are th e n sa id t o b e ,

q u i e s ce n t o r s i l e n t T h e se l e t t e r s a r e N A d f
e. 7 1 H e , , ,

Yo d w h i chfo r m a s o r t of m e m o r i a t e ch
'
1 Va w a n d
.

, , n i ca

Ba ih
’
See ver s C r i t i c a S a cr a , T r a c t i . 23 , p a ge ( m i) 1 8 8 .

4 As in
,
fo r an a n d Pp
,
th
e ba ck ; ter m an d NH :
f a t ; an d m an y ot he rs
t o be f
ou n d i n the d i ct i o n a r i e s .

1 Wht he e r
y
an f t he l e t
o t e r s 11 9 3 1 111 b e with o r w it ho u t the p o in t s, as

g i ve n i n t he t a bl e o f t h e Al h
p ab e t , o r w h ethe r o the rs a ssu m e their o w n fi n al

f
o rm s or n o t , m a ke s no di f
fe r e n ce as to the ir cl a s s t fi ca t io n , t hey w il l Sll ll b el o n g
to o n e o r o h
t er o ft he a bo v e cl a s s e s .
AR T . ON T H E C ON S ON A NT S . 1 1

in t he w or d ”t his Eheo i ’
. Tho se l e t t e r s t o o w hicho cca '

sio n a l l h a v e a po i n t i n s cr ib e d h a ve f o r th e sa m e r e a s on
y , , ,

b e e n fo r m e d i n t o t he t e chn ica l t e r m T1 5 3 7 ) : B rig a d

hép hé t h T he fi n a l l e t t e r s w hicha r e s o m e t i m e s l e n g t h
’
. ,

e n e d a r e e xh ibi t e d i n t h e w o r d s 1 71 m bm i O h ’
e l Ta m a r
'

, ,

Ta m a r s t e n t : a n d t h wh ich v a r y i n fo r m a s
’
e fin a l s , ,

m e n t io n e d i n t h e t a bl e a r e com p r eh e n d e d in th e w or ds ,
’ ’

rem : Ca m m en a pp e t s L i ke , a d i sp e r s e r .

26 . Th ha v e b e e n fu r t he r d i v i d e d i n t o t w o
e l e t t e rs

cl a s s e s ; co n t a i n i n t ho se w h i ch a r e o cca s i o n a ll y
on e
g
s er v i le ; t h a t is a r e e m p l oy e d i n , th e p r o ce ss of
g ram
.

m a t i ca l a cci d e n ce a n d d e r i v a t i o n ; t h e ot h er th ose on l y ,

wh i cha r e n e v e r s o e m p l oy e d ; t h e fir st h a ve b e e n t e r m e d

s e r v i le th e s e c o n d r a d i ca l
,
le t t e r s The s e r v i l e l e t t e r s ,
.

are ,ho w e v e r o cca si o n a l l y r a d i ca l t ho u g h t he r a d i ca l

, ,

o n e s a r e n e v e r s e r v il e .

2 7 Th .e s e r v ile l e t t e r s a r e a l l c o m p r e h e n de d in t h e

fol l o w i n g m e m o r i a t e chn i ca v i z 3 53 1 mm m m) M o s hé
’

.
, ,

Et hci n Vé cd l év i e M o s e s E t ha n a n d Ca l e b T he ,
. .
, , .

r e m a i n i n g l e t t e r s a r e t e r m e d r a d i ca l fi
i

28 T h e b e st
. m eth od t he l e a r n e r ca n a dop t fo r
m ak in g h im se l f a cq u a i n t e d w i t h t h e l e t t e r s is t o w r it e ,

th e m o v e r c a r e fu l l y a n d fr e q u e n t l y t il l h e i s q u i t e fa m ilia r ,

w i t ha l l t h e i r fo r m s I n do i n g t h is h e sh
. ou l d st r o n g l y ,

m ark th e d if fe r e n ce b e t w e e n t h o s e l e t t e r s w hich a r e i n
som e r e s p e ct s s i m i l a r s u ch a s 3 B et h a n d J Cap h , , ,

t G i m e l a n d J N ti n a n d so o n ; i n o r d e r t o a void t h
’
Z , , e

In a l m o st a l l t he p r i n t e d C o
p i es o f the H e b re w B ib l e ,
we fin d so m e o f th
e

l e t t e rs o cc a s i o n a l l l o r sm a l l e r, than o t he r s othe r s i n v e r t e d o r s u s pe n d e d
y ga r e r, ,

a l it tle ab o ve the ge n e ra l l i n e o fp r i n t i n g ; i n o n e i n s t a n ce w e h ,a ve a fi n a l le t te r

in the m id d le o fa w o rd ; in o the r s , a m e d ia l l e t t e r i s u sed a s a fi n al : o ut o fa l l

w hicht he J e w s ,
an d i n de ed so m e Chr i s t ia n w r i te rs , ha v e en d e a vo u re d t o e l ic i t

ce r t a i n m ys t e r ie s . But as t he y a r e m o st l i ke l y a l l o wm g t o s o m e a cc i d e n t in
the t ra n s c r i p t io n o f the M SS .
,
w e m a y b e e x cu se d i n d i s m is s i n g t hem W th i out

fu r ther no t i ce .
12 L ECT U R E L [ AR r . 29 .

co n fu si o n w hichb e g i n n e r s oft e n e x p e r i e n ce a n d t o m a k e ,

th a t p l e a sa n t w h ichi s t o m a n y e x t r e m e l y i r k s o m e I f he .

u se a
p en t he po i n t, sh o u l d b e cu t a l i t t l e ob l i q u e i n ,

o r d e r t o m a k e t he ho r iz o n t a l s t r o k e s s t r o n g a n d r e g u l a r ;
th e ot h e rs whi ch s h o u l d b e p e rp e n d icu l a r sho u l d b e
, , ,

m a d e fi n e a n d e qu a l An Or i e n t a l r e e d h o w e ve r m a ke s
.
, ,

by fa r t he b e s t p e n fo r w r i t i n g t he se l e t t e r s w hi chsho u l d ,

b e c u t n e a r l y l i k e a p e n w i t h a sl i t an d t h e po i n t , ,

obl iqu e a s a l r e a dy m e n t i o n e d
,
*
.

On th
e Vo w e l s .

29 .ha s a l r e a dy b e e n r e m a r k e d (Ar t
It th at th e , .

H e b r e w v o w e l s p r e s e n t a s y s t e m of m a r k s o r cha r a ct e r s
a r r a n g e d s o m e t i m e s a bo v e a t oth e r s in the m i dd l e an d , ,

a t oth e rs be n e a t h t h e c o n s o n a n t s : w e n o w p r o ce e d t o
,

d e l in e a t e a n d e x p l a in t his .

Ta bl e of t he H e b r e w Vo w e l s .

F i gu r e . Na m e . P o wer. Ex e m p l i fi ca t i o n s

l l Kl i i r i /
'

P
‘T
c G d dbl
T

DS1 ” Kh
ol e m
’

P w-
S hfiil l
réc

Th b e p u r ch B
’
s
e se r ee d s m ay a s e d a t M e s s rs Al l e n a n d Co s
. . o o k s e l l e rs
, ,

i n Le a d e n h Th
’
al l -
s t re e t, Lo n d o n , a n d a t S t e v e n s o n s , Ca m b r i d ge . e e x a ct

m et ho d o f cu t t i n g an d ho l d i n g t he m m ay be se e n in t he D e v e l o p pe m en s d es
P r i n ci p e s d e l a L a n g u e A r a b e M o d e r n e , p a r A u g u s t e F I H e r b i n . . .

f I n th e s e ca s e s , t he co n so n a n t i i s c o n s i d e r e d m e r e l
y a s the f
u l cr u m o f the

a cco m p an
yi ng vo w e l s, an d in a ll he p o i n t t he n r e s t i n g o n
i t is of
ten o m itte d , t

th e s id e o fthe
p r e ce d i n
g or fo l l o w i n g co n s o n a n t I n s u chca s es a n a l o m st
gy . u

d e te r m i n e w h eth e r i t s ta n d fo r a p e rf e ct o r i m e rf
e ct v o w e l T h is m e t h od o f
, p .

t re a t i n g t he vo w e l s th e S t u d e n t w i l l fi n d o f gre a t i m o r t a n ce wh en h
, p , e

c o m e s t o co n s id e r t h e e t ym o l o gy o f t h i s l a n gu a ge .
 Fg
i u re . N am e. P o wer. Ex e m p l i fi ca t i o n s .

”11 5 P éth
a kli a

v
51 3 0 .
S ég o l e

l
- ‘
i RP
lQ l n Khi r ik Ka zan
l '
-

T ?YEP Kd m ét s Kha t z p h0
m .
’
t

H P w , a s it

Sh
'

e va an d i t s S u bs t i t u t e s * .

RI2) Sheva? 3
51
3 ber i
'
,
“
u g iari ’ '

,
d
fin; film; s _
“ ” 3
Kle uyp ea a ki 13 1 gm
s

,
62m , ,
d.
:
(
TDD “mm , K/
i a t éfSe bl
g
‘

s ND; 6555, g ehe,

’
R OI! d z
” /T Kh _ ?
YQ Et ]
i Q f
e K é s 3 7
1; s p
ag NO '

e t ci m t s bat s , i ns ,
as

30 . It w il lfr o m t he Ex e m pl ifi ca t io n s w hi chof
be se en , ,

th e v o w e l s m a r k s a r e p l a ce d a bo v e w h
-
i ch i n t h e m i dd l e , ,

a n d wh i ch b e l o w t h e l in e Fr o m t h e n o t e a pp e n d e d t o
,
.

th e t a b l e of c o n s o n a n t s ( Ar t w il l a l s o b e s e e n w h at .

so u n ds a r e i t o th e R o m a n v ow el s as h e r e m a de t o
g ve n ,

r e p r e se n t th e po w e r s of t h e H e b r e w o n e s ; a n d co n ,

se qu e n t l y w h a t po w e r s t h
,
e H ebr e w vow e ls h ave .

3 1 Th e l e a r n e r ca n n o t n o w do b e t t e r t h
. a n m ake o u t

a sy l l a ba r iu m fo r h im se l f e x t e n d in g t h rou h
g o ut t h e ,

wh o l e of t he a l p ha b e t i n t he m a n n e r of t he Exe m p l i ,

fi ca t io n s j u s t g i v e n ; b e a r in g i n m i n d t h at wh e n eve r ,

e it h e r of t h e l e t t e r s co n t a i n e d i n t h e m e m o r i a t e ch n i ca ,

11 5 3 1 1 2 B bg a d h ep h ci t h b e in s a s y l l a b l e h e po i n t sh
'

g t o
, u l d ,

b e i n s c r ib e d Th e e x c e p t i o n s w il l b e
.
g iven h e r e a ft e r .

H e sh o u l d a l s o he a r i n m in d t ha t t he co n s o n a n t m u s t ,

The rea l o b j e ct o ft he se m a rks is t o sho w th

e a bse n ce o fa vo w el : t he so u n d
o fe in t he se e x am
pl e s is , t he re f
o re , r e m a r ka b l
y ho rt
s ,
be t te r e xp r e s se d by o u r

b r i, gri , d
'

r i , &c .
,
w it hout a vo w el . SO i n t he su b s t it u t e s , w hi chu s u a l lya e co m
p an
y t he g u t t u ra l l e t t e rs . The fi n al vo w el
‘
7 ,
&c .ha s b e e n a d d e d , in o r de r to

fa cil i t a t e t his ra id it
y o f t t e i 631 6 ari , — beh é , l b/i ii , &c , a l l m a ki n g
p
i
u r a n ce n 7 , g
.

o n e s l la bl e a n d n o m o re
y , .
14 LECT U R E 1 . C A RT .

a l w a ys p r e ce d e t he v o w e l a s m a r k e d i n t he t a b l e : a fe w ,
"

e x ce p t i o n s t o t h i s r u l e w ill b e no t i ce d h er eaf t er fi
"

3 2 B yp e rfe ct v o w e l s a s g i v e n I ll t h
. e fi r s t cl a ss is
, ,

m ean t v ow el s wh
,
ic h b e i n g p r e ce d e d by a c o n s o n a n t ;
,

w i l l co n s t it u t e a c o m p l e t e s yll a bl e i n H e b r e w o r t ho
r a ph y 1 b h e r e bo t h t h e c o n s o n a n t a n d v ow el
g as
; it
, w ,

a r e fu ll y a n d p r op e r l y e n o u n ce d an d th e s y l l a bl e i s co m ,

l ete T h e sa m e i s t h e ca s e w h e n e it h e r of t h e let te rs
p .
,

c o n t a in e d i n t h e m e m o r i a t e ch “ fi x Eh ev i w h i ch
’
n i ca , ,

o cca si o n a l l y l o s e t he i r po w e r s a s co n son a n t s (Ar t .

fo l l o w s i t s ho m o g e n e o u s v o w e l (of w hi chm o r e he r e a ft e r ) , ,

as ,
N; h it .

33 B y i m p e rfe c t v o w e l s i s m e a n t t h
. o se v o w e l s w hich ,

are n o t e n e r a l l y fo u n d t o co n s t i t u t e s y l l a b l e s w i t h o u t
g
e it h er th e a dd i t i o n of a n o t h e r co n s o n a n t o r o f a n a cce n t : ,

S u chs y l l a bl e t h e r e fo r e m u s t e it h e r b e l ik e 13 ba d o r 3
“

, , ,

bd i e b e e n d e d by a co n s o n a n t o r by a n a cce n t
, . . . Whe n , .
,

ho w e v e r a co n s o n a n t i s fo u n d t o fo ll o w a p e rfe ct vo w e l w i t h
,

a n a cce n t a s in D1 2 &c ,
wh i chc a n h a pp e n i n t h
, e en d
.
,
-

of a w o r d o n y t his v o w e l m a y a l s o be co n s i d e r e d a s a n
l —
,

i mp e rfe ct o n e i e g e n e r a l l y a n i m pe r fe ct v o w e l a e co m
. .
, ,

The u s u a l cl a ss i fi ca t i o n o ft h
ha s b e e n 1 Lo n g v o w e l s 2 S h
e se vo w el s ,
.o rt ,
.

v o wel s an d 3
,
Vo w el s s t i l l sh
. o rt e r t h an th e
p r e ce d i n
g W e h a ve a d o t e d a
p .

dif fe r e n t o n e , fo r t h e f o l l o w in g r e a s o n Th e s e d i s t i n ct i o n s ce ase t o e x i s t w h
. en

th e v o w e l s a r e co m b i n e d w i t h t h e co n s o n a n t s ; f o r th en th e s eco n d cl as s e f ,

v o w e l s b e co m e s l o n
g e i t h e r b
yp ,
o s i t i o n t h a t i s ,
w h e n a co n s o n a n t f
,
o l l o w s o r , ,

b y b e i n g a cco m p a n ie d b y a n a c ce n t B o t h t he s e cl a sse s o f v o w e l s a re ,
.

th e re fo re l o n g w he n r e d u ce d t o p r a ct ice ; a n d i t i s u se l e s s t o s pe a k o f t h
, em

he r e i n a n y o t he r p o i n t o f v i e w .

I t ca n n e v e r b e n e ce s sa ry t o t r o u b l e t h e l e a r n e r w i t ht h e fi ve d i f fe r e n t l e n gt h s

o f t i m e a s cr i b e d t o t h ese v o w el s b
y A l b e r t S ch u l t e n s a n d S ch r ce d e r alth ou h
g
th e l a t te r h a s d e cl a r e d th a t i t i s a l a w a m l is si m u m u su m h
, p a be n s b e ca u s e i t i s ,

n o t eas t o d is co v e r i n w h at th i s u se co n s i s t s I t he c a se o f Di p an d th
y n .
” e

l i k e (A r t .
g r e a t e r t i m e s e e m s t o b e a ffo r d e d fo r e n o u n ci n
g t h e l a s t ,
a n d
a cce n tu a ted s
yl l abl e o f a w o rd .
ART . ON TH E v o ws t s . 15

p a n i ed by an a cce nh ave t h
t , w i ll
e po w e r of a p e r fe c t

o n e ; a n d v i c e v e r s ai a pe r fec t v o w e l s o a cco m p a n i e d w ill

, ,

ha v e t ha t of a n i m p e r fe c t o n e H e n ce i t w i ll foll o w .
,

e n e r a ll y t h at s y l l a bl e e x ce p t i n t h l a s t of a n
g , n o
g e , y
w o r d ca n h,
a ve m or e t h an on e q u i e s ce n t l e t t e r a ft e r a
v o w e l ; a s i n D1
9 D Q R S u
,
ch fo r m s. a s
l l l 7 1
21 7 a r e
'
t
‘

, ,

a n o m a l o u s a n d o ccu r b u t r a r e l y
, .

3 4 Th e l as t cl a s s of s ig n s h as be e n d e s i n a t e d S h “
.
g e v a

a n d i t s S u bs t i t u t e s th e s e S u bs t i t u t e s s u pp l y i n
g t h e

p l a ce of S hev a u n d e r ce r t a i n ci r cu m s t a n ce s a s w e shal l
, ,

se e h e r e a ft e r .

On th
e Co m b i n a tio n f
o the Vo w e ls wi t ht he Co n so n an ts .

35 . C o n si d e r in g , t hen , th
of t he al pha be t
all e le t t e r s

as co n s o n a n t s n o ,d iffi cu l t y ca n a r ise fr o m t he ir co m
b i n a t ion w it ht he v o w e l s w he n t he co n s o n a n t p r e ce d es as
, ,

is t h e cas e i n o u r fi r s t e x e m l ifi c a t i o n s
p ( A r t b u t .
,

wh e n a co n so n an t a l s o fo l l o w s s o m e d if fi cu l t ie s m a y a r is e
, ,

wh i chw e n o w p r o ce e d t o co n si d e r .

3 6 Th . e fi r s t d iffi c u l t y t h at w ill p r e se n t i t s e l f t o a

l e a r n e r w il l be i n t h e c o n cu r r e n ce of a n
, y of t h e let ters

”t m Eh evi w i t hce r t a i n v o w e l s p r e ce d in g
-
i , .

3 7 It h. as be e n r e m a r k e d ( Ar t th a t e a chof t h . e se

l e t t e r s w il l o cca s i o n a l l y l o s e i t s po w e r as a co n s o n a n t i e , . .

be com e s i le n t i n t he p r e ce d i n g v o w e l We n o w s a y t hi s .
,

ha ppe n s o n l y w he n i t is p r e ce d e d by a v o w e l w hichi s o r ,

m a y be c o m e ho m o g e n e o u s w i t h i t i n s o u n d I n t his
, .

s e n se N m a y be co m e q u ie s ce n t a ft e r a n y v o w e l a s m a y
, ,

a l s o Fl : 1 w ill b e q u i e sce n t a ft e r K h o lem o r S h i ir éh

' '

o n l y : a n d a ft e r K hi r i k Ts ér é S ég él a n d o cca s i o n a l l y
1
, , , ,

a ft e r K d m ét s ; a s i t ; be a s be i s be
i
n bi af r b a l e/ t
a a
“

, , , ,
,

i
v i) h?
al é u T
. h e r e a s o n of t h se e m s
i s t o b e t h a t —
as , ,

th e s e co n s o n a n t s (fi r m) a r e m a d e u
p of s o u n ds n ea r l y
16 LECTURE r .
E AR T . 3 8 .

a l l ie d to of t he v o w e l s r e sp e ct i v e l y
tho se he n t he ,
—w

v ow el h a pp e n s t o p r e ce d e bo t hw il l co a l e sce a n d co n , ,

s e qu e n t l y t h e po w e r of s u chco n s o n a n t w il l b e m e r g e d i n

th a t of t h e v o w el Whe n a n y o n e of t he s e l e t t e r s ha s n o
.

v o w e l i t w il l n e ce s s a r il y b e s i l e n t
,
a s i n RED K h et , ,

H evi w h ere th e N i s i n e a chca se s il e n t a n d sa id t o b e

'

o t io s e Whe n e v e r a n ys uchl e t t e r ho w e v e r ha s a v o w e l
.
, ,

fol l o w i n g i t t ha t l e t t e r w ill n o t b e qu ie s ce n t o r o t i o s e
, ,

al t h o u gh a ho m og e n e o u s v o w e l sho u l d p r e ce d e i t ; a s
”in Yeh
’
“
b va -
.

3 8 A v owel. ho w e v e r m a y p r e ce d e w hich i s n o t
, ,

hom og e n e o u s w it h s u ch co n s o n a n t ; w hi ch w il l ha pp e n
o n l y in t he ca se s of t a n d 5 ; a n d t he n a d ip ht ho n g a l "

d do n a i o r d d o n a y
'
s o u n d w i l l b e fo r m e d a s a i in
' '

, ,

o i in
,
”h ! G o i o r G o g ; u i i n 1 5?
"
“
G a l i i i o r G d li i y Ot h er
,
.
r
-
.

d ip ht ho n g s m a y b e fo r m e d ; b u t m o r e d o n o t o ccu r i n
th e Hebr ew .

3 9 Th .e r e a r e m or e o v e r a f e w i n s t a n ce s i n w h
,
icht w o ,

s u ch l e t t e r s w il l b e fo u n d fol l o w in g a v o w e l w hich I s
ho m o g e n e o u s w i t hn e i t he r of t he m a s 1 23 $ 173) a n d t he
1
, , 1

lik e ; i n w h i ch a cco r d i n g t o a n a l o g y sh o u l d fo r m “
, 7 ,

th e d ip h th o n g a i o r a y a n d t he l a s t l e t t e r 1 b e c o n si d e r e d
,

e it h e r a s a co n s o n a n t a s co m b i n i n w i t h t h e fo r e
or
g ,

o i n i k i n d of t r i p h t h o a s E la i v o r E la in
g g n a n
g
~ -
, , ,

H d l a i v o r H at l a i n b u t g e n e r a l l y t h
-
,
-
e ,
is in t h e se , , ,

m a d e q u re s ce n t fi a n d t h e fo l l o w i n read a s th
f "
ca s e s ,
g I e

con son a n t v or w ; a s E la v
,
or E la w a n d so o n -
,
-
, .

I n d e e d i n t he ca se of t he d ip ht ho n g i t i s of l it t l e co n
, ,

s e q u e n ce w h eth e r w e co n s id e r t h e c o n cl u d i n l ett er as a
g

It s ee m s t o be a ge n e ral ru l e , that w hen a fi n al Sheva , e it he r ex

p r e ss e d
o r un d e r st o o d , co m e s u n der o r i ,
the d i phtho n ga l so u n d t a k es p l a ce : i n o t her

c a se s the s e co n s o n a n t s b e co m e q u ie s ce n t, as in V
} ! or 23
V 3 w he re i t w o u l d be

co n t ra r
y t o u sa e
g to su l
pp y a S h
e v a z( ) un d er the 1
,
as 1
32
13 a n d ”537
 AR T . ON S H EV A . 17

v ow el or o on a n t
a c n s ,
i . e. whether w e s ou n d as i, or
y,

1 a s w, o r v.

On S H E V A an d i t s S U B ST I T U T ES .

40 . ha s t w o s i t u a t i o n s o n e a t t he b e g in n in g
Sheva?(z ) ,

of a s y ll a bl e t he o t he r a t i t s e n d in g At t he b e g in n in g
, .

o f a s y l l a bl e ( w h e n i t i s s a i d t o b e i n i t ia l
, ) i t i s fr om , ,

th e n e ce s si t y of t h e ca s e p r o n o u n ce d l i k e a v e r y s h , or t e ,

a s m e n t i o n ed i n t h e T a bl e A T h e on l y qu e s t i o n
( rt .

wh ich ca n a r is e h e r e w il l b e Ho w i s i t a l w a y s t o be ,

k n o w n w he n t hi s m a r k beg i n s o r c o n cl u des a s y l la b l e ? ,
.
,

Th e a n sw e r i s Whe n e v e r i t i s fo u n d a t t he b e g in n in g of
a wo rd i t m u s t n e ce s s a r il y b e c o n si d e r e d a s c o m m e n ci n g
,

th e s y l l a bl e ; a n d co n s e q u e n t l y m u s t b e p r o n o u n ce d a s a
, ,

sh o r t v o w e l o t he r w is e t he co n s o n a n t u n d e r w hi chi t i s
,

p l a ce d ca n n o t be u t t e r e d a t a l l : a s in t he w o r d
B é vd i t h T h e sa m e i s t h e ca se w h
’
-
. e n e v e r i t fo l l o w s a ,

e r e c t v o w e l u n ac c o m p a n i e d by a t o n e a cce n t e c a us e
p f b -
,

as th at v ow el m u s t co n cl u d e th e p r e ce d in g s y l l a b l e
( A rt . t he co n s o n a n t u n d e r w h i cht h i s m a r k i s fo u n d ,

m u s t n e ce s s a r i l y co m m e n c e t h e n e xt In th i s ca se t h ere .
,

fo r e a s b e fo r e i t m u s t b e e n o u n ce d a s a v e r y sho rt
, ,

v ow e l a s in , th e w o r d 1 5mg K d t e l u ; w h e r e i t i s a l so -

i n i t i a l b e ca u s e i t c o m m e n c e s t h
,
e s y l l a bl e .

4 ] Wh ho w e v e r S hevci
’
en ,
co m m e n ce d a w o r d by
, ,

a n alo y an d w as t h e r e fo r e a u d i b l e ) b ut h by a cci
g ( ,
as , ,

d e n t b e e n p r e ce d e d by s o m e p a r t icl e w i t ha n i m p e r fe ct
‘

i t w il l t h
’
v ow el ,
en b e co m e fi n a l ; e g G evzil a . .
,
‘
w e sh
‘
bo u n da r y; p r e fi x i n g 7 (f or 7 all ha v e
Li g vul n o t L ig é vul
-
,
* -
.

In this ca s e , ho w e v e r , so m e co n s id e r it as i n it ia l , an d re a d Li ge v it l
-
.

C
18 LECTURE r. E AR T . 42 .

In t h he n e v e r t he m a r k
'
42 . e n ex t S kee d
pl a ce , w
fol l o w s a n i mp e rfe ct v o w e l ha vi n g n o t o n e a cce n t e i t he r .
-

e x p r e sse d o r i m p l ie d the co n s o n a n t u n d e r w h i ch i t i s
,

fo u n d m u st b e t a k e n a s t he la s t of t he s y l l a bl e (Ar t .

In t h i s ca se t he r e fo r e S h
,
evd wil l ha v e n o s o u n d a n d , ,

m a y b e s a i d t o b e fi n a l o r q u i e s ce n t e
g C M D R K a m . .

’ ’
tem , n o t Ka n sé t e m -
.

43 . To t hese ho w e v e r t he r e a r e t w o e xce p t i o n s
ru l e s, ,

of v e r y e x t e n s iv e a pp l i ca t i o n ; a n d t he s e a r i s e fr o m t he
i n t r od u ct i o n of a n a cce n t Fo r a s i t h a s a l r e a dy b e e n .
,

r e m a r k e d (A r t th e op e r a t i o n of a t o n e a cce n t w i l l
.
-

e r e ct v o w e l t h e ch
g e n e r a ll y
g i ve t o a
p f a r a c t e r of a n

In th e se ca se s t h
’
i m p e rfe ct o n e a n d v i ce v e r s ci ,
e r e fo r e .
, ,

Sh
’ '
evat m a yb e fi n a l a ft e r a p e r fe ct v o w e l a n d i n i t i a l ,

a ft e r a n i m p e r fe c t o n e ; e of t he fi r s t ca se 1 1 1 17 3 5
,

h h
’
t ii 1 K in g s iii 8 J D Td g e l n ci P s l i 1 0 ;
'

B d -
d r —
, .
,
- -
, . .

a n d of t h e s e co n d
1
F 1 l ci yeh
3
2 / i &c W h
,
en h o w e ve r
v '

-
’

, .
, ,

su ch a cce n t i s p u r e l y e u p h o n i c of w hi chm o r e he r e a ft e r , ,

th i s do e s n o t n e ce s sa r il y t a k e p l a c e ; a s i m an p M a h h
'

,
’
ba r t o Ex od xxx i x 2 0 &c
-
, .
’i
.
, .
e

44 Sh . ev d i s r a r e l y w r i t t e n a t t h e e n d of a w o r d .

Th e r e a s o n p r ob a b l y i s that a s n o v o w e l u su a l l y fo l l o w s
, ,

th e l a s t l e t t e r of H e b r e w w o r d s i t w o u l d b e s u p e r fl u o u s ,

t o e x p r e ss S h évd i n o r d e r t o sh ew th is : t h
,
e m a r k i s co n

se qu e n t l y o m it t e d I n o n e ca s e h ow e v e r i n w hi cht he
.
, ,

Th fth H mé
‘
e i n s t a n ce s o ccu r r i n
g o is ki n d a re n u m ero u s : as m
il
s .
d ye ,
-

G e n i 2 ; ih v er 7 ,
. . . . i n : Hd -
ré-k id h; W The r ate -
,
i h, . ve r . 9 . So a l so

h
n i g ] Ta d sli t , v e r 1 1
t
-
. . In which ca se s , t he p
euh o n i c a cce n t i n t e r fe res n o t

wi t h t he syll a b i ca t i o n . So l ik e w i s e in m an y o t h e rs wh e re i n t h e, a cc e n t

h
m a r ks t e t o n e syl l a b l e , a n
-
d in w hi cht he r e i s n o e u ph o n ic o n e ; a s G en i 2 . .
,

1 ? h Va t yo —m e r , &c Th
0

K w o rd
0

m sli ck,
l

Vii bu , 75 i 3 17m
”

1 i v er. e
- - -
- .
.
,

Th
o Ira , i h v e r
-
. . 2, se e m s to p r e se n t t wo a cce n t u a t i o n s, v iz . one w it ht he
em p ha sis o n t he p en u l t im a , t he o ther on h
t e u l t im o .
AR T . 45 . ON S H EVA . 19

p r e ce d i n g co n s o n a n t ha s a l s o a fi n a l S hevel i t s e e m s t o
"

ha v e be e n a dd e d t o she w t ha t n o v o w e l ha s b e e n o m i t t e d ,

th r o u hn e gl ig e n ce ; a s i n t h e w o r d DQ hé &
g R m t c t o ,
.
,

d is t i n g u ishi t fr o m Q Q R &c I t i s a l s o fo u n d i n t h e , .

le tt e r bu t t h is m a y b e co n s id e r e d a s a p a r t of t h e

let t er .

A p a r t of o n e of t he s u bs t i t u t e s of S h
’
45 . evci i s o cca
sio n a l l fo u n d u n de r t h e l a s t l e t t e r of a w o r d ; b u t t h i
y s

ha pp e n s o n l y w he n su chl e t t e r i s o n e of t he g u t t u r a l s l l
, ,
'

37 ; o r F 1 w i t hM ap p i h T h
, e r e a son o f t h i s s u b s t i t u t io n
.

see m s t o b e th at as th , e s e l e t t e r s w il l n o t a d m i t of t h
, e

r a p i d i t y of u t t e r a n ce w h i ch t h e oth e r c o n s o n a n t s w il l ,

th i s v o w e l o r s u b s t i t u t e i s a dd e d fo r t h
, e p u r po s e, of
af fo r d i n g d u e t i m e fo r t h e i r e n u n ci a t i o n ; b u t h ere th
‘

z i s d r opp e d a s b e fo r e an d th e m a rk o n l y r e m a in s
() , , .

Th i s m a r k t e r m e d F u r t i ve P d t h
,
ah h i s ho w e v e r n o t t o , , ,

b e p r o n o u n ce d a ft e r b u t b e fo r e t h e le t t er u n der wh
, ichi t ,

i s pl a c e d a s { 1 l M ci s h i ii h h n o t M d s hi khii M e s s i a h
’
‘ - - -
, .
, , ,

o r A n o in t e d Th e s a m e is t h e ca se w h e n s u ch u t t u r a l
.
g ,

l e t t e r i s fo l l o w e d by a n y o t h e r con s on a n t h a v in
g a po i n t ,

o r D d e s h w it h a cc o m p a n i e d a l s o by S h
' ’

g i n i
, t , e vd ; a s ,

sh ciii h ci ii h n o t P d sh h
Fil l y ? P d t-
1 1 11 7 H i
9 g g ,
t 1 d ii t & c - -

, .

4 6 Th
. o se m a r k s w hichha ve b e e n t e r m e d t he S u b,

s t i t u t e s of S h a s it h
’
evri
”
s u pp l y , a s a l r e a d y be e n in t i ,

m ated th e p l a ce of a n i n i t i a l S h evai w i t ho n e o r o t h
’ '
, er o f ,

th e gu t t u ral l e t t e rs N T 1 11 or fo r t h , e r e a son j u st, ,

g i ve n w
, i t h r e fe r e n ce t o t h e F u r t i ve P at h ah h I n m an y .

ca s e s ,
th e r e fo r e in w h i ch a n a l o g y w o u l d r e q u i r e t h
, e

i n s e r t i o n of a n i n i t i a l S h w it h o n e o r o t h
’ '
evat e r of

th e s e g u t t u r a l s s o m e o n e of t h , e s e s u bs t i t u t e s w i l l t a k e i t s

p l a ce I f i n d e e d a v o w e l i m m e d i a t e l y p r e ce d e t he s u b
.
, , ,

s t i t u t e w il l b e t h at wh ichi s h o m og e n e o u s w i t hi t : i e if . .

p r e ce d e w il l b e t h
. e s u bs t i t u t e ; i f ( ) ( ) ; i f v
, A

()v
0 , t h en ( ) w i ll b e t h a e s u bs t i t u t e W h en n o s u ch .

C 9d
a
20 LECTU R E r .
E A R T. 4 7 .

v o w e l p r e ce d e s , th
o s t co n g e n i a l w it hs u ch
e su bs t i t u t e m

u t t u ral o r w it h t he a n a l o y of t h e w o r d w il l b e re
g , g p ,

fe r r e d I n t he fi r s t ca s e N w ill m o st l y t a k e
. occa ,

s i o n a ll
y( ) ; 71 ( ) r a r
an e l y l?! o r 37 r avr e l y ,

i s s e l do m u s e d u n l e ss K h ii h i e p r e ce d e s
( ) n
() d t p o ,
f
, . .
, ,

o r u n l e s s i t st a n d s in t h e p l a ce of a 1 K h ol em w h ichh
'

as ,

be e n r ej e ct e d by a n a l og y I n t he se l a st ca s e s ho w e v e r .
, ,

u s a e a l o n e ca n b e r e l i e d o n
g .

On the P o in t s D AG E S H an d M AP P I K .

dy b e e n t a k e n o f D ci g e s h
o t ice ha s
’
47 . S om e n al re a .

A r t i cl e s 1 0 e n ow h a ve t o sh e w wh a t it s
( 1 1 1 2 ,
w , ,

o ffi ce s a r e l s t I t w il l do u b l e a n y l e t t e r w hich fr o m
.
, , ,

i t s s i t u a t i o n i s ca p a b l e of b e i n g do u b l e d ; a n d 2 d l y i t
, , ,

w ill d e pr i v e t h e l e t t e r s 11 593 7 23 of t h e ir a sp i r a t io n .

A n th e fi r s t ca se Wh
( rtt 4 . I
. en ever a n
y co n s o n a n t ,

ha s t hi s po in t i n scr ib e d a n d i s a t t he s a m e t i m e bo t h , , ,

p r e ce d e d a n d fol l o w e d by a v o w e l ; o r i s p r e ce d e d by a ,

vo wel an d h as a S h eva s u chco n s o n a n t i s t o b e r e a d a s

’

,
' L
u t ifs u ch
’
l Q ?L i m m ed o r 1 Q 2 L i m m ed u
“ '
two e g ,
. .
l B , .
,

c o n s o n a n t i s n o t s o p r e ce d e d &c i t ca n n o t b e do u b l e d , .
,

a n d in t h
, a t ca se i t i s fo u n d o n l y i n t h ,
e le t ters

i n scr i b e d m e r e l y fo r t h e p u r po s e of t a k i n
g a wa y th e ir

a sp i r a t i o n a s a l r e a dy n o t i ce d
, No w t h is l a s t g e n e r a l l y .
,

t a k e s p l a ce w h e n s u chl e t t e r c o m m e n ce s a s y l l a b l e a s
, ,

Cap h 121 B e n &c ,

i n s o m e i n s t a n ce s w h
, . e n it e n d s it ,

a s NQ
E h a m t I t m u st a l s o be r e m e m be r e d
. t h a t w h e n ,

.e ve r an -

y one of t h e se l e t t e r s is in a s i t u a t i o n t o b e

do u b l e d i t w il l b e do u bl e d a n d t ha t t he a sp i r a t i on w ill
,

a l so b e t a k e n a w a y by t h e i n fl u e n ce of t h is po i n t e g , . .

ot h h h s hi s s o m e t i m e s fo u n d
’

1 5 3 K i
pp e r n ip p er , D a g e .

in t h e fi r s t l e t t e r of a w o r d ( n o t of t h e cl a s s it
th en t akes t h e t e r m in a t in
g v o w e l fr o m t h e p r e ce d i n
g
.w o r d a s a s 11 5
,
1
13 H d li t h a sh sh am - - -
.
ART . 4s ] ON THE M ARK R A P HE -
. 21

48 . In of t he s e ca s e s t hi s m a r k ha s b e e n
the fir st ,

t e r m e d D ag es h o r t e in t h e s e co n d D d és hl e n e
f g ,
t erm s ,

it m u st h e co n fe s s e d i l l ch o se n t o d e s ig n a t e t he o ffi ce s
,

j u st d escr ib e d I sho u l d p r e fe r t e r m in g i t D ag e s ho n l y
' '
.
,

i n e v e r y ca s e ; i t s s i t u a t i o n b e i n g a l w a y s s u f fi ci e n t t o
d e t e r m i n e i t s po w e r s a cco r d i n g t o o u r r u l e ,
.

4 9 M a pp i h i s a sin gl e po i n t (l ik e D cig e s h
'
) i i b d
’

. n s c r e

in t h e l e t t e r 71 o n l y t h us F 1 I t s o ffi ce i s t o sh
,
ew th at ,

th is l e t t e r w h en so , m a r k e d r e t a in s i t s po w e r a s a co n ,

son a n t a n d is t o
, b e t r e a t e d a s s u ch bo t h i n t h e
p ro ,

n u n ci a t i o n a n d e t y m o l o y
g T h e J e w s co n si d e r i t also .

h h
’
a s e x t e n d in
g t o t e l et t er 1 as in 7 1
12 1 7 ” Y e u d i yy ri ,
- -

bu t th is i s a u s e l e ss d is t i n ct i o n .

On th
'
e M k HQ RA
ar
' l
r
-
PHE .

Fo r m e r l y w h e n D d és hw a s h
'
50 t fo u n d i n f t e n S D lJ B
.
g no
y an o

l e t t e r s , a m a r k ca l l e d ”591 R d p he, -
was
p l a ce d a b o v e i t , i n o r d e r t o

s he w t ha t t he p o in t ha d no t been e m i t t e d b y m is t a k e i t ht h e . W
a n c ie n t S yr ia n s t his was n o t hi n g m o r e than a
p o in t m a d e w i t hr e d i n k .

Th e H e b r e w s p r o b a b l y w r o t e i t i n t he s a m e w a y: b u t , as t his
o in t m i h t b m i s t a ke n f r th o w e l Khb l ém , wh r in t e d , fo r
p g e o e v e n
p o r,

one o f the a c ce n t s , t he fo r m o f it w as a lt e r e d fo r a s ho r t l in e t hu s
hich i s s t ill fo u n d i n t he H e b r e w m a n u s cr ip t s
w ,
le
a
th o u hv e r
g y
r a re l
y i n t he
p r in t e d b o o ks .

5 1 Ot h er
p o in t s a r e
. fo un d
p l a ce d o v e r ce r t a in w o r d s i n t he

H e b r e w B ibl e t h e u se o f wh ,
i ch i s n o w u n k n o w n Th e a cco u n t s .

i ve n o f t h he R a b b i n s m a y b e s e e n i n B u x t o r fs T h
’
ese b t
g y e sau ru s

G r a m m a t icu s l ib i ca p v a r t 6 w h
, . ichn e e d n o t b e d e t a il e d h
. . . e re .
, .

52 I t w i l l be se e n by r e cu r r i n t o th t b l e of v o w e l s
.
g e a

th Kholem i s g i v e n w i t h a Va w fo r i t s
’

( Art . at 1
fu l cr u m , t hu s 1 Th
. e Va w ho w e v e r i s , fr e q u e n t l y l e ft
,

ou t . B ut, as the le t t e rs it) S i n a n d (If S h in a r e a l s o ,

w ri t t e n w it ha po i n t on the le t f Or ri h
g t s i d e r e sp e c t i v e l y
, ,

An d in t he se i t i s so m e ti m e s
p u t o ve r a le t te r re q u i ri n g D ri g éshfo r t e b y
an alo gy ,
a l so o v e r N an d n w he n q u i e s ce n t .
22 LE CTU R E L [ AR T . 53 .

q u e s t i o n m a y a r is e a s t o ho w t he Kh
'
a , o le m i s t o b e
r e p r e se n t e d l n t h e c a s e of i t s fo l l o w i n it} o r p r e ce d i n
g g
Th
’

w . e a n s w e r i s : S u ppo si n g a n y co n s o n a n t t o fol l o w

t!) S i n an d th
,
i s in t o h a ve n o o t he r v o w e l m a r k t he n ,

o r Kh
’
w ill i t s o w n d i a cr i t i ca l po i n t a l s o s t a n d f dl e m ; a s
I n e ve r y ot h is w il l b e m e r e l y t h
- '
rigsz S é n e -
. e r ca se e ,

co n s o n a n t s a s i ve n i n t h e T a b l e (Ar t I n th e n ext
g ,
.

p l a ce w i t hr e sp e ct t o w S hi n : S u ppo s in g a n y co n s o n a n t
‘

t o p r e ce d e (2) S h in h n eith e r v ow e l m a r k n o r S h
’
a vin
g ,
ev d -

th e n w il l t h e d i a cr i t i ca l po i n t of (Z ) Sh i n s t a n d a l s o fo r
Kh b l éi n th us , Will B o s h B u t i f t he p r e ce d in g l e t t e r
’
,
.
,

ha v e a v o w e l o r S hevii Sh
’
in w ill b e u s e d m e r e l y a s
,

d ir e ct e d in t he t a bl e of co n s o n a n t s T h i s e x p e d ie n t h as .

b e e n r e s o r t e d t o i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t he i n co n v e n i e n ce of
,

m a r k in g t h e s e po i n t s t w i ce o v e r wh ich m u s t o t h e r w i se
,

ha v e t a k e n p l a ce .

5 3 I t w ill a l s o b e s e e n i n t h
. e t a b l e of t h e v ow els ,

( A r t . t h a t t h e l e t t e r 1
Y o d h a s b e e n p l a ce d a bo v e

th e po i n t th e n ca l l e d K h i r i k G d d cil i n o r d e r t o s h ew ,

h
t a t i i
t s a p e rfe ct vo w e l T hs i 1 Yo d h o w e v e r i s fr e
.
, ,

q u e n t l y o m it t e d ; a n d w he n t ha t i s t he ca se a n a cce n t , , ,

a s i t w ill b e s e e n h e r e a ft e r i s s o m e t i m e s a dd e d t o m a k e
,

th i s d is t i n ct i o n B u t as th . i s a cc e n t i s a l s o o cca si o n a l l y
,

o m it t e d a n a l o g y w il l t he n b e t he o n l y cr i t e r i o n by w hich
, ,

th e d is t i n ct i o n c a n b e k n o w n .

5 4 Th th
’
. e l e a r n e r w il l a l s o p e r ce i v e a t K dm e ts an d , ,

K d m ét s K h d t up h h ave t h e s a m e fo r m
,
v iz Ho w , .

th en , i t m a y b e a sk e d a r e t h ey to b e d i s t i n g u i sh
, ed
? I
a n s w e r ; Wh en eve r a n
y co n s o n a n t fo l l o w s th e m ark ( ) 7

ha vi n g a l s o a v o w e l of i t s o w n i t w ill b e s e e n ( Ar t , .

th u s t c o n s t i t u t e a co m l e t e s l l a bl e ; t h i l
at
() m1
p y s v o w e

m u st th
,
e r e fo r e be t h e v o w e l K d m ét s
,
a s in th e w or d ,

71 53 “ R a p h e -
Fo r h . ere as i t b e g in s t h ,
e fo ll o w i n g
s y ll a b l e th 1 w it h m u s t n e ce s s a r i l y co n s t i t u t e t h
‘

e ,
e
 C A RT . 55 . ON K AM ETS K H AT UP H . 23

p r e ce d in g on e w il l
p e r fe ct v o w e l the r e fo r e be t he

K am ét s In th e n e x t p l a ce ( ) fo u n d u n d e r a n o n e of
'

y
7
. ,

th e l e t t e r s 3 53 1 ( Ar t a t th e b e gi n n i n of a w or d
g .
,

m a y b e Kii m e t s b e ca u se i n t his ca s e a co n t r a ct i o n m ay
’
, ,

ha v e t a k e n p l a ce ; a s fi ; Ehhh th
’
“ g
bl i fo r , e ( ) - 1

he r e be in g co m p e n s a t i v e of B ut wh en th e let t er s ,

3 53 1 a r e n o t s e r v i l e t h i s r u l e w il l n o t h ol d g ood
,
.

5 5 Th e fo l l o w i n g a r e t h
. e e x ce p t i o n s : 1 Sh ou ld ( ) . a

Kh at ép h K d m ét s fol l o w h i ch h
or a ()T w a s a r i se n

o u t of by t he op e r a t i o n of r u l e s he r e a ft e r t o b e g iv e n
th e n w ill b e K d m ét s K h d t up h a n d m u s t be r e a d a s ,
i
al th o u gh a n a cce n t a cco m p a n y i t ; a s l l y?P é ho l hé - -
,

in w h i ch ca s e t h e ( ) Kh a t zip h b e i n g s u s t a i n e d by a n
v
, ,

a cce n t b e co m e s e qu a l t o t he p e r fe ct v o w e l
, An d ,

2d l y w h en
, an
y co n s o n a n t fo ll o w i n
g ( ) h a s n o v o w e l ,
i
, ,

an d t h e s y l l a b l e i s a l s o w it h o u t an a cce n t ; ( ) w ill t he n v

be Kd m e t s Kh d t up h; a s K h o hm d
’
1 7 Ro n n u
i1
l j
—
p , , .
1r
-
,

VJ F
‘
I ,
ii bo t s & c -
, .

56 . As to t he n am es o he v o w e l s & c t he y a r e g e n e r a lly
f t ,
.
,

Chal de e or S yr i a c, w he n ce so m e ha v e a r gu e d t hat the i r i n v e n t io n i s

m o der n .
"e
B u t, as t his
i n v o l v e q u e s t io n s o f n o i m p o r t a n ce t o
w il l

the le ar n e r , n o thin g n e e d b e s a i d o ri t he s u b e ct h ere j .

57 . W
he t he r t he p r o n u n cia t io n , he r e a s cr ib e d t o t he d iffe r e n t
co n s o n a n t s a n d v o w e ls, was t ha t in u se in a n c en i t t im e s , i t is i m p os

s i bl e n o w to sa
y: n or is it o fm uc hi m p o r t a n ce e it her to t he lea rn e r
or he c r i t i c
t he a ppr o x im a t io n i s n ea r t he r e ca n n o t b e
. That t ,

m u chd o u b t an d th at t he s s t e m i s g e n e r a l l yt he sa m e i s erh
y , p p
a s , , ,

su f fi cie n t ly ce r t a in B u t a s t he J e w s diffe r s l ight l y i n t he i r p r o

.
,

n u n cia t io n i n d i f fe r e n t co u n t r i e s w e h ave h e re t ake n th at o f th e ,

P o r t u g u e s e J e w s a s n e a r l y a s i t c o u l d b e o b t a in e d ; w h
, i ch i s
e n e r a l l y a l l o w e d t o be t h e be st
g .

The be a ds o fth
e a r gu m e n ts u r
ge d on this q u e s t io n m a yb e see n in the

I n s t i t u t i o n e s Li n g H e b b y Sch u lte n s, 5 3 & c o r i n th e A r e a n u m p u n ct u a

.
p .
, , . .

t i o n is r e v e l a t u m , b C l l & V i h t h h a v e be e n o f f e re d o n th e
y a e
p , c a r o u s yp o ese s .

n a m es o f the l e t t er s f the l a t est, d pe rha s m o s t i m p ro b a b l e , i s , t hat,

: one o an
p
as the y o cca s i o n a l l t fo r m s n o t in the He b re w , t h ey m u s t
y p re se n u se i n

the re f
o re ha ve bee n t a ke n f
ro m s o m e m o r e a n Ci e t i t f
o rni o ft he l a n gu a ge !
 ON T H E H EB R E W A C CENT S, &c .

58 . H A VI NG g i of t he H e b r e w co n s on a n t s
ve n t a bl e s
an d v owels w i t h s o m e e x pl a n a t i o n s a n d r u l e s a s t o
,

th e ir po w e r s a n d u s e ; w e n o w c o m e t o c o n si d e r t h e

a cce n t s a n d t o i ve a t a b l e e xh i b i t i t h e i r fo r m s i t
g n
g s u a ,

t i o n s a n d n a m e s ; t o b e foll o w e d a s b e fo r e w i t h s o m e
, , ,

o b s e r v a t ion s o n t h ei r n a t u r e a n d a pp l ica t i o n Th
'

e f ol .

l o w in g t a b l e g i v e n by A l t in g a n d a dop t e d by S ch u lt en s

a n d G e se n i u s ha s b e e n cho se n a s s u ffi ci e n t l y e x t e n si v e
,

a n d e x p l i ci t fo r o u r p r e s e n t p u r po s e Th e w or d h ere .

t aken f or th e p u r po se of e xh i b it i n g t h e si t u a t i o n &c of , .

a cce n t s i s ci t e d fr o m I sa i a hl v ii 1 8 a n d s ig n ifi e s w i t h
, , ,

it s a f fi xe s ,
An d I w il l h eal h im Th e po w e r s of i n t e r
.

p u n ct u a t i o n w hi cht he se a cce n t s a r e b e l ie v e d t o p o s se ss ,

w i ll b e c o n s i d e r e d h e r e a ft e r
( A rt 2 4 4 se .
q ) . . .

5 9 Th. e H e br e w a cce n t s a r e fo u n d p l a ce d b e l o w ,

a bo v e or on
,
a l evel w it h t h e l in e of t h , e co n s o n a n t s .

Th o s e w hi ch a r e fo u n d b e l o w a r e t w e l v e i n n u m be r ,
”

th e i r si t u a t i o n s f or m s a n d n a m e s a r e a s fol l o w s
, , ,

N Si o F
. t . and No rm. am e.

1
P 1 51
0 P 1 59 s w at
( "
.

2 1n § j § 1
.

g fl gjl tt A t lm ékh .

3 1 7 31221 1751
.
1 RDDC : Q Tip kkl é z .

4 . Do . an t e ri o r .
*

5 .
ari se m y; Té vir .

gg m 21 11 1 1
6 .
in j ,
Yét h
iv
’
.

7 . r
um M
‘

z md k z /
.

8 .

9“ Us e d i n h highe r
t e s tyl e o n l y.
AR T . ON T H E ACC EN T S .
25

NO . Si t . an d F o rm . Nam e.

Yér a kk .

10 0
3 11 5
3 9 7 2
3 “ M e r cé .

2
-
11 dr isSQ fi l i l DO “ 2 15 I d do u bl ed
. .

- -
l i lg Ng ’
1 2'
ig ll fl l D a rg é .

Those wh
i ch a r e pl a ce d a bo v e t he l in e of co n s o n a n t s ,

a re e i ght ee n i n n u m be r Th e i r n a m e s fo r m s
. a n d s it u a , ,

t i o n s, a re as foll o w s
No . S it . an d F o rm . N am e .

R évzci h
’‘
.

G er esk i n the highe r s tyle.

3 .
fin g g
‘
tx j d éf Kd t én .

d ef G d dél .

9- i n x s1 s i

G ér esk .

ffi fl
D tg
j I d do u b led
. .

Q9
1fl § 1 8 1 Ka r n é P /
1&
$
'

zri r é .

‘
r pm fi
sg m Tiel i sbci G Edo /
’ ’
é .

15 .
571 13 91 1131
2
ra mp
,
h
s ig t 3
-
Té l i sh
é Két a n n d .

17 . ”N D M a u die/
z su e rio r
p .

é
'
18 .
fifl B l Sj ‘
M a kp dk su
p e r io r .

thu s in t h
k
Za r a a n t e r i o r a n d t he t w o l a s t , ,
a re fo un d e

hig he r s t y l e o n l y .

he l i n e
i

Th e a cce n t s w r i t t e n bo t h a bo ,
v e an d b el ow t at
 26 LECT U R E I I .
E AR T . 60 .

the sa m e t im e are fo u r : t he ir n a m e s, for m s , an d sit u a

t i o n s, are as foll o w s
No . Sit . an d F o rm . Na m e .

1n § § j
§t j h h
’

1 . M a
p d k w i t M e r ca .

- -
l iE
SQ lx l hM er cci
'
2 .
l Za r kci w it .

1 n3 hM a h
3 .
gi Za r kd w it p d k .

1 71 8 591 2 1 M a n akhw i t hM h
4
4 .
a
p dk .

On e o n l y is fo u n d in t he sa m e li n e w i t ht he o on a n t s
c n s .

‘
1 1 3 5 1 353 1
m g? Leg a r m é, o r
page p a rk,
a cco r d i n to its s i t u a t io n
g .

It ho u l d b e ob se r v e d t ha t a s se v e r a l of t he s e a cce n t s
s ,

ha v e t he s a m e fo r m t he y ca n b e d is t i n g u ishe d by t he ir ,

po s i t io n s o n l y T he b e s t w a y t o g e t a cq u a i n t e d w i t h
.

th em is t o w r i t e t h
, e m ov e r a f e w t im e s fi r st w i t h a n d , ,

th e n w it h o u t t he t a bl e s *
, .

6 0 Th e se m a r k s a r e d i v i d e d
. w i t h r e s p e ct t o t he ir ,

o ffi ce s i n t o To n ic a n d Eup ho n i c a cce n t s
, , ,
.

6 1 Th . e t o n i c a cce n t h o w e v e r s i t u a t e d ca n a ffe ct o n l y , ,

th e u l t i m a t e o r p e n u l t i m a t e s y l l a b l e of a n
y w o rd as th e ,

V a r io u s fi
o f ce s ha v e been a s c r ib e d t o the se a cce n t s . B y so m e the y a re

tho u ght to ha v e b ee n a ttac he d to the s a cr e d te xt ,

in o rder t o r e gu l a t e t he to ne

o f v o i ce , e it her in r e a d in or c ha n t i n g Ot he rs ha v e o se d t he m to ha v e
g . su
pp
b ee n fix e d
af f
or
' h
t p
e ur
p o se o f d i v id i n g i t i n t o i t s sev e ra l m e m b e rs , a s v e r se s ,

t he l a rge r an d sm al l e r m e m b e rs o fs e n t e n c e s , &c he d i ffe r e n t

.
,
an d to p o in t out t

d e p e n d e n ce w h i ch t h ese
p ar ts h a ve o n o n e a n o th e r O t he rs a ga i n h a ve .
, ,

a ss i n e d t o t h em e m h i t h i r a l l e l is m & c w h i l e o th e rs h a
g p a s s
p a r e n e s s , p a ,
ve ,
.
,

i ven th m ll t h fii t t h S m i n , h o se d t h m t o be
g e a e se o c e s o g e e r o e ,
a g a a v e su
.
pp e

o f d i v in e o th ers o f h u m an o r i gi n In th e r e s e n t w o r k w e sh a l l co n s i d e r
, , p .

th e i r a pl ica t i o n t o t h
p e tex t, a s t h e b e s t g r a m m a r i a n s u su a l l
y h a v e d o n e , v iz as .
,

i n t e n d e d t o d i v id e t h e co n t e x t i n t o i t s d i f fe r e n t m e m b e r s a n d t o d e t e r m i n e ( fo r ,

th e m o st pa r t ) t h e t o n e a cce n t o f t h -
e w o rds in w h i ch t h ey a r e f ound As to .

th e ir a u t ho r it w n n o t al lo w i t t o b e d ivin e u n t il b e t t e r ro o f s th an any
y e c a , p ,

hi t he r t o o ffe r e d s ha l l ha v e b e e n gi v e n o n t ha t p o i n t As co m i n g fr o m m e n .
,

wh o ha d p e r ha ps m a d e t he H e b r e w B ib l e t he s t u d y o f t he i r l i v e s t he y a r e ,

v a lu abl e Th. e y m a y, n e v e r t h e l e s s , b e r ej e ct e d , w h e n e v e r a m o re co n v e n i e n t

d i v is i o n ca n b e d is co v e r e d .
AR T . on T H E A CCENT S . 27

an a l og y qu i r e w hi ch i t d o e s by d i r e ct i n g t he
m ay r e ,

e m ph as i s t o b e p l a ce d o n t h at s y ll a b l e Whe n t hi s .

a cce n t i s fo u n d o n a n y o t h e r s y ll a b l e th e t o n e a ccen t u a ,
-

t i o n of s u chw o r d ca n b e k n o w n o n l y fr o m i t s a n a l o g y .

I n ot h e r ca s e s t h e ac ce n t w il l po i n t i t o u t
,
.

6 2 Wh . en a w or d h a pp e n s t o h a v e m or e t h an on e

t o n e a cce n t a n d bo t hh
-
a pp e n t o b e t h
, e sa m e th e first ,

w il l g o v e r n t h e a cce n t u a t i o n ; as l fll hTbé '

wh en th e y ar e n o t th e sam e t h e l a s t w il l e 0 1
1 2 95
1 7 1
g , . .

fi l ém é E
’
-
i d im -
.

63 . G e n e r a ll y , al l w or ds e it he r b e i n g o r t e r m in a t in g
,

in t he fo r m of S eg o l a t e s (t o ,
b e c o n si d e r e d h e r e a ft e r
) ,

w il l h ave t h e a cce n t u a t i o n o n th e p e n u l t i m a t e s y l l a bl e

all oth ers o n t h e u l t im a t e .

64 T h e Eu h o n i c a cce n t s u pp l i e s a s o r t of s e co n d a r y
.
p
a cce n t u a t i o n t o th e w or d in w h i ch i t i s fo u n d ; w h i ch
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. e d if fe r e n t a cce n t s w i l l b e fo u n d
by t u rn i n g t o t he t a bl e ( Ar t w ith w h i ch t h e .

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w ise h e w il l o cca s i o n a l l y co n fo u n d t h
,
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69 . I t w il l b e po i n t o u t t he n a m e s of
un n ece s s a r y to
th e d if fe r e n t v o w e l s a n d a cce n t s fo u n d i n t h i s e x t r a ct a s ,

th e Le a r n e r w ill e a s il y fi n d t h em by r e cu r r i n g t o t he
t a bl e s I t m a yb e n e c e s s a r y h
. o w e v e r t o r e m a r k t ha t t he ,

a cce n t fo u n d b e t w e e n t he t hi r d a n d fo u rt h w o r d s i s
t e r m e d L eg a r m e n o t P es i k. T h
’ ’
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,

th is : t h at wh en t h e a cce n t M d n cflrk p r e ce d e s t h e m ark

( )I i t i s th e n t e r m e d Le a r m e
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p r e ce d e s i t i s t e r m e d P es i lc I n t he w o r d 13 t o o t he ?
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a t i m e i n R o m a n l e t t e r s d iv i d i n i t i n t o s y l l a bl e s a s i
, g , g v e n

a bo v e ; a n d t h is h e sh o u l d co n t in u e t o do u n t il he i s q u i t e
fa m il i a r w i t h t he l e t t er s v o w e l s a cce n t s a n d s y l l a b l e s , , , .

A ft e r t hi s he m a y r e a d w hi chhe ha d b e t t e r do a l o u d , ,

u n t il h e fin ds n o d iffi cu l t y i n e n o u n cin g e v e r y s yl l a b l e
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.

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t o e n co u n t e r : w h en he ha s s u cce e d e d he w il l fin d hi s ,

p ro g r e s s bo t he a s y a n d d e l ig ht fu l .
 L EC T U R E III .

WI T H EUP H ONY ,
I

ON TH E G EN ER AL P R I N CI P L ES , C ON N ECT ED

WH I C H A FF EC T T H E E T Y M OL OG Y OF T H E H E B R EW L A N G U A G E e

71 . I T is w e ll k n o w n t ha t cha n g e s t a k e p l a ce i n t he
c o n s o n a n t s a n d v o w e l s of a l l l a n
g g u a es w h i ch c a n
, b e

acco u n t e d fo r o n n o o t he r p r i n cip l e s t ha n t h o s e of
e u ph o n y C e r t a i n v o w e l s a n d co n s o n a n t s w o u l d i n s o m e
.
,

s i t u a t io n s i n t r od u ce s o u n d s s o d if
, fi cu l t of u t t e r a n c e a n d
s o gr a t i n t o th t h a t c o n v e r s a t i o n w o u l d b e co m e
g e ear ,

p a in fu l bo t h t o t he sp e a k e r a n d he a r e r I n or de r t o
.

a v oi d t h e se ce r t a in ch
,
an
g e s a r e fo u n d t o t a k e p l a ce i n

th e c o n s t i t u t i o n of w o r d s w h ,
ich a t fi r s t sig h t a pp e a r t o
be a n om alou s a n d w h ,
ich g i v e g r e a t t r o u bl e t o t h e

l e a r n e r u n t il t h e l a w s by w h ich t h ey a r e r e g u l a t e d a r e
u n d e r s t ood I n n o l a n g u a ge is t h
. i s m o r e a pp a r e n t t h an

in t h e H e b r e w a n d i t s d i a l e ct s p a r t i cu l a r l y t he A r a b i c
,
.

I n t h e S a n sc r i t i t p r e v a il s i n a m u c h g r e a t e r d e
g r e e a n d
i s fo u n d i n t h e G r e e k t o g iv e m o r e t r o u b l e t o t h e le a rn er ,

th an an yth i n g e l se b r o u g h t u n der h i s ob s e r v a t io n I t is .

Ou r i n t e n t i o n t o co m m e n ce o u r i n v e s t ig a t i o n of t h e p r in

ci l e s of t h e He br e w l a n by d e t a il i n t h e r u les
p g gua e , g
i md e r w hich t h e se a pp a r e n t a n o m a l ie s a re re ulated
g ,

fo r t h e p u r po se of e n a b l i n
g t h e l e a r n e r t o a cco u n t f or

th e d if fe r e n t fo r m s of w o r d s a s t h e y o cc u r B e ca u s e
.
,

u n t il h e ha s s o m e k n o w l e d g e Of t hi s s u bj e ct he w il l ,

i n e e t w i t h s ca r ce l y a n y t h in g b u t dif fi cu l t y ; a n d m a y ,

af t e r a s t u dy o f s o m e y e a r s h ,
e i n d u ce d a s m an y h
,
— ave

b e e n t o c o n fe s s t ha t t he r e i s n o t h
,
—
i n g ce r t a i n i n t h is
l a n g u a ge .

72 . ha s b ee n r e m a r ke d ( Ar t 3 6 & c ) t ha t t he l e t t e r s co n
It .
, .

t a in e d i n t he t e ch i l w i l l o c ca s i o n a l l l o s e t h
“ n
n ica l w o r d e ir
fi a , y p o wer

a s co n s o n a n t s o r b e co m e u ie s ce n t i n th e so u n d o f t h r e ce d in
, q e
p g
D
 L EC T U R E 1 1 1 .
E AR T . 73 .

vo w el, so ha t t he p r o n u n cia t io n t o ft he w o r d w il l co n t i n u e t he sam e

,

wh eth er th e s e l e t t e r s be w r it t e n or n o t ; an d, t he co n s e
q u e n ce is ,
717 3
—
th
"
3 3 3 9 3 3 7
e
y a re o f
t e n o m it t e d ; a s , ,
fo r v i s i t or , 5, fo r
P T :

w o r ds ,
“ HR ,
fo r 11 1 1 11 8
-
si
g n s ,
“ 3 7, for l
e e va t io n , fo r
71 3 12731 1 3 the
y ( f
em .
) a
pp ro a c h ,
3 3 3 3 , fo r 3 3 3 7 179 w hat
( i s it
) t o

ha ve he s e
-

y ou ? D377 “
“
T ,
fo r “
33 37 “
7 ’I - '
r
lrn o rvn , & c . An d , v i ce v er s d , t

l e t te rs w il l o cca s i o n a l l
y b e i n se r t e d w hen t he a n alo
gy d o e s n o t

re
q u ir e t he m as 3
fo r 1 3 v is i t in g ,
7 G N
P. f
o r D
P.
s t oo d f
‘
“
& c .

73 . H e n ce , w he n Sh
év d
’
z( ) , o r o ne o f i t s S u bs t i t u t es , ha pp e n s to

b e i n i t ia l ,
an d to
p h
r e ce d e o n e o f t e l e t t ers V i i
k - a co n t r a ct i o n
”
,

g n e r a ll y t a k e s p l a ce b y w h
e ich b o t h a n d the i JE
” t
T} lett er a re ,

r ej e c t e d a n d th e f o ll o w i n v o w e l d r a w n b a ck t o t h e l a ce o f t h e
, g p
r ej e c t e d S he va o r S u bs t i t u t e ; e f or ”Q R f 3 7 Mi ‘
‘
g o r . .
,

mg ;
'
‘3
fo r n l3 fo r fo r Pr l fo r
,

y ( E
:

N DNW fO
:
'
da ) , fo r 3 3 2
2 c i t ies ,
p l . o f r

(p l . o f 3 73 " heird he r e ho w e v e r t he N 1 s r e t a in e d )
,
w , , .

74 . Wh en a n yo n e o f t h e le t ters t e r m in a t e s a w o r d, an d
ha s n o vo we l e it he r i m m e dia t e l y p r e ce d i n g o r f o l lo w in
g , it is Of
ten

j 5 “
P o r M3 ll e y, 1 P fo r
33
"
r e e ct e d : a s, fo r a ca
p t i ve , .f a va .

+
.

”
fi l l: fo r ” 33 13 fo r fl y 13 (p g) y
"

l in e , r e ce t or a ssi n et ,
a a
p p ,
e ve r , e t e r n a l .

1 . Wh en n o t r e e ct e j d, he ya r e s a i d t o b e o t io se ( A r t
t . w hich
m ayha p p e n he r i n
e it the m idd l e o r a t t h e en d o fa w o r d : a s,

G Q ? t ho u
H br o u g ht e s t M 3 a va l l e y , . .

2 . H e n ce i t is t h a t 71
, s t a n d in g a s t he thi rd , le tter o fa ro o t, an d
l o s in g i t s vo w el, is j
r e e ct e d : fo r o ri
g i n a ll
y he
r e ve a l s ,
1
7 5
3 : fo r
“
1 7 W
1 “ &c . This 1S t er m ed Ap o cop e Th e r e as o n .

o fi t , as w ill b e se en he r e a ft e r ,
is t he rem o v a l Of t he T o n e a cce n t -
.

75 . An y o n e o f the le t t e r s 7 7, 1 , or w he n p r e ce de d an d fo l

?
‘ '
lo w ed bya vo w el , w ill o cca s io n a l l y b e d r o pp e d : a s, fi
D n lP fo r
Dfl n P3 th 3 17 P3 fo r 3 3 1 7 57 3 th i it e d t h
‘
‘
v s ited
i
l I em ,
e
y v s em ;
D
B fo r B JP he st o o d , 13 fo r 723 he u n de r s t o o d, ”3 7 fo r 71 1 127 a

la m b, & c .

76 . Ei t her o f the let ters or 3 , when i n i t ia l dr an d 3 ge n e r a l ly

H e n ce i t i s , t ha t t he l e t t e rs 1
,
is (fo r n r a r el
y o cc u r s in su c hs i t u a t io n ) ,
ha v e b ee n t e rm ed M a t r e s l e ct i o n i s ,
”
an d a re su pp o sed to ha v e be en u se d a s

v o w el s a t so m e fo r m e r pe r io d .

M S h f r G e s e n i u s , gi v e n 13 f 11 ”
J u dg ix 1 1 ; 71 11 13 f
“

t t or
1
.
r t u a
. r a s a e or,
. x .

rin g: 2 S a m i i 4 1 , &c . xx fo r 3 1t h J e r. lii . . x . 1 0, as i n s t a n ce s i n w hich

AR T . O N EL I S I ON . 35

when t er m in a t i n g a s
yl l abl t h
e la s t ) an d ha vin g a Sh
eva z( ) ,

w il l b e dro pt : a s, fo r be a r in g a c hi l d ; fo r
kn o w le dg e ; fo r a
pp roa c h; 3 3 7
, fo r 3 3 7
3 "
h
e dr a ws n ea r ;
71
33
3
,
f
o r 7 1
33 9 7
,
fo r 13
F 1
, f
or 3 3 5
1 an
g er ; “ 3 5 , fo r 33 3 73 14

tru t h . In t he la t t er ca se ,
w he n
he fo l l o w i n g l e t t e r 3 is d ro pt , t

w il l , w he n it ca n b e d o u b l e d by D ag es h w h
, i ch m a y t h eref o re be ,

c o n s id e r e d a s co m
p e n s a t iv e
‘
7 l ik e w i se i n t he v e r b ”P . w h e n it , T ,

t a ke .

1 . The re a s o n o f the se e l is i o n s s e e m s to be, t hat, as t he w o u ld

be e n o u n ce d w it hs o m e dif cu l t yw i t ha n in i t ia l S h
fi eva ; an d t he J , in
ea c hca s e , o n a cco u n t o fi t s b e in g a n a sa l , b o t hh
a ve b ee n ne
gl e ct e d

i n w r it i n g .

77 Wh en t he la st two l e t te rs o f a n yr o o t , an d o cca s i o n a l ly o f
d e r iv a t iv e s , ha p pe n to be t he sa m e , o n e o f the m is u sua ll y d r o p t
a s, fo r 3 3 3 he s u r r o u n de d ; ,
3 3 fo r d i n
g ; D 3 , f
or su r r o u n

le ; 5
33 f a m o ther ; w h ich , h o w e v e r , w il l b e
m p , o r
a a

e sh w h a u m e n t m ak e s t h
’
r esto red
( y g )
b D a e n an
y g i s
p o s s i bl e : a s ,

3
3 3 th
e
y h
a ve s u r r o u n ded ;
”
3 3 m y p eop le , &c: In t his ca se , t he
j
r e e ct o n i p b a bl
y t
ro a ke s
p l a c e ,
i n o r de r t o avo id an am b ig u i t y
w hich m ight a r ise f ro m th e o e ra t 1 o n
p ofa ru e l he r e a ft e r to be
co n s i d e r e d , un de r w hicht he Le a r n e r or R e a de r m a y p o s s ib l y m i s

u n der s t a n his fo r a r e d u p l i ca ti o n i n t r o d u ce d fo r t he s a k e o f
d t ,

em h s is o r t h l ik
p a e e .

7 8 Le t t e r s o f t h e s a m e o r a n a r e o n a cco u n t o f a s im il r i t of
.
g p y ,

so u n d
p r e v a il in
g a m o n
g t he m s o m e t i m e s c ha n
g e d t h e o n e fo r t he ,

o th er e g . .

1 L a b ia l s : 13
. or the ba c k ; 13
3
, 3 o r
f a t or ,

he e s ca p e d .

1
2 P a l a t a l s : 3 o r 3
2 3 he sh ut u
p ; o r 7 3 3 h e t r a ve ll e d ;

W
. -
7 , T

a h
3 3 13 or 3
E a n dl e .

3 L g a s : ll
i n . u l i or “
DD h e r o bbe d
T
.

o r 3 3 3 ’ o r V23
4 S i bil a n t s :
.
I h e e x a l ted ; P I o r
3 - heT , ,

cr ie d o u t ; P i
fi T o r PQ 3 h
l ’
e la u h ed
g , .

5 G u t t u r a l s : ”N3 ’ o r ” 77
.
H
3 h e w a s we a k ; 11
or
7
h e wa s T

or ha v i n g
3 a vo w e l, is dr o p t by t he a phae r e s i s . Fo r m yp a rt, I do u bt
wh
e ther t he se a re n o t ra t he r i nfi n i t i ve s th r e t e r it es d if th re th
an
p an e
y a so , e

e l is i o n co m e s u n de r t he a bo v e r u l e
36 LE T C UR E m .
E ART . 79.

In fe w i n s t a n ce s , l e t t e r s fe r e n t
f d if bu t, in so m e
‘

79 . a o or
g an s,

res
p ct
e s , s im il a r i n so u n d, a re ch an
g d e one he r fo r ano t , as,

b h u e n ch
yi q 7 0 3
"

l . S i il a n t s fo r Li n gu a l s or fl e ed ; or

he w a t ched ; Wl P
''
, or a
j i r t r ee ; or

2 . q
Li ui d s f
or one ano t he r HS
V ’ or
t
- }?
VF he o pp r e s s e d ;
pr
WE
'

or he c a u s e d to s hin e ; 715 3 7’ t
-
T
o r he O
pp o se d; D , or

3 37 “ 3 37 So
t o t t e r in g ; 7 ,
|T T
or
H T
a
p p ra ei
'
n a m e.

N hd n e s s dr o r fi “ nd N évzl lca dn e t s t s d r
'

e vzZ a
’

t t ,
.

8 0 Th l l? c he r c
-
l l l
? l t t o n s id e r e d e it as o n so n a n ts or ui
e . e e r s , q
e s ce n t s , w il l o c c a s io n a l l y b e ch an g ed fo r one ano t he r , p a r t i u l a rl
y c
w he n t he p r o n u n c i a t io n o f t he w o r d i s no t m a t er a i ll y a f
fe ct ed by
the ch D l l BP
fi
‘
'

an e : e
g g o r . .
,
ra
g s ; or D oeg ,

b:
1
h ?
-
” l ll
N
fi iz, E
"

a pro
p er n a m e ; “
2 3 or l e w en t ,
fi or ba ld n e ss ;

c ct i al l “ t h
he a d ; DNQ o r UT
N
E
RD
,
or a o l le on ; o r e , . .

5
'

an an im al so c a lle d or l
l Pi-
v
l t h
e
fi r s t ; 71 3 he r e vea l e d ;
”1
fo r 23 &c
81 . I n l ik e m an n er, 3 is o cc a s io n a l l
y o u n d in
f t he p l a c e o fo n e
or o t he r o f th e
” n
i ?
fk l etters : a s, 3 33 3 -
1
' fo r 2 : h3
e se t u
p ; ” NJ fo r

he w a s bea u t iful . S o in t he S yr ia c ,
5515 127? fo r 5 7 15 1 he ki l l s
7 7
. .

82 . Th
e le t t e r s o fa s
yll a le b a re , m o r e o v e r , s o m e t im e s t r a n s
1
p d o se
; a s ,
7 5
I
3 ’ f
or h e '
T
wa s f o o lis h; 3 17
9 . fo r a la m b ;
mg}, fo r e br e a t h
h ed ; fo r V712 he br o ke out ; fo r
Pit?h
e si h
g ed ; fo r va l l ie s an d, in so m e c a se s , a

l e t t e r i s t r a n s po s e d t o a n o t he r s ll a l e ; a s ,
y b fo r ” 7 37 w icke d E
n e ss ; ” 5 W
9 , fo r ” l ft” a
g a r m en t
P -
. .

1 Th. ese ha n ge s a n d t r a n s p o s it i o n s
c ( i . e . fr o m Ar t . 78 to

this p l a c )
e do n ot o t he r w is e a ffe c t t he g ra m m ar o f the l a n g ua ge ,

than
poi nt o u t to th e s t u den t wh at ro o t s, &c .
, are s a id to

b e Co g n a t e ; t ha t is , are re a te l he r i n t he i r r a d i c a l
d to one an o t

le t t ers, a n d ha ve t h e sam e o r ver

y n ea rl
, y t he s a m e s i n i fic a t io n
g , .

Th e r e e di n
g, c as w e ll a s t he f o l l o w in w il l a ffe ct th e r a m m a t ica l
p g g ,

fo r m s o fw o r d s .

83 . Wh ft h e H i t hd h
en
p t he
él s e i e s o f o n u a t io n ,
p n ,
g o
p r e e de s c c j c
b y a n al o g y a n y o f t h e S i bi l a n t l e t t e r s
( A rt a t r a n s p o s i t io n , .

an d o cc
a s io n a l l y a ha n ge , o f t ha t l e t t e r w il l t a k e p l a e : e g I n
c c . .

the fi r s t c a s e fo r 5 a a
, h
e o a ded
l l
h im s e
lf p
;
fi n t fifl fo r
,
.

w hi m ” h e c a u se d t o ke e
p I n th e s e co n d 7
1 3 7
9 35 7 f o r P H 3 9 3.
, ,

h n th s ca se o n l s th F l ch
e
j i u st
fied I i .
y i e a n e d t o to
g .

1 B u t wh
. en a le t t er o f t h
, e s a m e o r a n w i t hn
g ( s e e Ar t .

fo l l o w s b o t h w il l c o a l e s c e b y D dg és h pl a c e d i n t h
, e r a d ic a l
At t r
'
. C H ANG ES OF T H E C ONS ONA N T S . 37

h sp o ke ; m
fi
13
1 573
1
"

le t t e r fo r o f e l - fo r
: e. g . ,

?he cl h
'
Ell fo r DPB H TI , f DD “
fi
‘
“ kfl
’
o f“ l l
fl
rj
, I wa s ea n ; o e

wa s c om
p l ete .

2 . This c o a l es c c en e,— whi ch h as b e en t e r m e d As s m

i i l a t i o n l is
—

fo u n d yg ver e n e r a l ly t o
p r e v a il ; but no t wi t ho u t so m e e xc e
p t i o n s,

whi c hw il l b e he r e a ft e r no ti c ed .

3 I n a fe w in s t a n c es t h is p r in c i pl e o f a s s im il a t io n i s a l s o fo u n d

W
.
,

t o e x t e n d it se l f t o o t h e r le t t e rs : e
g P i l l f o r W I D T H o f
E I h e . .
“

wa s p u r e ” 93 3
F f o r ” , P 3 93 o f 7 70 3 ,
h e c o ver e d ; fo r , IT T

o f FE h c D l l f lf o f DH
'

E e d e l a r ed ; fo r
fi fl ,

e x a l t in
g ; fo r o f h e de s o l a t e d & c , .

8 4 Le t t e r s a r e s o m e t i m e s a d d e d e i t h er f o r th u r o s e o ff a c il i
. e
p p ,

t a t in g t h e
p r o n u n c i a t io n or f
or m o d if y g i n t he s ig n i
, fic a t i o n o f
w o r d s : e g in t h e fi r s t ca se :
. .
1
7l
i 3 f o r 5 3 21 3“
9 y es t e r d a
y ; Ti l II
I? ,
-

fo r E I t h
l l I e a rm
-
*
In t h e se co n d : . m o st cr u e l fr o m ,

cr u e l &c Of t his k in d a r e t he p a r a go g i c l e t t e r s a s w e l l a s t ho s e
, .
,

u s ed i n f o r m in
g t h e d if fe r e n t s e c i e s o fn o u n s c o n j u a t io n s &c
p g o f , , .
,

wh ic ha n a cc o u n t w il l b e g iv e n h e rea f ter Th e fi r s t o f th e s e ea s e s .

is t e r m e d P r o s t h e s is ; t h e se co n d E en t h
p e s is P a r a o e H éem a n t h
g g i , ,
'
,

& c a cc o r d i n g t o t h
.
, e ir d i f fe r e n t o f fi c e s a n d u s e s .

85 . Le t t e r s a re o cc a s io n a ll
y d ro
p (
t A r t . 72 . so a so l I:
an d l in t he S yr ia c , Cha lda i c , a n d Ar a i
), bc te rm in a tin g w o r ds in
t he p l u ral n u m b er, w he n t ho s e w o r d s ha pp e n to b e in t he state o f
d efi n it e c on st r u ct i on ,
-
o fw h i c hm o r e h ereaf te r . l l ik e w i s e i n , a ve r
y
fe w i n s t a n c es a t t he en d o f pr o pe r n am es : a s, for fo r
t he r e a so n
g i v e n i n Ar t . 76 1 . .

On t he Co n t r a c t i o n s w hi cht a ke p l a ce in t he Vo w e l s .

86 . As i t m a yo cc as o n a i l l yha
pp e n , in c o m b i n in g t he vo w els wit h
t he c o n so n a n t s, t ha t c e r t a in so u n ds m a y a r is e e i t he r d is a g r e e a bl e to

the e a r, d if fic u lt o f u t t era n c e, o r, fr o m so m e r e a so n t he r en e
o r o , g
r all
y a vo id e d b y t he e o l e s e a k in
p p p g a
g i ve n lan
g gu a e ; it is o f
i m po r t a n c e t o k n o w , in w h at a se s t he s e d i f u l t ie s a r e found c fic to

a r is e i n t he la n u a e b ef d ho w t he y a r e b v a t e d.
i
g g o re u s, a n o

87 . Wh e n e ver an
y vo w e l no t ho m o g e n e o u s w it ho n e o f t he

Of t his so rt a re the w o r d s s t a bl is ha n d es t a bl is h
,
s
p e c i a l a n d e s e cia l , i n
p
En gl i sh . So i n t he G re e k a r ci
x os do r a
x o s, V a fi r t g dim e r t s , 85 0 A n d so , in
-
.

so m e o f the f
o rm e r c a ses, a s, En gl i s h,
sa i d, / ; ha d fo r h
fo r a ve d ;
sa t ed , br a n d ,
fr o m bu r n e d ; as k, S a x on , l
a r a n , o r a r s l an w r o ug h o r w o r ked
t, f .
38 LECTURE 111 .
. E AR T . 87 s 1 .

l e t t ers I
, or I,
( Art 3 . ha pp e n s p to re ce d e su chl e t t er , a v o w e l w ill be
fo r m e d fr o mhe c o m b i n a t io n t o fb o t h h e n ce p a r t a k in
g o ft he so u n d

a h
P dt h hp r e c e d i n g I w ill b e c o m e I K hblém ; e g “ ID fo r . .

de a t h; Q I b h l
Z I
I I
I "
U I
( I
I I
fo r f
or l A r t e b
,e
g e t s ; D E .
,

fo r ZE
UII (fo r v n U ib ) h e ca u s e s t o r e s i de fi
i
e
.

2 Va w I p r e c e d e d b y ( ) Kh at i ip h K i bbii t s S ég él o r
'

v
. .
, , , ,

Ts ér é, w il l b e c om e I
‘
e.
g .
I

I
IEI
' I
fo r
" I
BI
T I o r I Z
I
I
I
'

( f
ro m WIZI D I
or W EII Z A r t h e i s
I
b e
g
, o t t e n ; D I
R f.o r D I P s t a n din
g ;
” ”
P ; , .
I

fo r “ IPI Q (p r o b a bl
y fo r n I U?7 @, I A rt 7 3 I
o f “ n ? kin
g and , . .
,

“ I I" o r “ I I be in r o o t 71 1 71 w a s k
I g r e i n in
) g g ; i n
g dom, In , .

l s l o w ; afl l l
? h
'
fo r I UE r o o t n mra
l
f or ID
f
I
I f , e w a fo
T T ’ ,

TI»
?
-
n e ss
Il l
P , fo r I n i n a n i t y. & c .

3 . I n l ik e m an n er,
I
p re c e de d by( I
) P d t h
a hh, w il l b e o m e q u i c
e s ce n t in t he d is a p pe a r in g : a s, n I Ii , f
T or ( I I ? a h o u se ; I Z
I
I,
N 7 4 , II SI; 9V? fo r
B,
I I
fo r I I] an
y
e e or b y Ar t .
, fo r a va l le y; 3 5

E ,
DI ’I
G, U G Ar t
I IU
n iQ
r
D ( fo r D IQ o r Q . i t do e s w e l l .

4 . Wh en t he v o w el or
p re c e de s
I
, t he c on c
t r a tio n w il l
c ? rh
'
I “ I rI I IB
t a ke l i p f ee t : e .
I I fo r ( f
o rm ed a s f
'

p a e n T er g p e ro m
,
p
” I ? e a t in
g ;
I
an d B T}, or “ I I
I , o f the r o o t ”I? ! he wa s
) a a ve c
nan t ; “ I
Z
IIN J fo r
'

,
n I
Il‘I
U J
'
be g in n i n g ; fo r W5 I
a man . So
—
I
IIP , f
o r re e b l l io n ; fo r c a
p t i vit
y;
“
i ll , f
T J o r ha lf .

I n l ik e he n
Sh i p r e e d e s a n yp e r fe t c c
‘

5 . m a n n e r, w é vc or i m pe r fe ct
b o f Sh c
’
vo w el, o r a su s t it u t e évci fo l l o w s a n i m p e r fe t on e ; a co n

c
t r a t io n m a yt ake p l a
c e, in w hi c h t he Sh
ea d , or i t s S u bs t it u t e , w il l

d is a p p e a r : a s, l st. “ 5
p , fo r e e va l t io n ; n wfiflb , fo r
T
I
:
0

g
g fo r
fl “
P ?” h
Q N? fo r fl 5 D s a i n
m e e t in
1
g ;
n , e sa
y & c 2
s, .
P y g .

7
§ I 5 , fo r he s ep a r a t es ; a n d ( y
b A r t D
IQ I
, fo r E
IQ
I I
h
e . .

6 . Ei t her or <»
g1
g p re c e di n a u t tu ra l le t t er, hich ha s
w

() 1 Kci m ét s , i s fr e u e n t l y h
q an
g o r th
e d i n t o (v ) f c e s a ke o f eu h
p on
y
a s, 7
13 5 m as c .
N N fe m o n e ; D m n fo r D V rI ”
Q I
I I
r r
. t
'

' - hm e o u n t a in s .

So in the Sa n s c r it r e gu l a r l y ,
a an d bc m a
u e o e , a an d i, 5 . Se e the

G ra m m ars. hi s a n d s i m il a r c a s e s
F ro m t , o u r it a
pp e a r s ex t r e m e l
y whi c hw il l cc ,

r o b a bl e t h at 1 w h en a c o n so n a n t w a s o r i in a l l r o n o u n c e d l ik e o u r w
p , g yp , as ,

o p ng Ili a l ke w t h
i ,
w h i c h w o u l d b e re u l a rl
g y w r i t t e n “ I I I? M a l lt ul h: a n d s o o f

o th er s .

1 T h e r e i s a m a n i fe s t a n o m al
y i n th e fi rs t v o w el o f t h e se w o rd s w h i c hm a y ,

b e co r rect e d t h p fi h
g T h i l a st w o u l d
“

o r 7717 1
3 g
“

us : f s t or o r fi s s .
, , ,

a
pp r o a c ht h e o rt h o g p y
r a h o f t h e S y r ian s ; t h e o th e r, t h at o f the Arab s It h as .

a l s o b e e n su o c o n t a i n a n i m li e d D a e sh
'

pp o s e d t p g A r t 1 1 4 . . .
 On t he Chan
g e s o
f t he Vo w e l s .

88 . Co u l d p w e su p o se H ebr e w w o r ds t o ha v e r e m a in e d u n a l t e r e d

a s t o th e i r o r i in a l f o r m s , o r u n v a r ie d i n r o n u n i a t io n w i t hr e f c
g p e

r e n e to th
c e s ll a b l e o n w h
y i h t he a e n t is
p l a ed ; we c o u l d a lso cc c c
s u p po se , t h a t n o v a r ia t io n w o u l d e v e r h a v e t a ke n l a e in t h e vo we l s c
p .

B u t the f
a ct is , t he fo r m s o f w o r ds var
y i n , o r de r to e xp re s s t he
d if
fe r e n t s ha d e s o f m e a n in
g o f whi ch t h e ro o t is ca
p b l
a e ; an d,
fr o m t his , as we ll a s o t he r c a u se s , th ecc a en ted s yl l a b l e w il l n o t

a l w a ys r e m a in he t sa m e : an d, c o n se q tly
u en , as t he p ro n u n ci a t io n

o f t he wo r d thus va r i e d m u st alter, t he vo w e l s a co m c p an i
y gn i t

m u st v a r
y l i k e w i se .

89 . He n ce it w ill a
pp e ar, t ha t t w o c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e t o be
a t te n de d t o , w it h r e fe r e n c e to th e ch an e o f t h
g e Heb re w vo wels .

On e i s , he e t ym o l o g y o r fo r m
t o fth e wo r d ; t h e o th er th e s it u a ,

t io n o f t h e a cc e n t .

90 Th e f o rm o f th e w o r d ca n o n l b e u n de r st o o d f ro m r ule s
.
y
he r ea ft e r t o b e d e t a ile d T he p r in ci pl es ho w e v e r u p o n w hic ht he
.
, ,

e t m o l o gyr e s t s m a y h e r e be s t a t e d ; a n d t h a t w il l b e s u f fic i en t f
or
y , .

th e
p re sen t .

9 1 An ya u gm e n t w h
. at e v er
p fir e x e d t o a w o r d w il l n o t i n fl u e n ce
, ,

o ur r e s e n t c o n s id e r a t io n s as th e ch an es o f th e v o w e l s do n o t
p g ,

d epe n d u po n t h is We ha v e n o w t o d o o n l y w i t ha u gm e n t s p o s t
.
,

i x e d t o w o r d s ; b ec a u s e i t i s u p o n the s e al o n e th a t s u c hc h
j an e s
g ,

d e pe n d .

92 . These au
g m e n t s , t he n , m a ybe c id d ons ere as o f two so r t s

On e , c o m m en ci n
g w it ha v o we l, an d whi c hm yb t a e d A s yl la bi ;
erm e c
t he ot he r w it ha hi c hm a y b e
c o n so n a n t , w c t e r m e d Syl l a bi *
.

93 We ca n r e a d il y pe r c e iv e t ha t u p o n a n y As yll a bic a u gm e ht
. , ,

b e in g p o s t fix e d t o a w o r d t h e t e r m i n a t in
g c o n s o n a n t o f s u c hw o r d
,

m u st b e t a k e n in o r d e r t o e n o u n c e i t ; o t h e r w i se i t w il l r e m a i n

s il e n t ; i t b e i n g c o n t r a r y t o t he l a w s o fs ll a b i c a t io n
y t hat a n
y v o w el ,

b e gin a s yl l a b l e ( A r t I f th w e a t ta ch t h e a s ll a b ic
en .
y , ,

—w h c h s th e m ark o f t h u r a l n u m b e r m a s c u l in e
'

a u
g m e n t l1 i i e
p l ,

— to a n w o rd s u c ha s D ? a e o le or u r e ; w e m u s t n e ce s
y , p p p ,

sa r i l y t a k e t h e l a s t le t t e r o f e it h er o f th e s e w o r d s r e s p e c t i v e ly t o
,

Th
e r e a so n o fthe s e t e r m s is o b v io u s : a vo w el c an n ot c o m m en c e a syl
b
l a le in He b re w ; he n c e au gm e n t s thus c o m m en ci n
g a re t e rm ed Asyl l a bi c
tho se c o m m en ci n
g w i t ha c o n so n an t a r e, fo r t he l i ke r ea so n , t e r m e d Syl la bic .
40 LECTURE 111 . C ART . 94: r

en o u n c e it an d , if t he wo rd ha v e ,
by a n a l og y, b u t o n e su cht er m i
n a t in l e t t er, t he n m u st t h r e e d in g s yll a b l e n e ce s s a r il
y p f
b e c
er e t ; c
g e
p
bu t, c
i f t w o , i m p e rfe t ; e g “ a p u r e , (r o o t II I the TI e in b
. .
g
j c th D , we h
I D I
re e t e d by A r t e n a dd i n
.
g a ve
IQ B d r im ,
p ure -

o n es , &c . But t a ki n g 5 3-7 a .

p eo
p l e, — w hic h i s d e r i v e d fr o m he t

roo t 5 73 3 7 —
( on e o ft he r a di a ls c b e in
g re e j c t ed b yAr t 7 7 , w e . ha v e
13 37
) an d a dd i n
g
D
I ,
we s ha l l ha v e Ha m
p
-
m im , e0
p l es . It
w ill e n t ir e l y d e pe n d , t he r e fo r e the a n a lo o f th wo d,
, u
p on
gy e r

w he t he r t he p re c e d in
g vo wel is to be p erf
e t o r n o t, duec re
g ard

b e n i g bad to t he la w s o fS yll a i bc a t io n .

94 .he n e x t p l a c e i fo u r a u gm e n t b e S yl la bic a s DR (w hic h

In t , , ,

is o n e o f t h e
p r o n o m in a l a f fi x e s s i n i f in
g y g yo ur a n d c a r r in
y g t he ,

a cc e n t w i t hi r ) a s H e b r e w w o r d s i n t h e s in u l a r en e r all e n d in a
, g g y
c o n s o n a n t ; t he p r e c e d in g v o w e l i n s u chc a s e m u s t n e c e s s a r il y b e , ,

i m p e rf e ct ; b e c a u s e b o t ht h is v o w e l w ill b e w i t h
, o u t a n a cc e n t an d ,

c ?B ar h
-
i t w il l b e f ll w d b t D rt I em
o o e
y a o n s o n a n e
g y o ur
p u re . -
.
i ,

on e ; o r, Ha m y o ur
p eo
p l e .

95 . H e n ce it w i l l a pp e a r , t ha t a
p e
rfc t e vo w e l w il l o cc a s io n a ll
y
b c e o me im p e rf c
e t ; a n d , v i ce ver s d, an i m p e rfe t c o n e,
p er
f c t
e i . e . in
o t he r w o r d s , v o w e l s w il l b e ch an
g d foe r the i r h o m o
g e n eo us
p rf
e e t c
or i m p e rfe t c he r u l e s
o n es, as t o f s l l a i a t io n ,
y o n s ibc
d e r e d i n co n c ‘

io n w i t ht he e t m o lo y sh a ll q u ir e .
n ex y g , re

96 . This c o rres
p on de n c e, ho w e v e r , in t he v o w e l s ,
is o ft w o so r ts

D ir e c t , an d Obl i qu e .

1 . The D ir e t c c o rre s
p on de n c e is , t ha t o ft he se v e ra l p e r fe t , w i t h c
t he i m p e r fe t , v o w e l s , c res
p e ct i ve l y, as
()
r w it h w i t h(v ) , & c , .

ven in t h b
as
g i e Ta le s
( A rt .

2 . The Obl i u e
q c o r r e s po n den c e is , t ha t o f the vo w els in so m e

r e spe ct s d i s s i m il a r ; a s , ()
v or w it h( ) n
or
() c
; or wit h( ) I

or ( ) T ; a n d ( I) w i t h(m)
97 . G e n e r a l l y, th he r e fo r e
o f th e v o w e ls m u s t
, w he n an
y c an e
g
t a k e pl a c e in o r d e r t o c o m p l y w i t h t h
, e la w s o f e t m o lo
y gy a n d
s l l a b i c a t io n ; t ho se v o wels w h ic ha r e e i t he r d ir e c t l o r o bl i u e l
y y q y , ,

ho m o ge n e o u s w it h t he ir p r i m i t i v e s w il l b e t a k e n : t he d i r e c t l y ,

ho m o ge n e o u s o n e s g e n e ra l l y; t he o t he r c a s e s m a y b e c o n s id e r e d a s
e xc e t i o n s fo r wh i c h n ever th ele ss m c e n e ra ll b
p , s o e a u s e c,a n
g y e ,

a ssi n e d.
g
98 . This cha n
g e o f the vo w e l s , m o r e o v e r , w il l o cc a s io n a l l
yaf
fe ct
t he p en u lt m at e i s
yl l able o fa w o r d , a s w e ll as t he u l t im a t e . Le t us

no w c o n s id e r b yw ha t la w s t he c ha n ge w il l b e re g u l a t e d i n t hi s c a se .
AR T . C H ANG ES "

on TH E V OW EL S . 41

99 G e n e r a l l y, h n th l t i m n t b e in g m a de , w
.
p y u on e an e
p e n au
u
g e

m a t e s yl l a b l e e n d s i n a p e rf e c t , b u t m u t a bl e v o w e l th a t v o w e l w il l , ,

b e r ej e c t e d a n d i t s p l a c e b e s u p p l i e d e i t h
,
er b
y S h eva o r b
y e of
o n , ,

i t s S u bs t it u t e s a cc o r d in g t o r u l e s h erea f
, t e r t o b e gi v e n ; b u t i ft h at ,

vo wel b e im m u ta ble , *
it w il l ne c e s s a r il
y r e m a in un a lte red : e.
g .

af
fi xi a ?m
g l h a ll h
to “ Dw or d , w e
‘

n a ve a é v d r i m w o r ds s - -
,

b u t a t t a ch in g i t t o W ad i?v i s i t i n w h h n u l t i m at e v o w e l i s
, g e re
t e
p e ,

irm n u t a bk b y a n a l o gy, w e s h a ll h I B e r s o n s v i s it i n
D I
JQ
‘

a ve
p g .

1 0 0 I n l ike m a n n e r i f t h
. e
p e n ul t i m a t e s l l a b l e e n d i n a co n
y ,

an d h a cc e n t i t s v o w e w il l n e c e s s a r i l y r e m a i n i m
so n an t ave n o
,
l’ , .

m u t a blc w h a teve r h e th
, e af fix : a s T W HP a s a n ct ifie r
Q D ' l
fii ‘
3 QQ ,
'

, ,

or s a n ct i
fi er s , o r ,
y o u r sa n ct
ifi er s .

101 . A ga i n , i n a ll c a se s , in which t he u l t im a t e i s i m m u t a ble ,

e it he r
b y a n a l o gy o r po s i t io n , t h e
p e n u l t i m a t e v o w e l , i f m u t a bl e b
y
a n alo
gy,
w il l b e r e e t e d b u t ,
w he n o t h a rj c
e i m m u t a b l e, n o h an
g e b c
ca n ta ke p l a c e in t he v o w els, w ha t e v e r be t he af x fi . Ex a m p l e s o f
t he fi rs t c a se, a
p e r s o n v s it e d , i o ft he se c o n d,
yu p ; D I ZD D Q Q aB Q
P
I
, ' I f , o u n ta n i , f ou n t a in s , y ou r
f o u n t a in s .

1 02 . The ch an
g es to whi c ht he v o w e ls a re b
l ia l e , fr o m t he a cc i
den c e o ft he G ra m m a r , ca n a f
fe ct n o vo we l b e yo n d t he p e n u lt im a te

be c a u se , fi rs t , t he p r e fix in g o fan y au
g m en t w ha t e v e r to a w o rd

do es no t a fe
f ct it s vo we s l ( A rt . an d, se c on d l y, as n o
ylsl a l e, b
b e
y on d t he p e n u l t i m a t e , ca n be a ffe t e d b y t h
c e to ne a cc en t ; n e it her

ca n i t , b ya n ya u g m e n t w h ate ver affi e d t o s u hw o r d

x c : t he s l la l e s
y b
so s it u a t e d, w il l t he re f
o re r e m a in un d is t u r b ed by gra m m a ti al c
a cc id c en e.

1 03 . The r e a so n fo r he u l t i m a t e o r
a b ri dg i n g w o r d s , e it he r in t ,

s ll a b l e o r b o t h s e ld o m cc ur to e th h
p e n u l t im a t e y ( f , o
g er
) w en a n
y
a u m e n t is a f fix e d see m s t o be t h i s : W e re w o rds t h u s t o be a u
g , g
me n t e d in a d d it io n t o t he ir o w n p r i m it i v e v o w e l s t he y w o u l d
, ,

b e c o m e in c o n v e n ie n t l y l o n g A n d o n t he o t he r ha n d a s t ho s e .
, ,

v o w e ls w h i c hh a v e b e e n t e r m e d i m m u t a bl e c o n s t i t u t e t h
, e d i s t i n ct i v e ,

c ha r a c t e r o f t he w o r d s i n w hic ht he y a r e fo u n d p e r s p ic u it y fo r b id s ,

th at an c h e sh o u ld t a ke l a c e in t hem o th e r w is e t h c l i
y an
g p e
p e u a r

fo r m s o f s u c h w o r d s w o u l d b e l o s t ; a n d w it h t h at th e s e n se , ,

i n t e n d e d b y w r i t e r s g e n e r a ll y .

On th f S i t ev ri , d i t s S u bs t i t u t e s
’

e u se o an .

1 04 . H a v in g l a id d o w n t he g e n e ra l la w s, r e l a t in g to the ch an
g es

It w il l be s he w n he r ca ft e r in what c a se s vo w e ls a re m u t a b e o r l irm n u t a ble .

42 LECTURE 111 .
E AR T . 1 05 ;

o f the vo w els, w e now

p ro ce ed to no ti e c a fe w af
fe ct i g n the u se

o f Sh
eva an d i t s S u bs t it u t e s . To e n ter in t o a ll he n
t ic t i
e es u sua ll
y
b r o u gh o r war d
t f on t he s e i n ts, o u ld b e c n e it her n e c e ssar
y n or
u
p p o

a
g re ea bl e to t he stu de n t : the l e n t ha n d s u
g b t il t y o f the en q i y,
u r

wo uld no t onl
yb e t e d io u s an d em b a r r a ss i n
g; bu t, w he n b ro u
g ht t o

a cl o se , wo
p b b l y l
u ld ro a ea ve hi m in p o s s e s s io n o f l e ss pra t i al c c
kn o w le dg th
e onbj c t e su e , than th e b
u se o f t a l e s an d h is l e i o n xc
w o u ld su l
pp y W h ll . e s a therefo re be bi fc r e , on t e n t in g o u r s e ve s l
w it h w ha t seem s m o st i m po r t a n t , an d t ici no n
g a fe w a
pp a ren t

a n o m a l ie s a s we p ro ce ed.

1 05 . S li é vci
‘

()
z m a y be e it he r I n i t ia l or Fi n a l ( A rt . I t w il l
b e i n i t ia l at t he c o m m en c em en t o f a n y s yll a l e , b w he t he r t ha t be a t
t he b e
g i n n in
g, or in t he m id d l e , o fa w o rd ;
fi na l, wh en a t t h e en d

o fa n y s yl l a l e b .

1 06 . cc id c h w e r t w S b a
B ygr a m m a t i Si c i a l a en e, o ve , o
‘’
t v
e s, or
‘’
z e vc

w it h S b t i t t
a fS h e a m yc
u c s i it i l
u e o b t f v , a on ur as n a s u , as n o one o

th t
e s e ca n d f w l c t it t
s an
yl l b l i c
o r a vo
j c t i e , or on s u e a s a e n on un on

w it h y c an t ; m c h ge m t co n so n a n ily t k p l c w h so e an us n e e ssar a e a e en

an
y t w f t hm c c
o o I t hi c t h fi e t S b
ont i t t u r. n s a se e rs o r u s u e

fS h a w il l b e ch g d i t im pe f c t
‘’

o ev , m w l an e n o so e r e vo e .

1 Sh t d wh ich l ly h pp t t h b gi
'
e i
. it vt so s ua e i g f , u su a a en s a e e nn n o

w d m t ly b c m K bi i l m t im P at i / t

W
a or , os e o es r c so e es na r i or

S eg ol ( ) a : ,
fo I
a s,
r P he 1
v i s i t
. s ;
IH EB DI
,
f o r 117 3 3 i n DI .
" "

I
P I D I
F E H T E
I
I D M
"

v i s i t i n
g : 2 fo r w i n
g s ; a n d l l / fo r I I v i s i t

h
.
, , . .

Th e u se o f P a t h a kb o w e v e r , i s r a r e , a n d ca n b e k n o w n o n l
y
fr o m u s a g e S e g ol w i ll o u r o n l y w i t hH f 71 , o r 37“
cc
he r f th c c h
'
2 . On e or o t o e S u bs t it u t e s o f S IzEv a , m ay on ur w it

Sh
eva, or wit ha n o t he r S u bs t i t u t e o f S bévci , e it he r in t h b gi
e e n n in
g,
o r in t he m idd l e , o fa word ; he c ha n g e w il l t he n
t b e , in t o t he
im per f
e t c vo w el ho m o g e n e o u s w it h t he S u bs t i t u t e ; e .
g .
” m s fo r
I
IP TI I li e t u r n ed he
"
“
27 3 13 m e n , ID fo r is o ve r . S o , in t m id d l e ,
“

15 1 7 5 ’ fo r
z T IT T z h ‘ th
y w ork , I
TA
I
fo r “ 7,3 i t h
e
y st a n d . The re

are ho w e v e r
, ,
m an y e xc e
p t i on s : a s, full } ; i t is m a de , or do n e ,
m as c .
, bu t fe m .
71 37 10 373 , w hi ch ca n be k ii wo n o nl b
y y u sa ge .

3 . B ut, as t he u i
S bs t t u t e s o fS /
i e va a r e v a rio u s , it m a y b e n e ce s

sar y here to sta t e, in w ha t c a s e s e i t he r of the m is

g e n e r a ll
yp re

fe r r e d b e ca u s e on this t h e o e r a t io n
p o f the f
o r e o in
g g r u l e w il l
u
p ,

r ea t l d e en d
g y p .

ak
Thi s is r e gu l a r l
y t he c a se , in t he fi rst
p e r so n s in gu l a r o fthe s p e i e s Ka t , c
Nip h i
l ,
zc t an d P i lrél, w he n no g t t u ral l e t ter
u fo l l o w s .
AR T . S H EV A AND I TS S UB S TI T UTES . 43

4 . G e n e ra l l y, he n w one
go f t he u t t u r al le t ter s c o m m en ce s a

l l a bl e , whe the r in t h he m id d l e o f a w o r d a n d
b e in n i n o r in t
s
y e
g g ,

o u h a n alo y t o t ak e ( z) S h
h h h h h
‘’

t by K é e vci ;
P a
'

g g a t p t a i s

m o s t l y s u b s t it u t e d f or it : e g 1 A t t h e b e in n i n
g .
g .o f w o r ds
.

th a th r br o t h I l US w h h c h I }?
I
C
e ir
f R y B S H D
"

er ; o u e r ;
,
o w i ; l
-
,
I
m a ke t h ou 2 In th . e m idd l e : I P
. SI his r e de em er ; I I U Dn fe a r
”7 37 3 s h r o c e e de d
y e e
p
IT ' 3 I .
( S e e Ar t . .

5 Th . e r e is ho w e v e r a c o n s id e r a b l e n u m b e r o f e xc e p t io n s t o
, ,

th is r u l e : a n d l s t S e v e r a l m o n o s yl l a b l e s w i t h t h e ir c o m o u n d s
,
.
p , ,

c o m m e n c in g w i t h is w ill t a k e Kh , d t ép hS E g o l i n t h e p l a c e o f
Sh ev a ; a s IIB P B Z
I
S i l i m él e k a
p pr o
. e r n a m e 2 d, l y I n fi n i t iv e s .
,

a n d I m e r a t iv e s o f t h e c o n j u a t io n K a l wh c m m c i w i h
p g en o e n n
g t ,

g : a s H N e a t in h I ll 1
'

E g o r ea t t ou; , P 3 s a in
y g o r sa
y t h o u
-
, , .

3 dl y T h , e c ha ra c t e r is t i c 7 1 o f t he H ip hhi l s p e c ie s i n v e r b s ,

ha v in g t he m id d l e r a d ic a l l e t t e r q u ie s c e n t a n d r e c e i v i n g so m e
.
,

a gu m e n t : a s 1 a h e,
r e s t o r e
l
d h i m o r i t ;
D
Q D Q h e p u t t h e m t o
I

de a t h T h e fi rs t p e r so n s in u l a r m o s t l fo l lo w s t h e n e r a l r u le
.
g y e
g
a n d t akes 4th l y I n a fe w w o r d s ( ) i s fo u n d w i t h 37 a t t h
, e an

b e g in n i n g o f a w o r d : a s I I I? s t r e n g t h; }? a pe s t i l ; II IJ }? I
,

af fl i c t io n ; I I I W a r r a
y e
-
d ; I 3
, }? p r es o n d y e 6 t h l y K h d t ép h S e g ol .
,
’ '

1
is a l s o fo u n d i n t h e m id d l e o f a w o r d : a s ” 7 1 5 11 1 t o w a r ds t h
2 3 e ,

th h o l d of t h I l I II I a n d t h
I
t en t ; t a ke b
e
y ee ; e
y e m -
c o e l
.

i nfl a m e d ; sh e c o n ce iv ed m e 7 th ly I n t h e f o ll o w i n
g . w e ,

I ‘Q W
ha v e ( ) s im il a r l y s i t u a t e d : 92
fl 7 1 3 7 5
1 I r est ; T D t h ou
( fem
) .
.

d ids t br i be An d 8 t h . l y G e n e ra ll y w h , e n e ve r a m u t abl e I ba s be e n
, ,

r e e cted
j i t s
p,
l a ce m a
y b e su
pp l i ed b y ( ) w h e n c o m m e n c i n
g
ft

a w o rd and f ,
r e qu en tly w h en in t h e m id dl e wh a te v er he t he ,

a cc o m p y
a n i ng c o n s o n a n t : a s D I
ED
J D m on t h s f r o m ,
W I ” a m on th
'

; , ,
‘
b l u i
? m a E Q h
I

Rfj ll f
J l l z
I l
D ro m i l t e n t ;
"
p u r a o f r
o li n e s s
,
& c A n d , , .
,

9t h l y S o m e c a s e s o cc u r i n w h
,
i c ho n e o r o t h , er o f t h e s e S u bs t i t u t e s

i s fo u n d w it h a n o n g u t t u r a l l e t t e r a n d w h -
en a n alo y do es n o t
g ,

se em to re q u re i it : e.g .
g o ld , Gen . 11 . 12; he wa ss

t a ken , i b . ver . 23 ; an d a fe w o t he r s , whi ch m a

y p e rha s be
p
a t t r ib u t e d to the m is t a k e s o f the py c
i st s
o .

An y gu t t u r a l l e t t e r ,
1 07 . o m m e n in
g a w o r d, a n d o r i in al l
g y c c
évd i n i t s o w n r ig h
ha v in g a S u bs t i t u t e o fS h t , b y A r t 1 0 6 4 w il l , . . .

b a r t i le w it h S h
c vd , b u t w h h c c
'
u o n
p e in g
p r e e de d b
y so m e
p e i b y
Ar t 1 0 6 1
. . . m u st b c e o m e an i m p e rfe ct vo we l, —
re q u ir e t ha t su ch
im p e r fe ct v o w el be ho m o ge n e o u s w it h t ha t in he S u bs t it u t e :
t

n 3 whi c ha r e t h
I
e .
g . m a kin g , & c p r e fi x in g
. &c . e
p er
44 L EC T U R E 1 11 .
[ AR T .
‘

1 08 .

s o n al p o r m a t iv e s
ref o f t he p re se n t t e n se , we s ha ll ha v e '

he 273 1
m a ke s ; 7 1 5 3 s h
e ma ke s ; we ma ke , &c . S o l ik e w i s e
w it ho t he r a rt i cl 3 3 3 73 I
"
7 3 3
3 fo r in

W
es : a s, ; a s,
p , , ,
I
1 ER
“

ma kin g ; 3 3
3 3 , , &c .

The re a re, h o we ver, so m e e x ce

p t i o n s,
‘

as in t he fi rs t
p e r so n s
s in
g u lar o fs o m e ft h e s e ie s o f
p o c e.
g 5 5
.
,
7 1 3 371 . I
m a ke , & c .
,
whi hs e e m s t o b e d e r i v e d fr o m
c as b efo re ; a ll o f

w hi c h ho w e v e r w ill b e fo u n d in t he d ic t io n a r ie s
, ,
.

1 0 8 Th e re a re
. al so o th er s u b s t i t u t io n s m ade f or th e ma rk

Sh ev ci w h i c h m a y b e t e r m e d Eu p h o n ic Th p a ce f o r th
'
e se t a k e l e .
,
,

m o st par t a t t h e e n d o f w o r ds w h e re t w o S h i s c o n c u r r in g b y
‘’

,
e vc , ,

a n a l o gy w o u l d in t r o d u c e so m e d if
,
fic u l t y in t o t h e
p r o n u n c ia t io n .

Th e v o w e l s in t r o d u c e d i n t h e s e ca s e s a r e o r B eg bl ,

i s ge n e r a l l y u s e d w h en n e it h er o f th e c o n s o n a n t s c o n c e r n e d is
u t t u ral ; wh en o n e o r two o f th e m is s o ; a n d wh en t h e
g
first o f t e h m i s
I
Yé d e
g “ S P fo r
I
T S ? a k i
.
‘
n
g ; w h e
. r e t h.e ,

r i m i t iv e v o w e l b e th at wh a t it m a
y i e n e ra ll m d t c
p ,
s
g y a e o o r re ,

s o n d i n s o u n d a t l e a s t w i t ht h e o n e s u b s t it u t e d f o r th e m e r e s a ke
p , , ,

h O k 3
2 1 B
“ "
S 1 33 ;
“

o f e u
p o n
y : e
g fo r
I a
. b o o ;. f o r a b o
y;
“ T , .

f o r n 3 a
I
h o u se ; “ 3
3 3 fo r a l a d y;
“ I Q I
I
7 , fo r H I D IB
1
( f
em .
) l e a r n in g . S o in ver b s : fo r ( f
or 71 7 3 3 , Ar t 7 4 . .

I
he r e ve a l s ; Z by e u ph o r 71 3 2 he
I
R ,
o n f
y or f
o r
( f 2,
ca u s e s t o r e ve a l ;
3 13
3 ,
fo r I
f? ( f
o r he be co m e s ho t ;
fo r ( f
o r 71 7
1 3273 ) r a ise th
o u, &c . No u n s o f t he se f o rm s ,

term ed ha v i n g fo r t he i r m id d l e r a d ic a l l e t t e r w il l
S eg o l a t e , I
, t ake

o r th e ir fi r s t v o w el : a s ea th
()7 Kd m ét s f d ; T I
E)
"
m idd le , , &c .

B u t m o re o f t h
,
is w h e n w e co m e t o t he fo r m s o f w o r ds .

P a r t i cu l a r R u l e s f or the in ser t io n o
f D A G Es H .

Th u t t u r a l l e t t e r s , v iz N , 71 , n , a n d 37 t o w h h c "

1 09 i I ma
e
g .
, y .

b e a dde d, a r e , o n a o u n t o f t h e d if u l t
y w i t h w hi h t h ecc
y a re fic c
e n o u n e d , i n a p a l e o f b e i n g d o u bl e d ; t h
c c e b
o n se u en e is , t h ey c q c
c anno t re c e vei D d g és hfo r t e : an d, as t he y d o n o t c m o e un de r t he
r u le re a t n l i g to t he l e t t e r s fI 3 3 I 3 3 ( A rt . t he y a r e a lso im

p er v io u s to t he o
p e ra t o n i o f D ag es hw hen term ed le n e . D d g és h,

theref o re , c an n o t be re
g u la rl
y i ns c ibr ed in an
y o ne o fthem fi
“
B u t,

“f In a e w in sta n
f c es, ho w e v e r ,
o u n d i n Wa n d
i t is f a
; as i n 1 Sa m . x . 24
x vi i . 25 ; G e n . x l i i i 2 6 ; Ez e k
. . x vi . 4 ; Job xx x i ii 2 1 , &c
. .
AR T . I N SER T I ON
‘

OF D AG ES H . 45

w he n an alo gy re q u ir e s i t s i n s e r t io n , e it he r t he p ic
re ed n
g v o w e l is

m a dep f er e ct , by w a y o f co m p e n s a t io n , as B d r ék, i n s t e a d o f
-

21 13 B a r r ék ; i n
"

7 - w hi c hc a s e i t is sai d to be ex
p r e s se d; o r, it is on ly
c b he t h in s t e a d
-

o n si de r e d e in so a s, “ 3 1 11 3 f
as g p o
-
, .

( A ) ; wh D ag e shis s a id t o
’

fo r rt 4 8 . . n o te ere be

G e n e r a l l y, D ag e s h i s be in s c f th
’

1 10 to r i be d in
. an
y one o e

l e t t e r s “ 3 3 I 23 w he n e v e r su ch l e t ter be g in s a
ysl l a le ,
p b
r o v id e d ,

ho w e v e r he p r e c e din g s yl l a b l e d o n o t e n d i n a
, t p e rf c
e t v o w e l , o r in

o n e o f th I I1 171 i n a q u i e s c e n t s t a t e o r i n o n e o f t h
I -
e l e t t e rs e Su b ,

s t it u t e s o f S h eva ; f o r th e n i t w il l n o t b e i n s c r i b e d i n a n o f th
y e se

let ters Th e e xc e t i o n s a r e
.
p ,

Sh o u ld th r e c e d in vo w el be e ct o r th e s yl l a b l e e n d i n
1 . e
p g p rfe ,

o n e o ft h e q u ie s c e n t l e t t e r s h
'
I
I l lfl a n d t w o o f t e I I 3 3 I 3 3 le t ters
c o n c u r i n t he c o m m e n c e m e n t of t he fo ll o w in g w o r d t he fi r s t w il l ,

r e ce i e v D d g s h; e g
é
I
3 3 “
I D .
I I D S ‘. E m u n ti t h e ka bbep h 1
i , ,

P s a l m l xxx i x 2 S e e a l s o I s a x 9 G e n xxx i x 1 2 & c D cig e s h

' ’
. . .
. . .
, , .

w il l a l so b e i n s c r i b e d sh o u l d s u ch p e r f e ct vo w el q u ie s c e n t
‘
‘

, o r ,

l e t t e r p r e c e d in g h a v e a d i s t in c t i ve a cc en t ; o r s h o u ld t h e r e c e d in
, p g ,

w o rd h a cc e n t o n t h e n u l t im a t e A fe w e xc e t i o n s a r e
ave an
y e
p p .

fo u n d w h en th e
p r e c e d in
g a cc e n t i s c o nj u n c t i ve
f
-

2 Sh o u ld t h r e c e d in w o r d e n d in T I w i t hM a
. e
p g pp i k ( A rt .

o r o n e o f th I d ip h th s hw i l l
I
e le t t e rs o r u se d a s a on D d é
, g ; g ,

b e r e g u l a r l y i n s c r i b e d in a n y TI 3 3 I 23 l e t t e r : b e c a u s e i n t h is ,

c a s e s u chl e t t e r 1 8 c o n s id e r e d a s a c o n s o n a n t t e r m in a t in g t he p r e
,

c e d in g s yll a b l e a s a b o v e e ,
D W “ T I I g 3 B e t s i d da h t a s i m
. .
I
- -
D ,

n o t th d si m G e n v i 1 6-
S e e a l s o G e n x v i i 2 0 xx v ii 4 1
. . . Psa l m . .
, .

H e n c e i t is t h t e r iI I I o r n Il l D dg és h m a y b e
' '
I I
1i 1 7 . . at af , , ,

u s ed ; be c a u s e t h m m er o fth h J I S A do n a i
I
e f e se 1 8 r e a d b e J e ws
’

y t
, ,

th e l a t t e r 3 7 13 8 E l d h , i rn (.S ee A rt 6 7 n o te
) . T he r e a r e . . .
,

ho w e v e r a fe w e xc e p t io n s t o t his r u l e
, S e e I s a xxx i v 1 1 ; . .
.

Ez e k . xx iii . 42 Ps l . x v ii i 1 8. .

1 11 . In t he n e xt p l a c e, s ho u l d an
y on e o f the “ 9 3
123 le t t e r s
o cc u r, n o t b e in g at t he b e
g i n n in
g o f a w o r d , b u t fo ll o w i n
g a
fi na l

So m e, ho w e v e r , re a d t hi s p a s s a ge w it ho u t D dg és h .

1 E xod . xv. 1 1, 16 . I sa l i v. . 1 2 J er . . xx . 9 Dan

. . ii i 3 ; . v. 11 . P3 . xxx v. 10 .

On the co n u n ct i ve
j an d d is t i n ct iv e ch c t a ra er o fthe a cc e n t s , se e t he l a s t Le c t u re
in this wo rk .
46 L ECT U R E 111 .

Q
E AR T . 11 1 .

Sl i m () z ,
i t w ill re
g ul a r ly r e c e iv e he p o in t D dg és lz ;
t a s,
D D3 I

Pa kd d t ci , { QQ II P a kd d t , e xc in t he fo l lo w in c
’

- - -
e
p t g a s es .

1 . Whe n t his (z) stan ds in t he p l a c e o ri

g i n all
y o cc p iued b
y e it her

() 1 or D dg és iz w ill n o t be in s c ib r ed in t he “ 33 3 3 let ter

3 13 3 I 3 kid vd - r é - kci , Il I 3 I 3 ki d bd r é- kd :
'

fo l l o w i n g g : e . .
, .
-
n o t
l
- -

t he p r im i t i v e fo rm o f w hi chis I EI dd -
n dr . So
"
3 3 3 n o t
I
3 33 ,

13 3 733
"

fr o m 3 o r . So al so B il -
vdv, fr o m Lé -
vd v .

2 . A ft e r an i n i t ia l S h
évd w hic hw o u l d be pro n o u n e d, b u t c
whi ch b e c o m e s q u i e s c e n t u p o n s o m e p a r t i cl e b e in
g p re e d ( Ar t fix .

1
D dg és hw il l n o t b e i n s c r i b e d : a s 3 3 3 G e vti l
‘’

d , p r e fi x in g
’

, an
.

3 3 3 3 3 L ig vii l n o t L ig bii l S o w i t h 3 3 3 3
1
,
-
,
-
. a ves t u r e ,
I
3 3

w e ep in g , "
I ?a li e g o a t , &c -
. as s in
g u la rs, an d D II I
-
I w or d s ,

m a le s , JI II 3 1?s ep u l c h
r es , &c . as
p l u rals . I n fi n it iv e s an d I m p er a
ti ve s o ft he fo r m I 73 i , It , or I D3 ,
w it ha n ya u gm e n t , w ill a l so be
e xc e
p t ed ; a s, I3 I I R o d 1 9126 his p e r s e c u t i n g ,
-
, Shite - vi i , l ie
th he r e t he f th
-
an do wn , & c . w l a st ra di c al l e t t e r is one o e 3 3 3 3 3

l et t er s .

fi l S lz évci fo l l o w i n g i m p e r fe ct hi chha s
‘

3 . Aft e r a na an vo w el w

a r is e n ou t o f so m e o ne o f the su b s t it u tes o f Shevd ( A rt . 1 06 2 . .

”3 3 3 ”3 3 3
e .
g .
1 2N d -

[ za m -
dci , no t 3 Isa l 8 . . .

B u t , if s u c hS l é z vc i i t s el f ha ve a r is e n o u t o f one o f the se su bs t i
t u t e s, D dg é / w ill b s t e in s c r ib e d ; a s,
3
V 3 1 Ya khp ot s , D e n t -
. x x v. 7 .

4 . T h ffix d p e a e ro n o u n s IT
, 73 , n ev er r e c ei ve D d g és hk n e :
t he l e t te rs 3 in g II I ; as, t z, I I I I 3 ?
M a l ki Z -
/ ‘

H a v dzi t h,
“ I -
dzi t h . So al so I 33 , an d w he n re c e iv i n
g
an
y a sylla l a t tb ic
e r in ” ?! N e dé o n l , P s
I g au
y g m en t ; t he -
. cx vi .

II 3 3 B ig do, 2 K in g s ix 1 8 , & c , t o w hi h a fe w o t he r s
-
. . c
m b e a dde d
a
y .

1 12 . D cig és lz, i n i t s
'

c a
p a c it y o f r e d u pl i c a t in
g c e r t a in l e t t e r s , is
s o m e t im e s fo u n d a t th b e e
g i n n in
g o fw o r d s a s, ” 57 3 3
p ro n o u n c ed

M az -
z é, 3 3 3 i? Mo -
s h
el Lé -
m ér fi n w hi ch c a s e i t is p u r e ly
ho n ic al so i n 3 53 13 3 M ik lcé dci s k fo r 3 5 31 3 M ik dd s h
3
‘

eu
p . So - -
, ,
-

Ex o d QDQ HI Vd e k- kér é- bci , fo r &c

’

. x v. 17 3 -
.

1 13 . An d , on t he c o n t r a ry t he r e a r e a fe w i n s t a n c e s p a r t ic u l a r l y
, ,

in v er b s ha v in g o n e o fth e l i q u id s e i t her f o r th e se co n d o r th e t wo ,

last ra di c a ls , in wh i c he v e r y l e t t e r i s w r i t t e n a t l e n g t h; a s I 3 3 ¥ ,

Ts il lé, J o b XI Kh on n é n i P s ix 1 4 ; n o t
'

-
. 21 ; or - -
, . .

Which h w , o eve r . I h ve r 1 8 ,
. . ha s D dg ésh, 711 3 3 .
A RT . I N S ER T I ON or D AG ES H .

an d o t he r s in w hi c hi t is o m it t e d , co n t ra ryt o a n al o
g y; a s,

” B 7”l h
Q E
D f
or , ; s e se n t ; fo r p r a is e
y e; D
EED f
or ,

DDRQ , Ex o d . v. 1 4 , &c .

1 14 . The fo ll o w in g a n o m a l ie s o cc u r in t he vo w e l s , o cca s i o na ll y,

he n hD ag e s he i t he r
’

w co m i n g in co n t a ct w i t E XP R E S S ED , o r I M P LI ED , »

&c . The vo w el co m in g b e fo r e a
g u t tu ral le t ter, an d co n t a in i n g

an i m pl ie d D ag e s h (A r t
’
. i s , fo r t he s a ke o f eu
p hon
y , o ft e n
ch E3 m m
-
a s , “ Di3 d “ 1
a n e d in t o ( ) ( f )
i
ll
g - m a s c. an em . on e;
l ’
Tl :
i
t

fo r D fi fl fl" o r, m o re co m m o n l y, D‘Wfl fl m o u n t a in s ; fi ll n ?
r f l P T ? 1 1 .
- ”
fl a m es ; em be r s ; a le a de r ; ci t i e s ; D
E Nl h
e

h m s e lf; “5 7372 e be co m e o s s e s s e d ; “ yr?t h

re
p ie n t ed 3 25 y p fl fi e
y be came -

" 3 7?i s i t I ? & c

u r i ed ;
p fi P 53 I n s o m e i n s t a n ce s c o m i n
g b efo re .
,

D ag es hfo r t e i s ch a n e d in t o
g ,K hi r ik; a s “ l? h
f i s d au h
g t er , ,
C

fr o m 11 ;
( ra t he r fr o m Ar a b . w ) ,
G en . xx ix . 6;
l
i
? h J in
y xx i he
‘

cl t orn s fr o m 2 Sa m . v 22 . In t sa m e m an n e r,
, ,

“
C D
PTP
"
l V
“
a a w in e - p r e ss ; co n s t e r n a t io n ; P
. m ea s u r e ; ci r c u i t o u s ;
-

D
E } d
t r i bu t e ;
o or
p o st ; n m o r s e l ; a n d 7 35 t h
fl? e si de ;
-
ch an e
g ?
in t o u o n r e ce i v i n
p g an a s l la b ic a u m e n t
y y g T h e s a m e t a ke s .

a ce w i t h t h wh th
p l e v erb n “ d i
y g
n , en f o un d i n e ?
co n u a t i o n
g j
H ip /
chit ; a s, EN D ”
y p
e u t to dea t h,
f
o r C Q P D Nu m b
,
. x v ii 6 , .

&c . The sa m e is a so l fo u n d t o p r e v a il i n t he f o l lo w in
g v e r bs w it h

s
yl l a b ic au
g m en ts ; v z i . fo r 9 1 5 :
I h a W
ve be o t t en t h
g e e ,

P s ii 7 , &c
. . . D
fifi t fi‘ f
o r
y h
a ll
e s
p o s se s s , De u t . x i 8 , &c
. .

These ho w e v e r m a y b e co n s id e r e d a s a r is in g e it he r fo r t he
a ll , ,

s ake o f e u h
p on
y o u t o f t he e t ym o l o gy o r
, e l se f ro m t he m e r e ,

m i s t a ke s o f t h i sts
e co
py .
 L ECT U R E I V .

ON T H E G EN E R A L U SE AN D S I T U A T I ON OF THE A C C EN T S .

1 15 . OF t he o ri
g i n an d e x a ct
p o w er o f the se a cce n ts, ver
y l i t tle

ca n n o w be s a id w it ha n y d e g r e e o f ce r t a i n t y . M uc hla b o u r an d
le a r n m g, 1n de e d , ha v e be en be st o w e d on t he i r i n v est i
g a t io n ; b u t,
a ft e r a ll , he c o n cl u s io n s a r r i v e d a t a r e b e s e t w i t h s o mu chnu
t

ce r t a i n t
y t h a t so m e o f t h
,
e b e s t G r a m m a r ia n s b o t h J e w i s h a nd

Ch r i s t i a n h a v e c o n fe s s e d t t h
ha t e y k n e w , b u t l it t l e o n t h e s u bj e ct
l
.
ae

We m u s t t he r e fo r e b e co n t e n t w i t ht he co m m o n r u l e s r e s p e c t in g
, ,

th em ; an d h ere w it h t h ,
o se o n l
y w h i ch a r e
g e n e r a ll
y f o un d to

i n t e r fe r e w i t ht h e v o w e ls o f t h e text .

1 1 6 Th . e s e a cce n t s ( A r t as af fe c t i n g t h . e e t m o lo
y gy are ,

s a id t o h a ve t w o o f f i ce s ; t h e o n e To n i c ; t h a t is h a v in g t h o we r
e
p ,

t o m o de r a t e t h e t o n e o fv o i ce i n w h icha n y p o r t io n o ft h e S cr i t u r e
p
is t o b e r e a d : t h e o th e r Eu h o n ic ; t h a t is w h e n a dd e d e i t h er f or
p ,

th e
p pu r o se o f
g i v i n g a k i n d o f s e co n d a r y a c c e n t t o w o r d s or o f ,

r e g u l a t in th l l a bl e s T h e ir f u rth e r u se as af fe c t in t h e co n
g e sy .
g ,

s t r u c t io n o f s e n t e n ce s w il l b e n o t i ce d h
,
erea f te r .

On the To n i c A cce n t .

1 17 . The To n ic a cce n t m a
y b e an y o ne o f tho se fo u n d i n t he
t a bl e ( Ar t . w hichw ill a l w a ys b e — e it her ex
p r e ss e d, or i m p lie d ,
o n t he p e n u l t i m a t e o r u l t i m a t e s yl l a b l e
l
'
o f ev er
y w o rd . Wh en o n

the p e n u l t im a t e , t he w o rd is sai d to be sh
y”?l hel ; w he n o n

the u l t im a t e , M il r ri h . The f
o ll o w i n
g are t he g e n e ral l
r u es

fo r i t s i n s e r t io n .

Al l w o r ds, t he p e n u l t im a t e v o w e l o f wh ichis i m p e rf e ct , a n d h as

not a co n s o n a n t i mm e d ia t e l
y o ll o w i n
f g i t , w ill ha v e t h e T o n ic

S e e m y r e pl y t o D r La u r e n ce , e n t i t l e d , .
“
A V i n d i ca t i o n o f ce r t a i n
”
S t r i ct u r e s , 86 0 Ca m b r i d ge , 1 8 22 , p 1 7 , &c
. . .

f T ha t i s ,
i f t he a cce n t be o n e o f tho se n o t p l a ce d on he r e gu l a rl y a cce n
t

t u a te d l l a b l e , it m u st h e co n s id e re d a s gi v i n
g e m
p h a sis e it her to th e e n ul
s y p
t im ate o r u l t i m a t e , a cc o r d i n g t o t he a n a lo g o f t h
y e w o rd .
( Art .
 ? ] bN 49
' i

ART a TH E AC CEN T S .

a cce n t t ha t ll a ble O f thi s ki n d a r e a l l d u a l s , a n d s e o l a t e

on s
y .
g
ha v in g t he fe m in i n e a ffi 7 T ( t h a t t a ch x
n o uns ; no u ns y) e d t o d u al

l u r al f h
d ia ll n o u n s
t m i a t i u l ia r t o t h
o r
p o rm s ; an a v n
g e r n o n s
p e c e

se
g o la te fo r m s : as E v “
, bo t hha n ds a
G e n x x v i i 22 ; 7 T
1 1
- . ?
} h u n t in
g; ,
. .

th h
-
3
7
F
lPE il v er ; C an t i 1 5
5
1
19
7
’

s y ye es t y pp
a e ar . .
~

1
a n ce s , 1 h .
“ 3 21 a r o s e ; “ T MP
25 E p rf e u m e d w i t h i n cen s e ,

1 11 i ii 6 , &c
. . .

f
The r e as o n is o b v io u s ; t he p enu l t im a t e s
y l l a b l e is i n a ll t he s e
ca se s in co m pl e t e ; t he a d d i t io n o ft he a c ce n t is , t h ere f o re, n e ce s s a r y
f
o r t p p he u r o ses o f s yll a b ic a t io n ( A r t . 33 .

S e go l a t e n o u n s, ha v i n g n evert he l e s s t he p e n u l t im a t e vo w el

p e r f ct , e w il l , on acco u n t o f t he ir p e cu l i a r c ha r a c t e r , r e t a in t he
th i fi l
l? (
"

a cce n t o n at s
yl l a b le : a s, l con ce a m e n l t; f
or

de a t h; ( f
or El ?) p
e m t i n e ss
( S e e A r t . 43 . n o te ) . Al s o p r o p e r
n am es en d i n g i n an : a s, a
fl3Q 1 3 Ze de hia h .

'

2 . No u n s g Sr e ce v in
y l l a bi c
p i
r o n o m in a l a ffi ,
a na d ,
x a
‘
t t he sam e

t im e , a v o w e l o fu n i o n
( A r t 1 23 o r , ha v in
g l ik e w i se . . a
p a r a g o g ic

ha v e t he a cce n t o n t he p e n u l t im a t e he
.

l Nu n , w il l o f t w o r d so

fo r m e d :
( T he
p r o n o m in a l a f
fi x e s u s u a l l y t e r m e d g ra v e , i . e. D
E ,

72 ,
D
D l ll ,
'

, a re e x ce
p ed
t ) e.
g . J u dg e m e, Psa l m x l ii i . 1

ou r so u l ; i t s l eaf, Ps i 3 . . th
ou r e o ice s t
j him ,

Ps . x x i . 7 ; 0
0
he im u t e s i t
p G en ,
. x v. 6 ; his fa ce ,

Ps . x i 7 ;
. th
y w i n
g s; P s x v i i 8 . .
; flfl
l
fi l‘l I r e bu ke t h
ee ;

Wfl l l }? I
i

h l le d th 1 46 ; fl fl l th
'‘
P3 . 1 8 ;
.
l ’
'
a ve ca e e , Ps . c x ix . e
y
p r a is e thee , P s . x ”
l v i i 6 ; 25 l
77
. . it ( t he w in d) d isp e l le t hi t , P s i 4 . .

Wit ht h p e a ra
g g i o
c 7 a l so o f pl u r a l v e rb s :
“
JD T F
U E t h
e
y s e e hm e
‘
. .

earl
y P FOV i 2 8 ; “. a Fl th
ey s er ve t h
ee , I sa l x . . 7 13 13
1 5 1

th t a ke hi m , Pro v v 22
e
y
‘
. . . .
.

Ve r bs t e r m i n a t in g ( i . e . in t he p r o ce s s o f co n j u
g a t io n
) in t he
p ro n o m in a l s
yl l a bl e s
Q ,
"
Fl “3 , a n d Tl ?as nT 3 5
o l
“
0
*
th
ou a r t w i l lin g ,

i h Ih
i
"
fil g z I
Ps . x l . 7 ; a ve a n n o u n ce d (g o o d t id in g s ) , . v . 10 ;
fiJ
'

fififi
'

we ha ve dea l t f a l se l y, P s . xli v. 18 ; 7 “
7 3 !
t hy (f
t e em .
)
s ha l l co m e , Ps . x lv . 16 .

The se ca s e s
g h
out r e u l a rl
g y ,
t o b e p o i n t e d E
m i e w it h ,( ) w i t h t he , , . . r

s e co n d s l
yl a b l e . Th e J ews ho w e v e r s e e m t o ha e p o i n t e d t he v e r b s w i t h
, ,
v

o r th
f e p u r p os e o f d is t i n g u i s hin g t h emf ro m n o u n s o f t h e sa m e f o rm ; as ,

in st e a d f a n d byt h is m e a n s a n a n o m a l y h a s b e e n i n t r o d u ce d i n t o t h
‘
o e
I1 ?
a

s yl l a b i c a t i o n .
50 LE T C UR E IV .

y E AR T . 1 1 7 . 4 .

4 . As yl l a bic af
fo r m a t i v e s a re s u b e ct j to t he sa m e r ule, in t he
j H ip hi l : h ” l
bfi l hop e t h xl iii
'

l n Ps
co n u
g a t io n a s, ou . . 5 ;

”g r
ai n a f
( e m ) br o u
g h
t s a l v a t io n P s. x l iv ,
. .
/
4 . Al s o i n t he su r d

a n d co n ca v e v e r b s : a s 3 3 2 su r r o u n d
? y e, P s ,
. x l v i ii 1 3 ; “P P
.
,
t he
y
m o ve, Ps . xl v i. 7 l ik e w i s e w he n he s e a ffix
t j e s a re o in e d t o th e

t hir d p e r so n s in
g l u ar, d pl u r al ,
an o f th e
p r e t e r it e s o f v e r b s : a s ,

”
93 2? h
e v is it e d me;
‘ Q n mfi w
T 3
it
iT 3 ( fem ) h a t ho ver w h
. e lm ed m e P 8 , .
“

xx h
e ha t h lo ve d th R u th iv 1 5 ; th
-
l i . 3 ; fi n
a ij i
lF s ee ,
e
y .

sur ro un de d m e, Ps . x v ii i . 63 “

5 . Wh en t he p ara o
g g i c 71 i s a d de d to n o u n s,
p ro n o u n s, or

p t i cl e s ,
a r it e x e r ci s e s n o i n fl u e n ce on t he a cce n t , fo r t he m o st
p art.

In hca s e s t he r e fo r e t he a cce n t w ill b e i n t he p e n u l t i m a : a s

suc , , ,

”
QH DN E h
p r a t a h G e n xxx v 1 6 & c , . .
, .

1 1 8 Th e To n ic a ccen t w i ll h
. a v e i t s p l a ce o n t he la st sy ll a b l e o f
w o r ds in a l l t h , e r e m a in in
g c as e s ; w hi c h are th e n t e rm e d

M il r a h , an d are as fo ll o w s
1 . Al l w o r ds e n din g w it ha co n s o n a n t p r e ce de d b y .
a
p e rf
e ct

v o w el by a n a lo
gy : a s, 53 3 g r ea t; l u m in a r y; so n s ;
fi l l ? da u g ht er s . The sa m e is t he ca s e w he n an
y f o t he 931 173 ”
:

l e t t er s are t hu s s it u a t e d , b e in g t hen co n s id e r e d as co n s o n a n t s : as,

y a ea r ; 71 3
3 92 a
p il l ar ; an d even 77 , p r e ce de d b y
i —”
f t l h
l e is , & c. .

2 . Al l w o r ds en d in g i n one o f t he g rav e af fix es : a s,

P u i h a th h
l ‘T
y ou r bl o o d ; a , t e i r
f er ; Q Q ye
D s a ll be , G e n i ii 5 . . .

3 . Verbs ha v in g n o a f fix ed
p ro n o u n : a s, ”i
f
? h
e t oo ls ; “
DPT
"
,

he i s ca l le d .

he
'
77 ii ”
4 . Ve rb s t a kin g t y
asl l a b ic a f i o r m a t iv e s , an d z a s, .

”
E?
m i t is q u ie t ; the
y v is i t e d ;
”
fl a t? h i de t h
y lf
s e

d fi n al l , a l l w o r d s n o t co m reh e n d e d in a n yo f t h r e ce d in
an
y p e
p g
r u les
( i . e. Ar t .

On ce r t a in An om a li e s as to the s a tio n o
f the T o n i c A cce n t ,

th ha n g e s efl e c in t h
'
an d on e c e v o we ls an d co n so n a n ts
of w o r ds .

The se ge n e r a lly t a k e l h he
1 19 .
p a ce , w e n t i l l a t i ve p a r t i cl e 1 +
Th e se
p a r t i cu l a r s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d b
y t a b l e s , A r t 2 0 7 & c . . .

1 U su a l l y t e r m e d Va w co n ver si vu m , b u t w h ich co r r e s po n d s t o t he A r a b ic
I
t- J or th
er e fore
,
&c .
A R T. 1 1 9 . a ] o n T H E AC C EN T S .

is pr e e d t o v e r bs ; in w h
fix i ch c a s e , l s t , t h e To n ic a cce n t ,
p p
ro er

fo r t he
p e n u l t im a t e v o w e l i n t h e
p a s t t e n s e ( A r t 1 1 7 w i l l b e . .

r em o ve d to th e u l t i m a t e : a n d , 2 d l y, v i ce v e r s a , t h e a cce n t
p p
r o e r

fo r t he u l t im a t e i n t h e
p re se n t
( A rt 1 1 8 w i l l b e r e m o ve d t o . .

t he p e n u l t im a t e : as, l st ,
"
i fi l so I w il l co n secr a te ( f
o r

E x o d .
Q xx ix . h a l
44 ;
t be
g a t her ePP S
d ( fo r E
I
“ DUN so thou s
T : r

so i t s h a l l d iv ide ; “ S E h h
Nu m b x x v n 1 3 ; . .
TH t u s t o u
o IT

sh a l t br in E x o d xx v i 8 3 n ? “ so sh e sh a l l i n cr e a s e I sa v i 1 2 ;
g , . .
, . .

i3 l t her
efo r e t h o u s ha l t p l a ce L e v xx i v 6 ;
77 3 15 1 s o s he s ha ll , . .
IT T

L e v x x n 1 3 ; ”5 5 71 t h us t h sh
r etu r n , 2 . e
y a ll p l.a ce N u m b vi 27 ; .
,
. .

R ?“ so t h ou s h
Q a l t en t e r G e n vi 1 8 ,
. . .

2 Th is r u l e h
. o we ve r i s o ft e n d is r e g a r d e d : a s al rl fis l s o w e
, , , z I
’
T :

t o o k, Ge n . xxxi v. 17 ; an d we p w il l de p a r t : a r t i cu l a r l
y i n

v e rb s ha v in g a q u ie sce n t l e t t e r P fo r t he thir d r a d ica l ; a s , N l

Q l
and th ou sh a lt f ea r
6
Le v x i x P ,
r e ve a l
. . 32;
‘
U QI a n d I w i ll
‘
,

1 Sa m xx 1 2 ; ”T 7 3 1 a n d t ho u s ha l t g o i n t o cap t i vit y Ez e k
. .
, .

x n 3. Wi t hso m e ha v i n g t he m e d ia l r a d ica l l e t t e r q u ie sce n t : a s

.
,

TW O 1 a n d th h a l t le e K i i
TH " ou s
g j 2 n
g s x 3 ,
. .

3 In th . e n e xt
p l a ce t h e T o n ic a ccen t w i l l b e r e m o v e d f , ro m th e

u l t im a t e to th e n u l t i m a t e s yl l a b l e o f t h e r e se n t t w h
e
p p e n se en ,

th e il l a t i v e
p a r t i cl e l i s
p r e fix e d an d wh en th e f o rm o f th e verb ,

w il l a l l o w o f t h e ch an e : e
g g
“ P5 ” f
( o r so h e i s v i s it e d . .
0
0
|1
D O .

B u t in t h e th i r d p e r s o n p l u r a l m a s c i t w il l k e e p i t s p l a ce : a s .
,

v . 7 9“ h sa m e h o l ds h
1 . IT( f ro m " ' T e
g o o d a lso i n t e fo rm

as so h e v is i t s
, .

Co ro l la r y H e n ce i t w i ll fo l l o w t h a t th e A cce n t b e i n r em o ve d
.
g , ,

fr o m t h e l a s t sy lla ble t h e u l t i m a t e v o w e l w il l n e ce s s a r i l
, y b e c o m e

193 ! a n d h
F ?
im p e rfe ct ( Ar t as . e w a s s t r u ck
( f o r ,

h (
”P i ”! f or a nd h e s a id ; n if and h e d ie d
( fo r h i p: o r T IT

M
P» ; an d so o f o th e rs w h i ch i s t e rm e d a
p o co
p e
( S ee , .

No . 9 belo w .
)
4 . he co n j u ga t i o n t e r m e d H ip hhi l a s i t w ill be s e e n he r e
In t ,

af t er th e t e r m i n a t in g v o w e l i s e i t h
,
-
er or Whe n e v e r ,

th e re f
o re the A ccen t i s d r a w n b a ck
,
by t h is o r a n y o t her r u le t h e , ,

i m p e r fe ct v o w e l w i ll b e ( ) n o t
1
or
( ) a s P
m ] 1
so h e r a is e d r
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, .

E
m) so h 2
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r o m Din S o 1 7“ l o d e d (f o r 12
( f or , e
g o.r u nr ,

xx h ” so h o r U D z)
‘
Ge i i i 1 1 J o v i i i 9 3 “ e r e s te d ( f
o r
n v . s ; .
, . .
,

Ex o d x 1 4 w h . e re i s t a k e n o n a cco u n t o f t h
.
,
e g u t t u ral le t t e r

fo ll o w i n g .
( Art .
52 C U RE E
'

LE T I V. g AR T .

'

In one i n s t a n ce , h o we ve r, we ha v e V3
7
3 ) .
( f
or Vl
i l
a , ) ro o t V3 “

an he br o ke J u d g i x 5 3
d s An e r r o r p e r h
, a s
p . . .
, , o f th e co
pyi sts .

5 Wh . en ho w e v e r t he l a s t l e t t e r of t he r o o t
, , ha pp e n s t o b e o n e
o f th h e
D5
" 71
l e t t e r s in a s t a t e o f u i e s ce n ce t f t w e l w il l
e .
q e
p e r c v o ,

o cca s io n a l l r e m a in : a s an d h e br i n s G e n i v 3
y g , , . . .

6 I n m a n y ca s e s a l s o t h
. is r e m o v a l o f t h e Ac, cen t i s a l t o g e t h
,
er

n e l e ct e d
g s o I s it 1 K in g s v iii 2 0 & c , .
, .

7 I n c o n s e q u e n ce m o r e o v e r o f t h
. is r e m o v a l o f t h
, e A cce n t th e , ,

t e r m i n a t in g v o w el o f t h e
p r e s e n t t e n s e o f v e r b s is ch a n ed
( N o 3
g . .

a b o v e ) a n d e n t ir e l r e j e ct e d t o eth e r w i t ht h t f ll o w in
, y g i
e co n s o n a n o
g ,

w he n t ha t i s q u i e s ce n t : e .
g . fo r 77 7 3 7 1 -
.
( A rt . an d, by

Ar t . he fo r m e r w il l
t be This i s a so l t er m e d Ap o cop e .

8 . Aga in t he A c ce n t i s , o cca s i o n a l l
y re m o ved fr o m the u l t im a t e to

t he e n u l t im a t e l l a b l e , b o t h in t h r e s e n t t e n se , a n d in t h
p y s e
p e

i m pe r a t i v e s , o f v e rb s, f o r th u r o se o f s t ro n l r e s s in x
e
p p g y pe
g p ro

hi bi t i on fo r be a r a n ce , , ex ho r t a t io n , w is hin g , or t he l ik e ; as, W ’
H TS
A

—
t ur n n ot a w a y, 1 K in g s i i 2 0 .
( f
o r ”P n
i 58 c ha s t ise n ot,

P r o v ix . . 8 ( f
or ; lD l I
fl
'
BS a dd n o t, Pro v . xxx . 6 ( f
o r

flPl n , w he r e t he v o w el o f the m e d ia l r a d i ca l is also j

r e e ct e d
ho u g h n o t fo l l o w e d b y a q u ie s ce n t i l ) ; h
"

t I w il l w a t er t ee

( f
or 33 33 5 , th e r o o t b e i n g V " , u s u a ll y in w hich ca s e the

fi na l r a d ca l i le t t e r ge n e r a lly r e t u r n s I n this . ca s e t he l
is d o u bl e d
the v e r b is in t h ) j h g
’

b e ca u se e co n u a t i o n P i e l
g . S o “ ri id o bs e r v e

( f
or
g i ve , &c . G en . x i . 3 , 4 ( f
or ”
a? G en

x x i x .

9 . S o in v erbs ha v i n g t he t hi r d ra
q d ica l l e t t e r a u ie s ce n t Tl as,

T l "
,
le t h
im ru le ( o r 71
f m ?
) ”
P
f
l et hi m be b l o t.t e d o u t ( f
or

Ps . cix . 13 ; d e cl a r e he fo o l is h( fo r ”fil l
G e n ix 27 . .
”
i
f” .

5
i

G e n 1 3 ; mni m
- -
s 15
let r )
i t be ( f
or n s I
,
. . dr in k n ot
( f
or

Le v x 9 ; Nah E
” fi Ex o d xxx i
f
. l e t it . n ot be seen
( f
o r
j ) , . v. 3
FW PB r e l a x n o t he r e t he he
(
'

P f or ,
w v erb t a ke s t fo r m o f

a se
g o l a te n ou n , see Ar t . be not
( f
o r an d
so o f o ther s . This i s term ed Ap o cop e . B u t it m a
y he r e be
r e m ar ke d, as b e fo r e , t hat t he co m m o n fo r m o f the v erb, an d u su al

o s it io n o ft he a c ce n t , a r e o ft e n a do p t e d a s, n l b'

fi j jl ll
'
les t I s ho ul d
p i z

s ee , Gen . x x i 16
.
her bs l est he s h
o u ld s ee , J o b iii 9 . .

Se e m y H e b r e w Le x i co n un der m e co n
j . H ip h .
 AR T. 1 1 9 . on T H E A CCENTS . 53

10 . Th o l l o w in g
e f are i m pe r a t i v e s t hu s j
s u b e ct t o Ap o cop e
1
l th 7 1 3 in P i h
2 it e t h ( E
” U Am
’

r ev e a ou
( f
o r e l ) ; . sm ou f
o r os

ix . 1 m u lt i l
p y t h
ou
( f
or ”Q
( i n H ip h
hi l , w he r e t he fo r m
a ss u m e d is t he fi r s t v o w e l b e co m ih
ha t o f a g ( )
se
g l o a te n ou n ; t v
,

i n o r d e r t o a cco m m o d a t e i t s e l f t o t h e so u n d o f th e s e co n d A r t , .

1
PS li 4 So 5 37 3
3
”
ca u s e t h
. . . o r “
o u t o a s cen d ( f 2 3973 Ex o d .

xxx i i i 1 2 ; bfll n n fe ig n t hyse lf ( t o b e ) s ick ( fo r

. 2 Sa m .

x i ii . 5 .

1 1 I t fr e q u e n t l y h ens i n v e r b s e n d in g w i t h a r a d i ca l Tl
.
,
a
pp
( f
or
l
) , a n d r e ce i v i n
g s o m e a s ll a b ic a u
y g m en t, t hat, n o t on l y is t he
a cce n t d r a w n b a ck , as in t he ca s e s a bo v e m e n t io n e d ( No . bu t
t he o ri
g i na l r a d ica l le t t e r a lso rea
pp e ars : a s, 71
3 23 7 it ( f
em
) h
a th .

t rus t ed ( o r 71
f p a cco r d in g to t he g e n e ra l
p a ra di
g m a, fr o m t he

”
PG Pm th
“
roo t f
or , P s l v ii 2 . . . So e
y a r e t r a n u il
q ( f
o r

i?
i
“ 175 “ n he n ce
i
7
/
5 ,
ro o t or w re
g l u ar ly PS . cx x u . 6,
&c .
”at ?
le t t h
em co m e
( f
or Wil li } , ro o t o r E
Y )
S P s l x v i ii
, . .

32 ; br i n g ye ( fo r Ar t . J er . x 1 1. 9 .

12 . In a fe w i n s t a n ce s , m o r eo ve r, t his d r a w i n g b a ck o f t he
A ccen t l
a so t a ke s p l a ce i n no uns d p a r t i cl e s
an : a s, 5 2 “O
F
h h U l a;
'
’
n u m er ou s a r t o u (i n )
t eo l e ( f
p p or ai
T ) S o
l . D§ 1 1 g r e a t a rt

th e n a t io n s ; “ l ?
th h
" fl - l l”
ou am o n g “
l g rfl w r r
a
p r in ce s s a r t t ou a m on
g
th
e
p r o v i n ce s , La m . i 1 . . I n l ik e m an n er we ha v e 71 5
T
5IT ’ o r

77 23 5
Eb ED w h
1
”31 7r w h ? ” ”Q
r y ( f
o r
ir r t , or , ere, a cco r d in
g to

S chr oe d e r u s , — “ su b est a d fe c t u s ex
p ro b r a n t is , v e l co n
q u eren t is , vel

a l iu s s im ilis . To t he s e he a d ds , fi t} I ( f
o r R
P ) Ez e k .

x v ii .

1 20 . Aga i n , t he
hd r a w n fr o m t he u l t i m a t e t o
A cce n t w ill be w it

th n u l t im a t e s l la b l e i n o r d e r t o a v o id t h e co n cu r r e n ce o f t w o
e
p e y ,

To n ic a cce n t s w h ich w o u l d h a,pp en w h en t he fo l lo w i n

g w o r d
i s a m o n o s yl l a b l e w i t h a n A cce n t o r a d is s yl l a b l e w it h a n Acce n t ,

o n th e
p e n u l t im a B ut h e re t he
p e n u l t im a t e v o w e l o f t h
. e fo rm er ,

h t ”0
2 p h e o e n ed t h
“

l 1
o f s u c t w o w o r d s w il r e m a i n
p rf
e e c t : a s
, e ,

r oc h f
( or ”Q E
D ,
P s . cv . 41
l l
?1
7 5 ? I w il l be t a /mre e, Ca n t i v 6 . .

Th e s e I m p e r a t i v e s a r e p ro b a b l y n o t h i n g m o re t ha n p r im i t iv e a b s t r a ct

n o u n s , t e r m e d S e go l a t e s , e n o u n ce d w i t hs o m e e n e r g y .

1 T h e i c i l e s w hic hr e gu l a t e t hi s r e t r a ct i o n o f the a c ce n t , an d the co n

p r n
p
se q u e n t a o co e , w il l b e co n s i d e r ed i n t h e S yn t a x
p p .
54 LE T C UR E IV .
~
K AR T . 1 20 2 . .

fig? H Q Q TJ h as th is co m e t o p a s s ? ( f
‘
or J o el i 2 .

w ill fi l l?
“ sh xx I l ? he w il l
"
"
e ( )
i s m y s i s t er G e n 2 I QQI , . . an d g i ve

th
ee , Den t . x ix . 8
"

t ?
li ”5 3 : he w i ll e x a l t e x cee di n l
g y, P s . x x i 2 . .

2 . Ve r b s, r e ce i v i n
g an
y as
yl l a bi c au
g m en t , a n d on t ha t a cc o u n t

j
r e e c t in g an
y o fthe ir p r im i t i v e vo w el s, w il l , u
p on t he re m o val o f
t he a cce n t, by t he a bo ve - m e n t io n e d r u l e ,
'

r est o r e su c h r ej e ct e d
vo w el :
ya s,h l?
a l l de l u de h i m (for J o b x iii e s . .

9 ; ” 5? it h o s h i ii 9 ; P
co m e h er
( f
or J “
? y e .

w i l l l o v e v a n it y ( f o r EDT INN ) P s i v 3 ; 1 ?”PU t h e

y t r u s t ed in
I -
, . .

him ( fo r r e u l a rly b u t
g a cc o r d in
g t o the t a ble s f o r t,he se

v e rbs
) .

3 ho w e v e r t his d r a w in g b a ck o f t he A cce n t w i t h t he
. Sho u ld, , ,

co n s e q u e n t ch a n e o ft h e u l t im a t e v o w e l t e n d t o d e s t r o yo r o b s c u r e
’

g ,

th e o r i in al f r m a n d s ig n i f
i ca t io n o f t h e w o r d n o s u chch a n e w ill
‘

g o g ,

th e h idde n t h in g s of t h e h
t a k e p l a ce : a s , ea r t
(not

2
“ 73 7 370 3 w i t h Kd m ét s K h
p )h 1
2
2 3 p
9 37 s s in h
'

1
a t u a
g o ve r t e se a

( no t
"
r
ai n .

The A cce n t w i ll — fo r t he m ere sake f e u ph

o on — f
y re uen tl
q y
fa l l on t he p e n u l t im a t e in s t e a d o ft he u l t im a t e s l la b l e , i n w o r d s
y
whic h co n cl u d e a se n t e n ce , or a m em be r o fa se n t e n ce . The se

a cce n he m o s t p a r t S i l l uh A t hn akh; a n d i n t he highe r

ts a re , fo r t , , ,

s t yl e M e r ca w i t hM a h ak A r t
, p ( .

5 I n m a n yo ft h. e s e ca s e s t he r e m o v a l o ft he a c ce n t w il l o cca s i o n ,

ch wh in t h 71 3 3 57 3 l fi)
n o a n ge a t e v er e v o wels as
( f
o r ”
Efi , T
-
|T

in h a bit e d J e r v i 8 ;
( for , m a ke ba r e P s cxxx v i i 7
. .
; 3 5 3 , . .

( f
or he y a r e co n s u m e d P s xxx v ii 2 0 &c
t , . .
, .

6 B u t in t h o se
p er so n s o f t h e v e rb w h i c h a r e f m ed b
.
, o r
y me
s o

a s ll a bic a u g m e n t or h a ve th a r a g o gi c 7 1 d i w h ich t h
y e
p , a n n e ,

s e co n d v o w e l o ft h e ro o t h a s b e e n r ej e ct e d ; t h e A cce n t t a k in t hat
g ,

s l l a b l e w il l r e s t o r e s u chv o w e l : a s ”P o m th
y , PR ( fo r fr e ,

h
7? h h h h 1
ro o t 3 s e a t a
pp r o a c e d Ze p h iii 2 ; ( f
o r 3 7 3 ”
ro o t , . .

t h
e
y w ere a bl e , 2 Ki n gs i ii 2 6 ; .
( f
o r “
PE P“ , roo t,

he Tm ?y h x xxx i
"

i . e.
g ro u n d fo r m fo r
-
t Pr e s .
, e s a ll ke ep , E o d . . 13 .

S o r ig ts ( fr o m s ze) 1 h i
”3 1 7
w ill w a l k, Gen . xxx . 2 6 ; m et; ( fro m a
ge)

r e co u n t y e, J o el i 3 .
( f
or
”
9 7 , fr o m 71 2g o t h
ou, f
em 7 . .
, &c .

t
The D ag e sh f
ound he r e in the 5 ha s, p er ha ps, b e e n i n t ro d u ce d fo r t he
sak e o f e u pho n y o n ly, (
A rt .
 ‘

A R T. on T H E AC CENTS . 55

7 . Wh en t he o ri
g i n al fi na l v o wel is it w ill ge n e r a ll
y b e co m e
1
( ) T
, w he n t hu s a cco m p an i
y gn t he a cce n t : a s , ” 3r 7n ”
r
s he dep a r t e d

( xl v i. So ” U25 3 ( f it t a ken ,
'

f
ro m Is 2 ro m wa
. .

s
mi
’

”3 3
8 l
3
3 7 l
1 Sa m . iv . 17 ; T IT
.
( f
ro m an
p d I s le e , Ps . iii . 6
77 3 7 73
7 7
1 , ( f
ro m let us kn o w , I s . v. 1 9 ; RE
"
I?)
P, (fr o m PE
th
ou J er . xx ii . 20 ; V I P} ? ( f
ro m ”P P , I s
) i 9 . xx x . .

8 . B u t, w p he n g g i c 7 af o l lo w s t h
ara e a s l l a bic a u g m e n t 3 , o r
y o
”
T , t he A cce n t u s u a l l yr e t a in s i t s p r o p e r s i t u a t io n , w hil e t he s e co n d

v o w el o f the ro o t is r e s t o re d, as in t he last a r t i cl e : a s, ”Pit ”

/i

( f
ro m P
h
i ” th
e
y w,
i l l co lle ct ;
( fro m th
e
y w il l be
th ci v .
3le
r e, P s
co n
f o u n ded ; ( f
ro m e
y w i l l ex
p i . 28 , 2 9 .

1 21 . P r im it i v e g l se o a te n o uns o f the f
o rm “i 5
23 , d e r i v e d fr o m
r oo ha v in g fo r
ts the th
r a d i ca l l e t t e r a q u ie s ce n t 71
ir d w il l u p o n , ,

t a kin g t h e a u s e a cce n t i n t h e p e n u l t im a t e r e s t o re t h e o r ig in a l
p
-
,

v o wel t o t h e fi r s t r a d i ca l : a s
3
327 ( fo r PD fr o m t he p r i m i t iv e
”
, ,

"3
h h n s x 7
” “ 3 1
P ) r e be l l ion ,
"

fo r m D t e f
a l 1 K i g JP( for P f ro m,
.

3 “
PT
“
B a ck . 11 . 8 3 , ( or
f “ ,
fr o m be a u t y, I s i ii 2 4 . . .

1 22 . A po co p a t e d p r e s e n t t e n s e s o f v e rbs ha v in g in t he p l a ce

o f the thi r d r a d ica l l e t t e r 71 , w il l t a ke fo r t h e vo wel o f the

p e r so n a l
p r e o r m a t iv e ,
f w he n so c i r c u m s t a n ce d as to r e ce i v e t he
a cce n t p ro
p er
f or the
p a u se on ty lha t
l a b le : a s ,s ( f
o r
"
PR
fr o m Ps a lm xxx iii . 9 : T E
U
}! a n d s he wa s , La m . i ii 3 7
. . So
”
Us h
e hl l l ive ( fo r
. s a I s xxx v i ii 2 1 . . .

1 23 Wh o rd h h h
‘ '
en a n
y . w a v in
g t e a fii x e d p r o n o u n l a
pp
,
e n s to
T

be t h e l a s t w o r d o f a s e n t e n ce &c s o t h at t h e a cce n t
p pro er f or ,
.
,

th a u s e w i ll fa l l u o n i ts e n u l t im a t e v o w e l ; t w o m e t h o ds h
e
p p p a v e

be e n i n v e n t e d fo r t h u r o se o f a v o id ih a n d i sa r e e a bl e co n
e
p p , g y g
cu rr e n ce w h ichm a y h a n in t h vo wels
pp e e .

1 I n s t e a d o f( z ) w h ichs h o u ld r e ce d e t h i s w il l b e
p s
p ro n o u n a -
.
,

se e n h ereaf t e r — ( ) i s i n t ro d u ce d a s a vo we l of u n ion ; a s
,
v
,

( or T
f m y t h w o r d G e n x l v i i 3 0 ; W DP Q (D fo r , $ 32
1 0 ; th
y. .

in h er i t a n ce P s 1 1 8 ; 13 3 7 7 7 3
, ( fo r . t hy . s a l va t i o n P s l l 1 4 ; , . .

“ PW ( fo r th y n a m e P s cx x x v m 2 & c ,
. .
,
.

2 Th e .vo w el a cco m
p y g
an i n t h i s
p ro n o u n i s o cca s i o n a l l y ,

t r an s po s e d ; a s, ( f
or th
y d e s t r u ct io n , Den t .

The i n fl u e n ce a n d u se o ft his j
a d u n ct ( 1) wi l l b e co n s i d e r e d i n the S yn t a x .
56 LE T C U RE 1v .
E A R T . 1 23 . 3 .

x h e h a t ha do r n e d t h I s a ia h l v 5
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J J HP
x v i i i. 24 ; 1r
- ee .
( f
or , .

1 335 ( fo r J flg ) h e h a t hco m m a n de d t h 1 S a m x i ii 1 3
“

ee , . . .

Th D P an d P h Pl a f x o th
3 e .
p a r t i cl e s P a v in
g fi e d t em , , ,

a n d r e ce i v in
g a
p a u s e a cce n t a r e a l w a s s u bj e ct t o t h
y i s r ule : i lP l'l
-
,

th ee D e n t xx v i ii 4 8 ; J PP w i t h t h
,
. ee G e n v iii 1 7 ; J P? w i t h
.
, . .

th ee G e n xx ix 2 5 ; J P i n t h
,
.ee P s ix 3 ; J Pt o f. or or (
y t hee , . .
, , , ,

Ex o d . x x x n . 3 4 , &c .
, f
or
T l l J n l n ‘
,
fi , J P 37 , J P , J P , &c .

4 . Th e
p ro n o u n J i s a l s o s u b e ct j to t his r u le , he n n o t i n
e ve n w

the s i t u a t io n fo r r e ce i v i n g a p a u s e -
a cce n t : a s, ?
JE he a n s we r ed
T

th xx iii "

ee , J er . . 37 fo r 7
1 3 37
I IT

5 . Wh en a
p a u s e - a cce n t fa ll s o n an u l t im a te, or
p e n u l t im a t e

P at ha kh h
'

, o r, on a
p e n u l t im a t e S eg o l , i n se
g l
o a te to r m s, su c

o r th ha n ge d J PT 3T7
w el is , f ( )
’
in t o Ka m e t s fo r
'

v o e m o st ar t , c a s,
p 1
i ’

J
P P st o o d ;
, he fo r he s a t P s i 1 & c fo r , . .
, .

1 71
n i h h
22 g
“

G PJ J
1 t e n 5 Q f w d s i i i 2 4 °
1 ; o r
, a s o r. o . v , ,
. .

“ J P f or “ JPP s t a n d i n g Ecc l 1 4
P , . . .

6 Th e re. are ho w e v e r c e r t a in e x ce p t io n s ; a s 1
,
7 73 3 1 “
he , ,
3

la ug h G e n x v ii 1 7 ; h x x h sh
"
ed I l i 2 7 V 3 3 t a ll be
, p y
re .
; 1 . e
y , . . .

s et on f i r e I s xxx ii i 1 2 ; PJ PJ t h , ou h . a s t s o ke n
p I h xxx . i x 8 ; ,
. .

”P
P s e cu r i t
y
. P r o v i 3 3 ; fl 3
P h a n u r s e R u t hi v
,
1 6 . B u t th
. e se
'

,
. .

m a y be e r ro rs o f t he co
pyi sts .

7 . The
p a u se -
a cc e n t w il l s o m e t im e s c ha n ge a t erm in a t in g

in t o a s, JP "
. fo r h
e sh
a ll
g o, Job xx v ii 2 1 ;
. retu r n ,

r e st o r e, fo r P P ? Is . x l ii . 22 ; ( f
or
a ) t a rry n ot a ll
n ig ht, J ud . x ix . 20 .

1 24 kkdp h .
, M
fo ll o w i n g a t e r m i n a t in g p e r fe ct a n d m u t a ble
a

v o w el w h ich p r e ce d e s a co n s o n a n t , w il l ch an
g e t he v o w e l in t o it s

?
P
'

c o r r e s o n d in g i m p e r f a s, NT J P I J
p e ct o n e :
P ( fo r r e m e m be r

wh n (fo r i‘
? n
-

ez
‘
D e l l kin g s . u se n u
now. e
n a
(for a
s a

th
e e o l e , &c.
p p
2 . B u t, if su c h fin al vo wel be i m m u t a ble , no c hgan e ca n

t a ke p l a ce : a s, to, o r
f or, a not he r man , J e r i ii 1 . .

the si
g n o
f the co ve n a n t, Ge n . ix . 12 . The r e a so n o f
t his is , t he ad d i t io n o fM a kka p hd e p r i v e s t he wo r d, hichi t is
to w

a t tac he d , o f it s t o n ic a c ce n t ; an his m a ke s i t
d t n e ce s s a r
y t hat the

r e ce d in g vo w el b e i m p e r fe ct , when tha t is
p o s s ibl e
( A rt t 33
p . .

it In s o m e e d i t io n s ho w e v e r 1
A RT . on T H E AC CENTS .

On the Us e an d S i t u a t io n f
o the Eup ho n i c A cce n t .

ha s ha t t he Eu p h
o n ic
'

1 25 It a read
l b r e m a r ke d, t a c cen t,
.
y een

M ezhe ,
g m a
y b e co n s i d e r e d a s s u p pl yin g a s e co n d a r y a cce n tu a t io n

( Artt 6 4 . hr e fe r e n ce t o t he a c ce n t fo l l o w in g i t M o n o ;
. w it .

s ll a b l e s t h er ef ca n h a v e n o Eu p h o n i c a cce n t u n le ss i n de e d
y o re , , , , ,

the
y h a
pp e n t o
p r e ce d e M a h hd p h; b u t e ven i n t ha t ca s e th ey , ,

m ust be id e r e d co n s t i t u t i n in t e gr a l a rt o fa co m d
'
oun
co n s as g an
p p
w o r d , a cco r din
g t o r u les p re se n t l
y t o be l a id d o w n . D is s yll a b l e s
m a y r e ce i v e a n Eu p ho n i c a cce n t ; b u t , in t his ca s e , a in al
f () z Sh
eva
m u st in t e r v e n e : a s, he s ha l l be , &c .

R u les for the In se r t io n o f the E up ho n i c A cce n t .

1 26 . Thy
el l a bl e
( t hir d
n o t e n di n
g w i tsh a c o n so n a n t
) o f an
y
w o r d , r e c k o n i n g b a ck w a r d s , i n cl u s i v e l y, fr o m t h e t o n i c a c ce n t , w ill

ha v e t he Eu p ho n ic a cce n t M e t h h "
0 1
l
’
7 n e, G e n ii
e
g ; a s : t e o 1 1 . .

“3 h
2 ? whi hp r o c ce e de t h, lb . v. 14 ; ”Q
fi l
‘
l
‘
I s h
a ll
p o ss e s s it ,
“J P N th
‘
lb . x v. 8 7 1 f
. ° i om our
f
a er , l b . x ix . 32 a cco r din g
to th
e ir ton gu e s, Ihx 20 ; fl f’
l l Pl
'

P P“ d f rom th ki n dr e d,
. . an
y
I h x ii 1
. . .

1 27 . B u t , if this t hir d s
y l l a bl e en d in he Eu p ho n ic
a co n s o n a n t , t

w it h t h fo u r t h: lZ P h
‘

l P U ‘
a cce n t w il l be e as , P and o
f t e i r
f a t .
,

Ge n .
1 1 33
iv 4 .
1 35 an d I r e m a in , 1 K i n gs x i x 1 0 ( w her e 7 b e in g .
,

d o u b l e d b y D ag e s h co n cl u d e s t h
’

e s ll a b l e ; a s
y , ,

2 P e r fe c t v o w e l s p r e ce d in g S h
. eva a n d h a v in
g n o t o n i c a c c e n t , ,

w i l l i f o ccu yi n g t h e th i rd l a ce f
, p p ro m a n
y t o n i c a c ce n t
( r e ck o n i n
g ,

th e Sh ev a ) r e ce iv e a n e u p h ,
o n ic o n e as it wa s G e n i 2 , N U T , . .

1
“ 7 1 th sh h h n e ve h
3 5 o u
( fem
) a lt b r in
g f or. t I i i i 1 6 ; N i , . .
,

Ih x 1 1 ; en er a t io n s I b 11 4 ; h e sh l l b r u i se
. .
g a , . .

th e e I h i ii 1 5
,
. . .

3 I n m a n y i n s t a n ce s h
. o wever th e Eu h
p o n i c a cce n t i s o m i t t e d ;
, ,

n o r i s i t n e ce s s a r i t sh o u l d e v e r b e a dd e d i f w e e x ce t o n e c a s e
y p , ,

wh en th e fi g u r e o f ( ) Kam e t s r e ce d e s S h h h
' ’
v iz
’
e a ; f
T
t t i
.
p v o r e n s ,

v o w e l vs ill b e e i t h e r (i o r 0 j u s t a s t h e a cce n t i s a dd e d o r n o t : a s
, , ,

” P
PQ s h e w a s w i s e ; o r ” l P Uw is d o m
E ( A r t , I n ever
-
y O t h e r .

ca s e n o d i f , fi c u l t y ca n a r is e w h e th er th e h cce n t i s a d d e d o r n o t
, .

4 I n s o m e ca s e s m o r e o v e r
. th e Eu p h , o n i c a c ce n t se em s , to

m a rk t h e s u b s t i t u t io n o f a n im e f
p r e ct fo r a
p fe r e ct v o w e l : a s , , ,
58 LE T C UR E I V.
E AR T . 1 27 . 5 .

( for th
y b o r de r , E x o d xx iii . . 3 1 ; al f ( fo r

an d th
e
y s ha l l fea r M ic v ii 1 7 , . .
; w he r e it is ne c y f
e ssa r
o r t h e

c o m pl t i o o f th n eve r th
e n e s yl l a b l e
( Art . I t is , e l e s s, fr e

q eu t l y onm i t t e d, an d m u st , in su ch c a s e s, be s u ppl i e d by t he
c i m p l ie d D ag e s h( A r t
o ’
rea d p t i
er, ar u la rl y b e f re an . &c .

Th 11
, w it h S h fix o d
’
5 . e le t t e r ur e k, p r e e d t o a w rd, an d s it u a t e

ab c
o h Wi t h o n ic w il l om e t im e s be
‘

as
p t t o t
ve, t r es e e a cce n t, s

fo d w i t h t h E ph
un o ic cc t e u n a en , an d be f ll o o w d by e one o f t he
f She a wh o mo ” Fi l "
sub t it t s u
() w es o v , e re z u ld be g l re re u ar : a s, l ,

an d l ea d t h
ou ca
p t i ve , Jud . v. 12 ;
" WEE 1 1 -
an d be t h
ou o
s ug h
t ,

Ez e kxx i . v . 21 .

1 2 8 Wo . r d s, co n s is t i n
g o fm o re t ha n t wo s
yl l a bl e s , t he fi r st o f
which i t h w i ll c the Eu h n i o c cc t
’

s e rm in a t e d b d g es , re e vei p a en
-

ha t s yll a b l e : a s 3 377 a n d th h 31 mm :
.

on t e
y ea r d G en i ii , , . . 8 TT T IA
’

l
'

o n t he m a r r o w I b x ix 34; th,e kn
ife I b
. xx i i 6 3 “
.
, . .

2 Th is w i l l a l s o b e fo u n d e v e n w h en t h e D a es hi s o m i t t e d : a s
'

.
g ,

70
2
3 9157 1 and h elt h h h c h
e
f i m I x x vu 2 2 ; w i 00 08 7 615 , . .
,

Ex o d xx i x 1 3 &c . I n all t h es e ca se s
. Sh
, eva i s i n i t i a l ; a n d
.
, ,

c o n se q u e n t l y a n y o n e o f t he l e t t e r s “ Elf w hic hm a yha p p e n

,

to f oll o w w ill r e t a in i t s a sp ir a t io n : a s
, th e a bh or r e r s , ,

M ic i i i 9 . . . H e n ce i s t o b e p r n u n e d H a l lel u, o o c n o t H a l l ii .

S o m e t hi g n o f the sa m e k i n d i s b s e r va b l e i n t h o
e w r ds o W
EEB
, an d
c it ed
( Art . 1 27 .

1 29 . Wh en an
y one o f t he S u bs t it u t e s of S hem h a
pp en s to be

p re c e de d by a v ow el , t ha t v o w e l w ill r e e i v e t he Eu h n i
p a c o c cc en t :

i 26 ; l E a i t hu l , N u m b x
a s, l et us m a ke , Gen .
fiP f f
.
i . . 11 . 7 ;
2
115 11 h x i ii 3 ; ” IQ th h o
2 71 i s t en t , Gen . . e
g r u n d, I i . . 25 ;

13 1
ml }, cr i
y gn ou t, I h iv . . 10 ; f
l U lp fi l
l b an d I w o u ld h
a ve

d is m i ss e d t h
ee , Ib . x x x i 27
. . Thi s d e t e r m in e s t ha t su ch S ub

s t it u t e i s i n i t ia l .

2 . Wh en t he s u b s t it u t e o f Sh
eva, i s r es ol ve d o i t ho m o
in t s

g e n eo u s i m p e r fe ct o w v el
( A rt 1 06 . . t he Eu ph o i c ccne t w i lla n

s t il l r e m a in : a s, th
y sa n da l , I s a Xx . . 2 : “
P ?
U ! d t h y an e

s h
a llf ea r H o s x i 1 0 ,
. . .

1 3 0 Wh e n a n y im pe r f
. ect v ow el, at t he b e g in n in g o fa w o rd,

The S tu de n t m u st n o t be s u r p r ise d ifhe fi n d s the d if

fe r e n t e d it i n s o o f the

B i bl e v a ry o n the se p i n t s o . 11 53 a
s h '
fl
‘
i s p r b a bl y t h o
e r a b le
e p re f a cc e n t u a t io n .
AR T . ON T H E A CC ENTS . 59

rec e d e a ( ) Sh s t cco m p a ie d b y D g e hf
ev a n o o t ; i t w il l f
a n a s r e or
p
z ,

th m o t p
e t h s th E p ar h i c cc ; ave t 1e n 1 3 T 1 D u it c p l i g o n a en as,
'
s ou n
, ,

Ex d x x ix 2 0 ; “ ( 11:i
o . x t hy bow d t hm
. l dow J i ii 2e e e s e ve s n , e r. v .

7 712
31 7 31 t h y b o
1
k off, Ee x o d xxx i i
r 3 ;e D 7 7_ 1 _ DD b c o mi
g J w
. .
1 1
e n e s,
—
E t h s i ii
. 1 7 vH c
. w h .
7 1
en 1 5 1 e e ave & 7
,
c. ,

fom t h
r b e v erb c om d s li B t m th
e c
e, a n th ve . u ,
e se a se s, e

cc t d w i t ht h yl l b i c t i o
a en t i t
s feo n o n er re
( S A t e s a a n . ee r .

13 1 O o m o cc i o o t h cc t
. n s e asfo d t n s, o cc p y t h er a en s are un o u e

it t io f M ét hg Th M kh K dm M c
“

s ua n o e . e se are ana , a a , er a

d t h pi c f w oo
an d G xx
e ii 7 ; 1
e 1 7 7
1 13
es o1 d A o , en . . . an ar n ,

Ex o d ii v . d t h p i t Le i t an8 ; e f r es , v . v1 1. o

M l h a c i l N m b xx i 4 5 e ,
I
u th . c w
v h v M ii kh
. . n e se a se s e a e na or

K dm a i t h pl c
a n f M ét hg fo l l o w d b y Z h
e a e o ép h K t o I e , e a a n . n

1
1 3 7 11 t h y p
. so c d N m eb xx i i 7ro K ee d m d ,i f o l l o wu d b y . .
, a s e

Gé h;
'
r es d I b xxx i 3 9 w h
an , it g i
. c o pl d w it hM ét hg
i .
, e ave a a n , u e e

o m d i t io 1 3 5 1 wh c h h x
i n s e e 3 i n s w i t m
a s,
y i m i l m , p l , an s ar e a es,

i p h p t be
s er a c ib d t
s oth c l as r h y e wh oim f e a r e e ssn e s s, urr , or s, o

t h c o p yi t
e s s.

2 I . th f o l l o w i g x m pl w h e M c a i t h p l c e
n e n e a es, e av er n e a

o f M ét h
e
g : as,
0
l ike t h
e s t a r s,
*
Ex o d . x x x 11. 1 3 ; 1 n 9DD f
1
so he hide s him Ex o d i i In th
, e s e c a s e s M er cd i s f
. . ou n d
w i t hTip h lch a fo r i t s t o n i c a cc e n t .

3 I n a fe w i n s t a n c e s Yér a h hI o r Yét h iv 7 i s fo u n d in t h l a ce
" "

e
.
p , ,

o f M ét h e
g ; a s D
D
1
D 1 3 2 D D f r o
, m t h e ir c o u n s e ls P s v 1 1 ,
. . .

7 13 21 3 13 w h o m it (fe m lo ve s Ca n t i 7 I n t he l a s t c a s e ho w .
, . . .
,

e v e r 12 ?s t a n d s fo r
, an d m a
y t he ref o re t ake a n
y t o n i c a cc e n t .

I n n u m e r o u s ca s e s — a s t h e s t u d e n t w il l fi n d ,
m a n yo ft h e se r u l e s -

a re n eve r a
pp l i e d an d i n m an
y o t her s a s a lr ea d
y, r e m a r k e d ,
-
,

th e r i n t e d c o ie s o f t h
p e H e b r e w B ib l e d if f e r a s do a ls o t h M SS
p e , .

I n m a n y t o o n e it h er th e s ll a b ic a t i o n n o r t h e s e n s e o ft h
, y , e
p a s sa e
g , ,

is a f fe c t e d b y t h e s e a cc e n t s w h e n ce i t s h o u l d s e e m p r o ba b l e t ha t , ,

th ey h a v e b e e n a dd e d r a t h er f o r th e u r os e o f r e u l a t in t h t o
p p g g e n e

o fv o i c e i n r e a d i n
g o r ch a n t in
g t h e t e xt .

On t he Us e an d P o si t io n of M AKKAP H .

132 . Le a r n e d m en a re no t a
g ree d, w he t he r t his m ark is , or is

In om s e e d it i o 1 9W
ns } g l l y 3 re u ar .

1 Whichi s als o w it hM t hg i o m ’

e e n s e e d it i n s o .
 LE T C U RE I V.
E
A RT . 13 3 .

w
n o t, to be g ran A cc e ke d
t S o m h am
g o d tnh t t he n s. e ave ar ue a

i t o gh l w y fo d t h c
i

t bu e it i , e ca u s
p p l y t p l s f a a s un o su e a e o an

cc t O t h
a en .
g i t h t i t o h t
e r s,
g t b c
a i t
a n i i, l l y a u n o e a u se s u n ve rsa

fo d t
un d p i th w o d
o e t wh ich t
r ve at t c h d e f it t o r , o 1 is a e ,
o - s . ne

a cc t T ht i t i q i l t i ff c t t
en . a s e cc t I t hi k b o t h
u va en , n e e , o an a en ,
n ,

p t ar ies l l o w d iaf I m i t k : t an i t d p i i, g t h w o d t s a e n o ,
s e r v n e r , o

wh ic h i t h b t t c hd as f it t o een cc t a m t a m k f e , o s n e-a en , s ee s o a e o r

th h yp
e o t h i t h t i t o h t
e s s,t b c o id ad fo m i t h er
g p g u o e ns ere as r n e

f c t io
un f c h cc t n s o It em
su t m th a fo b ten lo . f se s o e, ere r e, u a ss o

t im t e
g e g o t i
ar t b i u
g t m d
a cc
a1n s t s e n er e an a en .

R u l e s fo r i t s Us e an d I n ser t io n .

133 Wo . c o c t d w it h c h o t h i t h
r d s im m e d ia t e l y nne e .
ea er, e er in
s ig n ific t io
b y g m m t i c l c o t c t io
a n o r f q tly ra a a n s ru n , are re uen co n

t d by M h
n ec e h ap h; t h fo m b i g t h d p i d f it t o
a e r er e n en e r ve o s ne
1
cc t 71 1 7 1 3 3 171 ?J h o h wo d A m o ii 1 6 ; 3 2 1 ’
a en a s, e va s
.
p r , s . ure

h o xx D 117 D 1 h c h h h 1
"

qf t P ea r i i l l
, ; r d v.
p i t d ( i t t ) t . . a n e e s en er e ;

1 192 1 3 li t
-
t l 2 S a m i 1 2 1
111
5
1 7 3e so n 1 S m xx
,
ii a . x .
°
o n e so n , a . .

73 3 3 3 h h h h
-

3 i
y g t i Job x li 26 e ve n to er
°
n
e ver g , .

h 6 ; 37 3 1 ? 3 1 D D th
ou
-
u s ba n d, G e n . iii .
-I
' le st
s
p ea k w it h J a co b (a n y t hing) fr m g o ood to ba d, G e n . xxx i . 24 ;
3 715 w hic hhe c a l le d xx
- -
513 17 3 , Gen . v i 18. . S o , 1 1 3 3 13 a
g a r de n in

3 71 1 3 3 com hit h h
-

Ede n , G e n i i 8 .
°
”3 e er Ib , . x ix . 9 °
e

Ih th I h i 5, &c
-
c a m e to s oj o u rn ,
°
3 11 3
2
1
31 11 a n d e e v e n in
g wa s, . . . to

w hi chm a n y o t he r s m ig ht b e a dd e d th ree o r even f our ,

wh e re t w o , ,

w or ds a re th u s con n e c t e d
, ( s e e Ar t I n a ll t h e s e ca se s the .
,

l a s t w o r d o n l y in t he c o n n e x io n w i ll h ave th e t o n e a cc e n t
‘
-
.

2 Si n c e t h
. en th e t o n e a cc e n t i s i n a l l t h
, e s e ca s e s t a ke n a w a
, y;
-
, ,

w o r ds co ct
so nn e e d, en d in g i n p a er f
e ct m u t a ble v ow l e an d fo l
l ow ed by co o a ns n an t, w ill g e n e r a l l y t a k e t he co rres
p o d n en t 1 n 1 pe r
1
ha t s yl l a b l e a s 13 3 3 h h h
-

fe e t t 73 i t i in stead f
one m .
,
e ver
y g n
g , o
1
73
;
” b
fi j w i c o me hi t h
'
er , fo r 71 1 3
1 37 N flQT g
'
re

WD W p r e se r ve
‘ .

m em be r , p ra
y, I sa . xxx iii . 3 , fo r
.
DQ
'

in t e ~

12 1 7 1 TD D
(
"

r it P sal m x x x vu 3 7 , fo r A rt
g y . . .

3 . In t he o ow i
f ll n
g , an d sim il a r c a se s, t he t e r m i n a t in g v ow el o f
c o D 13 f1 1 3 3 th da u g h
-

t he p re e d in
g w d r is im m u t a bl e ; s, e t er s f
o

hu n t in g x
-
1 1
3 3 3 3 Gen
Lo t , G en . x ix . 36; g r ea t ( )
i n ,
. . 9 ;
1 13 3 it ( het Jo d r an ) sh
a l l l i m it i t , J o s h x v i ii . . 23 ;

1 0, w h 3 3 3
'

Da v id
’
s h
ea r t , 2 Sa m xx i . v. ere 3 is
p ut f
o r 3
3
°
71 71 f1 n
AR T . 1 3 3 . ON T H E A CC ENTS . 61

th
e
g i v in
g o
f it s ( f
em .
) str e n t
g ,h Gen . iv . 1 2, b e in g p u t f o r

In w hi c hc a s e s ,
he Eu p ho n ic a cc e n t
t is o ft en a d d e d , n o t w it h

sta n d in g he p r e s e n c e
t o fM a khdp h .

4 We 3 n th h
-
. h a v e h o w e ,
v e r P r o v xx ii 1 5 3 3 ,9 3 3 i e . ea r t o
f .
, 7

a c hild We a l s o ha v e G e n x v i 1 3
. , and lb
. .
, ,
.

1 ; tutti w hi c h w i t h s i m il a r i n s t a n c e s m a y p e r h
-
a s be ref erred t o
3 , , p ,

th e c a r e l e s s n e s s o ft h e co y i *
sts
p .

1 3 4 M a kh
. dp his i n s e r t e d i n t h e f ol l o w i n g c a s e s
1 P a r t ic l e s w h
. i c h fr o m t h
, e ir n a t u r e
, ca n n e v e r h ave an
y d i s ,

t i n c t i v e l a cc e n t a r e m o s t l y c o n n e c t e d w i t ho t h e r w or ds b t h e m ar k
' '

, y
13 3 3 3 3
Mah hdp h: a s to h er h n th
-

,
e ven us ba n d ; 3 ; 3 i e

i n t eg r i t y of m y h ea r t G e n xx 5 & c ,
. .
,
.

2 Wh
. en w o r d s a r e t o b e c o n s t r u e d t o ge t h er a n d th e t on e ,

a cc e n t s o f w h i c hm igh t th en con cu r — i e wh e n th e a cc e n t o f t h e . .

p r e c e d in
g w o r d is o n t h e l a s t s yl l a b l e an d th e f o l l o w i n
g w o r d is ,

e it h e r a m on osy l l a b l e o r a d i s s yl l a b l e h , a v in
g t h e a cc e n t o n t h e

e n u l t im a t e th en i n o r d e r t o a v o id t h i s c o n c u r r e n ce
( A rt
p
-
.
,

s u c hw o r d s a r e t o b e c o n n e c t e d b y M a kh h
' ’
a as i t s s ee d
p ,

( )
i s w i t hi n i t se l
f G e n 1 1
,
1 i n s tead o f . .1 117 1
, S o 1 1 7 . .

117 7 3 5931 s o h e e m br a c e d h im a n d kis s e d h im l b xx ix 1 3 i n s t e a d

, , . .
,

o f1
? PF 3 9 1 &c ; 1113 77 31
1
,
1 3
.
1

s o e ve n i n
g w as a n d m or n i n g ,

wa s , I h i 5 in s t e a d o f
. .
, &c Th e r e m a in i n g r u l e s .
,

u s u all
yg i ven b
y t h e
g r a m m a r ia n s m a
y a l l b e r e s o l v e d i n t o o n ,e o r

o t he r o f t he p r e c e din g .

3 In an y o f th
. ese l a s t ca s e s t h e Eu p h o n ic a cc e n t m a y b e ,

a
pp e n de d to t he f o r m e r o f s u c hw o r d s a cc o r di n
g t o t h e r u l e s ,

a l r e a d y l a id d o w n ( A r t 1 2 6 &c ) .
,
.

The m o t co m pl
s et e l ist o ft he se e xc e
p t i o n s IS
g 1 ven m t he se co n d v ol um e

o f the Heq ra m . by G u a r i n , p p 3 20 — 1 , 2 . .

f Tht a i s, a re , i n s i gn i a t i n s u h fic o
,
as n o t to be c c a
p ab le o coi
f l s n g an y
cl a u se , m e m b e r , &c .
, o fa t c
se n e n e. See t he l a s t Le t u r e c o fthis wo k r .
 L ECT UR E v .
E A RT. 1 3 5 .

LECT U R E V .

ON T H E C H AN G ES WH I C H T AK E P LA C E IN T H E T ER M I NA
O F WOR D S I N CON S EQ UENCE O F T H E F OR M A T I ON
T I ON s ,

O F T H E F EM I NI N E F R O M T H E M A S CU LI N E G EN D ER OF ,

T H E D U A L O R P LU R A L F R OM T H E S I N G U LAR N U MB ER ,

A N D O F T H E S TA T E O F D EF I N I T E C ONS T R U C T I ON .

Oft he Fo r m a t i o n o
f t he F e m i n in e f rom the M a s cu li n e G e n d e r .

135 . It s ho u l d b e p r e m i se d t ha t , , in the He br e w
La n g u a g e , t he r e a r e b u t t w o g e n d e r s ; v iz .
, the M a scu
l in e an d the Fe m i n i n e .

2 . The M a s cu l i n e is g e n e r all
y r e s t r i ct e d to n o un s

b e in g t he p r o p e r n a m e s, o r i m pl yin g t he O ffi ce s o f m e n ,

a s,
“
In D a vid ; m y Uzza 7 13 59 , o r
; 1 has a g o v e r n o r ;
W
,

D E p } h e r a & c r ea c , .
,
w ha t e ver be t h e ir t e r m in a t io n .

3 Al so t o w o r d s sig n ifyi n g P e op l e R i v e r s M o u n t a i n s
.
, , ,

an d M o n th
I? o r da n
” ’
s as I sr a el ; T “
J
, Q D S i nai ;

I D ’
J N i s d n & c w i t h o u t
, r e f e r e n ce.t o,
t h e i r t e r m i n a t i on .

4 Wo r d s e n d i n g i n a n y r a d i c a l l e t t e r (n o t i n cl u d e d i n
'

No . a l so t h o s e e n d i n g i n H p r e ce d e d by
, an d ,

o t he r s in D or s e r v i l e w i l l a l so b e o f t h
,
e m a sc u l i n e ,

en der
g ? d d i i 7
“

g as l a w o r , o m n o n
7 02) a 1
7

p l a in o r fi e l
, d ; fi § j 73 v i s z o n ; a H e b r e w ; D i fi a
‘

“3 b
’

r e de m i a t a bl e ; D l Ea n ofi e r i n
g T
‘

p t on ; .

S ee m y Le i xc on un de r t hi s w o rd (p .

1 Th
“
e e xc e
p t i on s a re :
73§ a st o n e ;
133 a bo w l ; 71 25! a v i er ;
3 33 p 1 315
1 13 or m g
f a

s t ep ,
p a ce ; 13
s; a w el l ; a co r n
fl o o r
-

m
a a s wo r d
“
l
pg a s t a ke ,
p o st 1
3 a v e s se l

so c alled : Di
?f a u ll cu
p ; a t a le n t fy g p
ai n ra n ; 7 733 l i h
g t ;
- 599 a .
s a n da l ;
H7?fl our ; I
}; a cl o u d ; W2}?a s t a r s o c a ll ed ; m
y a be d ; N
E a m o r se l ;
195 t
1 h
e 2

t h; il ; th br e a d ; 7972 a s h
n or
l; a q ua e w o r ld ; m g
p an a ss ; ie ld ; r m

e e ve n in , w h
th g i ch a re a ll f e m in in e . B u t, as t he H e b r e w l a n g u a ge i s n o t
r e gu l a t e d in this res
p e ct , as the Greek an d La t i n a re , to o m u ch t s re ss o u
g ht
n o t t o b e l a id o n t he se c o n si d e r a t i o n s. ( S e e Ar t 21 5, . et . Se q .
)
AR T . 1 3 5 . F OR M AT I ON O F THE F EM I NI NE . 63

5 . Fe m i n i n e p r o p e r n a m e s Of w o m e n
n ouns ar e , all ,

as w e l l a s w o r d s d e s i g n a t i n g t h e i r O f fi ce s ; t h e n am es o f

r e io n s
g o r c i t i e s ; a n d n o u n s s i g n i fy
,
i n
g t h e par t s an d

d o u bl e m e m be r s o f t he b o d y w h a t e v e r b e t h e i r t e r m i ,

h 5 ?
(
h h
'
n a t in g l e t t e r s ; e g R d el .7 9 V ; M
. i d l ; 5 a ,
‘

co n s o r t ; 3 § l D M o cib ; D R E d o m ; fij g lj K h
'
W
e br én ;
’

D zg l l Yer zi s h
i
l
f ‘
‘

al a i m ; ms; t h
’
e be l l
y ;
'
t h e ea r & c
W ,
.

T h i s dis t i n ct io n t h e r e fo r e a r i s e s fr o m t h
,
e s i n ifi ca t i o n
g , ,

n o t fr o m t h e fo r m o f t h e wo rd ci t i e s a n d r e i o n s b e i n
g g
co n s i d e r e d e r h a p s a s m o t h e r s a n d so o f
p ,

s e r v il e a r e a l s o o ft h
'
6 No u n s e n d i n g i n l
. or n e ,

fe m i n i n e g e n d e r : a s margi n o r m ph a fe m a l e v i s i t o r , ,

mp g ; a be a s t ; hpf gp p or a ki n
g d om S
, O N 2}
3 .

fo r are?s le ep &c , .

7 M a n y n o u n s a r e o cca s io n a l l yfo u n d i n b o t h g e n d e r s ;
.

w h ich a r e t h e r e fo r e t e r m e d co m m o n
, Th e s e g e n e r a l l y
, .

are ,
l Th e n a m e s o fa n i m a ls
, f l o c k s bi r d s Q S e olat e
g , , .

n o u n s n o t r e s t r i ct e d t o t h e n a m e s o r Of fi ce s o f m e n : 3 ,

Ot h e r s d e si g n a t i n g p a r t s o f t h e h u m a n bo d
y : 4 P ar .

t icip i a l n o u n s Of t h e fo r m fli g ; a n d 5 T h e d e ci m a l
"
n ,

n u m e r a l s fr o m t w e n t t o o n e h u n dr e d l i 1
y I n c u s v e : e
g , . .
,

M h h
'
a ca m e l ; a be a r ; a n d Fl !) a
3 t fl o c of s ee
p ; ,

may a bi r d : 2 m tg a r o a d ; o n br e a t h: 3
, , 1; a ,
"

ha n d ; il l! a n eye ; 11 51 ! a n a r m ; th e so u l ; 4
1 3 0 ,

a n e n c l o su r e : 5 a n ti/
p t w e n t y; D gfi tzf t h
, i r t y &c To ‘
, .
z s

t h e se s e v e r a l o t h e r s o fd iffe r e n t fo r m s m ig h t b e a dd e d a s ,

The e xc e
p t i ons a re , ”
E
,
t h
e m ou t h
w; t h I?
e n e ck ; ”“ t h
e ba ck ;
“
RP, or

th
e n a v e l ; 0 532 ? t h
3 9 e e
y e l id s ; W
21 th
e h
e el ; N
p!
“
l ike n ess ; h ir}
a ? a bl a s t e d fi eld

a m ea t a -

fi er i n
g ; ”
I ": a r a zor ; a cu c um be r be d ; an d an a r m y,

w hic ha r e al l m a s c u l in e .

1 I am c
i n l i n e d t o b e l ie ha t t hi s t e r m i n a t i o n i s n o t hi n g m o re t ha n a
v e t

fra gm e n t Of s o m e a n c ie n t o r m Of t he fe m i n i n e p r o n o u n o f t he t hi r d pe r so n
f
si n
gu l a r , an d wh i c hw e a l s o fi n d gi v e n a s t h e i n se a ra b l e f e m in in e
p p ro n o u n o f
the sa m e e rs o n S t h t b l f i s e a ra bl e u n s, A r t 1 4 5
p e e
. e a e o n
p p r o n o . .
64 L ECT U R E v .
E A RT . 136 .

he s t o r a r h; l il a l do w
1 2
173 a c ,
-
ga r de n fim ; a w in ,

i t l
l: co u c h ; 52 ?a j u bi l e e &c , w h ich a r e n o t e d in t h
‘
a , . e

di ct io n a r ie s fi’e

136 . W e h o w ho w t he n o u n o f t he
no w co m e to s ,

fe m i n in e g e n d e r i s fo r m e d fr o m t h a t o ft he m a s c u li n e .

1 I t w i ll r e a d i l y b e p e r ce i v e d t h a t t h
. e n am es o f , ,

ce r t a i n o f fi ce s &c m a y a pp l y t o e i t h e r m e n o r w o m e n ;
,
.
,

a n d t h a t ca se s m a i n w h i ch i t m a b e n e ce ss a r y
y o cc u r
y ,

t o d e sig n a t e t h e se x o f t h e p e r so n t o w h i c h s u ch w o r d i s ,

a pp l i e d Th e m a sc u l i n e fo r m s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n p o i n t e d
.

o u t ; i t w i l l b e n e ce s s a r y h e r e o n l t o sh e w h o w t ho se
y
p e c u l i a r t o t he fe m i n i n e a r e fo r m e d fr o m t h e m .

2 Fe m i n i n e n o u n s w ill b e fo r m e d fr o m t h
. e m a sc u l i n e ,

g e n e r a ll
y y b a dd i n
g t
, h e t e r m i n a t io n l or 1
37 an d
'
r ,

ch a n
g g i n t he p r e ce d i n
g v o w el s o f t h e u l t im a t e o r
p en u l

t i m a t e s yl l a b l e a s t h e a n al o
gy o f t h e wo rd
, ( h e r e a ft e r t o

b e co n si d e r e d ) a n d t h e r u l e s d e t a il e d ( Ar t t
,
93 1 01 ) .
,

m a y r e q u i r e ; c g B l ip a g o o d m a n &c ; fi gi
. .
,
.

w o m a n &c ; , ( go r i i n a l fo r m
.
T 7 73 ) a h i n
g n a 1 ,

m afia
'

”Emit , fe m a vi s i t o r , o r
‘

q u e en ; rpgn m a sc . or , .

v is i t i n
g .

3 . Le t us n o w d iffe r e n t
se e , in w ha t i n s t a n ce s t h e s e
t e r m i n a t io n s a r e t o b e t a k e n I t w il l b e e x t r e m e l y .

dif fi c u l t t o l a y d o w n r u l e s c o m p r e h e n d i n g e v e r y p o s s i bl e
c a se : w e s h a l l co n t e n t o u r s e l v e s t h e r e fo r e w i t h t h e , ,

fo l l o w i n g g iv e n b y A l b e r t S ch u l t e n s
, .

4 No u n s e n d i n g i n a n i m m u t a b l e ?
. v o w e l w il l g e n e r a l l y “

t ake t h e t e r m i n a t io n fl v i s i t e d m a sc ; n
y
‘
as
p a , ,
.

{
fe m ; B l ip g o o d m a s c ; ”Di ta fe m
. 7 1 7 51 g r e a t m a s c ;
, .
,
.

I n the se c a se s , to o , the f
i n i n e ge n d e r m i gh
em t ha v e b een as c r ib e d to the se

n o u n s, in c o n se q u e n c e o f the i r b e in g c
o n s id e r e d a s s i gn f
i yi n g un n i t e l l ige n t

a ge n ts . S e e A r t 2 1 5 , &c . .
,
o n t he c c on o rd a n c e g e n e r a l l y.
Wha t v o w e l s a re t o be c o n s i d e r e d a s m u t a bl e , or i m m u t a bl e , Wi l l b e s he w n
in the ne xt L ct e u re .
ART . 136 . F OR M AT I ON O F TH E F EM I N I NE . 65
‘

‘ '
l lil fe m
HZ .
; P3 ;
1
} j ust, m a sc fe m . A fe w
n oun fo r m i n g t he fe m
sv a r y t he p e n u l t i m a t e v o w e l in .
,

a s pi m
, p fem m a am s s w e e
,
t : J i l l ! f
e m H
.
al }l d e l i h
g f
t u l ,
?
.
, .

T h is i s g e n e r a l l y e x t e n d e d i n s u ch w o r d s t o t h e i r
”

, ,

p l u r als .

5 P a r t i c ip l e s o ft he Hi hh i l co n j u g a t i o n a r e e x c e p t e d
.
p
a s, fe m 79 w i t h s o m e o t h e r n o u n s : a s,
.
,

r u le r mo fe m
' ‘
fil l fl l l il
“

a ; .
, a m a ster ; or

1 1 2793 a m is t r e s s .

6 . P a t r o n y m i cs , an d n o uns or ig i n a ll ye n di n g i n a l so

o r di n a l n u m b e r s e n d in g i n T r u le
"
a n d fa l l i n u n d e r t his
g
”

, ,

w il l d o u bl e t h e by D d g és h u p o n r e ce i v i n g t h is fe m i ,

n i n e t e r m i n a t io n : a s ‘
25 2 1 7
3 a h i a a bi t e ; m a r i n
,
g ( o r

m ssu s) a M o a bi t e s s
i
SO a S r ia n ; f
y . em fi l m , s .

( or
m i l l 3 b e a r i n
g f r u i t
-
; nj p i z w e e
p i n
g ;
s
mg u) t h e th i r d m a sc ; m a e s , ( or m
any) . fem
r
, .

7 No u n s t a ki n g a fi n a l S h
. eva in t h e p e n u l t im a t e

s l l a b l e w i ll i v i l l a b ic a u m t h
y u
p o n r e c e n
, g an
y y a s
g e n a v e ,
'
n fo r t h e i r fe m i n in e t e r m i n a t i o n D i lizt r e d m a s c
‘

as , , .
,

( fo r H Q D Q E f l i l H / f
)
‘
29 2
A LJ P
e m ;
“ 1 t t e m a sc ; . e m ; ,
.
, .

3 9g s u r r o u n de d m a s c fl gpg f em
, S O a l s o p a r t i c ip l e s
.
, .
,

h a v in g 7 1 fo r fo r t h e i r l a s t r a d ica l l e t t e r w i t h a n
, ,

i n i t ia l ( z) i n t h e u l t im a t e
( by a n al o
g y) ; as In m y } ;
r ev ea le d for ”0 793 ; o f ”n 3
, m a sc b y co n t ra ct io n i
,
.

( A rt 7 3.
)
8 H e n ce a l l s e g o l a t e n o u n s w il l fo r m t h e i r f em m m es

W
.
,

i n ”T ; a s o f WI I a h
, i n g fe m {7 9573 a q u e en , .
,
r

L L
Of DR
f ood f em 7 1
529 5, 2 ; 5 1 13,
o f 2 1 1] w i ck
. e dn e ss
, , ,

fe m ”bw ; o r b yco n t r a c t i o n (Ar t 87 L ): l of

“
.
, . .
,
l

h f
'
“
PS co n t r a c t e d by Ar t 8 7 E n t in H
"

( H T ‘
, P u
g e .m .
,
. .

9 S m . o f d t t k e b t ht h e f m i i
e n o u n s a re o un f m o a o es e n n e or s : a s,

w arm fl ws
” T a o
"
,ki or
g d m ; m a n i a , a m airt n
n a
f y; moi l n
-
r z
'
,
o r . a

( P h a hh h t k f S eg él a cc t Of t h
'

t a s .i t d are ere a en ns ea e o s on o un :

F
66 L EC T U R E v.
i [ AR T . 137 .

mp s l m m' ho r g u a r d S O s o m e
'
Hu n l
gu t t u ral fl
) , or , a wa t c .

p ar t i c ipl es an d in fi n it i v e s as , or m
pfi s v is i t in
g f em , , .

or “ 7 3 7
, br i n g in g f or t h T O w h
. i c h m a
y b e a d d ed the

i c &c a bo ve n o t ic e d a s w e ll as m a n o th
p a t r o n ym s, .
, , y er n ouns ,

hi c hw il l b e l e a r n e d b e s t fro m p r a c t i c e
w .

1 3 7 No u n s n o t s u bj e ct t o t h e s e r e s t r ic t io n s w i ll
.
,
fo r
the m o s t p a r t , h a v e t h e i r fe m i n i n e fo r m s e n d i n g i n n or

in so m e e q u i v a l e n t t e r m in a t io n : fl
‘
l
a s,
Q a cr o w n ;

fe m .
( h i
w ch a l so ha s fi nial ) .

2 . The t e r m in a t io n s e
q i v ale n t t o
u M a rc : 1, n l
‘
2 ru

3 ’
n ‘
fl » ; 5, o r n 7, n ”

or n as,

1 fi lm? or “ F
s is t er f OE b u t, on a c co u n t Oft he u t t u ra l 71 mp 3
, , ,
g , ,

w hic h b y Ar t ,
. 87 1 , w ill b e co m e n ln fl , o r fi lm : 2 N 5 2"I 1
fo r
{1
153 an d b y Ar t 8 7 , 2 e x il e : 3 , .
?
a
p a t te r n , f
or .

fl ‘
TUJ
J- ,
an d b
y Art 8 7 4
‘
n J Q n : 4, i n or n l.
’
fig fi n di ng ,
lb .
W f
byA rt. 87 5 5 , “ Nu l l f
or sin , ( y
b t he sa m e c
Ar t i l e ) ; 6 ,
hf r un , t h
'

] fo r fl - fl
‘
z .
g ivin
g, (p i m it i ve f
o rm r e 3 b e in
g re e
j c t ed by

An . So , ha s m a , fo r m us o r m e n 7 , n .

h , fo r n i b,
br i n g in g f h a c hild (
o rtp r im it i v e fo r m an d r e
j e c t
, i n
g t h e ,

m e d ia l 7 fo r th e s a ke o f e u h
, p on
y e h
w a ve Fo r t h e sa m e ,

re a s o n w e h a v e f o r fl d
fl fi o ne f
e m ; “ 3 a da u h
g t er fo r , .
,

or ( A rt b ut ru m a s o n
g h as
. t h e r e u la r
g ,

Ch al da I C o r S y r ia c t e r m i n a t io n .

On th
e In
fi e ct i o n o f Noun s .

138 . Thre e n um be r s are

g i se d
r e co by H e b re w
n

Gr am m a r i a n s, in t he i n fl e c t io n o fN o u n s v iz t he S in
g u la r, .

the D u al, an d the Pl u r a l .

On th
e F o rm a tio n f
o the D ua l N u m be r .

1 . Th
d u a l n u m be r i s fo r m e d fr o m t he s i n g u l a r by
e ,

a d di n
g t he t e r m i n a t io n D
‘
as a da
y ; D Q V t w o .
,
‘

i n g ; D Q 7 Q t w o ki n g s 7 13 53;
‘
da ys ; T7 Q ( o f 1 7 79) a h
‘ 1
'
‘
7 =
,

a
q uee n ; 0 11 3 7
n t w o q u e en s : D J t w o , a n d , b y Co n
‘
W
t r a ct i o n ( Art . 87 . Digi } ; a n d f
t em f o r D lj w , U
‘
N ! .

( f
or D
‘ W
QQ ) by t he ,
sa m e r u le : fr o m m a sc . an d
 AR T . 138 . a ] ON TH E P LU R AL N UM B ER . 67

fe m .
( no w o b so l e t e .
) Se e a l so m
y L e x i co n

( p . Fr o m t h i s co n t r a ct i o n i t s ho u l d se e m t hat , t he

o ri i n a l d u a l t e r m in a t io n w a s Q T
‘
g .

2 Al l fe m in i n e n o u n s e n d i n g i n
. c ha n ge h
te
u po n r e ce v n i i g an
y i n cr e m en t w h a t s o e ve r ; as a l so , w hen

p t iun co n s t r u ct i o n w it h an
y o t he r n oun , of w h ich m o re
-
w il l be s a id h a v e ra nyn; a s a b o v e
h e r e a ft e r : h e n ce we i
.

3 Th e du a l n u m ber is
. fo r t h e m o st
p ar t r e s t r i ct e d , ,

t o t h i n g s w h ich a r e d o u b l e b ye i t h e r n a t u r e o r a r t a s t h e ,

d o u b le m e m be r s o f t h e b o dy
f o l d in
g d oors & c I t i s , , .

n e v e r fo u n d i n t h e co n j u a t i o n o f v e r b s
g .

4 A f e w i n s t a n ce s o ccu r
. i n w h i ch a d u a l t e r m i n a t i o n ,

is a d d e d t o a n o u n a l r e a dy in t h e
p l u r al n u m be r : a s ,

D p b h t w o w a l ls
j
I s a xxii 1 1 ; ca p i r
,t w o t a ble s . .
,

Ez e k xx vi i 5 . . .

Th e ch a n
g e s Oft h e
p r e ce d i n
g v o w e l s w il l b e r e u l a t e d
g
a s be fo r e (Ar t 93 t h e se w ill b e p a r t i cu l a r l y co n
.
,

si de r e d i n t he n e x t L e ct u r e .

On the Fo r m a t i o n f
o the P l u r a l N u m be r M a s cu l i n e .

139 . No u n s Of the m a s cu l in e g e n d e r a r e m a de
p l u r al

by at t a ch i n g t he a s yl l a bi c a u gm e n t to the si n
g u la r :

3 1a g o o d , m a s c l l
'
of
f) w
" ”
a s, .
,
D ‘
Q p to ur t; o r i 7Q
.

hi n g , pl u r , D‘
p “
l a a n a t i o n p l u r 0 113 ( for D ‘ i
fi
‘
a .
; g ,
.
,

b y o m i s s i o n , Ar t . na t io n s ; “fl ip; a
g s tr a n er ,
p l ur .

( f
or 0 2 1 9 ; by co n t r a c t io n a n d o m i ss i o n , Ar t t . 75 .

an d S o 13 m m Je w s ( fo r ,

}?p
SO m y l 9 1
?s ca r le t ,
.I sOf
a i 1
”
8 ; 13 1 5 1
93 , o f . .
Wf r ee
,
. v
I sa l i i i 6 ; .

m , aOf
c n ? i n n er , 1 h r o n i i i 1 1 fCo r 9xxv
321 5 Se e
3,
. . .

The 1: a dd e d t o Heb re w m c li as u ne
p l u ra l s, a s w el l a s t he 1 Of Syr i a c a n d
C hld ic ha v e ed f th u r o s e Of fi l l i n
’

a a o n e s, seem s to m e to b ee n a
pp l i or e
p p g
u
p t he hi a t u s ,
w hic hw o u l d ot he r w is e ha v e ha pp e n e d . S u c hi s t h e Ta n w ee n

o f the Ar a b s ; w hi c h cc , a o rdi n g t o the m ,

is a l w a ys c u f wh
t of en the

F 2
 2 . In m a n y in s t a n c es, ho w ev e r , wo r ds o f t hi s k in d a r e w r it t e n
l
fu l l y; ? a s, g
w il L e v it e s, sm .
v
b; Cu s h
i t es ( v u l ga r l y
Et h i pi ) ;
5
o ? q C h
ansi t t i m I xx i ii 1 2 , sa . . Est h iv 7 ; . .

i ii 7 ; D WE DB C h l d 2 Ch xxx i l 7 & h h
‘
v . a ea n s , ro n . v .
,
c. ; w e r e t e

m g i l
ar d i g i g
na l l yrea f t h c t
n r c t d f m s e n er a O e on a e o r .

i t c N i t h pl c f D ag e h
'

I n o n e i t d in s an e s n se r e n e a e o s : a s,

f c t 12 i A r b 2 C h
o r 1 1
or on r .
‘
a s, ro n . x vn . .

3 W h t h C hl d i c t m i t i
'

m t im
. e so e es ave e a a er na on a s,

ki g nP v xxx i 3 ; P l ? (f
s, ro . i l d c ti t Ez k
.
“
or s an s, on n en s, e .

xx i 1 8 & v .
, c.

4 Th . e t e r m in a t i n
g l e t t ers D or
( C ha l da l c
) are ,

al wa s o m it t e d whe n t h e n o u n i s in t h e st a t e o f de fi n ite
y ,

co n s t r u c t i o n w i t h t h e fo l l o w i n
g w o rd
( Art or .
,

w h e n a n ya fii x e d p r o n o u n i s a t t a ch e d t o i t as
“
19l ,

p gQ t h
l
ki n g s of t h e la n d ; D e i r ki n s ; o f w h i ch m o r e
‘
l ’ ‘
g n

w ill b e s a i d h e r e a ft e r Th e fi r s t o f t h e s e fo r m s i e w i t h .
, . .

D or 1 f i n a l i s t e r m e d A bs o l u t e ; t h
, , e s e co n d i s t e r m e d ,

th a t of Co n s t r u c t i o n .

5 I m . c mn so wh e chp l l w d
a se s, t i
o re o ve r , en su u ra or s are no n

th fc ct i t h l t t l ? g irl f "
te sta e o t on s ru m it t d on , ese e e rs a re o e : a s, ,
or

fi ‘
Q l” h
t o se w him P s ii 1 2 &c h
o tr ust in , . .
, .

6 . We o cc a s io n a l ly fi n d t he t e r m in a t io n : o r
“ r

in s t e a d o f E“
;
Or as
“
2 5 l o cu s t s A m o s V I]
, 1 N a h ii i 1 7 , .
,
. . :
1?e w in do w s ,

Jer . xx ii a p . i 14 ;
e s,
”
?
t r n c J u dg . v. 15 ;
”
D3 7 m o u n t a in s , Ze c h .

“ in 3d c
5 ; D n e t w o r ks , I s a
£
“
x iv . . x ix . 9 ; ( m en , &c .
) un o ve r e d,
I sa . xx . 4 ; d fr e q u e n t l y,
an
”
i ? t
t he A l m ig ht y; 19 }
7 13 L o r d
, &c .

his d ip hth l ya n o t h 7
B u t, as t on
g i s on er fo rm f
or
“

( A rt 8 7 . .

we m a y pe r ha p s c clon u de , t ha t t hi s t e r m i n a t io n is no t hin g m o re

wo rd i s pl a c ed in the s ta te Of defi n it e co n st r u ct i o n ,
as is a l so its s u bstitu te t he
o

fi n a l v) f the du al d pl u r a l — Nl b ll N k—
'
o an .
u j fi -
d
r g a a
/
F A S
)
i W
“

ll
“

M i
03
9 M 31
3 L
e &c H idaya t Na h
0 ) oon we ,
- -
, .

p .
cv C lc a u t t a , 1 8 03 . The M OOl l a J am i c o n sid e r s t his t e r m in a t io n as the

i n de x f c o a om
p l e t e w o rd ; whi ch w h , en l o st in t he sta te Of c o n s t ru cti on , is

su
pp l i e d b y t he f ll
o o w in g w o rd . C mm o en t . on the K afi a , p .
ll h .
ART . 139 . OF T H E P LUR AL .
N U M B ER . 69

t ha n a c o n t ra cti o n fo r an d p t he r e fo r e
q ,
e rf
e c t ly e u iv a e n t l to it
in a ll res
p e ct s bu t, ,
n o t c
n e e s s a r il
y o n t a i n in
g an
y t hi n
g p c
s u e r l a t i ve ,

a s so m e ha v e t ho u g ht . Th i s t e r m i n a t io n a s a lso be e n s u
pp o se d h
to d e s ig n a t e c o cti
ll e ve n ouns ; bu t, as mo s t p l u r a l n ouns m a
y b e

c o n s id e r e d a s c ll c t i
o e ve s, t he r e do e s no t see m to be an
y n e c e ss it
y
fo r t hi s d is t i n cti on he r e .

7 . The re a r e , m o r e o ve r , s e v e r a l
p a ss a
g es, in w hic h ha s bee n
t ho u ght t o be a
p l u ral t e r m in a t i o n . a s,
“
275 3 7 7 Wi l l hea d of t he
‘
'

c a
p t a in s ; 2 S a m . xxx iii . 8, whi ch i n t he p a r a l le l p a s s a ge , 1 Ch ro n .

D ‘
WBw ‘ ‘
i l and" So th
e ca
p t a in s an d
the r u n n er s, 2 K in g s x i 4, 1 9
. . O ft his k i n d so m e s u
pp o se

Gen . x ii 6 ,
. xi ii . 7
“
1 1 712
9 , 2 Sa m . v i ii . 1 8, xx . 7 , 2 8 , &c t o .

be ; w hil e Ot he r s b e l ie v e t he t e r m in a t i n
g ()
l
to in di c ate no t hin g
m o re t ha n a
p a t ro n
ym i c or
g en t ile n oun .
*
TO t he s e so m e o ther

I am v er
y m u c hd i s
p o se d to b e l ie v e, tha t the
p l u ra l t e r m i n a t i o n att a c hd e

to He b re w n o un s an d v e r bs, IS n o t hi n g m o re t ha n a f
r a gm e n t Of s o m e w o rd

o ri
gi n a l l y u se d t o d e s i gn a t e p l u r a l t y: i I n the y S M
a n s rit , a n d s o m e o t h
a la er,
c
l a n g u a ge s , t h f
:
e
p l u r a l n u m b e r i s s t il l o r m e d by a d d i n g s o m e w o r d t) w o rd s

s i gn i f
y m g m u ch
,
m
y
an , 0 1 the l kei °
o r, b y r e pe a t m g t he sa m e wo rd : a ,
1n t he
M ala
y, Or un
g ba n ia k, o r Or a n
g ora n ,
g m an
y man ; or man m an . So in
Sa n s c ri t .
’
S e e Y a t e s s G ra m p 5 9 I t sho u ld, ho we . . . v e r, be bo rn e in m i n d,
tha t all e n e r ic n o u n s , i m p l yi n g w ho l e Cl a s s e s , m b t a ke n l u ra l s to
g a
y e as
p as

s e n se : an d t ha t , in su c hc a se s , the
y w i l l i m l
p y a l a r ge r
p l u ra l t ,
y i t ha n t he i r
se v e ra l
p l u ra l f o rm s w 1ll.

In he C o p t ic a n d Ne w Ze a l a n d a l s o t he s yl l a b ic u i o r n u w hic h1 5 p re fi x e d
t , ,

fo r t h e pu r o se o f desi n a ti n t h l u ra l n u m b e r , s e e m s m a n i fe s t l y t o b e
p g g e
p
d e r i v e d fr o m t h e w o rd n a a o r n u wh i c h i n b o t ht h e s e l a n g u a ge s m e a n s g r e a t , ,

m u ch o r t h ,e l i ke I n th e H e b re w w e fi n d w o r d s
. d e r i v e d fr o m t h e r o o t 71 7
1; ,

o r rm be i n , s i n i f i n r w ea l t h r ea t m i f
g g y g s u bs t a n ce ,
& c : a s p; ; 71 ” a
1 g s or t un e .
, ,

ca la m i ty; o r
9
mt ! a
g r ea t de ep , a ba t h . I n the A r ab i c c g - b is, i n o r di n a t e

2l
,

a
fi éct i o n ; 4’ l a st , a
g r ea t de ep , a b ss
y an d he n c e p er ha p s, “
7
1W J e h
o va h
: , ,

B e in g , B e in g , ha t i c a l l y, w e l l a s TTTIN W
i th m
'
or r ea t em D, o r mu as
‘

; m
g p O «M
E ,

E x o d . i ii 1 4
. . SO in t he Sa n s ci r t B hu v a n ,
l 1 t e r a l ly a n d et
ym o lo gi c all
y B et /
1
,g,
a
p p l i ed to Go d, o r an
yg re a t m an ,
f ro m t he ro o t bhu , be . No w , 1 fwe ca n

c c iv
on e e a n oun Of t he p i i iv f
r m t e o rm 1 2
77
,
i . e. WU be i n g , su bs t a n ce , o r t he
l ik the, us to be u se d ; we hl l h v
s a a e t he f
o rm s b y Eu ph y
o n , ( A rt .

an d by c on t ra t ioc n
(A r t . 87 . W it i r n
g t he n u p 33 1
“

,
In t he f
o rm
p ro
p e r

fo r c o n s t t u ct i o n bu t In o n e w o rd , an d s t r ik i n
g o u t the first 71 . b yA rt . an d
the l as t b y A r t . 74 ; we s ha l l ha v e f
or t he c o n c
t ra t e d p l u r a l f o rm , to w h i ch
t h
e Eu p h o n ic D o r
1 m ay be ad de d or no t : an d Wl l l l o u l . t he ( 3) 3 33
‘
70 L EC T U R E E
“
v . AR T . 139 . s .

p a ss a
g es m ight be a d de d : a s, Job xxxi . 28 , co m
p ared w it h
Ib . v . 11 ; "a
n 1 Sa m . x x . as ; “
i n Gen . x l 16 ;
. 2 Sa m .

xx ii . 4 4 ; Ps . c xl i v. 2 , La m . i i i 1 4 , &c
. .

In al l su he s e
chc m a y a cc o r din
a se s a s
g t o o u r h o th
t yp e s i
,s , ,

b e a p l u r a l t e r m in a t i o n t h e Eu h o n i c D b e in c ut of f b ut a s it
p g , ,

w ill b e h er e a ft e r se e n t h at C
) i s a l so th e t e r m i n a, t i o n o f p a t r o n m ic
y .

or
g e n t ile n o u n s t he co n t e xt a l o n e m u s t b e o u r
, g u id e i n a s ce r

t a in i n g t h e s e n s e i n s u c hp a s s a g e s .

8 D r G e s e n i u s i s o f o p i n io n t h at th e t e r m i n a t io n
‘
j i s in so m e
‘

. .
, ,

c a se s n o t hi n g m o r e t ha n a n Ar a b is m fo r t he s i n gu l a r ” j : a s
, ,

v i
i ?fo r fl j
l
l?a fi e ld, D e u t xxx i i . 1 3 ; Ps . v i ii . 8 . So “ fi n fo r
fi ll” a s eer , 2 Ch ro n . x x x m . 1 9, &c .
, bu t t h1s \
1s u n n e c e ss a r
y.

9 . So m e h a ve su
pp o se d, t ha t l “ , an d a w it hout t he E u
p ho n ic

l , ar e cc a i
o s o n a ll
y u se d as
p l u r al term in a t io n s . as, WW
W ?
Ye
“

W r u n (b y
'

s h
ii r ti n fo r I sr a e l . to be r ead DVQ
i v i de r s o e h
h
Ar t . 87 g . e di f t
au u r s,
e a ve n s . . . I sa . x lv1 1 . 13 .

”f l ” “B fl) 7 3 ? t h
-
So ai ( e m u l t i t u de of ym
.
l a rv . Ho s . v i ii . 12 .

Ps . cx 1 x . 79 ; 2 Sa m . v. 8 ; 7 23 ? 1 Chro n . v i. &c .

In m o st o f the se an d s im il a r p a s s a ge s , ho w e ve r , we h a v e a v a r io u s

r ea d in g i n t he m a r gi n , wh i hs u pp l ie s t h
c e m o r e u s u al
p l u r al t e r m i

n ati n o ,
t o 0

On the Fo r m a t io n o f the P lu r a l N u m be r Fem in i n e .

1 40 . The t e r m in a t io n u se d t o d e s ig n a t e t he fe m in i n e

a
p l u ral f o rm n o ti edc abo v e . Ag ain , t a ki n g the seg o la t e fo rm
p ro
p e r f
or

c o n st r u c t io n , an d s t r ik in g ou t the t wo n Hés
'
as be f
o re , w e sha l l ha v e ”
13 3 ,

w hi c hi s t he t e r m in a t i o n p ro
p er o r th
f e st a t e o
f co n s t r u ct io n l ike w i se . Th
e

t e rm i n a t i o n 17
,
or by c on t ra c t io n 1 , ( Ar t 8 7. . m i gh o r th
t, f e s a ke o f d is
cti
t in on ha v e b e e n t a ke n fo r t he p l u r a l o f v e r b s , fr o m t he c o gn a t e r o o t mg ,
,

hv i g
a n th e s a m e s i gn ifi c a t i o n : f or t a k in g t h e s eg o la t e or
p ri m i t i v e ,
fo rm , ,

735 ,1 o r 7 1173 , w e sh all h a v e 71 1 71 b yco n t ra c t i o n ( A r t 8 7 2 a n d , w ri t i n

g r ipe . . .
,

fo r m pg, a s b e fo r e , w e sh al l h ave th e p lu r a l t e r m i n a t i o n s f o r so m e a r ts o f t h
p e

v e rb a s a l s o f
, o r s o m e n o u n s a b o v e n o t ic e d ; w h i ch ,
a s th e y p ro b a b l y a r e r ea l

a n c i e n t fo r m s o fn o u n s i n t h e p l u ra l n u m b e r , s t o o d i n n o n e e d o fc o r r e c t i o n b y

th e M a s o re t s .

Th e
p l u r a l t e rm i n a t i o n o f t h e fe m i n in e n o u n s m ayh a v e a l s o a r ise n fro m ,

th o f th e fo r m c h h
is r o o t : f o r i f w e t a ke
w, e a n d a n g e t e fi n a l 7 ! i n to h /
,

wh ic ho cca s i o n a l l y t a ke s l a c e , —w e s h l l h ave, b oh t r a ct i o n , n i n , A r t 8 7 1
p a y c . .

an d, f
or ru
n
"

m i n , n i t pi e ,'
as be f
o re .
AR T . on T H E P LU R AL N UM B ER . 71

pl u r a l i s, 1 1 3 — 95
w h ich , l ik e t h e p r e ce d i n g D T , &c i s
‘
.

Tl l l l lfi ( o r Ar t
'' '
a s yl la bi c : a s,
"
’ a e n e r a t io n , fl 7 2
g l
. .

It l l ?) g e n e r a t i o n s
'
.

2 . W
h e n t he fe m in in e s in g ular en ds in H or

t h e s e t e r m in i in f
o r m in h
'

11 7 , &c .
, at o n s are j
r e e ct e d , g t c

p l u r al : a s, ”71919 , or 71 3 1
1 1 5 , v is i t i n
g , ( f
em .
) 1 1 1 7 91 93 ,

Th m a y b e s a id o f th
'

p l u r al
fi
'
e sa m e e Ch al da ic t e r m i
9 ‘
n a t io n l l
'
a s, 1 1 313 331 p r a is e , my
nm p r a is es, Ps .

ix . 1 5 , &c .

di n g i n I t j r , a n d I l l 7 , t a k e t h
'‘
Fe m i n i n e
'
3 . n o u n s en e
-

t e r m i n a t io n , Tl l i n t h
''
sa m e e p l u r a l , w i t h t h i s a d d i t io n a l

co n s i de r a t i o n , v iz . t ha t in t he fir s t ca s e , i s d o u bl e d b y
D ag es h: a s, W1 29}! a H e br e w wo m a n , pl u r a l hi filgl ! ‘

( t he si n
g u lar be i n g 11 1
11 9 11 , or Ful fi l) : an d, in the

s e co n d by p r e fi x in g
,
a n d p r e s e r v in
g t h e h o m o
g en eo u s

i m p e r fe ct v o w e l co r r e sp o n d i n g t o l : a s 11 1 3 2
’
759 a k i n
g ,

cl a m $1 1 ; s ki n g d o ms a s i f t h
”
,
e sin
g u l ar h a d be e n a ,

co n t r a ct i o n of 7 111 3 7 79 2 .

'
4 . No u n s en d in g in I l l
? are so m e t im e s fo u n d w it h
pl u r a l s fo r m e d ,
by t he a d d it i o n o f the pl u r a l t erm i
d I ll r
'
n a t io n s D; ”
an
-
: a s, fl ‘
QD a s
p ea r ,
p l u r al D
D J fl ‘ ‘

d I l l l J Q ; I l l }! fo r n i ca t i o n , p l u r a l D ml l , &c
' ' ’
‘
an .

5 N o u n s, e n d in g i n n a s, N a do o r , ha ve t h
.
27 ! e
'
5 JE h
'
p l . 11 1111 1 ; n wp a bo w , p l . fl lfl lZ o ws ;
( f
or

ne w ) a l ip p
, l 11 1 !)n p
) l i s . .

Th e p l u r a l o fa
1 41 . o n s ide r a b l e n u m b e r c o fm c
a s u l in e n o u n s , is
fo u n d w i t h t he fe m in i n e t e r m i n a t io n I T l hil e o n t he o t he r
w ,

ha n d , m an y fe m in i n e nouns are a l so fo u n d w i t h t h e m a s c u l in e

t e r m in a t io n in t he p l u ral a s, l st , 3 1 a a th
3 f e r
p l i l l
P}
l ,
. -

“ T73 7 “ ;
l 5
a t r ea s u r e, p l . an d , 2d , a sto n e, fe m . ;
p l .

D ‘b N a ll o fwhi ht h c xc
a
fi r t r ee , fi r t r e es ; e Le i ons w il l sup l
p y
as t he y o cc u r .

See t he n o te t o the p re c e d in g a rt i cl e.

In o ther w o r d s, t he f
em i n in e p l u ra l i s fo r m ed f
ro m t he c
m a s u l i n e s i n gu l a r ,

no t f ro m t he f mi
e n in e s in
g u la r.
 L ECT UR E v .
LA R T . 1 41 . a .

2 . N o un s o f the c om m on
g e n de r , a r e s o m e t im e s fo u n d w it ht w o
p l u r a l fo r m s a s 7 73 W a
y ea r
p l 3
T
92 5 a n d , 11 7 ,
.
, y ea r s : so D D
1
”
1 ’

an d d a ys fo r WP “ or fi l 3
“
l1 p l o
, f Di "
v : ,
- .
,
fo r 7531 2, a da y . A
fe w ot he r s ha v e t he c
m a s u l in e , a d d e d t o t he fem i n in e ,
fo r m o f the

p l u ral : a s, 77 73 3 hig hp l a c e pl
IT T
a a n d D UN E2 O t he r s
, .
- .

a
g a in , a re fo u n d o n l yi n t he
p l u ra l n u m be r : a s t h e f a ce , ,
'
‘
i lj
FQ
B D wo m e n h h
‘
D l if O d i t d l n l
e ; t e r s a r e u s e n . e u a o
y : as ,

w ill ? a m ill ; ba l a n c es , &c .

1 42 . G en e ri c n ouns s ig n i fyi n g t he w ho l e s
p e ci e s, m u st , e v en in
t hei gu la r
s n n um be r, be un de r s t o o d as p l u r a ls , w he n t he c on ten t

r e u ir e s
q i t : a s, il
l f
? o w l or f on ds ; llQ c h
F ild or c hil d r en ; 1 1 1 3
7
fl c k o or
fl o ks c .

2 . Hen g i fci
y g n
e, M n ouns
q si
e t a l s , Li u ids , Vi r t u e s , n Vi es ; t o c
wh i h m a y b e a dd e d P r ep e r n a m e s , a r e ge n e r a l l y fo u n d i n t h
c e

s i n u l a r n u m b e r o n l y: a s ,
g
1
3 s ilv er , 3 7
IT
"
g o l d , w i n e, “
33 3
5W?
?
o il ,
T

” D1 w is d o m , 7 1 7 3 3 o o l i s h n e s s , 7 mm ?h l
E ? 1 1 :
a t1
r e d ,
7 ”
fM o s e s ,
” 5 3
71
Zipp o r a h,
b fij w I s r a e l , &c
‘
.

We ha v e v t hl
3 nd t di g
n e l
er e es s, u ers a n n s, o ve s ,

W g
.
,

D Q U c es
g ra ,i d m & c b t i t h an er s , rv s o s, . u , n e se

c a s e t he s ig i fic t i i i t e i t i
s, n S e A t 2 23 3 a on s n ns ve . e r . . .

4 N .n i m p l yi g go u m s t lyf d i th e
p l ln m b er a e a re os o un n u ra n u

W
,

ly?c h h h ? h
'
l
f l
“
D i l d od t 3 l d &
a s,
y g o c , ou ,
o a e, . e ave ,

n e t hl e s
ver f ch
e il d hoods, nd f y t h to wh ic h o r , a or ou ,

so m e o t he r s m ig ht be a dd e d .

5 . W :
o r ds d T V,
} g en
e n e r a din g in
l l y d e n o t e n an t he s ta te in
m“
wh i h a n y pe r so n o r t h
c i n g i s s a id t o b e Hen e . c “ Vi
? w ill

s i n if t h h l h : th s e w o r ds t h c
g y e s t a te o
f i d o o d e e ref o re n eed no t be

p u t in t he p l u ral num ber . In the o t he r c a se , t he w o rd WE

I
?i s

ha ll t he r e fo r e ha v e 0
7 3 379 , fo
n
‘
p ro b a bl y de r s t o o d ;
un we s r 5

c h
il d is h ye a r s ; an d s o o fo t h ers wh i c hw i l l ,
a cc o un t fo r t he
a
pp ar en t a n o m a ly .

The n ouns
g en era l l y fo u n d i n t he du al n um ber ha v e l
a rea dy
b e e n p o in t e d out
( A rt . 138 .

On the Ch f t a k e p l a ce i n A o u n s w h
l
an
g es o un d to en
p u t in
the D efi n i t e S t a t e of Co n s t r u ct i o n .

1 43 B yt h .e d
efi n i t e s t a t e
of Co n s t r u ct i o n i s m ean t,

the j u x t a p o si t i o n o f t w o o r m o r e n o u n s n o t m , e a n in
g
the sa m e t hi n g , w h e n the l a t t e r is a d d e d fo r t he p u r p o se
AR T . . 1 43 . 2 ] ST ATE or C ONS TR U CT I ON . 73

o f
. d e fi n in g , or o t h e r w i se
q f i
y gn , t h at i m m e di a t e l y
u ali

h h h
'

j )
' ’
p r e ce din g i t : l J d a
"

Fl l ‘
a s, l se o v a s a n co t a ,

rod
of i r o n ; 0 :3 i ”
H U U p th
T
e da s
'

y of t he
y e a
“
r s
“
,

No w d s a r e a dd e d fo r t he p u r p o s e o f
h
‘

2 wor
'

.
, as su c

p r e s e n t in g s o m e o n e d efi n i t e i d e a t he w h o l e co m b i n a t io n ,

se e m s t o h a ve b e e n co n s i d e r e d a s p r e se n t in o n e co m
g
p o u n d w o r d o n l y ; a n d h e n ce t he g o v e r n i n g t o n e a cce n t , ,
-

ha s be e n s u pp o se d t o r e s t o n t he l a st s o co n s t r u e d a n d
t h e n ce t h e v o w el s o f t h e p r e ce d i n w o r d h a v e b e e n co n
, g
t r a c t e d o r r ej e c t e d a s f ar as th e a n alo y w o u l d a ll o w
g , .

3 .
'
H e n ce n o u n s h a v i n g p e r fe ct a n d m u t a b le v o w e l s ie
,

i n t h e i r u l t i m a t e a n d p e n u l t i m a t e s y l l a bl e s w il l g e n e r a l l y
, , ,

ch a n e t h a t in t h e u l t im a t e t o i t s h o m o
g e n e o u s i m p e r fe ct
g ,

a n d r ej e c t t h a t i n t h e p e n u l t im a t e : a s
i
Fl t ” 3 3
“

on e ,
r 1 ,
~

Je h o v a hs w o r d ( fr o m t N Dfl Je h
’
’
fl i o va hs l a w
’
‘

r “
,

f ro m fl j l fl )
( .

4 Al l fe m i n i n e n o u n s h o w e v e r e n d in g i n Tl w il l
'
.
, ,

ch a n g e t h e 71 t o Fl ; p r o b a b l y f ,or th e p u r p o se o f r e n

d e r i n g t he ch a r a ct e r o f s u ch w o r d s m o r e s u sce p t ib l e t o
th e ear t h a n t h e y w ou l d b e w i t h
,
th e r e m a i n in
g
(A rt . 138 .

5 . Exce p t i o n s —
Al l m a scu l i n e n ouns si n
g ular en d in g
i n FIT 1 w i l l t a k e fl it , w h e n p r e c e d i n g o t h e r s i n t h
— °
e st a t e
“

D A b r a m s s t o ch N o t
’
o f c o n s t r u ct i o n , DQ Q S HJE
‘

as .

u n l ik e t h i s , W /
it 1,29 , en e , t i t h
"

7 3
c o n s t r l e :
V7 9, co n st r . .

V 3 1 7) ,
a r es ting p l a ce
fo r ca t t l e
111 2 t t
i /
D , s u
pp o r t .
, , W ,

w it h fe w o t he r s o f t h e s a m e fo r m S o m e m a k e fi l lj ,
‘
a .

co n s t r . o f w h ich so i n t e r fe r e s w it h t he fo r m o f the

wo d to se t all a n al o at h t Se g o la t e
‘

r , as
gy nou
g . noun s

The se w il l b e d i s t i n g u is hed w he n we c om e t o t re a t o ft he f o rm s o fn o u n s .

1 Th is t e r m t n a t m g v o wel se e m s to hv
a e b e e n t a ke n , i n o 1 de r to a v o id t he
c f o n o u n d in
g o f t he s e nouns w i t hf
em in m es en d i n
g i n
74 L ECT UR E v . C AR T . 1 43 . 6 .

are su
“

to n o v a r i a t io n in t he si n
g u lar n um be r : a s,

ts
ne th hi n g qf A s syr i a fi “
“

Se go l a t e h a vin g I o r fo r t h e i r i dd l e
”
6 . n oun s , ,
m

ra d ica l l e t t e r w ill u n d e r g o a co n t r a ct i o n w he n p r e ce d i ng
,

o t he r n o u n s in t h e s t a t e o f co n s t r u c t i o n : a s 15 7
] 7
11 17
1 t h e ,

m i d s t of t h a r d en ( fr o m 41 1 1 o f713 13 ) b A 8 7 1
"
5
rt
e
g y ,
. .

11 31 t h e h J a co bi f 7) s ufii
‘
f ( or 1 1
1 1
o u se o 1

c l o n e y of bu r n i n
g I sa x l 1 6 ( A rt 8
,
7 . . . . .

7 All d u a l a n d p l u r a l n o u n s e n d i n g i n D : an d
“
.
, , ,

D ; r e sp e ct iv e l y w il l t a k e t h
”

e t e r m i n a t io n a n d r ej e ct
“
, ,

o r o t h e r w i se co n t r a ct th e
p r e ce di n
g v o w e l w h e n e ve r i t
, ,

eh o va h
p f e r e c t a n d m u t a bl e ; e g s w o r ds
’
1s J . .

si n
( g m i n J Q ( g l h “if
i ’ d l D 143 !)
‘ ‘
.
;
s n l o r u a , .
. ,

Je h o v a hs e ye s I n t h e s e ca se s t h e t e r m i n a t ih D o
’
.
g f , ,

th e d u a l a n d p l u r a l m a y b e co n s i d e r e d a s e u p h o n i c
, ,

th i h C al da ic S r ia c an d r a b ic
'

as a l so e
I n t e h y A , ,

( A r t 1 3
. 9 .

On t h e te m
r i n a i
t on “
7 o cca si o n a l l y fo u n d i n t h is
,

s i t u a t io n , see Ar t 1 3 9 6 . . .

8 . Fr o m the d y g i v e n i t w ill b e s e e n
e x a m pl e s alre a ,

t h a t t h i s co n s t r u c t i o n m a y, g e n e r a l l y, b e t r a n sl a t e d by
th e
g e n i t i v e ca s e i n o t h e r lan
g g
u a es ; b u t , a s o n e o r

o t he r o f the p a r t icl e s is a l so o cc a s i o n a l l
y i n t r o d u ce d f
or

t h is p ur p o se ,f as w e ll
o r m co m b i n a t i o n s e u i v a l e n t
q as to

to th e d if fe r e n t ca se s o f t he G r e e k a n d La t in
g r am m ars ;

th e S t u d e n t i s r e fe r r e d t o t h e S yn t a x f or fu r t h e r i n
fo r m a t i o n o u t hi s s u bj e ct .

ON THE PR O N OU NS , S EP AR A B L E, A ND I N S EP A R A B L E .

1 44 . The pr o n o u n s a re, in t he H ebr e w, as in o t he r

The r e a so n o fthis w il l b e s he w n he r e a ft e r . Art 1 4 8 2

. . .

1 He n c e,
pe r ha ps , t he t e r m i n a t io n ”
1 i n p l u ra l m as c u l i n e n o u n s, a s
“
13 1 18

fo r se e Ar t 1 3 9 7
. . . n o te .
A R T. ON TH E P R ONOU N S .

l a n g u a g e s, 1 . P erso n a l, 2 . D e m o n s t r a t ive , 3 . R e l a t i ve ,
an d, 4 . I n t e r r o g a t i ve ; w it h w h ich , 5 . the Re
f l e c t i ve ,

pro n o u n s , an d th e D e fi n i t e Ar t i cl e , a r e so m e t i m e s cl a s s e d .

We sh a ll at p r e s e n t co n si d e r t he P e r s o n a l P r on o u n s
o n ly .

The P er so n a l P r o n o u n s.

1 . Th e s e d S ep a r a bl e a n d I n s ep a r a bl e
are t erm e , .

Whe n S ep a r a ble t h e y a r e t o b e co n si d e r e d a s r e p r e
,

se n t in g t h e
p e r so n t o w h i ch t h e y b e l o n
g i n t he n o m i n a t i ve ,

ca se : w h e n I n s ep a r a bl e t h e y e x h ib i t o n l y a fr a g m e n t
, ,

o r part o f th e S e a r a bl e m b i n e d w it h so m e
, p p ro n o u n co ,

o t her w o r d Wh e n a t t a ch e d t o v e r b s t h e y m a y b e s a i d
.
,

t o r e p r e se n t e i t h e r t h e o bj e ct i v e o r s o m e o t h e r o bl i u e
q , ,

ca s e ; b u t w h e n a t t a ch e d t o n o u n s t h e y s t a n d f
, or th e ,

co r r e spo n d e n t p o s s e s s i ve p r o n o u n : t h e r e b e i n g n o o t h e r

w a y o f e x p r e ss i n g t h e
p o s se s si v e p r o n o m in a l s e n se i n

in H e b r e w ;

2 Th . e S e a r a ble p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s a r e a s fo ll o w s
p

S ING . C O M G EN. .

2
1 5, 9 6
3
3
- or
i
3
1 Pe rs o n .

P LU R .

W
-
ra r e l y i l l l , an d
a on c 3213
e . e.

S IN M c G . a s .

HM S ,
ra r e l y 111 8 ( fo r 13 3 8 ,
&c .
) Th
ou .

PLU R .

0 11 8 , ( f
or DEBS )
2 P e rs on .

S IN G. F EM .

his r a re l
y
”
B R (fo r ”98 &c ) Thou .

P LU R .

ID S ,
r a r e l y ”gig s (fo r Yo u .
 '
l °

PLU R .

i i n ,
o cc a si o n a l l
y
fl an

3 . In a fe w 1 n s t a n ce s 33 3 t ho u ,
13 u se d 1n t he c
m a s u l in e g en de r
v iz .
, Nu m . x i 1 5, D e u t
. . v. 24 , an d Ez e k. xx v ii i 14
. . is u se d
as a fe m in i n e i n Ez e k. x ii i . 20 : is a sol u se d as a fe m i n i n e ,
C an t . v i. 8, R u t hi . 2 2, Ze c h . v. 10 : an d ” QU as a m as c u l in e ,
2 Sa m . iv 6, J e r
. . L. 5 . 77
1 a sol o cc u rs a s a m as c ul n e, i R u t hi 1 3 . .

W e a so ha v e W” fo r m ” 1 K i n g s x v n 1 5 ; a n d HI 7} fo r WU
l , ,
.
,

th r o u gh o u t th e P e n t a t e u c h i f w e e x c e t e l e v e n i n s t a n c e s n o t e d in
p ,

th e M a so r a Th i s i s u s u a l l y a s c r ib e d t o a n a r c h
. a is m
g r o u n de d o n ,

th e s u p p o s i t io n th a t in a n c i e n t t im e s t h
, e p r o n o u n s w e r e a ll co n

s id e r e d a s b e i n g o f t h e co m m o n
g e n de r .

rd : E rha s wh
”3 3 34
4 . IS
p ro ba b l
y a fo r e ig n w o g yp t i an
p e
p e r e w e , ,

ha v e AJ I OK, t he r e b e i n g n o t r a c e o f i t i n a n y o f t he s is t e r d ia l e c t s
‘

o ft h e He b r e w G e s e n iu s fi n d s i t h . o we ver in t h e Ph oe n i c ia n , , .

5 Th
. e I n s ep a r a bl e p 1 o n o u n s a r e a bb r e v i a t e d fo r m s

o f the p r o n o u n s g i ve n a b o v e : t h e y a r e i n v a r i a bl y fo u n d
a t t a ch e d t o s o m e p r e ce d i n g w o r d w he t he r t h a t be a ,

n oun v e r b o r p a r t i cl e T T he fo l l o w i n g i s a t a bl e o f
, ,

t h e i r fo r m s w h e n s o a t t a ch e d t o n o u n s o r p a r t i cl e s ; w e
s h a l l g i v e t h o s e f
o r t he v e r b s h e r e a ft er .

S m C G Fc N S
OM .
F N
EN . P UR o a o u n s m o . 0 11 o u n s L .

“ “
JR w hv
“
7 or T y i e a e .
m ,
o r m ne .

P UR L .

-
3 3 7 1 231 ,
or U ri ] or o u r , o r o a r s.

Le h re e h a u de , a e 20 0 , n o t e
g p g .

1 T h i s m ay b e o n s id e r e d a s a n c
il l u s t r a t io n o f t he ge n e r a l p r i n i p l e o f c
a b r i d i n g a n d c o m p o u n d m g w o r d s t o H e b r e w , a n d a s c o n fi m i n g, i n a gr e a t
v

g
d e g re e , t h e r e m a rk s o ffe r e d 1 1 1 t he n o t e , Ar t 3 9 7 a bo e . . . v
AR T . 1 44 . oN THE P R ONO UNS . 77

S I N M scG. a . Fo n N O UN S S IN G . Pt va .

or
ga ,
or
w ,
or dr u
r
l th
y, or th
in e .

PL UR .

D9 ) "

y o ur ,
o r
y o u r s.

S IN G. F EM .

D8 "
NR
. I

,
‘
l , or
‘
l l
"
3 : 2
0 1e thi
P LU R .

am
” a 0 1" j
; l; .
l D y our, or
y o u r s.

S IN G . M c as .

-l
7” 1 m
'

t A 11 l
.
3 1 1 H or 1 ‘ “

o
, p e
t.

P LU R
th

S IN
of
:
G . F EM
on a p o et. 1D , p o e. In
fl u x
;
h
-
N Ij ‘
, or il t l ”7 ,
3 ] fl "
h
e r s, h
er

PLU R .

i n , or ”gn w
l n , l g , 17 ,
”QT: ll th
e ir , t h
e ir s .

6 . I t is to be g oh bs e r v e d ,
e se a b b r e v i a t e d
p ro t ha t in af
fi xi n t

n o u n s to sm u l a r n o u n s i t w il l b e n e c e s s a r wh n s u c hw o r d d o e s
g y e , ,

n o t e n d in a v o w e l t o t a ke t h at fo r m o f th e ro n o u n w h i c h i s h
p , e re

re ce de d b o n e ; th e n c e c a l le d t he Vo w e l o u n io n I n th i s ca se
p y f .
,

a n a cc e n t w il l a cc o m p a n i t a s g iv e n i n t h e t a bl e B ut wh en th
y , e .
,

r e c e d in w o r d e n ds in a v o w e l n o s u c hu n io n vo w e l ca n b e i n t r o
p g
-
,

d u ce d i n s u c hc a s e t h a t Ab b r e v ia t e d
p r o n o u n 1 3 t a ke n
, w h i c h h a s ,

no
p c
re e d in g Vo w e l f
o u n on i .

7 . N o uns en d in g 1n w i ll d ro p t ha t le t t e r , u
p on re ce i i g
v n t he
a f
fi x ed
p ro n o u n o f the fi r s t pe r s o n s in g u l a r : a s, “ 3 a n a t io n ,
”al
m y n a t io n , f
o r
“ la .

8 . The w o r ds 3 33 f a a th
e r , ”N a br o t h
er , C Da
f a th
er -
ih l a n-
, an d
7 75 th
e m on th
,
w il l t a k e w he n e it he r c o n stru e d w it ha noun

fo l l o w in g, or w he n re c iv i
e n
g an
y one o f t he abo v e
p ro n o m in a l
x EN , t h a th C N th a th
“

7
“ l
37 3 3 e f l J
a ff
i es : a s, er o
f an aa n , , yf e r.

th c c c he
l l
B ut, as t wo Yo d s ( ) wou l d , in e se ase s , on ur in t first

p e rso n , as
“ 2 33
, o ne o f them w il l b e d r o p pe d b y t he r u le N
( o . 7 )
h ” DN m a th f th
“ EN ”EN
a s,
( e t ro o t b e in g , o r ) er ; a n d s o
yf on o e

m ay t a ke t h
‘

rest. S om e he r w o r d s e n d in g i n
o t fo r 71 e a tfi x e d ,

th “ 5 D
Q WD h i i
p ro n o u n s in e sa m e w a
y : a s
fr u i t ; t e r
fr u t ; o r ,
 LE CTURE v .
E AR T . 1 44 . 9 .

t he y m a y t a ke it w it ha v o we l
f
o un on : i a s, 13
; or t h
ei r

( m asc an . d fe m .
)f r u it .

9 . H e re , ho w e v e r ,
he m a s c u l in e fo r m
t o f th e
p r o n o m m al a f fi x
wh en th t o r e q u ir e t h
'

is so m e t im e s t a k e n , e se n se see m s e fe m i n in e

an d, v i c e ve r sd ; see G e n xxx i 9 R u t hi 8
. .
, .
, 9, 1 1 . 13, Ez x i ii 1 9
e k. .
,
‘

an “N D Q 7 1 1 5 2 Ex d
2 0, 2 1 , J e r ix . . 19 . So a l so ,
fo r a , , fo r 7 , o .

x i . 6, t w i ce . In t he sam e m an n er we ha v e fo r
Jud . i 34 ; D f
x o r 7, . a s, 5
1
2§ W ,
fo r 7 23 3 7 , 7 C an t . iv 2, . v i. 6 . So
Ex o d 11 xx 3 t w i c P c x i x 1 5 2 S
1 7 , 2 Sa m
. . f 7D . .
, e, s. . . o or ,

Ex d i 2 1 N m xxx i 6 t w i c
o . J b. i 1 5 E z k xx iii 4 5
, u . v .
, e, o x x .
, e . .
,

4 7 Ez x 3 4 4 Ze ch 9 i 5 1 5
, ra fm i i . i 1 73 7
1
, ,
. v. , x . : , as a e n ne n
7 ,

L m i
a 10 Th e .
pp e t
v.di c p c i h w . w ill be es a ar n s re an es, o eve r,

a cc t d f i m e d g
oun i the Sy t x A t 2 1 5
e o r,
q n so e ree, n n a , r .
, se .

10 O th e c t y 7 o cc
. f nD f on ra r , u rs o r : a s, or

t t hm f E z k i 1 0 t w ic ; a d g i o 16 18 e our, e . .
, e n a a n , v err. ,
.

Al i l fi p s zw I h
so 9 1 2 1 7 i t hi g i g ;
n l cc . verr .
, , , n e r o n a so , o u rs

as a m ~
c li t hi f (
as u i d ) I h 1 7 ;n e, d g i e r o ur s es , . ver. an a a n ,

w it h p
i g
i 1 8 24 25
n v er r . Al g g i c 71 ; ,
r i
m nm ,t h i . so a ar a o a s, e r

b o d ie s , I h v e r 1 1 . . .

1 1 . In af
fi xi n
g t he s e p ro n o u n s to n o u n s, it m u st be r em em be re d
that the ya r e n o t m a d e t o a gr e e , e i t he r in num b e r , ge n d e r , o r p e r s o n ,
w it ht he hi c ht he y a r e a t t a c he d
nouns to w , b u t w i t ht h o se t o w h i h c
th er an d wh
ey r ef i c hge n e r a ll y p r e c e d e t h
, em in t he c o n te xt .

1 2 S u ch o f t he s e i n se p a r a b l e p r o n o u n s
. ha as c o m m en c e w it

c o n s o n a n t a n d m a k e a s yl l a bl e i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f a n y p a r t o f t he
,

r e c e din w o rd a re t e r m e d S l la bi c ; t h t h at o f th fi rst
p g y ese a re , e ,

p e rso n
p l u r al “ 3 ; t h o s e o f t he s e c o n d 7 7 2 ‘ T,
D ? a n d 79 ; o f t h e , , , ,

th ir d i n a ,
a n d l j’ S u c ha s d o n o t c o n s t i t u t e a s yl l a b l e in
, ,

th e m sel ve s b u t r e q u ir e t h e a dd i t io n o f a l e t t e r f
,
ro m th e
p r e c e d in
g
w o rd h a v e b e e n t e r m e d A s l l a bi c ; s e e A r t
, y 9 2 & c O f t h ese a re .
, .

th T l l l 1 D FT a n d 7
"
e r e m a i n in g p r o n o u n s v i z , .
, , , , , ,
.

1 3 Of t h e s e i n s e p a r a b l e p r o n o u n s , DE
.
) l g DE } ,
an d , ,

it} , a re t er m e d g r a ve
( Art . 117 b e ca u s e t h e y a l w a y s
h a v e t he t o n e a cce n t T he o t h e r s a r e b y w a y o fco n t r a -
.
,

d is t i n ct io n t e r m e d l i g ht ,
.

1 4 I t i s o fi m p o r t a n ce t o h
. e a r t h e s e d i s t i n ct i o n s i n m i n d

b e ca u s e t h e ch a n g e s o ft h e v o w e l s o ft h e p r e ce di n
g w o rd ,

w ill i n a g r e a t m e a s u r e d e p e n d u p o n t h e m : e g i f t o
, ,
. .

l g ! a w o r d I a fli x i m y m i n e t h
” l of
“ " ‘

e ,
m u st , , , IT T
AR T . 1 44 . ON TH E P R ON OU N S . 79

be t a k e n i n ’
or der to e n o u n ce t his vo wel : a s,

B u t, by our l a ws o f s y l l a b ica t i o n , t he p r e ce d i n g 21 m u s t
h a v e a p e rfe ct () w i
vo w e l
ll ,
T
, t h e r e fo r e r e m a i n u n
,

ch a n ed A n d as t h e fi r st I S n o t i m m u t a bl e a n d as
g .
, ,

th e a cce n t is w i t h t h e af fi x t h i s v o w e l w ill b e co m e ( ) ; ,
z

a n d w e sh a l l h a v e
" I
T I d e va r i w he r e t h e a s yl l a bi c
-
,
-
,

af fi x e x e r t s a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n fl u e n ce o n t h e u l t i m a t e fo r m

o fth e wo rd B u t ifI t a k e a s yl l a bi c a f
.
, fi x l e t i t b e D; ,

y our w, e s h a ll t h e n h a v e
yo ur w o r d I n t h i s .

th cl o se s i t s l a s t s l l a bl e ; a n d a s t h
of
m i
“

e 3 e
ca s e , , y , ,

a cce n t i s r e m o v e d t h e p r e ce d i n g t h is l e t t e r o r igin a l l y
, ,

m u st by o u r l a w s o f s yll a b i ca t io n be c o m e
, an d we ,

a cco r d i n l y h P 2 1 B i f e t ake h i ch 1 s
"

a ve D 1 1 ut I
‘

g w w .
, ,

a l s o s ll a bi c w e s h a ll rio t h a v e b 3 7 b "

y ,
ut
i ; e ca u s e ,

a l t ho u
g h t he af fi x I i s s
y l l a b i c s t il
“

l a s t h e a c c e n t ,

a cco m a n ie s t h e p r e ce d i n syl l a b l e i t m u st r e m a i n fe ct
p g p e r ,

( A rt . a n d w e a cco r d i n
g l y h a ve
VIE W T h e s a m e
"
.

h o l d s g o o d i n a ll o t h e r ca se s (Ar t t 9 3 . .

1 5 An y w o r d p r e ce d in g o n e o r o t h e r o f t h e se a f
.
, fixe s ,

m a ybe co n si d e r e d a s i n t h e st a te o
f co n s t r u c t i o n w i t h i t ,

a n d t h e r e fo r e s u bj e c t t o a l l t h o s e ch a n e s in t h e vo w e ls
g ,

t o w h ic h w o r d s s o s i t u a t e d a r e ( Ar t 1 4 3 Th e o n ly . .

d iffe r e n ce is t h a t i n s t e a d o f t he l a t t e r w o r d (h e r e t he
, ,

p r o n o u n ) b e i n g w r i t t e n a t l e n g t h i t ha s b e e n a bb r e v ia t e d , .

1 6 Th . e fo l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s w i l l s h e w t h e a pp l ica t i o n

o ft h e se I n se p a r a b l e p r o n o u n s t o n o u n s b o t h s i n u lar an d
g ,

pl u r a l ; m a scu l in e a n d fe m in in e No e x a m pl e o ft he d u a l
, .

i s g i v e n be ca u s e i t w il l a l w a y s t a k e t h
, e af fi x e s p r o p e r fo r
th e p l u r a l : a s m y t w o e ye s
a ,
“
2 11! m y e ye s &c , , .

Ex a m p l e s o f a n o u n m a s cu l in e i n b o t h n u m b e r s w i t h , , ,

th e
p r o n o m i n a l a ffi x e s .

’
S g M c 1u . asD lp . h a o r se .

“
1 p e rs . s in g . co m .
p1 0 m
y ho r se .

2 m as c . l
fl P,
D or 1 7 ;3 0 1 0
- th
y h
o r se .
80 L EC T U RE v
E AR T 1 44: 1 6:
‘

. .

..

l D t hy ho r s e
D l
l
.

l Dl P o r i iph
'

3 m as c .
D his h
, o r se .

”
.
5n lD her h
r a rel
y p
3 1 o r se .
,

1 p e rs .
p l ur . co m .
W
J DID
'
o ur ho r se .

2 m as c .
DDDW
D yo u r ho r s e .

2 l DDn / o ur h
o r se .

3 W
DQ D p o e t ice * l DQ l D t h e ir ho r se .
‘

'
l D ’ o r ”J D ID t h
3 lQ ,
e i r h
o r se .

P lu r M a sc
. .
D ‘
PlD ho r se s .

1 p e rs . s i n g . co rn .
H
Q W
D my h
o r se s .

th
y h
o r ses .

'
f D lD t h h
l
‘

y o r ses .

l D , or h
DhD ,
his ho r se s .

j
n
i
h
er ho r ses .

p e r s.
p l ur . co m .
h
J Pl D u
‘
o r ho r se s .

m as c .
DQ DW
X
Dy our h
o r se .

:
ll
\
DD
l
y ou r ho r ses .

l D Dl D t h
’ ' i
Di l lD
p o r,
p o e t i c é, e ir h
o r se s .

P ‘Q h
D h h
l t e i r o r se s .

Ex a m pl e o f a n o u n fe m i n in e , ,
in b o t h num ber s , w it h
the p r o n o m m al a f
fi xe s .

S i n gu l a r .
”T
D D a la w .

D
j lfl
‘
1 p e rs . s in g . co m .
ymy lo w .

l
-
2 pe r s . s in g . m as c .
d n l n thy l aw .

fl fl l fl h
‘

l t l aw
2 y .

.-
ll
‘

3 m as c .
1 11 ll n ,
or I his ,
it s la w .

- u

3 fi n “ n r a r e l y, Fi n n n ,
h
er ,
i t s lo w .
n T
l l-
1 p e rs .
p l ur . co m .
u n ln ,
o ur la w .

DDTIj l rW
'
2 m as c yo ur
-
la w .

2 13 11 1 1 11 y our la w .

is m e a n t he highe r ki n d o f st yle o n l y; t here bein g n eit he r

By “
p i é
n et r t

o e t r y— a s m e a s u r e d ve r se ,
— n o r as
fi ct i o n i n t he H e b r e w B b l e i .

p , ,

f The fi n a l 71 be c o m es n b y Ar t . 1 43 . 4 .
A RT . ON TH E P R ONO U N S . 81

lDDj lfl
'
c Un fi l fl
‘

th
‘
m as o e t ice e ir la w .
.
IT T p ,

l
-
l
-

lDl n , ra r e l y ”31; i l “ ,
th
e ir l a w .

P l u ra l i h la w s
ni g
‘

.
.

1 p e r s . si n
g .
D l
co mj l n m yla ws .
‘
.

fi
-
2 aa x i l n th y l w s a .

li Dl l n o r a : t h
-
2 f g l ” “
y la ws
em .
‘ ’
.

v l ll “ o r Wl il l “ h
- -
3 m a sc
a .

l is i t s la ws i ,
.

3 Q Q l j ln h
‘
er i t s l aw s , .

1 p e r s.
p l u r c o rn l
.
l l
‘ ‘
ff l j l fl o u r l ws
. a .

-
2 m as c DP Dl fin yo u la w s
N
. r .

l m
' '
fe rn lp fl l
‘
2 u r l ws
y
. o a .

D Dl ll n ’ o r p o e t ice l D
-
m a sc Q l “
3 . th e i la w s , ,
r .

l m
'

lfl
‘
3 fe rn fll l th
. ei l aws r .

17 . N ouns en d in g i n fl t a ke t he af
fi x an
; in s t e a d o fl, or

Tl he t hi r d c l in e , c f
i he i r fin a l
in t
p e r so n s in
g l u ar m as u re e
j t i n
g r st t

” ii
h I?
fir
le t te r T1 ; a s, a le af; is l e af; a fi el d;
his fi e l d . he y r ej e c t t he i r fi n a l l e t t e r w he n t he y
I n l ik e m an n er t ,

r e c e iv e t h fe m in i n e a f fi x o f th e sa m e e r so n w h i c h i s e it h er
e p ,

ll a h ?
I? fi ; ” m c
'
Til
U ” i d
; o r : a s e l d , e r
fi ; F
e l d a n a c e n t ; |7 T

h
e r a c c ide n t R u t hii 3 ; fl N W D a n a,pp ea r a n c e ;
77
5 1 13 i t.s
l
'

7
-

a
pp ea r a n c e.

An o m a l ie s .

18 . his fl o ch(o f she e p) ‘

, Deu t . x x n . 1 ,
fr o m n ip , or fl ‘
iD
The af
fi x is o cc a s io n a l l y f
o un d at ta c hd e to o t he r nouns : a s,

his c c on u bin e , J ud
g x ix 24 am
fib hi k N h i 13
. . s
yo e a , . .

his l ig ht, J o b x x v. 3 . An d a lso wit hp l u r a l s a s,

his h er o e s Na h i i 4 , . . .

1 9 Th
.

. o l l o w in g
e f e x am
p l es a re a lso a n o m a l o u s. 2 Pe r s m . as c .

Ps . x . l 4 — 2 Pe rs
. . fe m . WQ WB‘
tZJ th
y t h
i rd
p a rt, w it h
”
in s e r t e d , Ez ek. v . 12 ; g i v in
g t h
e e ,
I h . xxi ii . 28 ; N E
?f or

h e wh o le o
t f i t .

X
Of t he fi rs t
p e rso n
p l u r a l “J
Q YTD o u r a c ua i n t a n c e R u t hii i
q , ,
. 2
? o u r s u bs t a n c e J o b xx i i 2 0
“J EN Of t h e se co n d f , em . . .

y ou r ba se n e s s , Ez ek . xx i i 4 8 i . .

Of t he thir d m as c 5 73 723
f h
e m . a ll o t , 2 Sa m . xx iii . 6 . Of t he

hir d th e wh h
-
t f
em .
r ut
T : l
o le
of t e m S o . Gen . x li 2 1 .
71
29 70 fo r
733 3 ?t h h
-
e m i ds t
of t e m .
 Wi t h N oun s P lu r a l .

20 .
n “
1 Pe r s ? fo r
D l
. s n g.
y i
l y m t es t im o n ie s P s ”I ‘ '

, ,
. cx x x u . 12 .

Th e u n ion v ow el s o f t h e aH i x o fth e 3 fe m s i n g a r e . . s om e t im e s

co n t r a c t e d : a s fi
i l
’
t fo r fl
f
fl l ‘ n fl
’
, ( Ar t 8W7 ,
. . th
y s i s t er s ,

Ez e k . x v i. 5 2, &c .
, in w hi c h c a s e t he Yo d i s d r p p e d o . This
om w it ht h m as c o o 1 53 h
“

s e t im e s t a k e s pl a
c e e .
p r n un : as, 7
1 42 ; t y
W
.

stro ke s , fo r EE D, D eu t . xx v iii . 59 . So th
y m es

s en
g er s , Na h 1 1 1 4. . . I t 2 d fe m
. .
w a
rn in g yos; ur
p i l l ow s. Of
he 2d
t . m as c . his be n efi t s , P cx s. vi. 1 2, o f t he
C ha l d a i c f rmo h
e ir bl a t u r e s 3 d fe m NT
J
‘
B E
P
El i
’

: t en t a . . . t s
sl l
th bo die s , E z
l
g a ller ie s ; fi g
fi fl g e ir ek. i 1 1 , &c
. .

21 . The af
fi x D?o f t he 2d p e r s .
pl u r . m as c . is , i n one in s t a n c e»

p re c e de d by(T ) a s,
yo ur di sp er s i o n s, Jer . x x v. 34 .

The se m a yal l p er ha ps be err o r s e it he r o f c

t r a n s r ip t i n , o r o o f t he
p r e s s.

22 . The w hi chp r e c e d e s t he af fix ed
p r o o n un s in t he p l u ral

nu m ber s o fn o u n s, i s fr e q u e n t l y d r p p e d : o a s, “ RTE, fo r WBTI ‘

,

th
y w y
a s, &c .
, b y Ar t 7 2 B u t, m an y
. . o f the se an om a l ie s w il l

c om e un de r t he ru esl d e t a i l e d i n Ar t 1 3 9 7 , . . an d w ill , t he r e fo r e ,

be he r a p p a r e n t t ha n r e a l o t he r s p e r ha p s a r e t he m e r e m i s t a k e s
ra t , ,

o f th e co i t
py s s .

N B Th . e d e m o n s t r a t iv e a n d o t h
. e r s e pa ra bl e
p r o n o u n s w il l b e

iv e n w h e w c o m t o t reat o n th e
p a r t icl es
g n e e .

L EC T UR E V I .

ON TH E P AR T S o s
‘

SPE E CH IN G EN E R AL ,
AND ON THE N OU N
IN P A R TI C U L A R .

1 45 . H A V I NG l a id d o w n an d e x e m p l i fie d t he g e n e ral

p r in ci
p l es of s l l a b ica t i o n ,
y t he t e r m i n a t in
g s ll a b l e s
y
a do t e d f or t he s t a t e of co n s t r u c t i o n , th e du al s a n d
p
l r a l s m a sc an d f em , as fo und t o p r e v a il i n t h i s
p u . .

In s om e e d it i o n s re
g u l a rl
y
AR T . 1 45 . L ] P A RTS or S P EECH . 83

La n g u a g e ; w e m a y n o w c n s id e r o i t s dif fe r e n t p a r t s of
"

h sh e w wh at th e ir r i m i t i ve fo r m s a pp a r e n t l yw e r e ,
s
p e ec , p
an d h ow th se e m t o h b d e rive d f r om
e
y a ve ee n one

an o t h er .

1 Th. e H eb r e w l a n gu ag e is l ik e a l l o t h ers fo u n d t o , ,

”
co n si s t of n o u n s v e r b s a n d p a r t icl e s e d in
6
, so a r r a n
, g ,

s e n t e n ce s a s t o co n v e y t o t h e m i n d s u chi d e a s o r n o t i o n s , ,

a s a r e i n t e n d e d t o b e co m m u n i ca t e d b y a n y S p e a k e r o r

Wr it e r Of t he se t he t hir d p e r s o n sin g u l a r m a scu l in e

.
,

of t he v e r b ha s g e n e r a l l y b e e n t a k e n a s t h e Ro o t or ,

th em e fr o m w hi cht he o t he r s ha v e b e e n d e r iv e d Fo r
, .

m y o wn part I b e l ie v e t h , e n ou n o u ght r a t he r t o b e
c o n si d e r e d a s t h e Ro o t ; n o t on l b a u se t h l
y e c e e a r n er ,

m a yb y t h i s m e a n s b e e n a b l e d m o r e cl e a r l y t o se e h ow

th e co n j u g a t i o n s of t h e v e r b s a r e ca r r i e d o n b u t a l so , ,

b e ca u se h e ca n a sce r t a i n w i t h a m u ch g r e a t e r d e g r e e
,

of p r e ci sio n t he fo r ce of a l l t ho se n o u n s w hich ha v e
,

hit he r t o be e n co n si d e r e d a s b r a n che s of t he v e r b A g a i n .
,

th ere a re wh ol e cl a s s e s of t he v e r b w hichd o n o t e x hib it ,

th e r oo t ull i n th e th i rd e r s o n si n u l a r m a s cu l i n e of
f y p g
th r e t e r it e : an d t h e se co m r eh en d l l t h o w h i ch
e
p p a s e ,

ha v e e it he r 1 o r fo r t h , e m i d d l e r a d i ca l l e t t e r ; w h i ch
a r e fo u n d co m p l e t e i n t h e n ou n b u t d e fe ct i v e i n t h e ve rb , .

I n so m e ot h ers in de e d t h e n ou n a
, pp e a r s i n a d e fe c t i v e
,

fo r m b u t i n s u chc a se s i t is n o t fo u n d co m pl e t e i n t he
, ,

ve rb .A g a in t he v a r i a t i o n fo u n d t o p r e v a i l i n t he l a st
,

v o w e l of t h e
p r e t e r it e is m o r e n a t u r a l l
y a cc o u n t e d f
, o r i n

th e n ou n t h an in t h e ve rb ; an d i t is t h e fa ct th at a , ,

n ou n ha v i n g t he s a m e v o w e l i s v e r y o ft e n fo u n d t o '

e x is t . B e si d e s t h e
p a r t i ci i a l a n d o t h
p , e r n o u n s w h i c h ,

ha ve n o t e n s e s i n t he m se l v e s a r e m u chb e t t e r u n d e r s t oo d ,

The A ra b i a n , an d J e w is h gr a m m a ri a n s c o m p r e he n d
, in t he se , al l the o th
er

p a r ts o fs pe e ch g , e n e ra ll y, o f the gra m m a r s o f Eu r o pe .

G 2
84 LECTUR E vr .
E AR T . 1 46 .

w he n co n si d e r e d a s d e r i v e d fr o m t he p r im i t i v e n o u n s ,

th a n a s d e r i v e d fr o m t h e v e r bs Ad d t o t h is t h e ci r cu m .
,

th a t a v e r b in t h co nj u a t i o n e i t h e r is
s t a n ce ,
e s ta te
of g ,

o r m u s t b e co n s i d e r e d a s c o m o u n de d w i t h a p r on o u n ; :
.

p ,

an d th , e r e fo r e i n a st a t e u n fi t t o b e t a k e n a s a p r im i t iv e
,

w or d I t is w h
. e n fo u n d w i t h o u t t he se p r o n o u n s a s w e l l ,

a s e ve r
y o t he r a dj u n ct a n d in i t s sim
p l e s t fo r m t h at we , ,

ca n fa i r l y con si d e r a n y w o r d a s a r o o t fi a n d t hi s w e
“
,

con t e n d is t h e m or e n a t u r a l w a y t o
, p r o ce e d I n d u ce d .

b yt h e se c o n s id e r a t i o n s w e g i v e t h e n ou n t h e fi r st
p l a ce I n

th e e t m ol o
y gy .

On the N a t u r e , S ig n ifica t i o n , an d Fo rm s o
f W or d s g e n e r a l ly .

1 46 . Wo o r e t ha n s o u n d s s im pl e o r
r ds a r e n o t hin g m ,

com o un d wh i ch h ave be en a d o t e d in o r de r t o
p , p re re
p
se n t t h e i d e a s c o n ce i v e d i n t h e m i n d of o n e e r son t o
p ,

th a t of a n o t h er Whe t he r a n y of t he se w e r e fi r s t i m
.

The s choo l o f B a sr a hol d t he sa m e O p i io n n, w i th re f

e ren c e t o the A ra b i c .

S e e Eb n Fa r hat on this su c
bj e t i n M . d e S a cys G r a m
’
. A r a be , v o l . i p 229 ,
. .

n ot e. M d e Sa y h
. c
i m s e l ft hi n k s , i t w il l com e to m u cht h e sam e thi n g, w e t her h
we co n si d e r t h
e in fi
n i t iv e f r m a s t h e r o oot ,
or whe the r w e t a ke t he thi rd p e r s o n

sin g ular o f the m a s u l in e c p re t e r i t e , be c a u se the one m a

y b e t e r m ed t he l o g i ca l
roo t, t h
e oth er t he e t m o l o i ca l
y g o n e, I h p 1 97
. . . B ut why,
i t m a y b e a s ke d , a r e

w e to ha v e t w o fo r m s o f t he r oo t fo r t he s a m e o wh y m a y n o t that w rd 2 An d ,

wh i c hi s t e r m e d t h e l o g ica l r oo t b e a l so c o n s id e r e d a s t he e t m o lo ica l o n e ?
y g, I f
th e o n e p re se n t s a f o r m m or e s im pl e t ha n t he o t he r w hichi s t he fa c t Why , , ,

I w a n t t o kn o w , m a y n o t t h e l e s s s i m l e b e c o n s id e r e d a s d e r i v e d f o m th
p r e

o t he r ? I m u s t co n fe s s, w ha t e v e r t he s chool o f Ko u fa m a y t hi n k o f i t , — t ha t
-

o fB a s r a a p p e a r s t o m e t o h a v e r e aso n o n i t s sid e i n t h is q u e s t i o n ; a n d t o t heir

o pi n io n I a m t he r e fo r e c o m p e l le d t o s u b sc r ib e ; w hich M D e Sa cy ha s a l s o .

d o n e a t p 1 28 , n o t e a o f h
. is s e co n d v o l See al o t h
, e M i kh l o l o f Ki m kh i, . s

fo l tw p v e r s o , c i t e d h
. e rea f t e r A r t 1 8 2, 2 n o t e I u se t h e s m a l l e d i t io n o f
, .
, .

1 545 . See als oL e C o u rt d e G e b e l i n , M o n d e P r im i t i f l i i i p p, 5 5 , 5 6 , 8 0 ,

. vo . .

. . o
&c ; M r F rs t e r s Es s a y o n S a n s
’
c r it G ra m .
, p 5 4 0 ; C.a r l i A u r i v i l l i i D IS o
s e r t a t i o n e s G o e t 1 7 9 0 , p 3 7 6 , &c . . . I t is c oa u ri u s f a t, t h a t in th c
e B u rm a n ,

v er bs a re n o t hi g m on re ha n
t p a rt i c i pi
n un s al o co n
j u ga t e d wi t h t he pro o n u n s.

S e e C a re ys G r a m m a r
’
o f th e B u r m a n , p 7 9 , &c . . S ee als oH um o
b ld t on t he
Chi n es e , J o u r n al A s ia t i q u e , vo l i v
p . 1 1 5 . . .
AR T 1 4 6
. . THE US E, &c . or WOR D S .

arted to m byt he Cr e a t or , h et h er h e h a d on l
w
p an or
y
th o w i v e n su f fi ci e n t f r o ri a t in su chs o u n d s
e
p ers
g or a
pp p g
t o th e u r o s e s of l i fe
p p i t
,
i s im
p o s si bl e n o w t o s a
y : n or

i s i t v e r y i m p o r t a n t ; fo r i n e i t h , e r ca se th e ir a d o t i on
p , ,

w ill b e t r a ce d t o t h e a
pp o i n t m e n t of t h e D e it
y e it h er ,

m e d ia t e l y o r i m m e d i a t e l y
, F r o m w ha t i s r e v e a l e d i n
.

th e S cr i t u r e s h o w e v e r I a m i n cl i n e d t o b e l ie v e t h a t it
p , , ,

w a s a n i m m e di a t e a p p o i n t m e n t a s f ar a t l e a st a s t h
, e
’
n e ce ss i t ie s of s o ci e t a t fi r s t w e n t ; l e a v in t o m a n s in e
y g g
u n it
y t h e fu r t h e r e x t e n s i o n a n d c u l t i v a t i o n of t h i s
p o w er ,

as th e i n cr e a s i n
g w an ts or r e fi n e m e n t s of l i fe m i h
g t
su est I f t h t h e b oo n w a s i m m e d i a t e n oth i ca n
gg . en n
g ,

b e m o r e p r ob a b l e t h ,an th at th e u s e of w o r d s w o u l d b e

r e u la ted b
g y som e a n a l o
gy ; w h i ch i t i s l ik e l
y , w o u ld ,

a l so h a ve b e e n t h e ca s e ha d u n a s si s t e d r e a s o n b e e n l e ft
,

t o sh i ft fo r i t se l f I n a n y ca se t h
. e r e fo r e w e m ig h
,
t ,

e x e ct t o fi n d t h a t so m e a n a l o h a d b e e n r e sor t e d t o in
p , gy
th e co n s t r u ct i o n of l a n u a e wh et h e r w e o r i in a l l
g g , g yp os

se sse d t h e sk e l e t o n of i t a s g i v e n b y i n s p i r a t i o n o r a s , ,

m a d e b ym a n f or h is o w n u s e Th in g s m u st h
. a ve h ad

n am es ; an d t h e s e m u st h a v e b e e n s u ch a s w o u l d
g en e
,

r all b e a l l o w e d a n d u n d e r s t oo d w h eth e r w e ca n n o w se e
y ,

th e ir s u it a bl e n e ss o r n ot A ct i o n s a n d e v e n t s m u s t
.
, ,

l ik e w i se h a ve h a d n a m es ; a n d wh eth e r w e ca n
,
n o w see

th e r e a s o n w h ce r t a i n w o r ds o r s o r t s of w o r d s h
y ,
a ve ,

b e e n a d o p t e d fo r t h e se
p pu r o se s o r n o t ; i t m u s t b e n e x t
,

t o ce r t a i n t h
,
at th e r e o n ce w a s a n i m m e d ia t e c a u se b o t h

fo r t h e i r a d o t i o n a n d fo r m s
p .

2 If th
.
,
en th
,
is b e t h e t r u e s t a t e of t h e c a se it m a y ,

be w o r t hw h il e t o c o n si d e r i n t h e n e xt l h o w th e
, p a ce ,

r i m i t i v e s i g n i fi ca t i o n s of w o r d s w o u l d i n p r o ce ss of t i m e
p , ,

b e v a r ie d i n o r d e r t o m e e t t h
,
e n e ce s s i t i e s w h i chw o u l d
d a il y a r i s e . Le t u s fi r s t t a k e t h e wor d w a l ki n g ,

o in r o ce e di n g T h i s w e ca n s u p p os e w a s t h e n am e
g g p
,
.
, ,
 LECTURE VI .

n
i [ AR T . 1 46 2 . .

i en t o t h o r t of a ct io n by w h i ch a p e r s o n r e m oves
’

at s
g v ,

hi m se l f fr o m one
p l a ce t o a n ot her I f, t h en , w e
. a dd

an oth e r w or d o r d s t he w hol e m a y n o w m e a n p r o
, or w , ,

ce e di g t o w r d s e t h
n a i e r a s a fr i e n d o r a n e n em
y f
,z— r om ,

w i t h &c , w it h t h e a d d i t i o n a l n o t i o n s of c o o e r a t i o n
.
, p
-
,

r e s i s t a n ce h a s t e d e la o r th e l ik e T hi s a ct i o n m i h t
y , , g ,
.
,

in t h e n ex t l b l i ed t o th e m in d an d t h
p a ce
t e a
pp , e n ,

sig n i fyi t s p r o g r e s s i mp r o v e m e n t g e n e r a l co n d u c t co n , , ,

ver s a tio n
r
&c a n d i n s u ch a cce p t a t i o n s is t h
, .
, is w o r d ,

u se d H e n ce En o ch i s s a id t o h
. a ve w a l h e d w i t hG o d ,

n n bs n n s t h A g a i n i t m ight
‘

G e n v 22
-
r
an . . .
,

b e a pp l i e d t o a n y t h in g i n t h e s e n se of r o r e ss ; a n d
p g ,

th i s m igh t b e u n d e r s t oo d t o i n t i m a t e e i t h e r i n cr e a s e o r , ,

d e cr e a s e : a s 1 1 5? , G e n xx v i 1 3 So h e . . .
,

p r o ce e d e d , p g r o ce e d i n an d be co m i n g i . e.
g ra

d u a ll y . An d , I h v iii 3 , &c . . . 3 1 W} 1 1 fi gh t
]

l fl DUj j d th r etu r n ed r o ce e d i n
‘
an e wa t er s
p g
an d r etu rn in g, so the
y d e cr e a s e, &c . An d, a cc r o d
i n gl y t his w or d is
, oft e n u se d in t he se n se of p r o ce e din g
t ake t h
Ag a in let
fi
“
g ra d u a l l yfi , us e w or d Fi }
! r is in
g,
m o u n t in g p
u ,
&c . Thi s, w i t h ce r t a in a dj u n ct s , m a
y
si
g i fy, t
n o be co m e su
p e r io r to, o r, to g e t th
e u
pp er h and

o
f , an o t he r q h
; to
u m bl e h i m ; co n ue r hi m , to a lso t o

e x ce l i n s t a t e d i g n i t y p o w e r &c th e b e in
,
g c o n ve r s a n t , , .

u on
p o r a bo u t
,
an
y t hi n
g b ein
g n e a r a
p l a c e ,o r t h i n
g ,

befo r e i t o r a s w e sa yi n En gl ish o v e r a g a i n s t i t
, , , a l so , ,

o ve r , a n d a bo ve , i m p l yin g e x ce s s ; b e i n
g i n c u m be n t u on,
p
as a d u t y &c , .
, a ll of whic hm ig ht a r i s e o u t of t h e
p rim i

t iv e wo r d b y co n si d e r i n g i t e i t he r in i t s p r ox im a t e o r
,

r e m o t e b e a r ing s a n d s u cha r e t h e a c ce t a t i o n s i n w hi h
p c , ,

i n o n e fo r m o r o t he r i t i s a ct u a l l
y fo un d , .

So als o the Pe rs ia n my M
yg o in
g g oi ng ,
fo r g r a d u al ly . So V i gil r ,

Vi res a c
q u i r i t cu n do .
 AR T . 1 46 . THE U S E, &c . or WO R D S . 87

3 . If then we o n ce i ve ho w w o r d s w o u l d t hu s b e
ca n c ,

m a d e t o v a r y fr o m t h e ir
p r i m i t i ve s i n i fica t io n s, i n co n
g
s e u e n ce o f t h e i r di ffe r e n t b e a r in s a s j u s t n o t i ce d ; w e
q g ,

sh a ll fi n d n o d if fi cu l t yi n se e i n g h o w th e c a u s e be in n i n
g g , , ,

co n t i n u a t i o n co mp l e t i o n , q
co n s e u e n ce & c of a n , y a ct i o n ; ,
.

m a yl ik e w i s e b e i n t i m a t e d b y s u ch w o r d s as a l s o t h e ,

a bi l i t d ut ri h t w i ll e n d e a vo u r t m o cca s i o n
y ,y g , , cu s o , , , ,

e r m is s io n o r n o t ifi ca t i o n & c wh i chm a al so b e in t i
p , y , .

m ated o r 1 m l ie d
, p b y t h e i r v a r i o u s fo r m s ; a n d t h
, i s i n

th e i r m o r e r e m o t e s i n i fi ca t i o n s
g a cc o r di n
g t o t he Gr a m ,

m a r ia n s a n d C o m m e n t a t o r sfi h a s a ct u a l l aken l a ce i n
“
y t p
v e r ym a n y i n s t a n ce s i n t h
. e H eb r e w a s i n de e d it h a s in , , ,

a
g r e a t e r o r l e ss d e r e e in a l l l a n u a e s
g g g w h
,
i chh o w e ve r

is n ot h in g m o r e t h an wh at, th e n e ce s si t
y of t h e ca se

a bs o l u t e l r e u ir e s
y q .

4 Th e la w o r n e ce s s i t b w h i cht h i s v a r ie t y h
.
, y y as ,

b e e n b r o u gh t a bo u t h as fo r t h e s a k e of c o n v e n i e n ce
, , ,

b e e n t e r m e d Tr op o l o g y; a n d t h i s a g a in h as fo r t h e , , ,

sa m e r e a so n b e e n d iv i d e d i n t o M e t o n ym y I r o n y
, , ,

M e t ap h or a n d S yn e c d o ch
, e M ET O N Y M Y r e s p e ct s ca u s e .
,

an d a d j u n ct : I R O NY co n t r a r i e t y
'
a n d efi e c t ; s u bj e c t , ,

M ETA P H O R co mp a r i s o n : S Y NEC D O CH E d is t r i b u t i o n a s t o
, , ,

th e wh ol e w i t h r e fe r e n ce t o i t s p a r t s t he g e n u s t o i t s ,

s e ci e s
p t he m a t e r ia l
, t o t h e th i n
g co m o s e d o u t
,p of i t ,

&c . Fo r a fu l l a ccOu n t of w h i ch t h e r e a d e r i s r e fe r r e d ,

to th e s e co n d v ol u m e of t h e Ph il o l o g i e S a cr a of G l a ss i u s ,

o r th e w o r k of S t o r r ; b ook s w h ich e v e r y s t u d e n t of t h e

H e b r e w La n g u a g e o u g ht t o ha v e a t ha n d .

5 Le t i t b e r e m e m b e r e d h
. ow e ve r w e a re n o t t o , ,

r e cu r t o t h e se fi u r e s f o r th e m ere u r o se of r e co n ci l i n g
g p p ,

an
yp a s s a e of S cr i t u r e
g p w i t h o u r o w n p r e c o n ce iv e d ,

S ee G l a ss P hil l g S a . oo . c r. Ed D a l l t e
. .
p . 1 7 8 — 2 4 9 &c . . St o rr . Ob s e r v .

p.l ,
& c .
 LECT U RE v1 .

i f
E
AR T . 1 46 6 . .

o t ion s It f r om t h
m u s t a pp e a r e co n t e x t cl e a r l
n .
y co n ,

si d e r e d i n c o n j u n ct i o n w i t h t h e ch a r a ct e r of t h e w rit e r

w e m a y b e c o n su l t in g w h eth e r s u ch fig u r e ha s r e a l l y
,

b e e n u se d o r n o t ; o t h , e r w is e w e sh a ll m a k e t h e s a cr e d ,

w r i t e r s t a l k l i k e m a d m e n ; a n d sh all e rh e x t r a ct
p a s
p , ,

fr o m t he s a m e w r i t e r n a y t he v e r y sa m e p a ss a g e t he , ,

m o s t i n co n g r u o u s a n d d i s c o r d a n t n o t i o n s , .

6 Wh . en th e r e fo r e we h ,a v e t o a sce r t a i n t h e m e a n in g
,
»

o fa n
yg i ve n w or d o r
p h r a s e w e m u s t ca r e fu l l , y co n si d e r ,

wh eth er t h r im i t i ve o r s o m e d e r i ve d s i n ifi c a t i o n i s
g
e
p , ,

t o be t ake n Whe n t he p r i m i t i ve a n d l it e r a l a cce p t a t i on

.

of s u chw o r d w ill a n s w e r o u r p u r p o se ; o u r w or k i s d o n e ,

a n d w e n eed r o ce e d n o fu r t h er : b u t w h en t h i s is n o t
p ,

th e ca se w e m u st t r y i n w h
, at wa
y our
p r i n ci l e s w il l
p
he l p u s e g We fi n d i n J o b i i 9 t he fol l o w i n g p a s s a g e
. . .
, ,

wh i chh as
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is t h is : Ti l u s e d a s a v e r b se e m s fi r s t t o h
, a ve be e n ,

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, , ,

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,
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th e n e xt
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y g y
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r ,
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no 6 y w r
1

i w lj; go b l i n cr e a se j ,
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as i ts m e a n i n g, &c . S ee

als oG en . xx vi i . 3 6, J o s . x v . 1 9 , &c .
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AR T . . .

G o d : e it h e r Go d o r a n I d o l In th e
p a ssa g e i n q u e s t i o n ,
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o n th e l a ce ) F a l s e G o d o r I d o l m u st t h e r e fo r e h a ve
p .
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b e e n i n t e n de d b yt h e s a cr e d w r i t e r Th e r e is . n o n e ce s

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w e sh all h a ve s o m e t h i n g t o of fe r h e r e a ft e r .

7 Wi t hr e fe r e n ce t o t h
. e fo r m s of H e b r e w w o r d s t h e ,

s t u d e n t w ill r e a d il
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, ,

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a ce r t a i n cl as s of w o r d s ; t h u on a n m n t a t io n
en
p y g au e ,

b e in g m a d e e i t h e r in i t s v o w e l s
, o r co n s o n a n t s o r b o t h , ,

o t he r fo r m s w ill b e p r o d u ce d w hichm a y s e v e r a l l y r e p r e , , ,

se n t w o r d s of o t h e r cl a s s e s e a ch h a v in
g m e a n in
g s , or ,

sh a d e s of m e a n i n e cu l i a r t o t h e m se l v e s : a n d su chi s
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g p , ,

a ct u a l l
y t he ca s e .

8 If th . en th is b e t h e fa ct ; w e ca n a do p t ce r t a in
w o r d s r e p r e se n t i n g t h e v a r i o u s fo r m s fo u n d t o
p r e va il

an d th e se w e ca n u se l ik e t h e f o r m u l m of A l e b r a
,
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g
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d e s ig n a t e w h ol e cl a s se s of o t he r w o r d s ha v in g t he s a m e
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; m a
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th e v o w e l P at h ah h o n l y b e t w e e n i t s fi r s t a n d s e con d ,

r a d i ca l l e t t e r s I n l ik e m a n n e r 1 PB 1 P3 1 P5 m a y
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h er s h a Kh s er e o r Kh
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is t a ke n t o s i gn if
y ba se n e ss, i n a b ad se n se ; an d hu m il i ty, in a goo d o n e. Se e
t he M o a l l a k a ho f A n t a ra b y M e n il an d Wi l m et, p . 135 . Th
e sa m e is t he c a se

w it hm a n y o t he r A ra b i c wo d r s. Se e als o t he No t es M is c e l l a n e as a p p e n d ed t o
t he P o rta M o s is b y P o co c ke , ca
p ii. .
90 LECT U RE VI .

in t he sa m e
p l a ce , r es
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e fo r m s
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,

as H1 Pig 1 PQ D &c
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m a y r e p r e se n t o t h
, e r cl a s s e s
,
of .
,

w o r d s a nd m a y e a chb e s e ve r a l l y pu t d o w n a s a fo r m u l ae
,

fo r s u ch cl a s s of w o r d s An d a g a i n a s t h e r oo t s of .
, ,

w o r d s i n H e b r e w a l w a ys c o n si s t of t h
, ree let t ers , th e ,

s e r v il e l e t t e r s o r v o w e l s b e i n g co n s t a n t ; t h
, e s e fo r m u l ae ,

ca n a l w a ys b e a
pp l i ed .

In t h 9 e R a b bi n ic
.
g r a m m ar s , di ct i o n a r i e s, a n d co m

m e n t a r i e s, t he w o r d 5379 , w i t h i t s v a r i a t i o n s, i s t a k e n

as th e co m m o n m e a s u r e of o t h e r w o r ds ; b u t , a s rea t
g

This i s a l s ot ru e o f A rabi c wo d r s o fthese f rm s o : a s,

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4 co m
p re h
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9 c ?

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ybe co n

f
H b w pho i c S g l W m t c f l l y b
,

s id e r ed a s e q u i va l e n t to o u r e re eu n e o . e us a re u ear

in m in d, ho w e v e r , t ha t , a lth o ghw o d f t hi fo m w ill g

u l ly b
r s o b t s r e n e ra e a s r a ct

in s e n s e, the
y w i l l n ot c
n e e ssa r il y l w y h ti ig i fi c t i o
a a F s a ve an ac ve s n a n . or

(f 9 C.

e x amp l e ,
43 4
4 3 } fl ,
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g ,
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g w h
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r e ce i v e s o r
, g i ves
p a s s i v e ly o r a ct i ve l , o
y bj e ct i ve ly, o r s u j e ct i v e ly, a s t h
b e n te t co x
s o ,

m a y r e q u ire . In su chc a se s, the a b st r a ct o n un s t r i ki n

g, m a yb e co n

s i d e re d as eq u ival en t e it her to a
p a ss i v e, or a ct i v e
p c a rti
i p l e ; an d then , t he
a bs t r a ct m ay be s a id to o cc u
py he t p l a c e o fa co n cr e e t o n un : a s, in Gen .

xxxi 4 2 .
, p13 ?) th
e f ea r of I sa a c, i . e. the o lye ct
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v er. 5 3 , I h, w he re . it is si m il a r l y e x pl ain ed . In Ro m . 11 . 26, iii . 3 0, the

G e n t il es a re, i n l ik e m an n er , t er m ed i po Bv o i l a , a n d t h
cx e J e w s n e vr o p iy
-

p , i . e.

u n ci r cu m cise d a n
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p c e t i vel y Th e se c n s i d e r a t i n s w il l
. o o o cc a

s io n a l l
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f r m w il l ha v e a
p a s si v e s e n se an d
fwh ch x he r e a ft e r V th
’
v i ce v e r sa, o i pel e s w i
am l l b e gi ven . S ee ige r on e G reek
I di om s, Ca p . v. 5 i Ed 1 8 1 3
. . e n e th e . H c v ari o u s a c ce
p t ati o n s o fM a rc o 1
-
5m ;
in t he Ne w Te s t a m en t . Se e l o St o
a s rr,
p . 20 1 ,
&c . This u s a ge
p re v a il s

m o l e ss , p e r h
re o r a s, i n a l l l a n gu a g e s :
p a n d , t i l l w ithin fe w ye a r s , n b d y
a oo
q u e s t i n e d i t so r
p p r i e t y i n o u r o w n oB u t, . n o oo
s n er ha d t his i nfi n i t ive o r
a bs t r a ct n oun been m i st ak e n fo r an a ct i ve
p ar t i c i pl ha n s u ch p hras e s a s
e, t

Za id by the b a r b a ro u s, Za id i s
’
s str iki n g , i n a s si ve s e n se , w a s su p l a n t e d
a p p
be i n g s t r u ck .
AR T . 1 47 5 2 ] THE U S E, 81 0 . OF WOR D S .

i n c o n v e n i e n ce fr o m t he u s e Oft his w o r d o n a cco u n t

a r is e s ,

of t he m e di a l 37 w e ha ve w i t hS chr oed e r u s a n d o t he r s
, ,
‘

t a ke n n ot th a t i t i s e n t ir e l u n e x ce t i o n a b l e t h
y p er e ,

b e i n g o n e of t h e l e t t e r s b o t h a s i t s i n i t ia l a n d ,

fi n a l l e t t e r ; b u t b e ca u s e i t i s s u f fi ci e n t l ye a s y of a p p l i
ca t i o n f u r o se
or our
p p .

1 4 7 I t w il l a p p e a r fr o m w h at h a s b e e n said A
.
( r t t 7 5 . .

7 6 7 7 &c ) t h
. . at
p r im it i v e n o u n s o r i in a l l
.
g y c o n s i s t i n
g
of t hr e e r a di ca l l e t t e r s m a y fr e q u e n t l y b e fo u n d w it h
,

t w o o n l y; a n d t h e r e a r e ca s e s t o b e n o t i ce d h e r e a ft e r , ,

in wh i chWe h a ve b u t o n e M a k in g t h e s e a l l o w a n ce s
.
,

th e r e fo r e th e fo r m s of a l l n o u n s w il l b e e i t h
, e r S im le
p , ,

A ug m e n t e d, or Co mp oun de d .

2 .Th e s i m l e fo r m s, a s a l r e a d
p y n o t ic e d
( A rt 1 4 6 . .

w i l l c o n s is t of t he r a di ca l l e t t e r s o sin n o n e of t h
( pp
su
g em

to ha v e b e e n d r o pp e d, as j u st m en t i n e d o ) a cc m o p a n ie d

b yo n e or t wo v ow el s .

3 . The au
g m en ted fo r m s of n o u n s w il l e xhibi t o n e, o r

o t he r of t he S im pl e
, fo r m s a u g m e n t e d e i t he r
,
by t h e

esh o r
'
r e d u l i ca t i o n of i t s m idd l e r a d i c a l l e t t e r b D d
p y g ,

byt h e a ddi t i o n of o n e o r m o r e of t h ,
e le t t e rs fo u n d i n ,

th e t e ch n ica l t e r m
” NJ D R U o r b y b o t ht a k e n t o g e t h , , er .

4 Co m p o u n d e d w o r d s a r e t h
. o s e w hicha r e fo r m e d b y
th e co m b i n a t i o n of o n e o r m o r e w o r ds , sim l e o r a u
p g , ,

m e n t e d w r i t t e n t og e t h
, er a s o n e co n t r a ct e d h o we ve r o r , ,

a b r id e d a s t h e r u les m a r e u ir e
g , y q .

5 Th . e s i m l e fo r m s m a
p y b e d i v id e d i n t o t w o cl a ss e s ,

th e fi r s t of w h ichm a y fr o m t h e ir e cu l i a r i t i e s b e t e r m e d
p , ,

S eg o l a t e ; t h e s e co n d P r i m i t i ve , n o u n s on l
y , , .

6 B y S e g o la t e n o u n s i s m e a n t n o u n s w h
. ich i n a d , ,

d it io n t o t h eir
p r i m i t iv e v o w e l
g e n e r a l l y i n t r o d u ce a n ,

a d di t io n a l fo r t h e s a k e of Eu h o n
y( A rt I n
p .

th e ot h e r cl a ss of P r i m i t i ve n o u n s t h i s d o e s n o t t a k e pl a ce ,
.

7 We sh. a l l fi r s t c o n s id e r t h e d if fe r e n t s o r t s of S e g o
la te n ou n s a n d t h en, p r o ce e d t o t h e o t h ers w h eth er ,
92 LECT U RE v r .
EAR T . 1 4s .

sim
p l e, auo p o u n d e d g i v i n g a t t he s a m e
g m e n t e d, o r c m ,

t im e t h e f o r m s wh i cht h e
y se ve r a l l
y a s su m e m t h l u ral
, e
p
n u m ber wh en in t h
, e s t a t e of co n s t r u c t i o n
-
wh eth er ,

S in u lar o r l u r al — an d wh h i of t h
g p e n a v n
g a n
y o n e , e

r o n o u n s a t t a ch ed t o t h m
p e .

1 4 8 Th e fo r m s of t he p r i m i t i v e S e g ol a t e n o u n s a r e
.

th e fo ll o w in g : v 1 z I th e a l t e r n a t e fo r m of w h . i ch.

i s 1 P§ o r 1 PB : I I 1 Pg a l t 1 P}3; I I I 1 PQ a l t
, ,
T
.
, . .
, .

I V 1 PE 3;
. alt V 1 PQ a l t 1 P3 : a l l t h
,
. e se a r e .
, .

g e n e r a ll
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g i n t h e fi r s t o r ,

l e a d in g fo r m h a ve t h e a cce n t o n t h e n u l t im a t e A
, e
p ( rt .

1 17
2 . N OW, as the
p r on u n ci a t i on Of the s e l e a d in
g fo r m s
of w o r ds w o u l d, i n x ce e d i n l d i f
fi cu l t
m an be
y g y ca s e s , e

an a d di t i o n a l v o w el
() S eg ol fo r t h e m o s t p ,art i sv
, ,

i n t r o d u ce d fo r t h e
p p u r o s e Of o b v i a t i n
, g t h i s difii cu l t
y
( A rt . e g i n s t e a d of s a y i n
g P 1 .3 ( w
. h e r e i t w o u l d ,

s ca r ce l b o ss i b l e t o e n o u n ce t h b i n t r o d u cin
y e
p e
y g
w e sh al l h a ve 1
PQ : an d a a in
g i n o r d e r t o a v oi d t h e , ,

c o n cu r r e n ce of t w o d i s s i m il a r v o w e l s t h e fo r m e r w ill a l s o ,

b e co m e an d th en we sh a ll ha v e 1 PD i n s t e a d of ,
'
1P g H e n ce
. w e h a v e 1 7 D fo r 1
P D a h i n
g fl ip f o r , , ,

1 3 0 or 1 3 1 a bo o h a n d s o of t h I n s o m e ca s e s
2 , ; , e r est .
,

ho w e v e r w he r e n o d iffi c u l t yof p r o n u n ci a t i o n w o u l d a r is e
, ,

th i m i t i v e fo r m i s r e t a i n e d : a s 8 J_ ll y S ]
O
C T
W
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e
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1 1 ] n a r d ; DW
.

s t i ce w h chl a s t a l s o o ccu r s i h
s in , Pj u i t ,

as D wP P S IX 6 ; a n d a g a i n
, ,
in t h e. a l t er n a te
.
,

fo r m ( E D
DP D a n ii 4 7 iv 3 4
, , . .
, . .

3 I n a ll ca s e s i n w h
. i cht h is cl a ss of w o r d s w i l l b y
, ,

the a ccid e n ce of G r a m m a r r e ce i v e a n ya syl l a bi c a u g m e n t , ,

n o n e ce s si t y w i l l e xist f or th i s Eu p h o n ic v o w e l ; a n d
As the v ow el s and an d m ay he r e be co n s id e r e d re

S
p e c t i v e l y, a s ide n t ica l ; t he n u m be r o ft he f rm o s Wl l l b e r ed u c ed to j o ur ; v iz ,

W o II ’ ’
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we fi g?
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S yr G ra m . .
, p 2 3
. 9,
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, H a l l e, 1 8 27 .
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AR T . 1 48 . 4 N O U NS . 93

then , eit he r t he p r i m i t i ve , or fo rm of t he
the a lte r n a te ,
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w o r d w il l b e u se d : a s P EP E h h 2 h
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a l so in t h e fe m i n i n e fo r m 1 13 57; a q u e e n w h ichi n t h
‘

,
1 e ,

p l u r a l n u m b e r w il l t a k e t h e a l t e r n a t e fo r m 11 3
1 1; 7 fr om

1 P D a ,s b e fo r e T h e . b e c o m e s () K a m e t s b y A r1t t , .

97 . 136 S o a l s o 1 713 9 2? h
. i s sh o u ld e r fr o m 123 2) ,

sh o u l der ; 1
WP 1 hi s h o lin e s s f r om W 1 P , T h e a cce n t .

b e i n g r e m o v e d ca u s e s t h ,
e fi r s t v o w e l t o be c o m e i m
p er

f e c t ( Ar t 3 3 &
. c
) .I n t h e s in
.
g u l a r n u m ber h o w e ve r , ,

n o n e of t h e s e s e o la t e n o u n s u n d e r o e s a n ch e wh
y g
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an en
g g
p l a ce d i n t h e s t a te o
f d efi n i t e co n s t r u c t i o n ; e x ce t i n
p g
th o s e o n l y w hich ha v e e i t he r 1 o r fo r t h e i r m i dd l e
,

r a d i ca l l e t t e r ( Ar t 1 4 3 . .

4 As w e h a ve a l r e a d l a i d d ow n t h e r u l e s r e l at i n t
.
y g o

th e fo r m a t i o n of t h e fe m i n i n e
g e n d e r of n o u n s Ar t
( .

of t he d u a l a n d pl u r a l n u m b e r ( Ar t t 1 3 8 1 3 9 of.
, ,

th e s t a t e of co n s t r u ct i o n ( Ar t an d h ave.
g i v e n t a bl e s

of t he i n se p a r a bl e p r o n o u n s a s a ffe ct i n g t he fo r m s oft he ,

n o u n s Ar t 1 4 5 i i s n o w o u r in t e n t ion t o sh e w i n e a ch
( . t .

fo r m a s fa r a s i t m a yb e n e ce s s a r y i n w ha t w a yt he v o w e l s
, ,

a re a f fe ct e d b y t h e s e ci r cu m s t a n ce s We ha v e cho s en .

th is m e t h o d of d e t a il in g w ha t ha s u s u a l l yb e e n t e r m e d t he
m u t a t i o n e s p u n c t o r u m b e ca u se i t a p p e a r s t o b e t h
,
e on l y

o n e l ik e l t o b e of a n s e r v i ce t o t h e St u d e n t I n th
y y e .

r a m m a r s of B u x t o r f a n d o t h r s of h i s s ch oo l i t w a s cu s
g e , ,

t o m a r y t o g i v e a c o n sid e r a b l e n u m b e r of r u l e s o n t h is
s u bj e ct w it he x a m p l e s
,
an d th e n t o l e a ve t h e S tu de n t t o

m ake h is w a y a s w e l l a s h e co u l d B u t as th e a n a l og
.
y ,

of t he s yll a b ica t i o n a n d of t he fo r m s of w o r d s a r e t he
, ,

o n l y s u r e g u i d e s ; l it t l e u s e co u l d b e m a d e of t ho s e r u l e s ,

u n t il t h e Le a r n e r h a d b e c o m e fa m il i a r w i t ht h e se ; a n d ,

wh en th is w a s d o n e t h e ru les t h , e m s e l v e s we r e a l m o s t
94 LEC T U R E v 1 .

a»
[ AR T . 1 48 4. .

u se l e s s. o m e of t he m o r e e l a b o r a t e gr a m m a r s of
In s

m o de r n G e r m a n y t h e a n al o i s fir st t a u h t an d th
gy , g en ,

th e n o u n s a r e divi d e d i n t o a ce r t a i n n u m b e r of d e cl e n s i o n s .

Th is h ,o w e v e r se e m s t o b e l a b o u r t hr o wn a w a y; fo r
, ,

wh en th e S t u de n t i s o n ce m a d e a cq u a i n t ed w i t h t h e

e n e r a l l a w s of s l l a b i ca t i o n an d th e fo r m s of w o r d s
g y a
, ,

fu r t he r cl a ssifi ca t i o n of t he s e fo r m s m u s t r a t he r t e n d t o ,

c o n fu s e t h a n t o i n s t r u ct h im B u t su p p o si n g t h is n o t t o
.
,

be th e ca s e s t i l l t h e l a b ou r is
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fa r a s I ca n se e fo r n o u s e fu l p u r p o se , .

I w a s a g r e e a b l y s u r p r i se d t o fi n d u p o n t u r n in g o v e r ,

th e R a bb in ic
g r a m m a r s of D K i m k h i a n d of s o m e of .
,

th o se w ho s u cce e d e d him t ha t u n d e r t he fo r m s of t he , ,

n ou n s th e ch
, an
g e s of t h e v o w el
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i v e n ; wh i ch i n d e e d h ad eared to m e th e m ost
g a
, pp ,

r a t i o n a l w a y of p r o ce e d i n
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y w i t h t h i.s

p r i n ci l e
p t hen i t
,
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, t o
p r o ce e d t o t h e

cl a s s i fi ca t i o n of t h e n ou n s b e g i n n i n g w i t ht h o se t e r m e d
,

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, at a
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y for

th e i n fo r m a t i o n of t he S t u d e n t ; a ddi n g a t t he s a m e ,

t i m e su ch n o t e s o n t h
, e di f fe r e n t fo r m s a s t h e ci r c u m

s t a n ce s o fe a chc a se m a se e m t o r e u i r e H a v in alread
y q g y .

i ve n a cl a s s i fi ca t i o n of t h e fo r m s of t h e S e ol a t e n ou n s
g g ,

w e Sh al l n o w
p r o ce e d t o e x e m
p yli f t h em .

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ex ,

vo w els, f orm s o
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s
, r , .
,

S p e ci e s o
f gS e o la t e N o u n s o
f t he e
q u i v a l e,n t fo r m s 1 P £D
1 P3 , o r 1 PB ,
A rt 1 48 2 . . .

F o rm s . EXA M P L ES . S u r e o r Co n s r a o cr i o n .

Pir m it i v e . U su a l D o . Fe m . Ge n . M a sc . Fe m .

we w 91 1 1m
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, e; 1
1 79
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o r Al t e rn a t e F o rm ,

1 p_
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il DB -
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41 w r i t in g . 3 9 n o n e.
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5 The A bs o l u t e m a scu l i n e p l u r al s
( Art 1 3 9 o fa l l
‘

. . .

S e g ol a t e o u n s e x ce p t t ho s e o n l yw hi chha v e (1 ) Khol em
n ,

fo r o n e of t h eir v o w e l s t a ke t h f e m in in e s
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e r e fo r e w e sh
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ha v e D p ‘
a n d in , th e fe m i n in e D DP D fr o m t h e ,

a l t e r n a t e fo r m s ( Ar t 1 4 8 An d s o of a l l t h
. . e oth ers , ,

wh eth er of t he m a s cu lin e o r fe m in in e g e n d e r w i t h , , ,

th e a b o v e e x ce p t i o n Th e
p l u r a l fo r m
. f o r co n s t r u c t i o n

w it h ot h er n ou n s or w i t h a n y of t h
, , e in se pa r a b l e

p r o n o u n s w il l fo l l o w t h
, e
p r i m i t i v e fo r m of t h e s e w o r ds

( l b . 3 a
. n d Ar t 1 4 3 .I n t he .e x a m p l e s
g i v e n a b o v e ,

w e sh all h a ve
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9 5 79 m a sc a n d hi , pQ
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,

l u r a l fo r m s of c o n s t r u c t i o n B ut a n d 1 1 9 do
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n o t o ccu r i n t h a t s it u a t io n I t Sh o u l d b e o b se r v e d ho w
.
,

th at th e Ch a l d a i c a n d S r i a c fo r m s
’

e ve r , y 1 P g e r , ,

a r e t o b e r e fe r r e d s o m e t i m e s t o o n e cl a ss a n d s o m e t i m e s t o ,

an oth er of t he S eg o la t e n o u n s t hu s 1 9?i s m a n ife st l y

, ,

of t he cl a s s 1 P23 t he p l u r a l b e in g P1 51 0 a n d
, ,

b u t 1 0 3 be l o n g s t o 1 PB t h e
p l u r al of co n s t r u ct i o n
, ,

n o l e ss t h an th e fo r m s fo u n d w i t h t h e
p r on ou n s b e i n
g
ap p : as 1 9 9 3 ,h i s s il v e r ; t h e ir
p i e ce s
jf o

s i l ve r . B u t th e se
p a r t i cu l a r s a r e l e a r n e d b e s t fr o m t h e

D ic t io n a r y a n d u s a g e .

6 Th e r e u l a r fo r m s f o r th e af fi x ed r o n o u n s Si n l
.
g p g u a r ,

an d l u ral of t h fi r s t fo r m 1 3 597 "

13 2
1 77
9
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e
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Dr ai n Da m , v ta
i
s . e an d b y an al o
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th o u g hn o t o ccu r r i n g i n t he t e x t Q P ‘
D & c S o , , .

th at th e
p l u r a l of co n s t r u c t i o n — t h a t u se d i n con n e xi o n ,

w i t ht h e
p r o n o u n s of t h e s e co n d a n d t h i rd
p e r son s m a s , ,

cu li n e ,
a n d fe m i n i n e
p l u ral — w i ll fo,ll o w t h e
p r i m i t iv e
,

fo r m s of t he se n o u n s ; i n a l l t he o t he r ca se s t he y w il l ,

fol l o w t he a l t e r n a t e fo r m 1 Pg o r 1 P§ d u e r e g a r d b e i n g , , ,

ha d t o t he l a w s of s yl l a b i ca t io n .

7 It . ho ld b r m m b d t h t i
s u e e y
e c a e i ere w h i c h ,
a n eve r s n a
g u t t u r al l e t t e r is t he se co n d, o r t hir d , o f su c hw o rd ; the a cco m

i ce di ow 37 2?a n
p y g
an n , or
p re n g , v el m a
ybe a s,
7 arm

o o f th o he A ”
Fo r a l i s t o f n u ns is f r m , see t r ea n u m Fo r m a r u m o f
S i m on i s , p 3 0 7 , &c The Di t i . . c o n ar
y w ill
pp yl t hem a s l o su .

8 I t sh u l d a ls b e b se r v e d ,
. o o o th a t s m e Se
g l o
a te n u n s o o are, in
the i r o ri
g i n al f rm o s, o f t he fe m in in e ge n d e r ( A r t 1 3 5 . . an d
that , g e n e r a ll
y , w o r ds d o n ot, fr om m a Sc u l i n e s , r e e i v e t c he t e r m in a

n ati n o as d i s t in cti f th
ve at
ge n de r, e
o e t
p r el a t e t o xc s u ch a s

s ex Ab t ct
. s ra s are, n e ve r t he le s s , ft e n o ft h e m in in e f
e f o rm o .
i

9 A c o id . bl ns era e n u m b er o e t iv e
f de f c w o rds a re S eg l a t e s o -
o f
whi ch t h fo l l o w i g, e n bel o n
g to this cl a ss, 1n
p a rti u la r : c “ I
Q . de a t h

(p r im .
2
1 1 1 19 , Ar t . whi ch , in co n st r u c o ti n , or w it h t he p ro

n o u n s, w i ll t ake t he f rmo “ lb ( Art . 1 43 .

hi t: t h a s,
e

d e a t hof t h
e c hild , Gen . x x i 16
. . So l i fll b 77713 1 5 5 13 11 3 & c
, , ,
.
,

and in t he p l u ral nu m b e r , “ fiIT l m , &c ; . i n iqu it y fe m 31 5

IT 1 3 7 id , .
:I
.

an d co n t r. 1 11 an a
g e,
g e n er a t io n (p rim .
1 17 . A ra b.

fi
e An . 87 .
11 11 , &c .

w
9 6

) , in co n str . w it hp r o n .
”
D Q ’
, &c .
( Art 1 43 6 . . .

Th e
p l u r a l n o w i n u s e , v iz , .
D ’i l B
fi T , is e v id e n t l
y d e r iv e d fr om om e s

o th r im i t i v e S ee m
y L e i x co 81
er
p . n , p . .

11 . N o u n s d o u b l in g t he la st r adi c al le t t e r : l ?a g a r den , p rim .

1 23 , b y (A r t . fe m . id .
( )
I h . An d , w it h th
e
p r on o u n s ,
”
93 &,c p l ur .
, . abs. 5 3 2, f
1
o r 0 323 ,
2 1 an d fe m . fo r “ ,
1 121 ,
in oder , perh
r a s , t o a v id t h
p e to o f r e q u en t r e u rr en e o f t h e sa m e o c c
s o und The f rm . o f n s t r u t i n , t a ke n b
y o
t he f e m i n i n e , i s $ 3
9 , co c o
in s t e a d o ffi g , p r ob a b l y fo r t he s a ke o f v a r ie t y . So 1 3
p ure

(p r im .
1 1 ; A rab . fe m . f
or
(A rt .
p ur ity . In
t he p l ur . o f co n str . m as c .
"1 3 fo r The 1 b e in g i n c a
p ab e o l f
c e iv i n D esh
re g a
g .

12 . W i t ha m e d ia l l an d fi n al R z—
‘l t
f l fi , p r m i . o
f rm , an d
by a
p o c o p e, ( Art . va n it y: fe m . d e s t ru ct i on , ( Ar t .

87 So w it h N ? r im f r m
7
o be f re , o l ley In co
.
p .
, as a va . n str.

S 13 ,
d, b y a p an oco p e,
“
3 ; b u t, in co n str u c t io n ,
“
3 ; p l 31 1 253
1 .
, an d
w i t ht he l igh x lfi i th
fl fl j
l
t af fi es,
y v a ll ie s .

l 3 . Wi t h a in al 1
f o r :
7
—1 32, b a o co e
y p p (p r im l il y) , ete r n it y;
—
.

a bu l r u s h an
so i t l b?
f
n"
fo r l lf
l fi (A r t . 87 .
? s w i m m in
g .

14 . Wi t h a m e dia l 3 z or $
f 13 35 ( Art . th
e n o se , a n
g er ;
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AR T Q N T HE N u n s o 97
“

. .

w it h t h e
p o
r n o u n s , 1 9 13 " 9 1
5
p l $ 2 8 ; , , . an d in
c o n s t r E51 T he a b sol u t e fo r m o f t he p l u r a l d o e s
" 5
. . n o t o cc ur bu t .

in th e d u al w e h 13 ; w h c h o uld h ave th o
2
7
a ve 5 ,
i w e sam e f rm , in
co n s t r u c t io n an
h
d w it ht he p r o o n u n s, a s ho s e g i v e n a b o v e
t .

Fo r fu r t her exam
p l es o fthis s o rt, th e S t u d e n t is r e f erred to t he
Ar e a n u m F o rm a r a m f S im o n i s, s e c t io v t h rou h o u t or to his
o g.
, ,

Le i x co n .

1 49 . Of t he S e co n d S p e ci e s S
f g
o e o la t e A o u n s ,
r
w hi chm ay be
co n s i d e r e d a s n e a r l y a l l ie d to t he t hir d .

F o rm s . EXA M P LES . I N Co n s r a n cr t o n .

P rim . Us u a l D o . Fe m . F o rm . M a sc . Fe m .

1 Q
PT ,
on a
g e . ”1 3 ” so cie ty. 1 5” fl lj fl
'

Al tern ate F o rm .

j,
Dgg a s ou h ld er DD
} ?
No u n s of t his sp e cie s o ccu r b u t r a r e l y; a n d i t i s
d o u b t fu l Wh eth er t h e l a s t of t h e se d o e s n o t m o r e
p pro erl
,
y
be l on g t o t h e
p r i m i t i ve fo r m as we h a v e i t w i t ht h e

p r on o u n s
‘
QQ Q W D D W & c A s a
p pr o e
, r n a m e
( a s s o m e, .

t hi n k ) i t o cc u r s w i t h t h e l o ca l H 7 i n t o w a r d s ,

Sh ec h em Ho s vi 9 ,
. . .

In th e fi r st e x a m l e w e h
p a ve “
7 5 7
3 & c w i t h t h e
p r,o , .
,

n ou n s .

1 50 . Of t he Thi r d Sp e ci es .

F oa m . Ex A M P L Es . I n Co x s r a u cr m m
'

Pi
r m . Us u a l D o . M a sc . Fe m .

we
"
7 129 , 71 4
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as
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,
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a
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1 129 ,
j pfi ’ 5a?
) i ty a va n . ki n . Sign
The ol u t e ab s fo r m of t he p l u r a l is he r e ,
as b e fo r e ,
of t he fo r m D j fia m a sc a n d ,
‘
z ,
. 11 1 7 12 3 , f
e m : a s, .

bu t d o e s n o t o ccu r . So D y ’
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f
va n i t y,
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are af fi xe d t hus : W ” h
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p o r t io n ; w
p m m yp o r t i o n
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o p p gp t h 1, o gbn
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eir
p o r t io n S o f em a m 2 5
7 p . .
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11
98 LE T C U RE VI .
E AR T . 2 .

R13 0 ht he p r on o u n s i sm}
s n i , is wit &c In , , .

th : w it h t h
e p l u r a b s D ZC Q co n s t r
twa e p r on ou n s
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a n d so o n
93 g g j Q Q
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x fi f D S O &
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,
.

2 Th o . f th i p c ie n m un so oT h fo l l o wi g s e s e es a re n u er u s. e n ar

f w x m pl
a e V D il l d l ig h
Q e a t ; es : l l o th e p op rv e a s ur e , a s r er
p ‘
, e

m n a f p l c
e ; o
g i dal ; fa te B t 1
1
5 3 27 d ; a r e a . u a ro
1
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? f t h o h d n e d t di re
g tea w i t h 7o m o t h un er s a n n , a cu en e s s , s
.
e e rs,

t k a th p o o
es & fte th f r o m 1 03 n u n s, “ 3 3 h
9 i c. d ; a er e r : as, s ro

i n s t; h i f h d; hi s d t
o re di g F o m ea wh ic h l o s un er s a n n . r a s

o cc fth fo m
u rs o w h 7 1 3 11 2 t h e
y r t ig J x i ii 2 2 e ave
1
ve s es, e r. .

d i c o t c t io i th fm i i 1 1 93? b t t h
an , n n s ru
g d 3 n , n e e m y e e n ne en er 1 u s a ,

p o ib l y b
ss d i d f o m d if
,f t pe i m i t ier ve r e ren r ve s .

3 T h fo l l o w i g
. fw e f t h d f ct i no wh
a re a ich m e o e e e ve n u n s, see

t b el o g t
o th i p ci n
fl c eo ; (p i m s s A t e f m
es : a ee r . r . e .

f or co t m c i co t n s r. c tti g ; fm th as .
, n n s r. u n s e . e

cu d (p i m r . th
e
p a la t e (p r im .
31 3 0 , Ar t . w it ht he
o o Fo r fu r t h x se e th
"
p r n uns
P ,
U &c . er e am
p l e s, e

A r ean u m Fo r m a r u m , p . 3 2 6 , &c .

4 . C hl d a i c
d S yr i a w r d s ft e n
a u r o f th an : as c o o o cc e f rm o 1 D3

”P ; H e b f r m 1 3 s i l ver ;
3 F 3 o u n se l
. o
So , in H e b r e w ,
” S W c .

in s t e a d o f “ Ni? e l e va t io n Se e t he
“
r ea n u m F r m er u m , pp . A o .

3 0 9, 3 1 0 .

Of t he F o u r t hS e c i e s
p f
o S eg o l a t e JVo u n s .

1 51 . This
o r din g t o o u r a r r a n g e m e n t, a cc ,
w ill co m

r eh r i m i t i v e n o u n s of t h
e n d all fo mg d
"

rm s an
p p e ,

b u t of t he l a t t e r n o e xa m
p l e s o cc u r .

F E
o rm s . I C x a m e t n s. n o n sr a u cr ro x .

Pi ii
r U
m t ve . l su a F . M em . a sc . Fe m .

1 12
59 w g é ’ l b
3
-
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, g/
mf g?“

1 11 : ”1 n 1
IDA I NTr m
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e x ce l l e n ce . , ( -
.

2 . H ere , as be f r e,o t h
e
pl u r a l s , &c .
, a r e r e gu la r ly f r m e d : as , o pl .,

ab s. m a s c P . h5e
p l m a1 s c
3 3 3o f c o n s t r u c t i o n do e s
fe m .
n I Q 3 . t . .

n o t o cc u r i n t h
'

is e x a m p l e b u t fo r th em h we h Th
i

e f ave e ,

o n ly i n s t a n ce in w hicht his w o r d o cc u r s w it ht he p r o n o u n is J o b , ,

xxx i 20 . So , a van P § j
1 u s t i c e r ig h t e o u s n e s s ; ” E , ?
l e a r n in g g 11 193 c onfide n ce ; t o w h ich m a n y m o r e m a y b e a dd e d
‘

Of t h e Def e c t ive n o u n s a ci t
y p l W 1 ? fo r W 3
1 2 , ,
.
;
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?t h
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( Art 7 .
( . t la t t e r g d ro e d
pp , ;
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to
1
( A r t . So w it

m y m ou t h 1 3 t h m ou t h; 1 3 h s m o u t h &c
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y i
>
.
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an d in t h,e f em
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l m o u
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AR T . 1 53 . T .

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OF TH E AU G M EN T ED H EB R EW N O U NS .

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n ow c

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a t t em p t t d c o l d t b t b t t d d w it hb fic i l
o o so , u lt n o u e a en e en e a resu s.

T O p r o ce e d : t h e fo l l o w in g t a b l e s w i l l e x h ibit t h e fo r ms

w i t hs o m e e x a m p l e s of t h e fi r s t cl a ss Of t h e se n o u n s .

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ll d t h i fi i ti & f t h P ih
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8 A n ot h e r p r o p e r t yi s t h e be co mi n eit h r i n r e a li t
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so Ex o d xx 7
, Th e sa m e m a
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i en in t h i s fo r m i n wh i h G d i i d to h
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vi . 6,
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t e n s i t y A bu n d a n ce o r Fr eq u e n cy of t h e a ct i o n o r
p a ss1 o n

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sh i ve r e d o r br o ke t o p i e ce s ; i t sh ot u w
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73 73 s i t s h u i ch l n d a bu n d a n t l E
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to thi s, is t h e ro ert
p p y t er m ed Q ui l l , or of t he
G r a m m a r ia n s of A r a b ia : as a s» he p , ra is e d hi m ve r y

H c en e f
r om the n o un V7 23 j u st , we ha v e t he v e r b i n t hi s fo r m v iz , .
P3 3 he

p r o n o u n ce d , es t e e m e d , s om e on e j ust , i . e h .e
j if
u st i ed h i m , e g J er . . . i ii 1 1 , .

s e hj u s t ifie d h
e r se lf
. Se e als oJ ob xxxiii . 3 2 , &c . See al s oB u x t o r fs
’

Cha ldai
‘

c an d Ta l m u d ic Le ix co n un der 77
93 . G ree k ver co , ( f
b s i n df a) , a i m , ti m e ,
t i m e , do) , e co
'

,
6a) , &c . ha v e re u e n tly t h
f q i s f r oc e : so A u ca réa) , or
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Co r i 20 , e p é pa ve v 6 6 6 69 T ip! a o ¢ ia v 7 0 6 x do p o v ,
r o br o v , G o d h
a t hm a de
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,
i e
p n u n ed t o b e so , t h
r . . o o c
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o h t he whi c h w i ll
'
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J oh n x ix 7 , .
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{ M611 7 0 13 9 60 i) en o
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iq o eu, He m a de h i m se lft h
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i . e . H e decl a r edhi m se l ft o b e so I n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r t he v e r b s 1D; he g a v e , .

o i n t ed a n d Dig h e l a ce d l a id d o w n , &c , w i l l i n t i m a t e t h e m e r e d e cl a r a t i o n
a
pp p , ,
.

o f so m e t h i n g d o n e o r t o b e d o n e e g G e n xxv i i 3 7 ma i ; I ha v e l a id
“

n in . . . . .
,

him do w n d e cl a re d hi m gr e a t i 5
,
a n d a ll h is br o t h
,
er s h a ve I
.

g i ve n t o h i m, i e h a i e de cl a r e d sh al l b e h.i s . S e e Gen xxx v 1 2 C o mp . . . . .

Exod x i i 25 . S o 1 K i n gs xx i i 2 3
. .
WP}? 13 J e h
1 3 o va hh a t h iv e n a s i r i t
g p . .

l e h a s de cl a r ed t h S ee P r o v i x h h
o
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. 9 ,
w e re
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,

fi rst n u m b e r , 1 5 expl a in e d b y371 1 71 m ake kn o w n , i n t he se con d S ee a ls o Eze ki el , .

xx 24— 26 Ot he r v e rb s t o o , n o t o f t hi s fo r m b u t e xp re ss in g so m e a c t io n , a r e
. .

o cc a s io n a l l yu se d t o sign i fya de cl a r a t io n o f t ha t a c t io n o n l y; a s in J e r i 1 0 . .

t o r o o t o u t , t o p u ll do w n , &c H ose a v i 5 , I ha ve hew ed t he m by t he p r op he t s . .

,

&c i e I h a v e de cl ar ed t h at th o r sh a l l be h ew n S e e G l a ss P h il
. . . e
y a re , . . .

Sa c r. Li b I I I T r a t I I I Ca n
. . c . . o n XV , &c . . St o r r.
p.2 6 ,
&c . S ee al s o my

V i it t io
s a n Ser m o n, C a m b r id ge , 1 8 3 9 p 5 8 , . . se q .
ART . 1 54 . AU G M ENTED H EB R EW NO U NS .

h; JP h e e x e r ci s e d h is h o r s e v er m u ch
S;
' I a l l

muc “

y
the t r u t hbe ca m e v e r y a pp a r e n t &c , .

1 0 I n a fe w i n s t a n ce s a l s o t h
. i s fo r m is t h o u ght t o ,
.

ha v e a ca u sa t i v e sig n i fi ca t i o n a s 1 5? h l h d ; 1l
e w a e 3
,

he ca u s e d a n o t he r t o w a lk &c , .

ORM S
F . E X AM P L ES .

M asc . Fe m . M a s c. Fe m .

II . 1 1 135 3
, ”DI PD’ ’

Pl ? ” e m br a ci n
g . ”T
11 3 3 fi r s t bor n .

th e W W
w m wi res W m ini 1
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w o u n d.
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Th e v o w e l s w ill in e v e r y ca s e h e re be i m m u t a b l e ;
,
.

th e
p l u r al s & c w i l l t h e r e fo r e
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a m ps n j npn &c i
, , .

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g
b et w ee n t h e fi r s t a n d s e c o n d r a d ica l l e t t e r s wh i ch i s ,

th o u ght t o be a m e r e co m p e n s a t i o n fo r t he o m issi o n of
D dgés h: a s 1 1 23 fo r 1 7 3 a sp e a r ; l l l fi i n va s i o n ;
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g t o s m e F r t! S, i l o , .

B u t s e e m y L e x i co n u n d e r t h is w or d . .

F om r s EX AM P L S E .

M a s c.

PPS fi r m ly bo u n d
"

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l l 7 . 45 .

H e r e a s be fo r e
11 .
, , t he v o w e l s . a re i m m u t a ble .
No
em i n i n e fo r m o ccu r s
f .

F om
r s. E X AM P L S E .

M a s c. M a sc . Fe m .

hi ll 93
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or
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W
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W
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or lr
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a si n n e r . ”mm7 - id .

st e r il it i
 1 12 LECT U R E vn .
E A R T. 1 5 4 . 12 .

12 . The se n ou n s i m pl y co n s t a n ha bi t t ,
.

or the lik e ,

an d a r e u se d t o d e s ig n a t e t r ade s , p f
ro e s s i o n s ,

13 . B o t h v o wel s a re he r e n e ce s s a r il y i m m u t a ble , the

fir st o u n t of t he s yll a b i ca t i o n ; t he s e co n d b e ca u s e
on a cc ,

i t se e m s t o s u p pl y t h e
p l a ce of S b y a n a l o gy a s W 137 ,
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,

a r t if i A ?
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s t r u c t io n a r t ifi ce r s ; ”big a m a r i n e r p l 0 73 17 13
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w it h p r on DQ DQD t h e ir m a r in e r s A fe w i n s t an ce s
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o ccu r i n w hi ch o ccu p ie s t he p l a ce of or a s,

( A rt 8 7 an d .
p e r t u r ba t i o n
. T o t h e .

fe m i n i n e fo r m s S im o n i s a d d s , of w hi ch t w o ,

e x a m pl e s o n l y o ccu r viz fl i p? “ co a g u l a t e d m i lh J o b , .
,

vi 6 a n d 11 1 3 59 t e r r o r I h x x i 6 &c
.
, . .
, .

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M a s c. Fe m .

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t r a in e d ,

l
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PQ .
hi ll ? »
wp z a ccu s t o m e d
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p e rb )
.
.

a co a t .

r a r e l y. t a ke n .

l
S i m o n i s p l a ce s T7 ! J u dg x iii 8 , u n d e r t h
" "l
14 i s fo r m
-

. . .
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b u t n ot h i n g ca n b e m o r e p r ob a bl e , t h an th at th i s is t h e

th i r d p e r s o n si n g u l a r of t he v e r b , co n s t r u e d w i t h TI i n

the of W Q JS a n d t o b e u n d e r s t oo d i n a fu t u r e t e n s e ;
s e n se ,

1271 3 w h o sh o u ld be bo r n Pe r h a s th e w o r d d oe s
“
3
e g . . 1
p .

n o t o ccu r c o n s t r u e d as a s i m p l e n o u n i n a n yca s e
, , .

1 5 Un de r t h is h. ead m a
y b e cl a s s e d a l l t h o se n ou n s ,

wh i cha r e g e n e r a ll y a r r a n g e d a s i n fi n i t iv e s of t h e P uh dl
co n j u g a t i on an d m a
y t h e r e fo r e b e co n s i d e r e d a s
, p a s si v e s , , ,

co r r e s p o n d in g w i t ht h e a ct iv e fo r m s
“
112 2 &c , , .

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s z

Th o ha v e t he oc us t:
Q

f rm s fr f
0

e sa m e sa m e e m A ra b 1 c : a s, a
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i om c f d Ch c
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r
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}; br ea d S o i a Syr an a l da i
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,

0 0 7

“ an ,
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mm, a s in e r ,
g &c .
AR T . A U G M ENT ED H EB REW N O U NS .

16 . In a ll he s et ca s e s, the fir st v ow e l is n e ce s s a r il
y
i m m u t a bl e ; the l a st n o t so un i ve r s a ll y b u t , x a m pl e s
as e

do n o t o c cu r su fi ci e n t l yn u m
f er ou s t o d e ci d e thi s q u es t i o n ,

we b u t lit t le a bo u t it
ca n sa
y .

17 fo r m s a r e t ho u g ht t o b e i n t e n si t i ve of t ho se
The se

i ve n u n de r t h r e ce di n cl a s s ( Ar t b t w h t h
g e
p g u e e r .
,

s u ch fo r ce 1 8 a l w a s t o b e fo u n d w h en t h o i
y e
y ccu r s ,

d o u b t fu l .

Of tho se Noun s w hich a r e sa id to be r edu

p li ca t e d b
y
i m p l i ca t i o n ( A r t .

1 55 . Th
o u n s a r e t ho u g ht t o ha v e a n i n t en s i t i ve
e se n

s i n i fi ca t i o n w i t h o t r e se n t in r e d u l i ca t i o n e it h
g u
p g an
y p er ,

in t h e v o w e l s o r co n s o n a n t s ,
bu t a s t h e
yg e n e r al l
y h a ve ,

a
p rf
e e ct v o w e l o cc a s i o n a l l
y i m m u t a b le i n
,
t h e
p en u l

t im a t e i t h as bee n o se d t h at th i r e s e n t s a co m
, su
pp s
p
e n s a t io n fo r th e D d és hw h i chh a s b e e n o m it t e d T h
p g e .

fo ll o w in g a r e t he i r fo r m s
FO R M S EX AMP L S
. E .

M a sc . Fe m . M a sc .

I .
1 125 , 1 93 , un kn o w n .

Se n fi
a t e m p le .

2 . Fo r fu r t he r e x a m pl e s se e the Ar e a n For m . .
p 2 0
. 2,

&c .

FO RMS . E X AM P L S E .

M a sc . Fe m . M a sc. Fe m .

ma ma a m u s ica l i n st r u m e n t , so c al l ed .

lfm
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é
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l lD a
f e t t er .
. a st a ble , st a l l , &c
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.
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1 11 ] s
.

v a ci l a l t in g .

F o r ms . E X AMP L S E .

F Fe m

111 .
WEB ,
n a t en t .

or nj l
fi ,a WElN '
a t r e a su r c .

-
Dal i l a se a l ,
“ a nd” a se a l .
 L EC T U R E V I I .
E AR T . 1 55 . 3 }

3 . Wi t h p res e ct t o the i n fl e ct i o n
of t h e s e w o r d s th e ,

p e r fe c t v o w e l i n t he fi r s t fo r m i s s o m e t i m e s i m m u
, t a bl e ,

at o t he r s n o t s o No r u l e t he r e fo r e c a n b e g i ve n
.
, , ,

u
p o n wh i c h r e l i a n c e c a n b e
p l a c e d W i t h r e s
p e c t t o .t h e

o t he r fo r m s w he n e v e r t he 5 o r 1 r e m a i n s i t s v o w e l i s a l s o
, , , ,

i m m u t a bl e ; b u t w h e n it dr o s t h
, p e d e fe c t m a
y b, e co m

p en sa t ed b
y i n se r t in
g D d g é s k i n t h e c o n s o n a n t i m m e

dia t e l y fol l o w in g a s i n t h , e fe m i n i n e wh ere th e

p e r fe ct v o w e l i s s u
pp l i e d b y i t s c o r r e s o n din
p g i m p e r f e c t
one ; e
g f or. 7 1
.
712 1 9 w e h a v e
,
fl j P D S o a l s o v i c e
T
.
,

l e t t e r s d ou bl e d b y t h
’ ’
ve r s ci , e i n se r t i o n of D dg e s lz w ill , .

fr e q u e n t l yl o se t his p oi n t ; a n d t he n t he p r e ce din g i m ,

e ct v o w e l w i l l ch
'

p rf
e a n
g e i n t o i t s co r r e s o n d e n t
p p f e i e c t
on e . H e n ce i t i s t h at th ,e se fo r m s a r e su
pp o se d t o

co n t a i n a n i m
p l i c i t r e d u l i ca t i o n
p ( A rt o r i n o t h e r.
,

w o r d s t o b e fo r m s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h
, o se t ha t ha v e t he
’
m i d d l e r a di ca l l e t t e r d o u bl e d b y a D é g e s k fo r t e B ut .
,

as th e n o u n s of t h i s cl a s s a r e fe w i t i s s ca r ce l yp o s sibl e t o ,

g l e a n fr o m t h e u s a e of t h
g e lan
g g u a e w h a t vow el s a re ,

m u t a bl e a n d w h ,
a t a r e n o t so Fo r t h e s a m e r e a son
. i t is ,

i m p o s si bl e e v e n t o s a y w h e th e r w e a re ri h
, g t i n a l l ca se s

in t h i s o u r cl a s s i fi ca t i o n of t h em .

On t he A u g m en t e d N o u n s ,
Q QQ
‘ R H H n ti
‘

t er m ed é —e m u .

1 56 . o u n s of t hi s d e scr i p t i o n o n e o r m o r e of t he
In n ,

l e t t e r s co n t a i n e d i n t h e t e ch n i ca l w o r d
” J Q RH
Q ( A rt .

1 47 w il l be fo u n d a t t a ch e d t o e it h e r o n e o r ot h er of

th e
p r e ce d i n
g p r im it ive or au
g m en t ed fo rm s ,
for t h e ,

p pu r ose a
pp aren tl
, y of v a r in
y g t h e s i n ifi ca t i o n
, g T h at .

th e s e a r e fr a m e n t s of w o r d s
g I h a ve n o d o u bt ; b u t , ,

wh at th e y o r i in a l l
g y w er e i t m a
y n o w be e x ce e d i n
,
l
g y
d if fi cu l t t o s a y I m a y p e r h . a s b e e x c u se d if I o f
p ,
f er a ,

fe w co n j e c t u r e s o n t h i s s u bj e c t h o p in g t ha t a l t ho u gh I , ,

m a y n o t s u cce e d t o t h e e xt en t t h a t m a y b e w i sh ed I ,
AR T . 1 56 . AU G M ENT ED H EB R EW N O U NS .

s ha l l n e v e r t he l e ss a ffo r d s o m e t hi n g l ik e l y t o fi x t he s e
, ,

fo r m s m o r e p e r m a n e n t l yi n t he m i n d of t he Le a r n e r ; a n d
th is is m yp r i n ci p a l o bj e ct .

2 Of t h
. e s e l e t t e r s (v i z on e o r m or e m a
y .
, ,

b e fo u n d a t t h e b e i n n in of o rds ; w h il
g g w e 71 D 1 , , , ,

or D w ill b e fo u n d a t t h
,
e i r e n di n
g s I n s o m e i n s t a n ce s .
,

i n d e e d w o r d s a r e fo u n d a u g m e n t e d b y o n e o r m o r e of
, , ,

th e se l e t t e r s both a t t h e ir be in n in
, g g a n d e n di n
g at ,

th e s a m e t im e ; h a v in
g al so t h e m i ddl e r a d i ca l l e t t e r
, ,

d o u bl e d b y t h e O e r a t ion of D d és l i fo r t e a s in t h e
p g ,

P a r t i cip i a l fo r m s of H i t n i lz e l rampa n t; hl l fiafl b &c

' ’ ‘ '
, l , .

On h
t e L et t e r s t e r m ed w he n fi
p e r x e d t o w o r ds .

1 57 . S im o n is *
su
pp o t h t
se s o w i t hN
a n uns ,
o r
p re fi x e d, ha v e
s om e af n fi i t y, i n s ig i fic t i o
n w ith t h
a o pn ,
se ers o ns o f t he v e r b s,

w hi c hha v e t he s e le t t e r s as
p o r m a t iv e s
re f ; an d t ha t n
p resen t s a

o ha t ft he H i t hd ze l co j o Th
’
f r ce n earl ati is
'

a ll ie d
y to t o
p l n u
g n . m a y,

or m ay n o t, be t rue ; bu t, as it lea ve s t he s e co j n u
g ati o n s, &c . ,

une x pl i a n e d, I ha v e t ho u ght it ri
g ht t o co n s id e r t he fr oc e o f the se

a dj ct iun s n t he n o un s : be c a u se , if we ca n su cc e ed in hi st , we s ha l l
ha v e n o d iffi c u l t y t o c o n t e n d w it h i n t his r e s p e c t w e c om e , , when

to th e v er bs .

I s u pp os e t h en th a t th
,
e l e t t e r s Tl
,
fl an d NH a re n oth in g , , ,

m or e t h a n a b br e v i a t e d f o r m s o f p r i m i t i v e w o r d s w hi chm ig ht ha v e ,

o r igi n a l ly b e e n w r i t t e n i n fu l l a n d pl a c e d b e fo r e o t he r s fo r t he , ,

u r o s e o fm o d i f i t h i T he se m i h t i r o c e s s o ft i m e
p p y g n e r s e n se
g n
p .
, ,

ha v e l o s t s o m e o f t he i r l e t t e r s a n d t he n ha v e b e e n c o m p o u n d e d ,

w i t ho t h e rs so a s t o
p r e se n t t h e f o rm s wh i c h w e no w h a ve I f .
,

th er e f o r e w e ca n n o w fi n d w o r d s w hich w he n t hu s a b b r e v i a t e d
, , ,

a n d j o i n e d w i t ho t h e r s w il l i ve th e s i n i fi ca t i o n s w h i c h t h ese a u g
g g ,

m en t ed f o r m s s e e m t o ha v e w e s ha l l p e r ha p s rn a k e t his s u bj e c t ,

m o r e i n t e l l i g ib l e a n d i n t e r e s t i n g t h an it h a s u s u a ll b
, y e e n , .

2 Wi t h r e s p e c t t o t h
. e fi rs t v iz N w i t hw h i c hw e m a yj o in 2 ;
,
.
,

r )
we h erh ra m en t o f t h r oo t ” 2 A r a b ic
ave
p a s a f
p g e 13 ( a e

de s i r in g i mp e l l in g c a s t i n g dow n a n d t h
, , e l ike ; t o w h i c h 7 1 2 13 , , ,

A rea n u m F o r m ar u m , p . 5 22 .
 LECTU RE vu .
E AR T . 1 57 . 3:

”
m,
y d k sj l ’ a s e p r e s s i n g e r t a i n a f
an fe t i n s o f t h x e m in d , m a y c c o
p erha s b e a d de d, a s
p g n a te r t s U p n t h i s s u
ppco s i t i n , oo . o o o
h
'
o r the Ch
-

( o r fi n lt
fi
"

f a ld e e , o r S r i a , f r m
y ), w ill st an d f o r Tl l bl c o
wr1 "y o r 71 1 7 ! ’ P R?( F r m V I A r t o
i m p e l l i n g , a u s in g , de s i r in g , c
“

. .
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r

&c . an oth er , to i
v s it , &c . So 3
5 3 13 a w i l li n g , o r g r ea t lia r ;
w i llin l
g y, or
g r ea t ly c ru e l *
.

3 . W o n si d e r t he fo r ce of w o r d s t hu s
e m ay n o w c

au
g m en t ed : an d a s som e of t hem a r e t aken f or ,t h e

l e a di n g w o r d s o f a ce r t a i n s p e ci e s of t h e co n j u
g a t io n

of Ve r b s i t w i ll b e a s w e l l n o w t o d e t e r m i n e t he ir p r o
,

e r t ie s
p .

4 I f, t hen , th r im i t i ve w o r d ha v e a ct i v e
. e
p an s e n se ,

a s, ii iDI h- e h
?
e a r d , i t w il l , i n t his t
fo r m , g en erall
y ha ve a

ca u s a t i ve on e ; a s, ca u s e d t o be a r : b u t , if t he

p rim i t iv e b e n eu ter , this fo r m w il l be a ct ive i fi ca in si n

g
t io n : a s, he s t o o d ; he se t u
p ; Ti p?
) li e w a s

g l ad U ‘
p /
U l ie
j
r e o i ce d a n o ther fl
r

I t is r e m a r k a bl e , that t he c a u s at ive an d ot h er w o rd s C pt i a r e
in t he o c
o
f r m e d i n p r e i s e l yt h c V s a ys S h l c oz
”
e sa m e m a n n e r .
“
e rb a co m
p o s it e , G ra m . .

C0 pt 86 “
e d u a b u s v o ci b u s c o a l e s cu n t In co m o s i t i o n e v e r b u m G P e sse ,
. . .
p
v el fa c e re ,
g en s u s ci
p e re, q ! fe r r e , a .i p r e j i ce r e , X6 1 ! i n v e n i re ,
-

Cr ! i G PO T w m l l u c e re .
"

a cc i d a re , i ss i m o ccu r r u n t :
p e re
,
s ae
p e e. g .

ex ep et o x cu m lu x gue rri l la s }
; p a t i , ex 956 11 et

fl ka g d loo r, q xp
'
t gg cu r a t e , ex
q ! et p w g
o vrg c u ra ,

X GI L K£ C T
—

& X
CG R T fu n d a r e , ex et ( TG I F f fu n d a m e n t u m ,
/
i n t e l li g e re , ex K6 1 ! et KA T i n t e l l e ct u s , G I QHI H I
p d e fie ri ,
u ex ( fl

o T 03 0 7 i o ”
th
"

et g nu d u r, gl o r i fica r e , ex et (D OT gl ria . In e se
p
c a se s , t he wo d
p fix r s re ed ha v e p re ci se l
y the sa me p o w er w it h t ho s e ab o ve

o
p p or se d ; an d on e ,
v iz . ,
g ! p ro
y ce r e , is ver
y n e a rl
y a l l i ed b th i no s o un d
an d se n se t o o u r N, or n
, p a c
r t i u l a rl y i n the Hip /
t ai l f r m o W W, o r Ti
ges
r ,
& c .

1 These r
p p e r t ie s o
4 C
a re

/
a ls o com m o
fi f e / c.
n to t he A ra b i c : a s, 1 .
wA S c /
DJ
»

Za id d u g a ca n a l ; l” t 9 >i ~ I ca u se d him to d ig a ca n a l ;
‘

2 .
cx9
i
/d t bcf l
'

Za id s ig b t &B I him
y qf
ta a cu l t c e sa w
; J .
 ART . 1 57 . AU G M ENT ED H EB R EW N O U NS .

5 . If in , the ne xt p l a ce , the
p i m i tri ve b e a n o u n

su bst a n t iv e , o r a d e ct i v e j ; i t w i ll, in t h i s fo r m , g e n e r a l l y
sig n i fy t he be i n g , hi n g be co m i n g d o i n g s ufe r i n g ma , , , ,

e r m i t t in & c th e s e n s e of t h e r oo t : 10 33 7 h e m a de
p g ,
.
73
f a t ; n ou n & ‘
j gf ( at F o
,
r m V Ar t
P9 7 3 ? ! h e u s e d . .

th e r ig h t h and or r o ce e d e d t o w a r ds i t ; n o u n 7
3
P : t h
p , e

r ig h t h and So .he u s e d o r w e n t t o w a r d s t he , ,

lef t h a n d ; n o u n t h e l ef t h a n d ; r pm, h e c a u s e d
r a in ; n ou n 7 1979 r a i n ; P3 5 , 2 h
0 e be ca m e w h i t e r oo t ,

19? w h i t e h e
p e r m i t t e d ( p
t o u r ch a s e
)p r o v i s i o n ,

r oo t 13
gp
“

r o v is i o n ; 1 3722 23 7 h e
p e r m i t t e d (t o ) r e m a i n
“

r oo t 1 33 Wr e m n a n t *
“

6 . A n o t he r p r o p e r t y i s e x hibi t i n g d e cl a r i n g o r , , ,

e s t e e m in g th e rs o n o r t h i d e si n a t e d b s u chw o r d
e
p ,
n
g g y ,

as
p o s s e s se d of t h e
q u a l it
y i n t im a t e d b
y t h e
p r im i t i v e as ,

PT
‘
js
''
l h ue de c l a r e d o r e s t e e m e d a n o t h e r j u s t f r o, m { l };
J V
, ,
-

j u s t ; 1 4 t h e d e cla r e d o r e s t e e m e d
‘
a n o th e r w i c h e d , , ,
9 fiv e}

fr o m w i ch ed So i n t h e A r a b ic as agl I ca l l e d h
. i m , ,
j
0 ?

an i nfi d e l ; hi m of s i n j T o t hi s p r o
fi b ri l I a ccu s e d .
'

er t m b e r e fe r r e d a l l t ho m w h i ch t h i
p y a
y se
p a ssa e s
g s ,

fo r m is u s e d a n d i n w hichG o d i s s a i d t o ha v e h
, a r den e d

th e he a r t bl i n d e d t he e ye s m a de t he he a r t g r o s s
, , ,

de ce i ve d t h e
p peo l e & c — w h ere n o t hi n
g m o r e t ha n , .

d e cl a r i n g t his t o b e t h e ca s e a
pp e a r s t o be m e a n t
j fi ,

S ee D e u t . n . 28, 1 Sa m . x xv. 22 , P s . cx ix . 31 ,
I s l i ii 1 7
. x . .Th e se
p ro

p e r t ie s a r e a l l
p e c u l ia r to t he a n al o go us o
f rm s in A ra b i c : see
’
Lu m s d e n s A r a b i c
G ra m .
, p.1 7 3 ,
&c .

f Lu m s d e n
’
s A rab . G ra m .
, p . 1 75 .

I Ex do . Vl l . 3, x . 1 , Den t . ii 3 0 , I s
. . v i 1 0,
. co m
p . w it h M a t t h x i ii . . 15 .

This p op r e rty St o rr re f
e rs to the in fl u e n c e o f a m et o n Ob s e r v p p 2 4 ,
m
y y . . .

2 8 , &c .hi chhe t hi n k s a m o u n t s t o n o t hi n g m o r e

,
w o than
p e r m iss io n See a ls .

pp 1 9 4 — 5 —6 T h i s h o w e ve r l e a ve s th a c to r
e m a t t e r n e a rl y a s u n sa t is f
. .
, yas ,

i t fo u n d i t V e r y n e a rl y p a r a l l e l t o t he s e H e b r e w fo r m s a n d u s a ge s, a re t hos e
.

o f th
’
e G r e e k v e r b s t e r m in a t i n
g i n ri f e) t gw a l u w ii i/w s bw o w , a n d i ce m a n
yo f , , , , , ,
 LE T C UR E VI I . .

E A R T. 1 5 7 . 7 .

A n o t he r p r op e r t y of t his fo r m i s e x ce s s o r i n te n
7 .
, ,

si t
y of ,t h e a ct i o n p a s si o n & c af fo r de d b
y t,
h e
p r i m i t i ve , .

w o r d : a s D lfig h ‘j
e w a s ve r d S i n th e A r a bi c
, y r e o .
, ,
/
'

f o b -o f C f 9 0 63 0
c 1

é
all a l t h e morn in l
g w a s ve r
y b r ig h t ; J
i l t h e a

l m t r e e bo r e m u ch f r ui t
p a .

8 M a n y v e r b s n o t u se d i n t h
. e fi r s t s e ci e s of t h
p e

co n j u a t ion L h a v e o cca si o n a l l e it h
g ( e ct
y e.r a n eu ter

o r t r a n si t i v e 5 io n in t h i s fo r m : a s 0 9e he ,

r o s e e a r ly T h e t hr e w S o m e t i m e s t h e
y w i l l h a v e .

b o t h s ig n ifi ca t i o n s : a s VPfl h e w a t ch ed or h e r o us ed
‘
, ,

u
p a n o th e r ; rm h e sa n
g or h e s t i m u l a t e d a n o t lw r t o ,

9 . of t he p r op e r t ie s b e l o n g i n g t o t his fo r m
S e ve r a l , ,

a r e a l s o co m m o n t o t h a t of 7 2 se e Ar t
“

12 1 5 4 7 ,
. . .

1 0 Wh en . th e TI i s
p r e fi x e d w i t h( ) K h a t up h r
,

a s i n WE he s e n s e w il l t h
E D
‘
Q
or
( 1 l pD or t , e n ,

b e p a s s i ve o r r a t h e r w il l i m p l y t h e be co m i n a s si v e l
, g (p y)
s u bj e ct t o t h e a ct i o n &c co n t a i n e d i n th e a c t i v e fo r m , .
, .

See t h e n o t e t o No 1 3 bel o w T . . .

1 1 Wi t h p c t.t p fix d t c t
res i o
f me i t m yp h
o
p re e o er a n r s, a er a s

hic h a r e o o o
'
e st l yd e r iv e d f
if d f f fi; tgw ,
‘
w m an r m n uns : a s, eo w r m
p , r eo
p r uo p

om
fr v dp o s ; om
fr a
gn o s ; fr o m 6 138 69 ; n a i dfl i w , f
r o m fl a i r ; do v hdw ,
f om
r so sx o g ; n u de) , r m r ap t) ; (pa ge) , fr fo o m (
pl k o s , &c . S e e G l a ssi i P hi l S a cr . .
,

. . c
L i b i 1 i , T r a t i i i , C a n o n x v Ed 1 7 4 3 . . . . No t e to A r t . 1 54 8 . .

This i s o ft en the c a se in t he u n a u gm e n t e d o
f rm s ; the fr oc e w i l l a t o n e t im e

b e t ra n sit iv e , an d at an o th e r n eu te r , in the sa m e w rd o .

f
f
I t w il l , p e r ha
p s ,
b e d i f u l t t o a s si n a
g g d reas n f fic
o r the a d pt i n o f oo o o o
thi s v w el , f o o r th e pur
p s e o f gi v i n g a
p o
a s s i v e s i gn i a t i n t o w rd s in t h e fic o o
Sh e m it i d i ale t s c N th c . o
i n g ca n b e m r e e r t a i n , h w e v e r , t h an thi s a s a fa t o c o c .

An d, he n c e , we n ot o n lyha ve it i n t he p a ss i v e co n
j u
ga t i o ns o f v e r b s, b t h i n o
the H e b re w an d A ra b i c ,
bu t a l so i m p a rt i n g a s ot r o f p a ssi ve, o r ra t he r
ha b i t u a l , s i gn i fi c t io to v e r b s, c o n u a te d i n
j g t he cti fo rm : as 5 h
a n a ve
, 2 , e was
/7 / 9

str o n
g ; ;
f
h
e w as be a u t iful ;
u
h
e
5
was
9
be a u t f
i ul ;
8 ) he w a s e x a l t ed .

So i n n o u n s,
“
up
? v isi t e d , i . e . ha b i t u a l l y; who [ p t i
a e n t, ha b i t u a l l y, &c .
ART . 1 57 .
AU G M ENT ED H EB R EW NO U N S . 1 19

D D

be a fr a g m en t o ft h e r oo t N3
; S yr . l l ‘ ‘ o r ll ‘
) A rab . Mg de ce n t
, ;

co m i g b ig b
be n , en n ,
ea u t
if ,
l u ex c e lle n t , i n vi t i n g one to r es t , &c .
,

which w h c o m po en h a n y o t he r w o r d m a y a ffo r d t he
un de d w it ,

o f d u r a b i li t y s t r e n t h e xc e l l e n c t h l ik w h i c h
se n se g y o r e , e , , ,

G r a m m a r i a n s a r e g e n e r a ll y a gr e e d i s t he fo r c e o f w o r d s s o c o in ,

b in e d ; x e am
p l e s w ill b e g i v e n i n A r t 1 5 9 B u t, as n o n . . co j u
g a

ti o is o r u n de d o n t h o
is f r m , i t w ill n o t b e n e e s s a r y t o d w e l l c ver y
n g
p arti c u la rl y on it he r e .

12 . W e no w com e to t he p fix frm
d o s ha v in g fi n ,
“ N, or n , re e .

Th f gm
ese t ra th w t ken t b d i d fom
s, en , om wo d
e a e o e er ve r s e r ,

wh i c h w h c o m b i d w i t h y o t h w ill g i
,
en ne t h m o d i fic t io anf er, ve e a n o

l l y t t ib t d t t h fo m S hh C hl d
“
s e n se u su a a r If w u e t k IT T o e se r s. e a e a .

N
a tl c o i i h o
“

H b e . m i g g t t p i
n m i t i, w
arr v n d d a , as e r ve r , an

o h h
' '
“ S f l l n t b f m t f
o ri t w l l o e a ra en o
su
pp se , g , , , e s a a ve a

p t
ari c l w h i c h e,wh
p fix d t , y w o d enw i l l g i re o m t h i g l
e i k o an r , ve s e n e

a
p i a s s ve i p o c l S
o r ; w h i
r ec c h l l r
g a d i t h i
e n sem p o t a are a re e s e r

o f th i fo m s g
W ErQ D W : e . f t
. h C h l d f o m , o r o e a ee r , o r

w il l m com i g w
ea n y i E g l i hn b c,om i g o r, as e sa n n s , e n ,

v s i it e d ; an d w il l be e it he r p a s s i ve , or r
qfl e ct i ve ,
&c .
, as t he se n se o f
the co n te xt s ha ll re
q u ire . S o i n L a t in , e mu l a m i r i, i n w hi c ht h e

w o r d i r i is m an i fe s t l y a f r m o o f the ve rb I r e , t o go Th e
p a s s i ve s .

o f the P e r s ia n , H in d u s t a n i, an d pr o b a b ly o f t h e S a n s r it , a r e c
o
f rm ed in a s im il a r m an n er .

P t ie s o
f h t e Co nj u g a t i o n s g r o u n d e d on this Fo r m
ro
p er .

13 . Fi r st to be , or be co m e , t hat w hich t he p r im i t iv e

w or d si
g i fi esn ( thi s, in t he A r a b ic , is t e r m e d su b
m is s i o n) ; 58 3 11 71 h e b e c a
a s,m e
p o l l u t e d ; pt rj n n h e

be ca m e s t r o n g Dam n h e be ca m e r e d ; o r i ft h e co n t e x t ,

r e u ir e it he mad e h i m s e lfs o r e f l e ct iv e l y o r w a s m a d e
q ,
I
,
w f /z P r o 533"
, ,

so ,p a s s i v e l y S o i n t he A r a b i c
. e y e lid d e a l I c o r r e c t e d ,

hi m a n d h ,
e be c a m e c o r r e ct e d &c *
In th e ei h
g t h , .

A c o Or, th
”
Lu m s d e n s
’
rab i G ra m m ar, p . 1 82 S u b m i ss i n . as e

A ra b ic G ra m m a r i a n s de fi ne i t, M l 0 18 : u
:
:s i kl l
J
J l dr am
1 20 LE T C URE VI I .
L aw . 1 57 . 13 .

A r a b ic s
p e ci e s, t o whi cht his is n e arl al l e i d, w e ha v e t he
y
s /o n o / 9 9 0 6 /

sa m e
p r op e r t y: a s, i ch «t ha t : I g r i e v e d hi m an d he
r ,

a:
fi t
a s) " a n d ts
E
1
5 11 h a s
r
a t :
i
ts
) u
p
s fa

d M l d il ) ” j b
eta
J
w fill u
lé u U
: J . ” i e. The i m p r e s si o n

m a de u o
p n an y th i n g by t h e a ti n c o o f a t ra n su i ve v e rb : a s, I br o ke th
e

l th th
’
g a ss and e l a ss b m br o ke n No w , l a s b e co m i n br o ke n
, g eca e . e g ss g ,

e xp r e s se s the i m p r e ssi o n m ade b y the a ct i ve v e rb br e a kin g — I n t h e

u ibJ)
-. ’A ll U M ,
we ha v e M l
u
h )
u
:
J
ig, JP L5
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J u d i

g l
M was
w a s 1 51 1 u
p
; y sp a , g w i

a» sa t ata xi a u
p
; a, g au nt M l d w e

M L “ AM ig” i b u he
é
M ' ’ fl : i A l m o t ci w a a t , i s t
p
N
.
5 5 j ) { J
/o . e .

re c e i vi n g o f an i m p r e s si o n fr om t he Op e ra t i o n o fan a ct i ve v e rb u
p o n it s

obj c t e : a s, I br o ke t h
e v e sse l , an d i t be ca m e br o ke n . So t ha t ( J a e-
u s)
i t be ca m e br o ke n ,
is the M o t d wa a t ( o r M o t aw ia ) , i . e. it i s t he w o d co
r rr es
p o n d
in g t o that o f the a ge n t o f the t ra n si t i v e v er b, w hi ch i s he r e ,
I br o ke

( Ci -
b s o
) ;
w b u t th e v e rb , to whi ch re f
e ren c e is m ad e , i s t e r m e d M o t a wa a

(& Uflm
) w i t h t he vow el a after he w : n a m in g t he t hi n g (in q u e s t io n ) b yt he
t

n am e
p op r er o r th
f at af
fe ct ed ; i . e the v e rb w h
. i ch h as h e re t he p a ss i ve f or m
is n a m ed o d ( agi ) w hichh
bya w c t i ig i fi c t i o
r d i l e as a n a ve s n a n , an v ce v er sa .

I h b th m o
ave
p t i c l
ee n i p o i t i g t t hie d i t i c t i o
reb c ar u ar n n n o u s s n n , e a u se

w hll h
e s o cc io t f t i t g i
a a ve d b c as M d S cy h
n o re e r o a a n , an e a u se r. e a as

enti ly m i re d t oo d i t oc
f su nI hi G m A b er s l i p 1 04 w s r e. n s ra . ra .
,
vo . . .
, e

h th f
a ve ol l o w i g o t e L b do t l ig i fi c t io
n n t p i
e. a v er e n a s n a n es a ss v e on

n eu t re , se n om m e e n c re o com m e le d i t G i gge i u s . et en ef
fe t ,
9
4

B ei d a w i, su r le v. 4 . de la su rat e 42 on on l it uj low £ 2) .
l q 0 K:
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p eu s en f au t
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f en de n t , ou n e s o ien t f e n d u s, d it :

x x / 9 4 0 z / / /w / 0
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l eg o n est pl us e n e r g iq u e ,
p ar e q ue
j
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)
et
j

p a s se
] d e j .
AR T . 1 57 . AU G M ENTED H EB R EW n o u n s .

was th e r gf ore
g r i e ve d ;
r
lfid ls a s
) he re
p r o a c ed h hi m
ve he m e n t l y, a n d h e be c a m e r e r o a ched
p .

S e co n d l y, T o f g ei d, hi bi t th
'

14 .
p n ,
r eten ex , &c . at

w hicht he p ri m i t i v e as 4 w o r d s i g n ifi e s : , J o sh i x . .
,

th ei n ed th e m s e l ve s t o be m e s s e n i
e
yf g g er s ; 2 Sam x i i . .

5 6 551m
, , he p r e t e n d e d t o be s i ch; P r o v x iii 7 . .
,

bo a s t i n g ( h i m s e lf) t o be r i ch S o W ‘
l
'

é l lj a
f .
,

h h h
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e i n in
fg g ( i y) b
‘
m s e t o e
p o o r ; l fl
Q f I l fl t o u s e w es t

t h
( y f) g
s e l r a c i o u s D I
Q JD
’
t ho u s h e w e s t t h
( y lf) s e
r s

p rf
e e ct P s x v iii 26 A ,n d i n A r a bic .

8 3 i“
h e p .r e t e n de d .
, ,
3
1

9 z 9
.

N o t hi g n ,
I thin k , ca n be l ess a cc u rat e than to cl a ss the t e rm w it h
tho se o f M i } ?
t
ib
fi
“ an d
i ’ as M r d e Sa y h
. as c he re d o n e.

f a; z o x c,

Al l t ha t B e id a w i m ean s,
8 I P
i s, t hat
M ,
is m o re e le
g an
z ;
t than

be c i t is he u ( th de fi iti o ab o ) l
‘
s, fJ bs
i t
au se t a na se e e ns ve o l n o o
g
-
n

as t he oth er rea d in
g is .

The re al d if
fe r e n c e b et we en n e u t e r v e rb s, t e r m ed by the A ra bs w e
) ?
l
E) yg
i d ii d ho s e o f t he fo r m s he re ha d i n v i e w
t i s, t hat th
lv
o
, an 7 an , ey

im l
py i n t r a ns i t iv e a ct i o n , h
a bi t , r e s t , o r i n sep a r a bl e p r o p e r t i e s a s, be a u ty,

d efo r m it ,
y co lo u r , &c ; w he re a s, i n our c a se , kCJ U
Q O ‘
o r “
g
tb
- an s i gn i fi es the
(
.
-

a ccid e n t a l i nfl u e n ce o ft r a n s i t iv e ve r bs c i d i t hi
re e ve n e r su b e
j ct s, o r n om i n a t ives ;
w hic hi s t he r e a l d iffe r e n c e b e t w e e n th H b
e om
w f e re r s
“
up
s ,
an d 712
22,
"

a s w il l be
see n he re a f
ter .

Th e real f o rc e t he n , o f t hi s fo r m ,
w ill b e b est e xp re sse d b y be ca m e , o r the

l ik e in m beca m c w a lki n g ,
2 beca m e v is i t e d , &c ; w l n ch w il l l a yt h
"

: as 1 17 ; . e
r

g o
r un dw ok r fo r t he r ecip r o ca l s e n se , &c .
, t he co t x n e t a l w a ys d e t e r m i n i n g w ho

the a ge n t is .

The fi fhA t r ab i c s
p e ci es ha s o ft en a
p a ss iv e s e n se ; an d al w a
y i s
n t h e

Et hi pi o c— . I t w as s he w n ,
A rtha d o cc o
. 1 46 . 8, that c e rta in o
f rm s a s i n a l ly

e ith e r a n o j e ct iv e , o r su je c t i ve
b b s i g n i fi c a t i o n , a cc o r d i n
g t o t he v iew i n w h
,
i c h
t h ey w e re t a ke n ; t h e sa m e a e a rs t o b e t h e ca se in t h e e f o rm s ; a n d , he n ce i t
pp s

is t h at th e s e v e rb s h a v e so m e t i m e s a a ss i v e , a t o t h r s a r e l e ct i v e a n d a t o t h
, p e f e rs ,

a n a ct i v e s i n i fi c a t i o n T h m i t h c i t h N i h h cil f o rm ; an d a
g , e s a e s e a s e . n e p p pa
re n t l
y fo r t h e s a m e re a s o n s .
1 22 LE T C UR E VI I . AR T . 1 57 .

sa t i e t y; the w o m a n a ss u m e d t he m a n n ers

o
f a man .

15 . Thi r dl y, Fr e q u e n cy, or i n t e n s i ty, o ft he a ct i on ,

o r

p a ss ion , b y t he
p r i m i t i ve w o r d : a s ,
as m ean t he
w a lhe d a bo u t m u ch, o r c o n t i n u a l ly 1
; 3 1
7 11 7 he 1 so l i ci t e d
1
I i
i /z

a
f a vo u r wit hg r e a t e a r n e s tn ess . In A r a b ic ,
t
s ?
“ he
p e r s e ve r e d in s h
e w in
g br a ve r y
r
h ls
e p e r s e ve r e d i n
‘

ac
q u ir i n
g m il d n e s s . An d i n the ei h
g t h A r a b i c s e cie s
p
g l a l
dy he p e r s ev e r e d in ac
q u ir in g an d, i n t he se n se of
e a r n e st r e
q ”
h e d em a n d e d h
u e st , i s h i r e s
il l .

1 6 Fou r th
. l y I n s o m e ca s e s t h e se n se is t h
, e sa m e a s ,

i t w ou l d h ave b e e n if t h e ve r b h a d be e n u se d i n t h
,
e

p r i m i t i v e fo r m t e r m e d K a l as 1 7
3 13 2 2 71 h e k e
p t t h e la w s ,
“

1
,

s t a t u t e s &c Th i s w i t hm a n yo t h
, . er r o e r t ie s u n k n o w n
p p ,

t o th e H e b r e w i s a l s o fo u n d i n t h e A r a b ic
!
.
,

Fo r t h e t r a n s o si t i o n s a n d o t h e r ch es wh i cht a k e
p an
g
p l a ce i n ce r t a i n w o r d s w hen au
g m en ted b
y t h e
p a r t i cl e s
,
'
Ar t
'
l li l, or 11 8 , se e . 83 .

17 . No u n s , w hi c h r e c e i v e 73 at t he b e gin n i n g , w il l
g e n e r a ll
y
d e s ig n a t e t he I n s t r u m e n t , A g e n t , A t i n , P a s s io n , S t a t e , c o o r Ph
rce ,

b y, or in , whi h th c e in fl u e n e o f a n y v e r b is e e r t e d , c x su f
fe r e d ,
&c .
, res
p e ct i vel
y : a s, 71
2 1 279 an ax
( oo t r 7 1 311
c u t t in
g) ; on e

v is i t in
g ;
Di f?
f a
p l a c e
( r oo t W
D I? s t a n d i n J
g) r .
“ 5 1 73
95 , a ct , d u t y,

p l a ce o
f o d
cu s t
y .

I t is a c io f ct
ur us a ,
that i n the A rabi , c the e i g t hs p e h ci es o ft he co n
j u ga t io n

o f the frm o J ’s- M

L , e qu i va len t in oc
fr e to our
“

E
ben 7-
,
ha s, o cc io as n a l ly,

the se n se o ft he fi rs t ( k in t hat c the s eve n th J w-l l is m o s tl u se d .

b a se, e
, y
No w , t his h A r a b ic s p e c i e s
se v e n t r re s o n d s
p e x a ct l
y w u b o ur co
(s e e
No . a n d, t h e c o n s e q u e n c e Wl l l b e if t he s e d i a l e c t s m u t u a l l y i ll u s t r a t e ,
-

o n e a n oth e r, — t h at th e H e b r e w 1 1791 73 , a n d 5 3 9 , w il l h a ve th
3 2 e s a m e ,
o r v er
y 1

n e a rl y t he sa m e , f o rce — s e e P s ii 2 , w he r e b o t ho cc u r i n t he s a m e p a ssa ge . .

a n d a l so th a t b o t hWl l l ge n e r a l l y n o t b e f
,
o u n d u n d e r t he s a m e r oo t , u n l e ss t he
fo rm ha v e t he fo rc e o ft he K a t .

1
‘

H o ff m an s
’
G ra m S yr . .
, p 24 4 . .
 AU G M ENTED H EB R EW N O U NS . 1 23

Wi t h res
p e ct to t he c a u se o ft his v a r ia t i n o o fs e n s e , G r a m m a r ia n s

are
g y e n e r a ll o i h s il e n
pp o d i t tt . b q S imi l t t
n s as su se o e e u v a en o

t ht wh ic h t h p p o it io 2 i m il l y it t d wo ld l fi ‘
a , e re s pp y n , s ar s ua e , u su

I m yb a xc d if I o ff e e d if fu se t ol t io I f w p p o
, er a e ren s u n . e su se ,

t h en t h t t
,
h w o d o ig
a i l l yp efix d w irt h ”D
r 1 D na w h re e as e er , or o,

” D wh ich w ht th m ig h i h l l
“
ID t w e e s e n se re u re s a
, o r , q, or a , as

h ave s ig i fi t i c o po d i g t t ho c o t i d t h w o d f
n ca ons r res n n o se n a ne In e r s o

th fo m “ i ? D h wh i i t i i i “
i
e se g f r s, e . . t i g ; d t ik ge o v s s, o r s v s n an , s r n

o u t th o w l 7 f t h p p o f b idgi g t h w o d w hll
e v e
”
, or e ur se o a r n e r , e s a

h IRE o h h c 1 D
"

ave P D b -T ,
m as w i l l b at if
ve . w t k e sa e e e a se , e a e

f t h t h 1 w ill b l o t b yA t 7 6 —T h e
or en e
g t whe s r . . es , as a en s, en

th e v erb i t it i c o t it t l l t h p t ic ip i l fo m c o m m c i g
s ra n s ve, n s u e a e ar a r s en n

w i t hD I th x t p l c i fw e t k ”D
. n e n e ”D t h t wh i h&
a e, a e , o r a c , c.

an d p fix i t c o t c t dre b f o w hl l
, n ra e as f e re , e s a an ax , or

ID t ht w h i h (i c
71 1 1 3
)
“

t t i ga & c w sk afr u n , c. a or , o

” Dt h t w h i c h(i o o h
) d i g a d f t s a n an so o e rs .

1 8 W w com
. t p p o
e o
n o c o j c t t h e p
e fix o 3 r d se a n e u re o n re , an

on t h m o d i fic t ioe f wh ic h p i m it i
a wo d
n o d go ise n se , r ve r s un er n

c o e q c f i t i fl c
ns u en e If th o w t k s th i J n uen th e. , en , e a e s as e

d fct i
e e fo m f o m p i m i t i
ve r wo d pp
o i g s o m t i me e i r t h e ve r , a ea r n s e s n

fo m f 3 7 7
r t o t hr t im
o , 3 o l y; w
a m y e
pp o i t t esb as n e a su se o e

d e r i v e d fr he r oo t LSSl ’ w hich ha d i t b e e n p r e s e r v e d i n t he
om t ,

H e b r e w m ig h t ha v e b e en w r i t t e n 77 3 ”
,
”DH o r N 5
2 T h e s e n s e s IT ? 3 11 7 , .

a t t r ib u t e d t o i t b C a st ell a r e a m on g ot h A d ex tr em u m
y ers
p er ,

f e ct o n si
i t e r m in a m p e r ven it a s s ccu t u s
f ,
i t u se u
p e r ce
p i t . IV .

R e t i n u it , d e t in u i t , co e r cu it V . Le n it a t e, m o de s t id
p et a t ie n t ia
'

u su s
f & u it , g h e n c.t h is w ord o r som e
”
Su pp c o o s in ,
t , , d ef
e t ive f r m

o f it t o b e c o n s t r u e d w it h a n y o t h
, er th e se n se o f b o t h t a ke n ,

t o ge t her w ou ld i n g e n e r a l g iv e t h e f o r c e o f t he fo r m s t hu s co m
, ,

o u n de d A nd a s th is f o rm f c o m o un d i o f t d t h
p . o
p ,s e n u s e a s e ,

l ea d in g w o r d o fo n e o ft h e s e c i e s o ft h e c o n j u a t io n i t b e com e s t h
p g e ,

m o re im p o rtan t t o a s e r t a in c i t s p r p e r t ie so .

19 . F ir s t P r o p e r t y: P r im i t i ve w o r ds r e ce i v i n
g this
p i l
art c e, ha v e a s o r t of w i ll
p a s s i ve s e n se o r w il l e x h i b i t ,

s u bj e ct i o n t o t he a ct i o n i m l i ed b t h r i m i t iv e a cci
p y e
p ,

d en t a l l y b u t n o t h a bi t u a ll
, y : an d i n th i s r e s e ct
p t h e
y , ,

A re a n u m Fo r m a r u m , p 4 4 7 . .
 4. E
1 24 LE T C UR E VII . AR T . 1 5 7 20 : .

d if
fe r fr o m w o r d s of t he fo r m l lPE Q : as 1 2 1 3 1 3 ; t h e
y
‘ '

,
"

sh all b h x ii 2 i e i n t h s ee d
( ) e c o m e b l e s s e d i n t e e G e n
y ,
. .
, . . .

S o in t h e H i t h ii h
’

p el Gen xx i i 1 8 ,
1 3 0 211 7 1 a n d
. .
,
1
,

th e y sh es s e d i n t h s eed ; i e t h e i r st a t e
( a ll
) b e c o m e b l y . .

sh all be c h an
g ed t o t h at of b l e sse d n e s s : b u t i n t h e ,

p h r a se ” i 1 ;
,
n ? 7 11 bl e s s e d i
( ) s J e h o v a h w e h a v e n o s u c h ,

i n t i m a t i o n of a cc id e n t o r ch a n g e : if h ow e ve r be , ,

a dde d a s in G e n
, xxv ii 3 3 b o t h fo r m s w il l ha v e p r e
. .
,

h m ean a n h
ci s e l
y t e s a m e fo r ce S o 1 13 )
2 w i ll . a bi t u a l

hi r e l i n g ; b u t l Q WJ a p e r s o n hi r e d o n s o m e p a r t i cu l a r
,
“

9
o cca s i o n S o I u n d e r s t a n d Ne hv i 1 2 1 3
. {9 1 3 3 9 . .
, ,

m m 11 3 l W 792 ? S a n ba l l a t h ad h ir ed h i m b e ca u s e h
“

e ,

wa s a n h a bi t u a l h i r e l i n
g ; a n d 1 S a m i i 5 0 77 5 3 o v a t
e . .
,

th o se wh o h a ve be e n ( h a b i t u a ll
y) f u l l a r e ( a c ci ,

d e n t a l ly o r o cca s i o n a l ly) h i r e d fo r br e a d .

Th i s p r o p e r t y i s co m m o n t o t h e A r a bi c a n d is t e r m e d ,
Q I 9

b yt he G r a m m a r ia n s ,
as b e fo r e , 315 114 0 : a s, M ai ls ai m he
F ? C/ ( i

sen t hi m ; an d h
e wa s sen t ; o u t; M el I s h
ut it, an d it
sh S No bove
wa s ut .
( e e . 13 ,
a .
)
Th is p r p e r t y o f t h o
e H e br e w f r m o ( as a verb
) was p o i n ted o u t

m an
yy ea rs a o b
g y E l ia s L e v i t a , i n a w o r k e n t i t le d “ il l bu t , as

he su
pp o se d it ot a s l o o
in v l ve a
p r eter it e se n se , G l a s s iu s , an d ot h e r s,

ver o
yp p r er l y o bj c t e ed ; an d t he co n se
q u en c e ha s b e e n , t w o di s t i n t c
of r m s, i “
EDv z d .
7
7 73
, h , c o t
an t l y c o o
f d d 7
-
» ave been n s an n u n e

t og th ; e d w ht i
er ant il l w o , t h b
a s sc ib d t rse, a e n se as een as r e o

ch w hi chi m o t h
ea , sb p o d f it h re ft h m
an ca n f y e r ve o e er o e , or o an

p t i
arc ip l i t h i l e
g g n s an ua e.

20 A g a i n : Wo r d s r e ce i v i n g t h
. is a u g m e n t s u bj e ct i n g
,

them t o t h e a ct i o n i m
p l i ed b
y som e
p r im i t iv e w or d m a
y , ,

wh en th e con t e x t r e u ir e s i t l o b o st r u ed a s h a vin
q a s e c n
g ,

a r e cip r o ca l sen se , i m p l yi n g p
o r as o ss i bi l i t y ,
ca
p bi l i t y,a

hi bi t i o n he of t he
'
r op r ie t , e ct a t i o n , lik e ,
ex , p y afl or t

a ct i o n &c ,
.
, m e a n t b yt he
p r i m it i v e : a s, he g u a r de d
hi m s e lf 2 ,
Sa m . xx . 1 0 , M a l ii . . 15 . To this p r op e r t y
AR T . 1 57 . 21 .
:I AU G M ENT ED H EB R EW N O U N S . 1 25

m ay, p er ha p s , be f
r e e rr e d m an
yp g a s sa e s, in w hi cht his
fo r m se e m s to ha v e a n eu ter s i n i fi ca t io n
g : a s, he
br i n g s hi m s e lf n ea r , i . e . dr a ws n ea r, Ex o d . x x 11 . 7,
J shV
o I I 1
. 4 — a n d in a f
. e w i n s t a n ce s , ,
an a ct i v e o n e . a s,

0 73 5: h e
f ou h t We ) : h e l e a n e d o n
a
, 11 3 g) ; he s w o r e ,

L0 5 2}; h e co n t e n d e d d i sp u t e d , ,
it is , or may be ,
e a te n , Gen . vi . 21 . So , 13 t
fl vfl fl ‘
i
‘
t is no t, m ay n o t ,
ca n n o t, or ou
g ht he s h noe wed t , t o be d a ize t hu s ,
“

ln

hi m s e lf ho n o u r a bl e : h e sh e we d h i o r io u s
11
3 se l
fg l
“

5 m , ,

11 3 2 h i h d S u ch s i n ifi ca t i o n s a cco r d i n
5 3 e s
g e .

g .
g t o ,

Eu r op e a n id i o m t h e se p a s s a e s s e e m t o r e u i r e w h
g q , il e in , ,

r e a l it b e ca m e or th e l ik e w i l l a l w a s s a t i s f t h e t erm s
y , y , y ,

of t he o r ig in a l ; T he s u bj e ct ive o r o bj e c t ive fo r ce fo u n d , ,

r e s e ct i v e l
p y t o
p r e v a il i n t h e s e fo r m s w as
p r o b a bl
y at ,

fir st r e g u l a t e d byt h e v i e w t a k e n of t h e r im it i ve n ou n
p .

S e e No t e o n Ar t 1 4 6 8 . . .

21 Th p po. t i i t i m t d
ese i t h A r b i c byt h t e m
er es a re n a e , n e ra , e r s
P

dl ” i ll , c
n e e s s it
y an d r e m ed
y; w hic h Mr Lu m s d e n
,
J , . sa
y,
s

in d i c th v e r bs o ft his cl be b yt h
“
ate at a ss m u s t l N T EN S l TI V E e ir o wn

n atu re an d si
g ific
n an t o fa c t io ns
p er f rm ed by t h
o e m em b er s o f the

b d y: o bu t th x e e am
p l es he a dd u c es a re n o t co fi n ne d to t his
I I /

r u le he br a ke i s a s m u c ha n a c t i v e v e r b , as an
y o t h e r ca n be
which w hen thu s a u m e n t e d b e c om e s
g , p a s s iv e , , no t n e u t er : n o r ha s
a z /c
‘
L
an d M the m ar ke t wa s un fr e qu e n t e d , an
y hi n
g t t
o do
w it ht he m em be r s o ft he b dy o . I am in d u c ed t o b e l ie v e t h e re f ore
, ,
f f tn o l 7 ff
. .
f

t ha t t he term s M l) il l , to be der st oo d in t im a t in g he
( ”J a re un as t

p r op e r t ie s j u st m en ti n ed o .

1 58 . TA B UL AR VI E W EX EM P L I F Y I NG TH E F O RM S A B O VE
M EN T I O N ED .

F i r s t Cl a s s o
f H eem a n t i N o u n s , ha v i n g an R p r efi x e d .

1 .
“

W 1
93 , an d fe m . FI TH
R ho m e -
o
b rn , in d ig e n o u s,

A ra b . G ra m .
, p . 1 87 .
1 26 LE T C UR E VI I . 1 58 . 2 .

h f th
'
Tl i l N‘ '

( c a
g g (T
n in to ( ‘
c on cc o t
a un o e f ll o ow i n
g Tl , Ar t .

1 39 7 n o t e) 6 61 a fG o d Ex o d iii 1 4 , 71 3 3 15
71 1 br a c
5
.
, , 1 , n am e o , . . a l
e et,

h 79 ; m r en
-
7l “ o r 7D “
( f Ar t . 87 . s t r en
g t ,
'
a r d, wa g e s , a

urge s r d, 552
Ffi 17 5 s t h
i tas t h
-
II .
"

e
fi st ,
0 e
yo ung o
f y
a n bi 3s
,
1
l
.

s om et im e a
g o,
y es t e r da
y ,
7 13
} g ra
p es .

III .
“

W EN , fe m
IT Z
"
.
7 7 1 5 13
3
22 ; a s, D
P TI S
-
an a m et h
y st ve r
y c rue l,
ve r
yf a se, l r e co l l e ct i n o ,
59 5
( for Ar t . a

l
g ra n a r
y ,
fi fi
( o r 712
f 3“ or Ar t 8 7 . . 1 . an d an an ma i l so

c a l le d .

IV 7 .
7 5 ;
5 3 a s, b ir m?a g i r dl e , 77 n
,
th
e lo c ust .

V 7 1 179 14
.
, fe m .
“ 7 755 ;
1 a s,
l tfiN a du n g hil l , “ d
we g
l t ? u a r d,
cu s t o d
y .

VI .
7 3 1 75 15 , fe m
79 . a s,
( for W
NDN , Ar t . a

c r u et , ” V
E g uar d, c u st o dy .

VI I .
R
7 9§
; a s, or BEN ( fo r ,
1
73 W) a
( n e v er -fa il in
g)
ra ve r .

VI I I . S om e n o u n s, hic h l o s e o n e o f t he i r r a d ic a l l e t t e r s b y
w
" l7 3 h
co n c o
t ra ti n , a ssu m e the fo r m o ft he S e gol a t e s : a s I }?( fo r l ?)
F B l
,
-

t he p a l m oft he ha n d .

2 No u n s o f t h
. is cl a ss a r e fe w ; an d, o f the la st f r m ,
p e rh a s
p , o
a se co n d d o es n o t o cc u r. It IS cu n o u s e n u gh t o r e m a r k , h
o o w

fa n y o ft h
,

e a s il
y n o u n s, d e p r iv e d o e ir v ow e l s , s l id e in t o t he S e g o l a t e
f rm o s. W e s ha l l
he r e a ft e r t ha t t he s a m e t hin g o ft e n t a ke s
see , ,

l a c e in t h e c on j u a t ion s o f t h e v e r b s in s i m il a r c a s e s — I t w ill b e
p g ,

se e n th at I h a v e n o t e n t i r e l yf
, o l l o w e d t he cl a s s ific a t io n o f S im o n is .

M y r e a s o n fo r d o i n g s o w a s t h is : h e se e m s t o m e t o h a ve 1 ve n
g
som e f o r m s w i t ho u t e x a m pl e s t o he a r hi m o u t ; a n d i n o n e c a s e , ,

he ha s g iv e n a fo r m l rfi o r wh i c hhe h a s on l o n e e x a m pl e a n d
”
l fi f
"

y , ,

th a t e x a m pl e h e h a s a lso n a n othe r cl a s s
g i ve n i ( S ee , .

54 7 a n d 6 3 9 A r c a m Fo r m )
pp . . . .

- 1 59 . S e co n d Cl a s s o f H éém a n t i N o u n s,
’
ha v i n g p fi
r e x ed .

I . F o rm a s, W71 3lT
"
"
o il P71 3 ”
IT
I sa a c .

II .
WP In
D’
“
,
a s, ”3 3
I T
7
z
”
t - he os t r ic h
' .

“
I II . or fe rn Team : a s u p; ( f or . ,
one w h
o

ex
p e ct s, 7
m
”
, ( f
or 7 9 1)
1 t h
e t hig h 3
D: ( f
o r ,
a disp u t a n t ,
”? ” &c
I ( f
or a
g er m , s te m ,
.
 fo r t he s a ke o fEu ph n y o .

2 . his c l a s s a s i s p l a c e d a s a s p e c i a l a n o m a l y t he w o r d
In t l o , , ,

fi
” n " J eh o v a h} w i t h a c a u t io n h o w e ve r t h at th e se v o wels do n o t ,

e xh ib i t t h e a n c ie n t p r o n u n c i a t i o n o f t h e w or d Th e Je w s a s it is .
,

kn o w n t o e v e ry o n e n e v e r p r on o u n c e t h is w o r d b u t s u b s t i t u t e
, ,

‘l
e it h er
13
5 l o r D N f o
, r i t ; a n d he n c e i t i s t h a t
, w e s o m e t i m es ,

fi n d i t p o i n t e d ”fi l i e w ith t h e v o w el s p r o e r f o r th e w or d
-
” t
p . .

wh ic hi s i n v a r ia bl y t h e ca se w h en an d o cc u r ,

t o ge t h er Th e r e a s on is
. th e w or d w o u l d in t h is c a s e b e p r o
,

n o u n ce d t w i c e
’

wh i c hi s n o t d e s i r a b l e ; t h
, e w or d 3 7 “
? l i s th ere ,

fo r e p r o n o u n c e d i n s t e a d o f i t ( s e e p a g e 2 8 n o t e )
,
Th a t J eh o va h , .

is n o t t h e a n c ie n t
p r o n u n c i a t io n m o s t w r i t e r s a r e a r e e d : b u t
g w h at ,

th at was i t is p e r h a s im o s s i bl e n o w t o d e t e r m in e S o m e h a ve
, p p .

a s Ca e l l u s W
r o o se d ”
l a “
h o f th o a l t on
’

p p Y a k ab .e f rm , p , ,

C l e r i cu s & c O t he r s ha v e pr o p o s e d fi l l ”Flt o r
,
. as ,

M e r c e r M o n t a n u s A m a m a S c a l ig e r & c t a k i n g t h
, , e Sa m a r i t a n
, , .
,

p r o n u n c ia t io n o f i t as
p re se rv e d b
y T ,he o do r e t O t h ers , ,

a a in t a ke t h e L a t in J o ve ; b u t wh i ch o f t h e se is n e a r e s t t o th e
g ,

o r igin a l p r o n u n c ia t io n n o o n e ca n s a y T he w o r d i s p r o b a b l yfo r m e d
, .

o ffl i fl E n s Ecc l 1 1 22 & c w i t h
, .
p.r e fix e d . A rt 1 5. 7 l l l.i t . . . . .

G r e a t , & c B e in g . .

1 60 . Thi r d Cl a s s f
o H éém a n t i N o u n s , be i n n i n
g g w i t hi i
'
.

Th cc o d i g t S im o i
e se f r m o d R im s, a q o t d b y r n o n s, an e a r u s, a s u e

him w t m c hi
, b fo
e re n o t h t im f t h C p t i it y
u H n u se e re e e o e a v .
,
e

t k a t h l ib
es ty h ow f xc l d i g l l t h I fi i t i
e er ,
f th e ve r, o e u n a e n n ves o e

H ip hhi l c o j g t io w hic h h o g ht t t
n d ; b c
u a th n , e u no o o e a u se e se

Sim o n is
p l a c es 1 34
: un der his fo r m : b u t
t , as th o
e r e is s m e d i f
fi c u l ty in
c
a s e r t a in in g the ro o t fo m r whic hi t i s d e r i v e d , an d as th w o d i e r s,
p er ha p s ,
o f
Egyp t i a n o ri
gi n ; i t m a ya s w e l l be o m it t e d .

‘
r Se e A r t 1 3 9 7 , . n ot e.

I Sim o n is A re a n u m F o r m a re m , p . 545 .
 1 28 LE T C UR E VI I .
E AR T . 1 60 ;

c t i ly o t hi g m o t h o
i n fin i t iv e s are
p o w h i c h
er a nt h t n n re an n u n s, u n a

s
p c i e f t h c o j
es o
g t i o i c o t c t d d if t h
ei hé t h nc u a n s n s ru e an ,
s e a se ,

th w il l b
e re o w hy t hy s ho l d t b e c o i d e d
e n o re a s n e u no ns er as

fo m i g a p t ft h
r n i cl ar o s ass .

Ex a m
p l e s .

1
7 1573 77 spit?”
-
I . F o rm :
hT J a t
, or a s,
5 , r u e, l d o m zm o n ,
’ l ll
i n t e l l ig e n c e, Q jPf p r o cl a i m in
g ca u s in
g to hea r 3
93 7 fo r DPD H

W
, , ,

ca u s i n
g to t u rn , VP
‘ U , fo r V ‘I
?U , d isp e r s in g , N ]
T
, fo r NtI DJ U
s e du ct i n o . R oo t s en din g in s il e n t 77
, o ft en re ej ct it , in w o r ds o f
t hi s k in d , an d t a ke “ l as t he ir t e r m in a t in g s yl l a b l e : a s , an d
m u l t i t u de , e l e va t io n , *
&c .

II .
”
JR ;
Q U a s, 77 3 73 ”
-

I1 T
"

: ( f
or WWW”) rr r :
' t r a n qu il l i t y, 7715 3”
7 1 ( f
or
1 1
IT T z
“ a
g i t a ti o n ,
71 7 3 71
IT T "
( f
o r 71 7 3 3 73 l i be r a t i
: ) IT T o n .

III E 2 W.
; a s ” di 71
( f o r
-

, t er m i n a t i o c n, ess a t io n .

IV n “
?2?
i ‘ U
.
; a s r e l a t i o n
-
d ,
‘
&c .

V Twai n a s THE ?! p ou r in g o u t (p r Ar t
h
.
, . .

th m
b
"
at ! f
VI (.or a s
p ) u , fo r u r an ) m a ki n
g wa r ;

an d so a ll ft h
t he
e Ni h
p ha l I n fin i t i v e s
s e ie s
p o c .

VII ED, ' 575 1 ; , g

o.r 7
"
3 7W a s l v i s i t e d , a
pp i n t e d ,
ft
p s l a in
"
o
" , o r J VQ E h rm s h o
( f o r “ 79
K Q , A r t 8 7 T e s e f a ve a
p a s s iv e . .

s i gn i ati nfic o
( A rt 1 5 7 . .

2 . It w ill im m e d ia t e l y b e s e e n hi c ht he p a r , tha t the frm o s to w

t ie l e 77 i s h r e fix e d are b n o m ean s e c u l ia r t o t h H i hh i l
ere
p y p e
p
,

c o n j u g a t i o n ; a n d c o n se q u e n t l y t ha t n o o n e ca n w i t ho u t v iol a t in g
, , ,

th e
p rin ci le s o f a n al o
p gy d e r iv e t hem f rom t h a t c o n j u a t io n T h
g , e .

t r u t h a pp e a r s t o b e t h at th e Hi h
p h i l c o n j u
g a t i,
o n i s n o t hi n
g m o r e ,

th an th e a dj u n c t i o n o f o n e o r o t h er o f th e
p r on ou n s t o w or ds o f , ,

th e f o r m WQQ &c t o w hich a l s o t he p a r t i c le 71 (o r N fo r t he

‘
, .
,

C ha ld e e fo r m ) i s p r e fix e d fo r t he p u r p o s e o f v a r yi n g t he s e n s e a s , ,

a lrea d
y n o t ic e d .

Th
e se , ho w e v e r , are
p r ob a bl y c o m p o u n d n o u n s, o
f r m ed o f the o ri i
g al
n

r oo t w it h2 1 1 a co n t ra c t ed f rm o fmi n be i n g , fo r at
o ! S ee A r t 1 3 9 7 . . . n ot e.

1 W o d r s ha v i n g this t er m o
in a t i n a r e a l s o co m po un d s, o
f rm ed o f he t

H EEm a n t i n o un , an d the w od r mg
; co n c
t r a t ed t o m ,
by A rt 8 7 . . 2 , &c . The

s i gn fic t io
i a n o fs u chw o r ds, en din g in m , an d W7 ,
i s, t hat o ft he st a t e o fa c t io n ,

o r
p i o
a ss ,
d e n
n t e d b y t he
por i m i t i ve w r d ; a s, m
y; o a ki n g do m , or st ate o f
r s t s t a t e , o r beg i n n i n g ( A r t
p fi
r e i gn i n g ; n t Nj 8 7 2
‘
. . .
1 61 F o u r t hCl a ss ofH eem a n t i N o u n s , hD
'

m e n ci n g w i t
‘

. co m .

mm c bu rs
-
1 1 fe m 11 1 .1 51 2; ri n ger: or m as a t o w er
”
DUD o l t o dy
'
D
'
fe m .
pp i 1 2 D
1 127 D
if
"
:
r e ss o n , cu s .

II .
1 _
P DD
; f w h i
. c hS i m o i g i or o l y n s ves n o n e e x m pl a e, an d that

ha s su ff d c o t c t io
ere D D f 2 D DD
D n ra n . as, , or
,
.

1 PDD ; l D oo ; w i t hfi
"

III DD 71 TI ED
.
p a s, l R f r na , a an , &c .

1 1 pm;
IV fm n j
jp ; an 11 m
“

e
p o r a s, a
p sa l m ,

n DPWD a p l u m m e t “

V tha n a s.
"

, , a
g o a d, 1
5 1 11 3 , fo r 1 m
11
: ”

g a in
( A rt 87 . .

DDD , fo r DDJ D I , s
of t , &c .
( A rt . 76 .

a s, 7
1 3 7
.
.

l ( A rt 1 0 6 . . str a n li
g g n .

VII .
WEDD o r, 1 1
PDD , fe m . a s, U DDD a s la u
g h
t e r

h n DlD , f o
' ' '
o u se , o r i l l l lD
‘
a v is i n ,
3 7 17
. 1D

p ri god uc n se e d, D1 DDD d iv id in g , TIDD D

l
'
s ter
q u i l in i u m , ”Q T1D
-

( f
or

D D DDD
) c o n s t er n a ti o n ,
n n DD
( f
or co n t us i o n .

VI II 1 PDD , fe m 1 PDD , 1 PDD D1

. 1 .
T1 7 o r “ 1 .
; a s,
D 1 D wa n t ,
T

1 DD DD d 71 3 1 3 D
1 DDh DF f
-
D idd e n (t r e a s u r e ) ,
“ 1D t r a di n
g, LD
‘D o o d, a n

fo r ( A rt . a c an dle s t i k c .

11 pm; m apep ; a s , c1 n ms a s t a l l 5 1 a m 3 fo r
“

1x fe m 1 l

( A rt . 76 . a de l ug e , .
?
fe m ”D1 3 7 t r a m p l i n g , ( fo r D D1 1 DD Ar t .

X . WQDD ; a s, D
D ,
D f
o r D D JD
( A rt . ex
p e ct a t io n , ED
”D
i
v si n o (A rt.

X1 1 PDD t io n , w i t h a l l t h c
"
1 PDD 1 D 37 D a r t i i le s
. o r
l
,
°
a s, lT T IT.
st a e
p p
u s uall
y as c r ib e d to t he g o H op hha l co j n u a ti n .

XI I T E DD d DEDD ; ?
1 i DD h co
"
.
, an a s, on e w o t a kes a c un t,
h a l l t he p a r
w it t i c ip i l o l l y t t c hd
a n u n s u su a a a e to the P ihél s
p c i e e s.

The r e m a in i n
g tw e o l y a i t io
o ar ft he n v r a ns o sa m e f rmo , an d o cc ur

bu t ra r el
y .

XI I I .
"

W ED ; a s, 7
DDD l e a r n e d, ” J D d is D c o ve r e d . To w hi c h
m aybe a d de d a ll t he p a rt c
i ip l e s u s u a ll
y as c r ib e d to t he spe c ie s o f
Puh
al .

XIV TlDlll fl D w i t ha ll t h
'

.
1 P D D;
D as, an i n va de r , &c .
,
e
p a r ti

cip l e s o ft he H it ha hél e ci e s.
p s
p
XV S o m e d e fe c t i v e
. n o u n s, w hic h , fo r e a se o f pr o n un c i t ioa n
,

Wi t hD ag é hE s u
p ho n ic , but e q u i va le n t t o 7 11 ? ?n
K
 '

130 LE T C U RE vn .
C R A
T . 1 62 .

a ss u me a Se g ol a t e fo r m , ar e de r i v e d fr o m r oo t s e it he r ha v in g a

m e dia l 1 , or
1
, or d o u b l in
g t he se co n d r a di a l , o r c ha v in g o r th
71 f e

thir d T h e fo r m s
. w il l v a r y w i t h t ho s e o f the Se g la t e s, o an d fo r
the sam e r e a son s If the r e f re , we o j c e t th e last r a di c al , &c
‘

.
, re .
,

fix D , we ha l l ha v e PDD o P
"
I DD D
an d pr e s , fo r P , p i n ted P D ,
D
D ,

P D,
D D D P
D, D D , PDD , &c .
, as t he n a tu r e o f t he w o r d s ha l l
re
q u ir e , o r ra t he r , as t he j u s et n o rm a l o gu e n di ha s e s t a b l is he d : a s ,

DD
D , n um ber , su m ; fem .
” DD
D ( oort DDD ;
) DDD o r DDDe le va ,

t io n ( r oo t
"
DD ,
T c
l
"

p l D .
W D D m e a s u r es
( oort T ID ;
) T DD
, or

c ( oo t 113 D1 D D
D
DI D ,
"

a l u r kin g p l a e r or , or s o u n dn e ss

( oo t
r &c .

2 d , S im o n is t hi n k s ( p . 4 5 0 , Ar ca n . t ha t t he p a rt i c ipl es

s ho u l d n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d a s n o u n s o f t he PPD § F 1 cl a s s I b e l ie v e
1
.

th o u h t t b e s o c o n s id e r e d ; b e ca u se I h o l d th at r o e rl
e
y g o
p p y Q
, ,

s e a k in t he r e a r e n o P a r t ici Ie s i n t h e H eb r e w l a n ua e I t i s
p g , p g g .

t ru e th e G r a m m a r ia n s h
,
ave
p l a c e d a n u m b e r o ft h e se n ou n s in t h e ,

sa m e a e w i t ht h e a r a d ig m a o f t h e ve rbs b u t i t w ill n o t h c e
p g p e n ,

fo l l o w t h at th o s se s se d o f a n o f th o r t ie s o f r e a l
,
e
y a re
p y e
p pr e

P a r t i c ip l e s I f i n de e d i t c o u l d b e sh
. , ewn that th e
y i n v ol v e t h
, e

t e n s es o f t h e v erb a s th e Gr eek a r t ic i le s d o t h e o i n io n f
p p , p o ,

S i m o n is & c w o u l d h ,
a v e s om e w e i h
.
, g t ; b u t th i s h as n o t
y e t be e n

d on e ; a n d I t h in k c a n n o t b e d o n e s a t i s fa c t o r il y I h
, , ave th e re .
,

fo r e t h o u ght i t m o s t c o n d u c i v e t o t he p r o g r e s s o f t he S t u d e n t a s
, ,

w e ll a s m o r e c on f o r m a b l e w i t h t he a n a l o gy o f t he La n gu a g e t o ,

cl a s s t he m a ll a s n o u n s : i t b e i n g fr o m t he c o n t e x t a l o n e t ha t a n y ,

th i n g l i ke t e n se ca n b e d i s c o ve r e d ; w h i c h m a y b e s a id o f e v e r y
s o r t o fn o u n i n t h is l a n gu a ge .

1 6 2 F ift hCl a ss
. o
f H éém
'
an ti N o u n s beg i n n i n g wit hJ , or m .

1 ,
1 ,
n "
1 7 9: or
m g zn ; a s,
( f
or

fi x e d, se t u
p ; D-1
DE
E , fo r ( Art . 87 . in h
a bi t e d ; D ? f
D ( or

D D DJ
) t u r n ed cba k, &c . So he p a r t i c ipl e s a n d p r e t e r i t e s o f
al l t , ,

t he N ip h
lu i l co j n u
g ati o n ,
w it ht h fe r e n c e t h
is d i f a t th e p a r t i c ip l e ,

he o 7 11 5 7 o
en ds in ( ) r
, t p r e t e r it e in als , 93 3 t u r n ed a b ut ;

DD D
' 1
D
sea e l d ; D m a ki n
g w ar
( o r D TJ J D
f ‘ , Ar t . 7
;
ea ta bl e ) fo r DDDDD Ar t t . 7 6 1 09 .

II . “ i2D
D ; -
a s, DD 3
I , ( f D )
o r D DQ , as D J
D o
T
v T hi
ab f o e. s rm 18

mo s t l y fo u n d in w o r ds d o u b l in g he i r l a st t d ic l l t t
ra b t a e er, u no t in
t he hci l
N ip h co j n u
g a t i o n : whi c h— a s i n ,
o n com m c i g
un s en n w it h
in an
y ca se .

1 63 S i x t hCl a s s f H e ém a n t i N o u n s
'
ha vi n g n fi ed
'

o re x
.
p .

Th
e f
o rm s co m m e n c n i g wit hn , as
g i ven b
y S i m o n is , are t he fo l
l o w in g
I fe m ”
Ja
z“
n ; 7 1 7 m“ h ” m m w n
. .
-
z
as,
IT :
. o e
p u co n i
fl ;
ct
o r m u ”? A r t
( f l T T
. 87 . se
lfe x a l
-
t a t i o n .

II . fe m .
” i n 333
fl 2
t
-
, an d “ 7 pm“
; a s, W?( fo r
“ ii
-

n u b “ clo t /
n ew wi n e ; ( f
or d isp e rs io n ; m i g t n .

I II . W
E2E&
7 /
, fe m . or “ WE
ED a s,
IT ( o r 7 5 333 )
f an d

g en er a t o n i , su cc e s s io n ; IzOp e , ex
p e ct a t io n ;
D
fi n n
a n o s t r ic h .

w w -
32
"

IV .
as , fe m . as or n in n
e a s, 71 9 7 9 t r e m bl in g ,
, ,

g id d i n e s s ; 71
a ( or
f an d, on a cco u n t o f the gu t t u r al,

”5 9 “
.

o r 71 7 5 531711 i n t e r ce s s io n ;
“ U ” fo r “ H
P ( f re
p re he n s io n ( f T 2 ) 7 .

( f f 11 33 13
1 n -U , Ar t
f
sel
or -
co n su m
p t ion ;
( or “
f a .

87 .
f o rm , p a tter n ;
( or fi l
f m fl, Ih
f .
) de cep t io n ; an d
( f
or w h
o r e do m .

m
’
”
"

V T
T5 9 V
‘

D U
. fe m .
3 -
a s, a d iscip le ; T
P a r o be ;
’
or ” Q B
se
lf -
t o rm en t ( f D Q , Y(i d i n m an
y i n s t a n ce s sta n d in g
fo r 7 1 , an d, b e in
g d o u b le d in t his p l a ce , m ake s co m
p e n s a t io n fo r
t he r e e ct e dj
VI 7 3 17 9 13 . fe m . an d 33 ; as , P3 7
79?s el
fp g
)
u r a -

1&
t io n ; i
“
I!
(
“

se
if -
em bi t t e r in g ; F
or co n t in u a l

fp se l -
e r ve r s o n i a
p ro
p er na me, J er .

x ] 8 &c
. S o ”513 W? ( fo r
, . Ar t . co n v e r s o n i ;
”
E MU?

( fo r ” N UE a n d n a m n
Q E) i g , r e ci
p r o ca l st r ikin g o
f h
a n ds in m a kin
g
a ba r g a in , &c .

mw m| m m
-
V II D
f R f"
"

D "“ fi
. T
P .
fe m
1
.
; as,
: T
or
IB f abr ea s t p l a t e ,-

1
14 7 51 w e a r i n e s s ” 7 1 7“
( o r 71 77
f ) ( f
or se
lf ex a l t a t io n
-

W
.
IT T : , IT T :

V III . ED , fe m
"

a s, .
T ( f
or m m
a a d e ce it ,
31 1“
( f
o r Ar t t 7 3 . : 86 .
g ri
ef , 7 7
2
1 ( or n
f afip , co n tr .

fo r ” JN
o r
Q Q) o c ca s io n , Op
p o r t un it y .

IX .
fe m . P? ( fo r I “ ‘
m fl , fr o m t he
f ro o t 75 ”

or d i vi s i on , se
p a ra t io n , 77
3W ( f
or s o lidi t
y,
s u bs t a n ce
, rve a lt /
z.

Se e A r t 8 7 . . an d the n o te.

K 2
132 LECTURE VII .
ER T A . 1 64 .

X . Here, as in t he fhe r ej e ct io n e i t he r o ft he l a s t
o r m er ca s e , t ,

o r th e s e co n d r a d i ca l w il l r e d u ce t h
, e n o u n s t o o n e o r o th
, er o fth e

e rh : th
se o la te f
g o rm s as
f
co n u s i on for , p p )
a s e la t ter ,
1
7 be in r e e ct e d i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e r e e t i t i o n o f s i m il a r s o u n d s
g j p ,

we h ave wh ich fo r r e a s o n s a l r e a d y a s s ig n e d ( Ar t 1 4 8
, , . .

1
w ill b e co m e 7 3 31 n th e sa m e m a n n er w e h a v e Du ? (f o r Do n “
5 I ) ,

m e l t i n g d i s s o l u t io n & c
, to wh i chm a n y o t h
, e r s m a y b e a dde d
.
, .

XI B b ?“ s u u s io n o f t h o wh ch m a
'

y)
i
. as fi ,( e e e T i y .

b e a d d e d a fe w o t h e r s r e d u pl i ca t i n s o m e o n e o ft h e r a d ica l l e t t e r s
g ,

a s D I PQ
, P s e fe l ev a t io n
l & c -
, .

I t m u st h a v e a pp e ar ed I th in k t h at th e f o rm s to wh ich t h
, is ,

l e t t e r n i s p r e fi x e d , a r e b y n o m e a n s p e c u l ia r t o t h e H i t h a bél co n
'

p “

j u ga t i o n b u t t ha t t he y e x hi b it a g r e a t v a r ie t y o f o t he r fo r m s I
, .

ca n n o t h elp t h in k i n g t h ere f o re th at th is co n j u g a t io n o w e s s o m e
, ,

th in g t o t h is l e t t e r o r t o i t s m o r e p e r fe c t fo r m fi n , o r N H ; w h
, il e
th e a d s ci t i t io u s a r t icl e o w e s n o t h h h
p i n
g w a t e v e r t o t e c j g
o n u a t io n .

1 64 S e v e n t hCl a s s
. o
f H éern a n t i N o u n s , r e cei v i n
g r m as a

p re xfi .

So
I .

a ll t
"

W
h
POW
I-
;
e
a s,

i n fi n it i v e s
?
3 71

o
a
ft he
( A rt

/
.
g l g i ca l

H i t zp d lzél c o n j u g a t io n , d u e
en ea o

re
co m

ar
p uta

d b e in g
t io n .

g
p a id to t he r a d ic a l le t t e rs co m
p o s in
g suc hw o r d s .
r
n n nm m
g m
y
r o st r a t in g ( 2 Ki n s v. w it h t h e ro n o u n se e m s to be
p g p an

a n o m a lo u s w o r d, o rm ed,
def erh a s, b t h ca r e l e s s n e s s f t he
p p y e o

co
py i sts .

F EQ
R ? b u t per h his
"

II ca u s e d to be v is i t e d a s t fo r m n e ve r
.
; p
o cc u r s a s a n o u n .

'
n l fig n j
l f
“i
III .
'
’ a s, co n d eer a t io n , &c .

In a fe w i n s t a n ce s we ha v e ha d i n t he a b ov e e x a m pl e s t e r m in a
, ,

M wh i ch m a y b e s a id t o b e H eem a n t ic
'

d I
'
t io n s i n FT, an , In .

t he s e ca s e s , t he r e fo r e w e ha v e a n t i c i p a t e d o u r n e x t cha ter w hi h
, p c ,

o n th e H ée m a n t ic l
‘’

is t o t re a t p o st fix e d y l a b
s l e s b u t , a s w e co u l d

n o t a d d u ce our ex am
p l e s w it ho u t b r in gin g i n t h e se f o r m s, w e sh all

p er ha p s be e x cu s e d .

B ut t hi s i s , p e rha p s , a co m p o un d fo r m , as b ef
o re, A rt 8 7
. . 2 . an d n o te.
ART . H EEM ANT I NO N S U .

L EC T U R E V I I I .

ON TH E H EEM A NT I L ET T E R S P O ST F I XE D TO WO R D S .

ha s s t a t e d, A 1 56 ha t th
1 65 . IT be e n ( rt . . t ,
e

H é e m a n t i l e t t e r s 71 D, d n a r e s e v e r a ll f
o und
1 , an , y
a t t a ched t o the he r o f p r i m i t iv e o r d e r i ve d
en d s, e it , ,

o
w r ds T
. h e c a s e s i n w h i ch F1 fl I “ a r e s o f
o u n d , ,

ha v e a l r e a d y b e e n n o t i ce d (Ar t t 137 2 . .
,

I t w i ll b e u n n e ce s s a r y t h eref o r e t o n o t ice t he m fu r t he r
, ,
.

We sha l l n o w p r o ce e d t o co n si d e r t ho se w hiche n d i n
D, d 1 e ct i ve l
an , res
p y .

E ig ht/
z Cl a s s o
f H é em a n t i N o un s en di n g i n

1 66 . The se o u n s e n di n g i n
n a r e u se d t o e xp r e s s
,

e it h e r son s o r th i n s be a r in o m l t i o t o th e
er
p g, g s e r e a , n

p ri m i t i ve s f r om w h i cht h e
yh a ve b e e n d e r i ve d : a n d h e n ce ,

th e
y h a ve b e en t e r m e d R e l a t i ve N o u n s b
y t h e Ar a b i a n

G r a m m a r ia n s fi “
Of t h is kin d a r e t h e Pa t r on
y m i c or ,

G e n t il e n o u n s o f t h
,
e Gr a m m a rs o f E u r o e a ll o f w h
p i ch ,

m u st f r om the i r n a t u r e n e ce ss a r i l
y b e a t t r ib u t i v e an d , ,

the r e fo r e s u bj e ct t o t he v a r ia t i on o f t h
, e
g e n de r .

( A rt .

2 I . d n en i g t ac t f th f m
ea vo u r n d ig ifi t i
o co u n ft h i
or e or an s n ca on o s

cl a s s o f w o r ds , I s ha l l su
pp o se , a s b e fo r e , t ha t t he a d d i t io n a l le t ter
he fr a gm e n t o f s o m e w o r d ; w hich if u s e d a t l e n g t h w o u l d
is t , ,

i m pa r t t h e s a m e s i n i fi ca t i o n
g wh ich n o w do es , t o w o rds t h us ,

a u gm e n t e d I n the Et h
. io p ic w e h a ve t he t r i l i t e r a l a dj u n c t “ N u s e d ,

fo r t he p u rpo se o f f o r m in
g n o u n s o f th i s cl a s s
i ; a n d o cca s i o n a ll
y
'

, ,

7 9 O ’O A O 9 0/

t S e e Lu d o l fs Et hio
’
p . G ram .
,
f
ol . edit .
, pp . 95 97. .
134 L ECTUR E v m .

l
ER T A . 1 66 . 3 .

in the Ar a b i c ”1
,
w hichi s a l so fu r t her a b b r e v ia t e d in to

T h e a u m e n t u n iv e r sa l l y f
g t o u n d t o p r e v a il in t he H e b r e w .

3 Th at th e m e a n in a t t a ched to th e ro ot in t he Ar a b i c, i s
.
g
s u it a b l e t o t he s i n i fi ca t i o n o f t h
g e s e w o r ds t h e , fo l l o w i n g d e fi n it io n

of i t , g iv e n b y G o l i u s , w ill b e s u f ci e n t fi to s he w Se r e ce i
p ,t
”
co m m o r a n di v e l
gu i e sce n d i e r g o , d i v e r s a t u s ' f i
u t i n t e r di u ve l n a ct a .

Ap pl yi n g t h is , t hen , t o a n y p r o pe r n a m e , we s ha ll ha v e b o t ht he

fo r m , an d si
g i n fi ca t i o n , p ro
p er fo r t he se P a tr o n
ym i c s ; e .
g Et h
.i o p ic
fo r m I sr a e l a rv i : H e b r e w , an d Ar a b ic, b y co n t r a c t i o n ,

P3 n l L to th hI s r a e l
-
” H D “
u r ela ted e a t r ia r c by
:
9 a
p er so n
p ,

d e n ce , b i r t h
-

fi
“ l “
co n n e x io n , r e si , &c
. So t
( f
o r Ar t .

a de s cen da n t f
o J u da h; an d so o f o ther s .

4 . It m a y be co n s id e r e d co n fi rm a to r
y , m o reo ve r, o f t his co n

j e ct u r e , t ha t t he s e H e b r e w n o u n s, w he n r e ce i v i n
g y an a syll a b ic
ht he d o u b l e d b y D ag e s h
’

au
g m e n t, ar e
g e n e r a l ly f
o un d w it a s,

L e v it e s ; be l o rv, & c , w hich, i n d e ed ,

. a re t he ir tru e

fo r m s . S e e Ar t . 136 .

5 . Th o ll o w in
e f
g are a fe w e x am
p l es, w it h t he ir p r i m i t i ve s

”3 1 7 3 3 ?
729 C a n a a n r i n ce l ; f fil ;
“

l
"
. l
"

3
a C a n a a n it e , fr o m ; p y ro m
l

”?
) E
"7
a
p r i n ce ; p a s t or a l ( f
o r 3 337 by co n t r a ct io n ,
fr o m " a

s hep h er d ;
2 1 9 3 be l o n i n
g g t o th e n or t h f
”
r o m 77 5 75
2 ? t h
e n o rth , .

6 Wh en .ho w e v e r t he p r i m i t i v e w o r d e n d s i n
,
th e Pa t r o n m ic
, y
”W
i s fo r m e d b y p r e fi x in g t h e d i n it e a r t ic le o n l y;
ef i as m M a s l i i a , ,

so n o f M e r a r i “
PM “ ?o n e o h
f i s d e s ce n d a n ts ; th e n am e o f
" 41 253
o n e o f th e so n s o f Gad ; one of h i s d e s ce n d a n t s So 1
.

E T, G e n
p a t r o n ym ; F E . x l v i 24 . . In o ne i n s t a n ce , 17 is p r e x e d fi
in st ea d o f T1 ; w hi chm a yha v e b e e n d o n e fo r t he p r p o se o fa v o id
u

in g t he co n cu r r e n ce o f two as
p i ra t e s : as, h
Ta lchém bn i ,
’

2 Sam . x x iii 8 , fr o m
.
”
E l f-P U , 1 Chro n . x i 11. . W e ha v e ho w e v e r
, ,

?M e dia
” “ 7 73 “3
39 2
, fo r O -
T , a M o de , D a n . x i 1 , fr o m
. .

S e e M r d e S a cy s G r a m .
’
. A ra b .
,
vo l. i . p . 2 3 9, &c .

f T he t e shd i d, wh i chi s a l s o fo u n d t o a cco m a n y t hi s a; i n A r a i c, w a s , p b

p erh p
a s, a dd e d o r i gi n a l l
y o r th
f e u r o s e o fs u l h
y g e d e fe ct o cca s i o n e d b y
i n t p p pp
t he r e e ct i o n
j o f o n e, o r t wo , l e t t e r s fr o m t he p ri m i t i v e fo r m .

I o f this p ro
p e r ty o f the defi n it e ar t icl e, so m e a cco u n t w il l b e gi v e n
he re a ft e r .
AR T . 1 66 . H EEM AN T I N o rms .

7 I n fo r m i n g P a t r o n ym ics fro m h o ds h ave co m oun ds , t wo m et

.
p
b e e n a d o p t e d ; o n e b y a d d in g I
as be f o re wh i chi s r e g u l a r ; t h e ,

o th er b y a l s o p r e fi x in g t h
,
e a r t icl e t o th e l a st w o r d in t h e co m

p o un d E x am
p l es : l
I I DI
Q 1 3 a “ I
3 t h e

IQ W
W
. . .

B e th le h th e n a t i v e of B e t h
I U n 3 I
e m it e 1 S a m x v ii 5 8 ;
W
. .
, .

Sh e m es h f ro m W, Q
I n I
3 ;
I3 N
1 “ I3
t h e n a t i ve
of B eth e l ;
-

“ u l 1 73 t h
-
e B e n a m it e 1 K in s 1 i 8
f l

j g , . .

8 No u n s e n din g i n I n e v e r f
.
, o rm th e P a t r o n ym i c b
y t
,
h e a d d i t i on

b u t b y s o m e p e r i ph In 3 th
'

e ci t i z e n s of
I I3 I I
3 3
o f r a s is : as

W
,

J e r i ch o J o sh x x iv Q N m e n o J e r ic h N e hi ii 2 ;
I
, 1 1 So . .
f . o ,
. .

VI I I I
3 ch
3
. i ld r e n of J e r ich o I h V1 1 8 6 ; h
i
I I
Wn i 3 3 da u g ht e r s of ,
. .
'

ilo h Iu d g x x i 2 1
1
Sh I n a fe w i n s t a n ce s ? i s a d d e d : M 3 7 ? ”
I
. . . .
, ,

H a g g z l o n i fr o m 7 13 3 G i l o 2 S a m x v 1 2 J o s h x v 5 1
, .
, . .
,
. . .

9 Th . e sam e f r e qu e n t l
y t a kes
p l a ce i n co m
p o u n d w o r ds : as ,

“ I l? 3 3 t h h h I
'

l
I
e c i l d r e n
of
. . K i r
y a t H a r i m E z r a 11 2 5 ; , .

“ I I V th e ch H a z m d ve t h 1 b
P i l d r en o
f v e r 2 4 ,
. . .

I O P r o p e r n a m e s e n d in g 1 n 3 a r e s o m e t i m e s s u bj e c t t o th e

WDN
.
, ,

sa m e r u le : a s, 3 3 5? I
m en o f S o do m .

11 . In P a t ro n
ymi cs , d e r i v e d fr o m co m p o un ds , t he la s t on ly o f
t he p co m o un d is s o m e t im e s t a ke n : a s ,
I
E
I
Z
QI
, V1 13
, fo r 1 3 V1 3 1 .

I II I
Q Q t h
e la n d f t h
o e B e n a m it e , 1 S a m
j i x . . 4 1 .
L

1 2 S o m e p r i m i t iv e s , e n d i n g i n
.
, d ro p
7
t ha t le t t e r in fo r m in
g t h e

p atro n
ym i c : a s,
I
P Q QU H a n n d h
a m i , Nu m . x x vi 4 0 , fr o m I l 3 3
.
l 1 7 -

N d lrd m an .

13 I n fo r m in g a tro n m i cs e i t her f ro m P d u al , l u r a l , w o r ds ,
.
y or p
o ne o r o th er o f th e f o ll o w i n m e t ho d s is do p t e d 1 The w o r d,
g a : .

fr o m hi ch s u ch P a t r o n ym i c i s t o b e d e r i v e d i s r e d u ce d t o i t s
w ,

r i m i t iv e f o rm an d th i s a d de d a s b e f Eg ypt
p en , o re ; as , , ,

a n d w it h T h I W
'
r im i t i v e 3 3 3 I I I 3 I3
an E t i 2 E i t 3 I
p , gy p an e r , ,
. . .

in h a bi t a n t 3 da u h
g t e r o r 1 3 o u t o
f m a
y p r e ce d e s u ch r o e r
p p
W
, , ,

D IB
W I WI 3 I I
in h a bi t a n t of J e r u s a l e m ; I sa v 3
W
nam e : as

W
, . .
,

D B I I
‘
da u g h 13 ” 3”
'
I I I I '
'
t e r of J e r u s a le m + or D 7 1 3 7 I
, ,

J e co l ia hof J e r u s a l e m 2 C h ro n x x vi 3 , . . .

0
g 1 g z ? 3

he b ) b ?
o

be l o n g in g t o t h
So i n Ar a ic
L3
in
” p ir i t u a l , ”
t
“ j s
a
e

bo dy, &0 .

1 These a bb re v ia t io n s a re o u n d to
f ta k pl
e a ce in m o st l a n gu a ge s . Se e M r.

d e S a cys G r a m
’
. A ra b . vo l . i . p . 247 . Lu d . G ra m . l Et h, f
ol . . e d it . p . 22 .

VVi l ki n s ’
s S a n s cr i t G r a m .
, A r t 1 1 7 4 , &c
. .

I B u t he r e we ha v e a
p e r so n i fi ca t i o n ; i n t he o h
t e r t w o ca s e s a p e ri ph ra s i s .
136 LECT UR E VI I 1 . E AR T . 1 66 . 14 .

14 . In fe w i n s t a n ce s , t h
a e
p r im i t i v e i s
p ut f o r the P a tro n ym i c

which m a
y b e c o n s id e r e d , e i t h er as
p r e s e n t in
g a m e to n ym b
y y
whi ch t h
e ro
p g e n it o r &c i s p u t fo r the d e s ce n d a n t , or bysu p

W
.
,

p o s in
g an e ll i
p s is o f one o r o t he r o f the w o r ds 3 I I
,
n
n ’ ]D
&c . as
g i v en a bo ve ; a s, DW f
I ! D a m a s cu s , f
- o r D a m a s cen e , Gen .

x v. D W
I?“ I
3 fo r I D I IE
I
'
I “ I
3 2 Sa m x x i ii 1 5 So
IN W f
. . .
,
I
?i
1
fo th
'
I
fo r I
J3
. .
,
I I
, or 7 14 33
. .
, an d so o ers .

15 . Ir r e gu l a r i t ie s a re o cca s i o n a ll
y m et w ith, in t he fo r m s o f
t he s e wo r ds : a s, a H ag a r en e, 1 Chro n . v. 1 0 , fr o m 3 273
Haga r ; if t h
as e
p r im i t i v e ha d be en a Se o lat e
g n o un ,
o f t he fo r m

W
II Il Il
I d Ti m n it e , J u d g x v 6 , fo r
W
-
l
. .
p i r m i t iv e

So , I DS U Nu m b . x x v i.
p i i t i ve 7' 20, and
EB r m
s I I
U
,

1 Chro n . ix . 5 ; th
e A m m o n it e , t h e
p r i m i t i v e b e in g

See 1 Sa m . x i 1,
. an d Gen x ix 3 8 ; fr o m w h . i ch , ho w e v e r ,
. t he
c o l l e c t iv e fo r m 3
1 3 Am m o n h
? as b e e n fo r m e d , I h, . an d t he n ce
p ro b a b l yt he P at ro n ym i c

16 . Fo r t he fe m i n i n e fo r m s o he s e n o u n s s e e
f t , Ar t 1 3 6 5 , . .

an d fo r t he i r p l u r a l s , Ar t . 1 39 . The f o r m s t a k e n in co n s t r u c t i o n ,

or w he n an y o f t he p r o n o u n s a r e a ffi x e d w il l b e r e g u l a t e d a cco r d ,

in g t o t h e a n a l o gy o f t h e w o rd Ar t 1 4 3 . . .

1 7 An o t h
. e r c l a s s o f n o u n s e n d in
g i n s
p r e ce d e d b
y e i t h er , ,

o r (T ) ha s b e e n t ho u g ht t o d e n o t e e x ce s s T he s e ho w e v e r a r e
, .
, ,

p r o b a bl
y n o t h i n
g m o re th an n o uns i n t h e
p l u r a l n u m b e r
( A r t .

139 Th e f o l l o w in
g a r e e x a m
p l e s
I
3 I 3 a s wa r m
of l o cu s t s ; .

I J IIW I m a n w i n do w s ; I 3 I 3 e x t r e m e l l
?
'
I
y yg r e e d y ; l a
p l a in ;

h
e Alm i h
; I I I TB
'
t t
g y , ro o t A p o w er u l ; f su
p rem e Lo r d, fr o m
W e
p n ow h e I Xt hcl a s s o f a u m e n t e d n o u n s w h
r o ce e d to
g t i ch ,

t a ke t h e H ée m a n t i l e t t e r 3 a t th
‘’

e en d , .

1 67 I n th . is cl a s s t h e v o w e l i m m e di a t e l , yp r e ce di n
g t h e fi n a l 3,

i s e it h er or
()
i ; w h i ch i n d u ce d H il l e r t o s u
pp o se t h a t t h e ,

j h C IR I t is t h o u h h h
a d u n ct w a s e i t e r D 7
3 o r
g t t a t t e s e n ouns .
,

s i n i fi c a t io n h
'

a r e I n t en s i t i v e i n g I f t e n w e s u
pp eo s t o be
.
, ,

a p a r t i cl e d e r i v e d fr o m 7 7
3
7 3 wh ichm e a n s t u m u l t o f a m u l t it u de ,

o r n o is e as o f th e w aves o f th e s e a w e ca n e a s il o n ce i v e h o w
, y c ,

th e a d d i t io n o f s u ch a a r t i cl e t r im it iv e w d w o u ld
p o an
y p o r , ,

m a k e i t i n t e n s i t i v e i n s ig n if i ca t i o n *
Th is w il l a cco u n t p e r h p
a s .
, ,

No t hi n g, su r e l y, c
an be m o r e r i d i cu l o u s t ha n the o pi n io n o f S i m o n is an d
o h
t e r s, ex p r e ss e d in hi s “
A r e a n u m Fo r m e ru m ,
”
(p . 58 4 . v iz . : that t h
e
A R T. H EEM A NT I NOU NS 13 7
‘

'
.

fo r t he t e r m in a t io n
’

5
7; In t he ne xt pl ace , t h e ro o t t i l l
-"l
do e s
n ot o cc ur in t he H e b r e w B ib le , b u t is t o be f o u n d in t he Ar a b ic
I }

l h h
“

f s ig n
p l m ifyin g ,
I f t e wee be ca m e a t or co r u e
p
, , n , , .

ca n s u p po s e a n a b b r e v ia t e d fo rm o f this w o r d a t t a ch ed to an y

o the r, w e sha ll ha v e t he t e r m i n a t io n Di ; w hich w i l l g i v e a n -

i n t e n s it i v e si
g i n fi ca t io n t o t he co m
p oun d . The fo ll o w i n
g a re a fe w
e x am
p he s t u d e n t m a y a r r a n ge t he m u n d e r t he i r r e s p e c t i v e
l es : t

m e a s u r e s if h e sh all t h i n k i t n e ce s s a r y t o d o s o
, .

l ice ; D Fl t h
‘
e wh o le d a y; 5 32913 m o s t t r u ly; DE A" u it e
‘
-
i
q
-

?
L
i

n a ke d ; Di l
-

Z q
E Y,
n i lI
D g Q
si enl t; o r u it e -3
3, an d , f l l u re

de mp t io n ;3 th
e en t ir e w /l zo e ;
c
m a bo dy of m e n , J u d g . xx . 48 .

Te a l ]: Cl a ss f
o H éém a n t i N o u n s, r e ce wz n
g a fi n a l 7
.

1 68 . Gra m m a r ia n s are g e n e r a ll
y g a ree d, t ha t n o u n s, r e ce i v in
g
t his le t t e r as a fi n a l, a re i n t en s it ive i n s ig n i fi ca t io n .

This l e t t e r i s mp l e o r a u g m e n t e d wi t h
af
fi x ed t o w o r d s , e it he r si , ,

th T hu s l o r ll h o se t h
e v o w e ls
( ) t w e n ce w e m a
y pp at
“

o r
; ; su ,

l “ o, r l ” s ign ifyin g s t r en g t h p o w e r r ich

l ,
e s we a l t h t h
( e
p r i m it iv e , , ,

fo r m o f w h ichw o u l d b e HS o r l l ? A r t is t h e ro o t And , . .

he n ce a l so ,
m ig h t t he o r m 71 3 o
f ,
5 r 7 23
7 b e co n t r a ct e d b
y A rt 75 , , , , . .

t o 7173 o r 773 ,
th e w o r ds f ro m w h icht h
,
e s e t e r m in a t io n s m a
y h ave

b e e n t ake n ; a n d w h i ch a d d e d t o a n y o t h er w o r d w o u l d n a t u ra ll
, y ,

i v e i t a n i n t e n s i t i ve m e a n in g S o m e h o se d t h e m e a n in
g ave su
pp g .

t o b e o cca s i o n a l l y d im i n u t iv e
|
wh ich I a m i n cli n e d t o b e l ie v e i s ,
ee

th e ca s e i n s o m e i n s t a n ce s
, .

Ex am
p l es .

72
95 8 fe m .
”
991
9 78 a w i do w ; a n “
l ar
g g if,
e at ( r
f
o

w it h t h
i

‘
Art . roo t 77 l T3 "T co m ; a lso e a d d i t io n a l n r ,

a g r ea t p a l a ce .

fig u res o fD d l : b e i n g e t e n d e d , m a ya cco u n t fo r t h
, an x
e i n t e n si t iv e m e a n i n g o f

the s e fo r m s ; a n d t ha t D , b e i n g i n cl o s e d , w il l gi v e t he i d e a o f co m p r e he n siv e n ess,

r e r e s e n t in , a s i t w e r e , a
p g re n an t m o th
p g e r i n cl o s i n
g he r o ffs
p rin
g w i t hi n th e

womb Fo r i t i s ro b a b l e t he s e w o r d s w e re in o re t h
bef e l e t t e rs w e r e
ver
yp u se ,

in ve n t ed .

See the Ar e a n u m F o r m e r u m ,
p 5 6 4 . .
138 LE T C UR E v1 11 -
.

‘ E AR T . 1 6 8 2: .

7p
5 hoo d , t i n s ( fo r t i the A m t
’

w ido n f qr e u e n t .

e n t r y; or i l l
PW a
p a la ce ; i bl]l ‘ -
T h e M o st H i h
g S o .

als o w it h a u gm e n t e d n o u n s ; fi
l 7
l
1
7 9 g
77 1 3 d 4
as r e a t c o n
fi e n ce .
,
-

g r e a t co n t e m
p t ; 7 5N E 3
g r ea t dr o u
g h t .

I n D i m itt l u n u l w I s i ii 1 8 a n d i l l 25 s h i e th
'
‘ ‘
,
o m u n cu l u s
. . e
,
-
, . .

h ( 3 7
"

e ct e d i m a e o i D 1 f 7 7 7
r
fl
e g f a m a n n t e e
ye e u t x x x n 0 r o m , . .

th a n d al “ a man) we h er h a s e x a m l e s o f a d im i
l
e m oo n ,
ave
p p p , ,

n u t iv e .
*

Th is i n t e n s i t i v e l e t t e r 7 , i s fr e q u e n t l y a t t a ch
2d .
e d to v e r b s,

and ha s b e e n t e r m e d t he _N zi n P a r a g o g ic, o r Ep e n t h e t ic It .

he he
“

i s fo u n d i n t A r a b ic i n t sam e s i t u a t io n , an d is term ed by

t he A r a b ia n G r a m m a r ia n s
n kglm Th
e co n
fi rma t o r y N ti n

it s i s t o im p a r t cer t a i n t y, o r i n t en s it y, t o t h
fi
o f ce e v e rb t o w hichi t
i s a t t a ched Th e sam e
p o w ers h
. a v e b e e n a s cr i b e d t o t he He b rew

l , s im il a r l y s i t u a t e d ; t hou h
g , i t m u st he co n fe s s e d , su c hp o w e r s
n o t al wa s a aren t fro m t h xt l -
are y pp e co n t e

N B
. . All w o rds t hu s au
g m e n t e d, w he t he r t he a u gm e n t is p r e
fix ed o r
p o s t fi x e d, m a
y b e co n s i d e r e d a s co m p o un d w o r ds .

On the R e d u l i ca t e d ,
p an d ot her w i s e Co m p o u n d e d , W o r ds .

1 69 . W e s ha ll ha v e no d if ficu l t y i n p e r ce i v i n g , t h a t , if o n e w o r d

m a yb e q u al i fi e d, or o the r w i s e r e s t r i c t e d , i n i t s s i n i ca t io n b y t h e fi
g
a d d it io n o f an o ther, a s im he n a n y
il a r r e s u lt w il l be o b t a in e d w

w o r d is r e pe a t e d : a n d t h a t th e ef fe c t w ill b e t h e sa m e wh eth er ,

b o t h s u ch w o r d s a r e w r i t t e n o u t a t l e n g t h o r w h eth er th ey a re ,

c o m b in e d i n o n e B o t ht h e se m e th o ds h .a v e b e e n a do p t e d in t h e

H eb re w I n s o m e ca s e s e n t i r e w o r d s a r e r e p e a t e d ; i n o t h
.
, ers ,

th e
y a r e co n t r a ct e d i n t o o n e w o r d b y r u le s
p r e s e n t l y t o b e co n ,

s id e r e d In th e fi r s t c a se
. we h a v e P1 73 ?P in E 7 de ep de ep i e
,
-
, ,
. .

0 We ha v e a l so i n the S yr i a c a d i m in u t i ve o fthis f
o rm ; see Ho f
fm a n
’
s

Gra m . Syr .
, p . 25 1 .

f N u n P a r a g og i cu m , V e r b o r u m p e r s o n is i n J o d e t V a u fi n i t i s a d d it u m ,
E m ph O L i S e r v il
sem p e r e ss e a t i cu m n o tat H o t t i n
ge r u s d e fii c i is t er a r u m .

A n a l ys i J o b i s u b e c t is, A n d S chr oe d e r i v es t h
j 9 Ar e a n
. . Fo r m .
p . 5 64 .
g e

fo l l o w i n g p a s sa ge a s i l l u s t r a t i v e o f t hi s O p i n i o n : 1 Sa m v ii x
2 5 , 33 22
. .

573?
1 5 ui
g p e r cu sse r i t i l l u m , h u n c d i t a bi t r e m : n b i, s ays he so n u s fo r t io r
,

e s t, q uam s i s c ri
p t u m e ss e t m : e t 3
p mm]: &c .
”
R 1 68
. . Th o r ce o f t h
e tru e f is
p a r t icl e w ill b e gi ve n he r e a ft e r, Art 23 5, . se
q .
AR T . 1 69 . ON R ED U PL I CATED WOR D S .

m o st de ep , Eccl . vn . 24 ; t u r n in g tu rn in g , i . e. co n
1
t i n u a l l y t u r n in g , or c ha n g i n g , Ih i. . 6 .
3 31 3 ?he a r t an d hea r t ,

i . e. do u ble he a r t e d , Ps . 3 ;
x li .
13 3 713 3 13 53 3 3 we l l s we l ls , i . e .

m a n y we l l s , Gen . x iv . 1 0 ; 7 713 3 ” i53 3 ro d ro d , i . e. ro d by r o d,

Nu m . x v ii. 17 . In w ha t si
gn i fi ca t i o n su c hr e d u pl ica t e d e xp r e s s io n s

are to be t ake n , t he co n t e xt w ill a l w a ys be su fici e n t

f to d e t e r m in e .

This , t o o , m a y b e s a id w i t h r e s p e ct to co m
p oun d wo r ds in so m e

i n s t a n ce s t he fo r ce w il l be au
g m e n ted, a s in su p e r l a t iv e s in he r s
o t

i t w il l b e m o di fi ed ; an d in so m e , p er ha p s , d i m i n is he d, as in t h e

d i m in u t i v e n o un s o fo t he r l a n gu a e s
g . S yn ta x , Ar t 2 3 3 . .

2 . Le t us n ow he s e co n d p l a ce t o t he r u l e s u s u a l l y
co m e , in t ,

i ven f o r th f h h a s be e n
*
g e o r m a t i o n o f t e s e r e d u
p l i c a t e d w o r d s I t .

sh h h
e wn
( A rt t a t .a n
y o n e o f t e “ 73 4 l e t t e r s w il l i n ce r t a i n , ,

ca s e s d is a p p e a r Th i s w il l h a en i t h e fi r s t cl a s s o f t h ese
, .
pp n ,

r e d u l ica t e d w o r d s ; w h
p e r e w e h a v e 1 3 3 14 9
7 f o r 3 15 C 7 71 3 w h
5 i c h , , ,

wh e n co m o u n d e d w o u ld b e co m e 77 1 3 71 13 0 u t th
p , 5 b u t s t r ik i n g o e ,

n b y Ar t 7 2 w e s h
, all h
. av e 7 73
,
5 3 153
; w h i c h a
g a i n b y d r a w i n
g , ,

b a ck t h e a n d r ej e c t in
g t h e b y A rt 7 3 w e h ave .
,

an d if w e p l a ce D dg és hi n t h e s e co n d S ci m éh e i t h er f o r th
‘

, e ”

s a k e o fe u h o n , o r t o co m t f t h l f 71 w e s h a ll h
p y p e n s a e o r e o s s o a v e ,

77 3 3 535 9 fo r t h e r e d u l i ca t e d w o r d
, p m e a n in
g l i t erall
y m e a su r e b
, y ,

m e a su r e ; a s b o t h t h e co m o s i t i o n o f t h e w o rd an d th e co n t e x t
p ,

r e u ir e
q I n s o m e ca s e s
. a s w il l
p re sen tl
y b e see n
,
t h e fin al o f ,

s u ch w o r d s i s a l s o r ej e ct e d I t m u s t b e b o r n e i n m in d b y t h . e

s t u de n t th a t co n s i d e r a b l e d i f
, fe r e n ce o f o p i n io n i s fo u n d t o p r e v a il
a m o n g g r a m m a r ia n s as to th e o r i in a l r o o t s f ro m wh i ch t h ese
g , ,

w o rds h a v e b e e n d e r iv e d ; a n d co n s e u e n t l t h a t g r e a t d if f
q y , e r e n ce ,

o fo i n io n is f o u n d to v a il a s t o t h i r e ci s e m e a n in
p p r e e r
p , g .

3 Th e f. o llo w in
g a re a f e w e x a m les o f th
p e fi r s t cl a s s o f t h i s

k in d o f n o u n s ; w h ich a r e ge n e r a l l y t h ou h
g t t o b e f o rm e d b
ya
r e d u l ica t i o n o f s o m e w o r d h i 7 7 f i t fi l d i l l t t
p a v n
g o r s n a r a c a e e ,r

e
g .
3 3 3 3.
q u i t e n a k e d o r d ese r t e d f r o m ”, 13 n a h e d : b y ,
s o m e

su
pp o sed t o m e a n t h e
j u m
p e r b y o t h e r s t h e t a m a r i s lc , t r e e “ 337 3 3
, ,

th h 5 x u is i t e d e l i h
”
e s ca l e s fa D 3 3
f gf
fi 3
q s ro m
p ee , l i n ; 3 7 e
q g t s ,

We u se the w o rd r edu
p l ica t e d t o s i gn i f
y w o rds w h i ch ha ve b e e n fo rm ed b
y
the r e d u p l i ca t i o n f so m e p r i m i t i v e w o r d — co m o u n d , t o s i gn i f t ho se w hi h
o
p y c

ha v e b een fo r m e d b y t he co a l e s ce n ce o f t w o d i ffe r e n t w o r d s . In this sen s e

Si m o n is u se s th e w o r d s G e m i n a t a a n d Co m o s it e
p .

i But see m
y Le ic o nx un de r thi s w o rd .
1 40 LECTURE VI I 1.
Q K AR T .
1 69 .

1 1
5 h h op io u s ly fl o win g
i

77 3
fr o m 3 l o o ki n
g on
( w i t d e l ig )t ; 7
9 7 17 c

h 3
fr o m ” 33 h 3
7
73 37 3 33
( a ir
) ,
an in , g g man
y an d g r ea t er r o r s, fr o m
e r r in
g .

4 . The s e co n d cl a s s o f re d u pl ica t e d n oun s , co n s i s t s o f tho se

co m b i n a t io n s , d e r iv e d fr o m p r im it i v e wo r ds, w hi ch ha v e he ir t

s e co n d an d t hi r d r a d i ca l le t te rs t he sa m e a s, m o s t ch o i ce

wh s h
( be as t s o r b i r d s ) , fr o m 3 3 3 s e e ct in
l g ; a ee l
p er e or
, ,

hi n g j ch
fi f
‘

an y t su b e ct to co n t i n u a l turn in g a bo u t, as a & c ro m , .
,
1 1
”3 3 7 3
1
7 73
, ro l li n g . A d n he n ce ,
th
e s ku l l ; g ar
g a r sm i ,

g ar
g le ; a lso a
g ra n i , o r be r r y, fr o m d r a w i n g , &c .
, to w hich
h ha s th
m an y m o re m ay be e wn
( A rta d de d . — It be e n s . at

wh en th e l a s t t w o l e t t e r s o f a n y p r im i t i v e w o r d a r e t he sa m e , o n e

o f th em m a y b e d r o pp e d f th e s a ke o f eu h This r ule
or
p o n
y .

ho l d s go o d w he n s u ch w o r d s a r e co m b i n e d a n d fo r
, ,
t he sa m e

r e a so n s

5 . To t hi s cl a s s m a y b e a dde d t ho s e r edu
p l i ca t e d w o r d s, w hich ,

in t he i r p r i m i t i v e fo r m s, u su a ll y r e j e ct a m e dia l 1 , o r
7
: fo r he r e , as

in the f o r e o in g
g e x am
p l e s, we m a y co n s id e r t he m id d l e r a d i ca l

le t ter a s r e e ct e d ,j fo r t he sa ke o f e u phon
y( A rt . Of t his so r t
i
he fo ll o w i n g x l ”S h n ? g r ea t a in fr o m
are t e am
p es :
11 T p ,
or
1
73
3 9 7 58 0 5729 ; i e e ct io n , i it y, fr o m 3 3 73
, g j
r e vo u s o r ca
p t v

ca s t i n
g o ut ; e e lid s, f
y ro m 3 33 m o v in g q u ic kl y, fly g ;
i n

” 3 33
9 fl 0 wi n
g co
p i o usl , f
y ro m mg fl o w in g , Ez e k . x v“ . 5 .

6 . The thi rd cl a s s , o f r e d u p l ica t e d n o u n s, i n cl u d e s ho s e w hich t

are fo r m e d b y a r e p e t i t io n o f t he la st syllabl e ; o r, o f the t wo l as t

l et te rs o f th e
p r im it iv e no un : a s, D ”
331 3 73
g r ea t gf
i t s, fr o m

g i v in
g, t he b e in g r ej e ct e d ; fe m . r e dd i s h,

r ed h e re and ther e ha vi n
g r ed s o t s
, p , fr o m 3 1 15 be in
g re d ; 3 99 3 3
m i x e d co l l e c t i o n H T 2
S33 9 21 m o s t
m u l t i t u de , fr o m Ilmfi
l" l l e ct i n g
-

, o r ; co

m bfibfi m o s t s m o o t h i e
p e r ve r s e f ro m ,
t u r n in g o v e r &c
1
fi , .
, , . .

d e ce iv in g w o r d s o r t h i n g s fr o m P273 p o l i s h
, in g s m o o t h in g & c
, , ,
.

7 Th e f o u r t h cl a s s o f r e d u l i ca t e d n o u n s co n si s t s o f t h o se
.
p , ,

wh i ch a r e fo u n d t o r e p e a t t h e l a s t r a d ic a l l e t t e r o f t h e
p r im i t iv e s ,

i n s e r t in g a t t h e s a m e t im e
, so m e v o w el be t we en th e l e t t e r s so,

d o u b l e d : a s 3 7 73 3
1 1 1
a n x io u s ;
o r 7 73 1
, 3 m o s t la n
g u id f ,ro m , ,

e m in e n ce s r ea t h h i l l fro m g i bb o u s
g ea s
p s , ; , ,

g rea t, or
q f re u en t, a d u l t e r y, fr o m 3 153 co m m i t t in g a du l t e r y;
a w e l l w a t e r e d p a st u r e , fro m le a d in g t o t h
e wa t e r , &c .
, to w hich
m m o re m i h t b e a dd e d
an
y g .

8 . I n fo r m in g t he
p l u ral s o f the se , an d s im il a r re d u p l ica t e d , or
AR T 1 69 . ON R ED UPLI C A I ED
'‘
WO R D S .

co m
p o un d w o r d s, r e ga r d is to be ha d , p r in c i
p a ll
y , to t he a n al o gy fo

t he la st co m
p o n en t p ar t o f the w o rd . In no ca s e ca n t he ad d i t io n
o fa n y i n cr e m en t, whe th er s l
y l a b ic , o r as
y ll a b ic, a f
f ct a n
y ys ll a b l e e

b e yo n d he e n u l t im a t e f an y wo r d I n w o r ds , t h e re f
‘

p t o . o r e , co n

h
.

i s t i n g o f a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s yl l a b l e s , n o ch a n g e w i l l t a k e p l a ce i n

th e v o w e ls b e o n d t h e n u l t im a t e , a n d , i n m i n s t a n ce s , n o t
y e p an
y
b e yo n d t he ult m ate i . The o n ly q u e s t i on , t he n , w hich ca n a r is e

m u st be , as to t he cha n ge o f the u l t im a t e , or
p e n u l t im a t e , v o w e l s

o f su c h w o r ds . I n p r im i t i v e w o r d s , in d e e d , a g re a ter n um be r
o f v o w els do es n ot e is t ; a n d inx the se , as we ha v e al r ea d
y
seen , ana o l g y a l o n e ca n b e r e lie d u po n The s a m e is t r u e . he r e .

Fo r , fi r st : I n a l l ca s e s , e ce t t ho s e in w hi ht h x
s e co n d a n d thir d
p c e

r a d ica l he s a m e u p on a n y a syll a bic a u g m e n t b e in g

is t , a t t a ched to

th th h
e wo rd e
p r e ce d i n
, g v o w e l m u s t e i t e r be
p f
e r e ct o r r e e ct e d ;
j ,

o th e r w is e t h
’
e sy l l a b l e w i ll b e i n co m pl e t e : a s U PT3 U g r e a t g if ts , ,

"
3 3 73 s t a r s of H e re a s th e a s l la b ic
y or , m u s t n e ce s

s a r il y t a k e t h e l a s t co n s o n a n t o f t h e w o rd in o r d e r t o b e u t t e r abl e ,

a t all th v o w e l m u s t e it h l
, e
p r e ce d i n
g e r b e co m e
p rf
e e ct o r e s e b e ,

r e e ct e d B u t if t h e ro o t h a d i t s s e co n d a n d t h
j .
, i r d r a d i c a l l e t t e rs

th e sa m e a n d o n e h , ad be en t h r o wn a wa
y fo r th e s a ke o f e u
p h on
y , ,

th en ,u
p o n an
y y a s l la bic a u m e n t b e i n
g g pp a l ie d t h i s r e j e c t e d l e t ter ,

w o u ld re t u rn e x r e s s e d b y D a es h o r t e a ce d i n t h
p , g f p l e t e rm in atin
g
T 17 1 ?
1
l e t t e r ( Ar t as . ! wo r t h le s s s u p e r n u m e r a r y s h
, oots f ro m , ,

th e r o o t o fw h ichi s v i l e I s a i a hx v iii 5 I n l ik e m a n n e r
,
. .
,

t h l i ca t io n o f a n s l l a bi c a u m e n t t h s it u a t i o n o f t h e
u on
p e a
pp y y g e ,

t o n e a cc e n t
-
co n s i d e r e d i n c o n n e x io n w i t ht h
, e l a w s o f s yll a bica t i o n ,

w il l d e t e r m i n e w h at t h e t e r m i n a t in vo wel o r v o w els ou h t t o be
g g , ,
.

9 Th . e o n l y q u e s t io n w h i ch ca n n o w a r i s e i s H o w w i ll t h e se ,

v o w e ls b e a f fe ct e d w h e n th e n o u n is in t h , e s t a t e o f co n s t r u ct io n ?

G e n e r a lly s p e a ki n g u n l e s s t h e r e b e s o m e r e a so n
, fo r r e t a in i n g a
erf e ct v orve l i e wh e n so m e l e t t e r h a s b e e n r e t r e n ch ed f o r wh ich
p , . .
,

ou h h v o w el
co m p e n s a t io n g t t o b e m a d e an d e n ce a
p f
e r e ct ,

r e t a in e d e it h er Sh
, e va o r o n e o f i t s S u bs t it u t e s w il l a p p e a r i n
,
th e ,

e n u l t im a t e : a s t he s t a r s of & c n ot B u t th i s
p , .
,

c a n b e d e t e r m in e d o nl fr o m a k n o w l e d ge o f t h e a n a l o gy o f t h e
y ,

wo rd .

10 . W e ha l l n o w g iv e
s a fe w e x am
p l es o f co m p o un d w o r ds ,

om i t t in g the cl a s s i fi ca t io n o f S i m o n is as u n n e ce s s a r
y :

t hick da r kn e ss , fr o m i t be ca m e d a r k, an d ( A ra b
J l) t.he s

a n d fi st?
I
su n set ; l l Piz f
?fi y
l t h v o
‘
m i t i n
g ,
f
r o m N ?
i vo m it i n
g
‘
, base ;
 w ide l y p ex a n din
g , fr o m ”73 3 ex
p an d, an d 73 ? se
p ar a t n i g ;
3 552193 in v ig o r a t i n g , r
ef h
i n
gr es , f m 3
ro 193 m o is t u r e , a n ?
d 3 5 i n cr e a s
in g , p s r e a di n
g ; a m e lo n , fr o m EDS Ar a b . he ca s t do wn ,
1
a n d ” 10 3 , s ig n i f i
y g n n ea rl
y the sa m e thin g ; 3 53 3 “
IT
a ba so n , f
ro m

he r s t hin k b l?de w
1
3 3 5 co l le ct in g , an d 7
3 bl o o d , A r a b i c, o r, as o t ,

wa t e r ; 5 3
3 3 ul fl l5
,
3 3 chief s a t r ap s , a cc o r d in g t o so m e fr o m t he ,

vi r us ILS - l , p r ice , p r e 37
g}
P e r s ic, -
e m i n e n ce , an d L 7 13 13 a
,
U , ,

sa t r a
p a cco r d i n g to o t e ch
he r s t h iefdo o r
,
ke ep e r s , fr o m wn l‘l
W "
as bef
o r e, an d wh
y
s)
,
do o r keep er ; ro m l
t r ea s u r e r , f a .

t df
’
a
( P e w -
j ig , or an d o r o r
j
lg) a g e n t ,

}
t r e a su y p ( rh a s th
p e d i m i
er n u t ive 3
5 36 or Q 5 o f th e a b o v e ); 3
, ,

73 3 3 7 so m et h h 31 ? 3 14 71 7
33 3 i n
g a n
y t i n
g fro m , ; q u i d a u t q u i d ; ,
1
” h 1 7 i? a m e o t h r o m 125 a Ch
-

aa fl f e L
‘
o r d a c co r d in
g t o so m e f a l d a i c , ,

p a r t i cl e ,o r mm ?fl a m e a n d n “
.
t he Lord ; a cco r d i n
g t o ,

o th 3 3 3 7 ” 3
fr o m i ryl a m in g S yr i a c a n d a fl ame an d
‘
ers , as , , ,
.

bef o re Ot hers a a in t ake t h e w a s d er ive d f ro m t h e A r a b ic

.
g , ,

3 3 7m l ,
gr i ps fl a m e , , &c . as bef
o re . In t he lis t fv a r i o u s r e a d
o

i n g s g i v e n b y B e n Na ph t a l i, t his w o r d i s r e a d a s 2 t w o ” 13 3 3 3 3 ;

wh i ch i s p r o b a b l y t he a n ci e n t w a y i n w h i ch i t w a s w r i t t e n So m e
°

o ft he se , as it w il l be se e n , are fo r e ign w o r d s : bu t, as t he n um ber

o fs u chis fe w in t he H e b r e w B ib l e , an d as t he D ict i o n a r y m ust be
co n s u l t e d fo r t he ir si
g i n fi ca t i o n an d et
ym o lo
gy, w e ha v e t ho u ght
it u n n e ce s s a r
y to i n v e s t iga t e t he i r fo r m s , an d co m
p o s i t io n , an
y
fu r t her .

On t he Form s an d Co m p o s i t i o n o
f No un s a do
p t ed as P r op e r
N a m es .

1 70 . B y P r op e r N a m es , we un de r s t a n d t ho s e w o r ds , o r p hr a s es ,

w hi chha v e be e n a d o p t e d fo r t he p ur
p f c o n v e yi n g t h
o se o e id e a s o f

ce r t a in s ifi p p ec c er s on s , o r thin g s . B yn a m es o f pe r s o n s, a r e t o b e
u n de r s t o o d t he n a m e s o fG o d D e i t i e s An e l s M e n & c f t hi
, g o n
g s , , , , .
,

th o s e o f k in g d o m s c i t ie s t o w n s v i l l a g e s m o u n t a i n s r i v e r s &c :
, , , , , , .

1
firs t J eh o va h 3 3
3 } B a l Zev ii v ; 7 13 33
3 3
’
as , , ; d G a vr i el .

g i ll l ?” 13 A s h h
P 3
3
& 3 7
- c S e co n d ; s u r ; .Eg yp t ;

b t lfi
'
l
g l J e r u s a le m , & c . A n d , in d e e d , an
y w o rd u se d to d e s ig n a t e
an
y p s e ci fi c o b e ct , j ( h o u
g h t he al t
s a m e m a y in o th e r i n s t a n ce s , ,

be u se d as an App e ll a t i v e ) m a y b e a P r ep er N a m e a n d b e co n
, ,
AR T 1 7 0
. . 2 ] ON P RO P E R NAM ES .

s tr u ed a s su c h Lion
.
,
fo r e x am
pl e , is an a
pp e ll a t i v e ; an d ye t , i t i s
u se d a s a p ro
p e r n am e ; as in , Le o D e i, I s . xx i x . 1 , 2 .

2 . Wh e n ce it w i ll be seen , ha t o cca s io n s m a y o c cu r i n w hi chi t

t

w ill fi cu l t
be d if to d e t e r m in e , wheth e r s u chw o r d w a s i n t e n d e d t o

"
be t a ke n a s a n a p p e l l a t iv e , o r as a
p ro
p er n am efi

3 . In he
t fi rst
p l a ce , t he n , P r o p e r Na m e s, w hich a r e p u rel
y
Hebre w, ( f
o r so m e a
pp e ar to be o ffo r e ign e xt r a ct io n , ) are, fo r t he
m o st p a rt, fo u n d to fo ll o w t he a n al o
gy f t he A
o
pp e l l a t i v e s ; at

o t he r s t o p r e s e n t fo r m s u n k n o w n t o
, o f them Th o se w h. icha r e
th e sa m e f o r m s w it h t h e A p p e l l a t i v e s w e n e e d n o t n o w n o t i ce as , ,

th o se f o rm s h a ve alre a d b e e n di s cu s s e d
y .

4 Th .e s im l e f
p o r m s o fP r o e r N a m e s f
p o u n d t o d if f e r f r o m t h o s e

o f th e A pp e l l a t i v e s a re 1 st th o se wh
, i cht a k e so m e fo r m p e cu l ia r
, ,

t o th e p e r so n s o f t h e v e rb s ; an d 2d t h o se w h icha d d l t o t h ,e , ,

l s t 13 3 W I s h bd / c h e e x ce l le d ; 3 3 35 sh h
”
: Y
'

en d : a s , , . d ,i i v e r e t u rn s , ,

o r sh sh h h h
“
a ll r e t u r n ; fi
g s I t d r e s i n es . & c ; a n d a s
, , .
, ,

On o ; YEr é/ ch é J e r ic h o A fe w fo r e ign n a m e s a r e fo u n d o f
, .

th e f orm as B a sm a t h , .

5 N a m e s co m p o u n d e d w i t h o n e o r o t h
.
, er o f th e d iv i n e n a m e s ,

f re u e n tl c ir c u m s t a n ce w h i c h a cco r d in t
o cc u r ver
y q y ; a
g o , ,

S i m o n is h a pe n s o n l y t w i ce w i t hr e s pe ct t o t h e A
pp e l l a t i v es ; i e
p , , . .

i n bfi fl i A r i e l a n d
v
‘
M d cip h An o t h
’
él ya
‘

, e r r e m a r ka b le .

c i r c u m s t a n ce i s th a t in t h e s e co m o s i t io n s t h e o r d e r i s s o m e t im e s
, p
in v e r t e d : a s “ 3 3 3 3 3 5 ,
"
Wi osha vhd t h fo r 3 37 ” r3 323 1? S ha vhd t h ,
i
.

Yé h o vd h: w h ich S i m o n i s t e r m s A n a s t m p h l T h i s n e v e r t a ke s
‘
r
es

p l a ce i n t h e A pp e l l a t iv e s W i t h t h e s e e x ce t i o n s o n l
p .
y t h e f o r m s ,

o f Pr o e r Na m e s w h e th e r s i m l e o r co m o u n d co n s t a n t l f l l w
p p
, p y o o ,

th o se o f t h e A l l t i ve s ; t h e s i n i fi ca t io n s o f b o t h b e in
pp e a g g a sc er

t a in e d p r e cis e l y i n t h e sam e way I t w o u l d b e s u pe r fl u o u s t o s w e ll .

th is w o r k w it h n u m e r o u s e x a m pl e s ; pa r t icu l a r l y a s t h ey m ayb e

fo u n d i n t h On o m a s t ica o f H i ll e r an d S i m o n is cl a s s e d
”
e , , ,

a r ra n e d an d d i d f r rh a s as th e m o st a n u in e
g , s cu s se a s a p e p , s
g
i n q u ir e r co u l d w i sh .

6 H a v i n g l a id d o w n t h
. e ge n e r a l r u l e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e f o r m a t io n ,

an d co m
p o s it io n o f P r o p e r Na m e s, we m ay n o w n o t ice a fe w
i r r e g u l a r i t ie s , o cca s i o n a ll
y f
o und to t a ke p l a ce . These m ay be .

G l a s s Phil S a c 6 9 6 7 0 5 7 8 0 Ed D athe
, pp
. .
. .
, , .
, .

1 On o m a s t . V e t Te s t , p 3 4 5 . . . .
1 44 LEC TU R E v m A RT . 170 7
C
. . .

cl a s s e d un de r t he he a d s o f, I Om is s io n s , I I Add it io n s , I I I T h
. e . .

T r a n s p o s i t io n s o fc e r t a i n l e t t e r s o r s l la b l e s
y ; an d , I V The Chan e s
g .

o fce r t a i n l e t t e r s fo r o t he r s o f the sa m e o r
g an s.

7 . O m i s s io n s : an d in t he fi rs t ca s e , o f t he I n i t ia l l e t t e r o f the

p i m it i
r ve w o rd ; e.
g .
5
3 1 Chro n . i i 9.
, fo r D3 “
lr z
' -
( A rt . M att .

i 8 . Ap a y, i n
. t he n am e o f a
p erso n , Job xxx ii . 2 ; o f a p l a ce ,

2 Chro n . xx i i 5 , D3l l R
. '’ . In a co m
p o un d , 13 3 3 3 0 3 .
, 1 Chro n . x i 13
.
,

fo r D
§
‘
P l D3 ‘
h i s l a s t ca s e
1 Sa m . xi s t a ke n b
v ii . y 1 . In t ,

s o m e a s a n A p e ll a t i v e : i s th ou h t b m t o be th e sam e
p g y s o e

Ot h
u

w i t h D3 3 8 L d ii m i e E do m
'
e r s t a ke i t t o b e a m s t i ca l
,
,
. .
y .

n am e f ro m t h e ,
s ig n i fi c a t i o n o f t h e w o r d 3 1 3 t o be s il en t ,
.

8 I n th e f o l lo w in i n s t a n ce s a l e t t e r h a s b ee n dro ed f ro m t h e
.
g pp ,

m id d l e o f t e h w o r d : a s 2 S a m x v i i 2 5 fo r 3 3
3
,
3 5 . .
,

1 Ch ro n ii 1 6 ( A r t . .
53 3 7 3 3 ,2 S a m xx i v 1 6 . a n d 7 “
3 3 . . ,

1 Ch ro n x x i 25 30
.
335 3 1 b u t 2 Ch
7
. ro n xx v i ii
.
3 13
,
. .
,

G e n x l v i 1 3 ; fo r w h i ch w e h a v e DM 1 Ch v i i 1 ; 33 5 115
D “
. . ro n . .
a 1" n Q

1 S a m x v ii 1 3 i s w r i t t e n 7 7 3 3 3 7 1 C h
. .
, ro n i ii 5 a n d 3 3 29 3 7 . .
, ,

2 Sa m v 1 4 I n th e f o l l o w in w o r ds a le t t er h a s b e e n o m it t e d
. . .
g ,

a t th e e n d ; D3 R J o s h i ii 1 6 wh i ch i s 73 3 3 1“ Ch a
p .x i x 3 6 ;.
, . .

Is x vi 1 1 an d l b v 7 n fl w ‘
p; 3 “ h
. .
g fl 1
, 3 9 1 C ro n . .
,
.

ii 1 9 ; 7
.
7 13 3 5
5 I h v 2 4 T IT
. . .

9 U n de r t h
. e h e a d o m i s s io n s m a y b e n o t i ce d t h o se d e fe c t s ,

wh ich a r e fo u n d t o t a k e p l a ce i n p a t r o n ym i cs & c d e r i v e d fr o m ,
.
,

co m un d P r o e r Na m C o m po u n d s in se , t r o u b l e
p o
p es. are , an
y ca

so m e wo r ds on a cco u n t o f t he ir l e n g t h; b u t , in p r o pe r n a m e s,

t his is l e s s t o l e r a b le t ha n in an
y o t he r . The c o n s e u e n ce
q ha s be e n ,
m o st n a t io n s ha v e u se d co n t r a c t i o n s , om i t t in g so me p ar t o r o t he r
ft h ‘ ’ Z
o e co m
p o un d w o r d, ( se e Ar t . 1 66 1 1 . . n o te.
) H e n ce PD , fo r
1 Sam . ix . 1 ,
J u dg . x ix . 1 6, an d Es t h n . . 5 ; ”
PD ”
. a

man , a B e nj a m i t e . S o 1 Chro n . xx . 5, is p u t a s s o m e b e l i e v e
fo r
fi
p b n n n ; “
B et h
le h
e m it e ,
p co m . 2 Sa m x x i 1 9 ; m ;
. . s
“

J u dg . x v. 1 7 , I hver . . 9 14 . . 1 9, w r i t t en s im l
p y
”U
b fi

Wi t h e s p r e ct to this l a st p a ss a
ge , P i l ki n gt o n ha s r e m a rk e d The w o rd
”1
1 5, as an Appe l l a t i v e , s i gn i fi e s, j a bo n e ; b u t , a s i t w a s a l so th
aw e r o
p pe r
n am e o f the p l a ce , w here t he Phil i s t i n e s m e t S a m s o n , a n d w h e re he sl e w a

tho u sa n d o f the m w i t ht h
j e h e n a m e a l s o o f R a m a t hLe h i aw bo n e o f an a s s, t -

w a s gi v e n t o t h e p l a ce wh e re h e ca s t a w a y t h e j a w bo n e To co n s id e r t h
, e .

w o rd th e n , a s A p pe l l a t i v e in t he n e xt v e r s e ; a n d t o s a y t hat Whe n Sa m s o n
, ,

w as th i r s t y, G o d cl a v e a n h o ll o w pl a ce t ha t w a s i n th ej aw an d th e r e ca m e w a t e r ,
 10 . To t he s e m a y b e a dd e d , 32 PS c3x x x n 6; . . fo r m ?“
3
1 Sa m . v ii. l , &c .
,
w he r e the En l is hv e r s io n h
g as t he fi elds o f th
e

wo o d
p a s s im , is w r it t e n Ps l . xx v i. 3 B ethleh
em ,

5 33
3 1 Chro n i v 22 ; B e t h
. . a ve n , H o s 5 , i s PH
r r ’ v er 8 . x .
.
. .

1 1 . So m e a d d i t io n s w hich a r e p e cu l ia r t o p r o p e r n a m e s , h av e

a read
l y b ee n
g i ven
( N o e n o w co m e t o t h
.
p W
e t r a n s o s i t io n o f
1
l e t t e r s o r s yl l a b l e s : 2 Sa m . x i 3 , is
.
3 733 3 3 , 1 Chr o n i ii 5 , . .

in hich t he co m p o n e n t p a r t s o f t he co m p o u n d cha n ge p l a ce s b y
w

A n a s t r op he a s a b o v e n o t i ce d ,( No 2 K i n s xx i v
g . .

6 8 is
, , 1 Ch ro n i i i 1 6 ; a n d b y o m is s io n w i t ht h e a d d i t io n
. .
, ,

J e r xx ii 24 ; ”3 3 3 3 23 5 J o sh xx i v 3 0 i s 0 3 73 3 3 373 33
. . . .
,

J u dg n 9 ; 73 3 73 73 1 C h
. . ro n i v 4 i s I h 1 1 ”3 3 3 5
- S o 13 193 . .
,
.
, .

2 S a m v i ii 8 i s w r i t t e n
. . 1 Ch ro n
,
x v i ii 8 ; t o w hichs o m e . .

o th ers m i h cco r di n g t o H il l e r e xa m le s o f t h
l
e a dd e d i ae
g t b A p . s ,

k in d a r e v e r y n u m e r o u s : b u t h as th
ere g i
e si n f i ca t i o n s a d d u ce d ,

by h i m a r e g r o u n d e d o n co n j e ct u r a l e t ym o l o g i e s l i t t l e r e l ia n ce ca n ,

b e p l a ce d o n t h em .

1 2 We s h .a ll n o w
g i ve a f e w e x a m pl e s i n wh i ch l e t t e r s o f t h e ,

sam e o r a n h
g a v e t a ke n
p l a ce o n e o f an o th er
( A rt 33 143 3 ; .

2 Ki n g s xx . 1 2, w r it t e n Isa . xxx ix . 1 , an d 71 3 3 3 , 2 K in g s
x x v. 27 , J e r . L. 2 . In t he l a s t i n s t a n ce , a q i u e s ce n t S , is a so l
o m it t ed ( Art . 73ar 3r 7 , J o s h . v ii. 1 8 , w r i t t e n 3 l3r 3r7 ’ 1 C hro n - . ii 7 , .

and to t his la st a l l u s io n is m a de in t he te xt ; 2 Sa m .

m Ch
-
x i . 3 , an d E il y 13 3
, 1 ro n . i ii . 5 ; Dan . i . 1 °

J er i 2 ; 3 3 , Is
. x x . . x ix . 13, an d Ho s . ix . 6,
M e mp his . S e v e r a l chan es o f 3 ,
g an d 3 ,
. m a
y_b e o b s e r v e d in . t he
ds K h
e m dci n , G en xxx i Kh Ch i
'

wo r . v. 26 ; e m r ci n , 1 ro n . . 41 ;
D éda n i m , G e n x Ch R ip hith
'

4 , is gi v e n R iidan i m , 1
'

. . ro n . i . 7 ; c ,

Gen . x . 3 , is D ip hdt h , 1 Ch ro n i 6 ; . . Nu m . i . 1 4 , is
R éhuél , I h i i 1 4 ; H aida d H éz er , 2 S a m
‘

i s H ada r H éz e r ,
’
. . -
. v i ii. 3 ,
-

th be t hr o u ghw a n t th
’
e re o u t , m u st f co m m o n a t ten t i o n ; b e ca u s e , i m m
o e
y e

d i a t e ly s u b j o in , Whe e f
he ca l l e d t he n a m e t he re o fEn h
r a kko r e ,
o re

w ell o f h im th a t c a l l ed ) w h i ch i s i n Le h i u n to t h is d ay,
’
S u chm i s t a ke s a s , .
-

thes e g i v e w ro n g i d e a s t o t he i gn o r a n t ; a n d f u r n i s ht h fe rs w i t h m a t t e r
e s co f

o f r id ic u l e
”
Th e e r r o r i n d e e d , i s c o r r e ct e d i n t h
. e m a r gi n wh i ch h a th ,

Le h i &c — R e m a r k s u p o n s e v e r a l p a s s a ge s o f S cr i p t u r e &c , b y M a t t h
”
, . ew ,
.

P i l ki n gt o n , C a m b r i d ge , 1 7 5 9 , p . 1 57 . Se e a l so m y Le i co n, x un de r wa sp ,

p . 3 5 9 .

On o m as t ico n , V Te s t . .
, p . 3 65 .
 LE T C URE VI I I . 1 70 . 13 .

1 Chro n . x v i ii . 5 . The se le t t er s, a l tho u hn o t

g o f the sa m e o r ga n ,

are fo u n d , as m o t he r
l a n g u a g e s fr e q u e n t l yi n t e r ch
, an
g ed
( A rt . .

The ir c ha n ge in H e b r e w m a y b e p a r t ia l l y a cco u n t e d fo r , b y t he

su pp o s i t io n o fthh
e S cr i b e s
a v in
g m i s t a k e n o n e fo r m o f L e t t e r for

an o th er C o n fu s i o n m a y a l s o h a v e a r ise n f r o m a s i m il a r i t i n th e ir
.
y
so u n d wh i chw e fi n d i s s o m e t n n e s t h e ca s e i n o t h e r lan u a es
, g g .

1 3 I t m a y n o t b e a m is s t o o f
. fe r a fe w r e m a r k s h ere o n th o se ,

p pr o er n a m es wh i ch e n d i n Y éd n o t o n l y b e ca u s e t h ei r ,

n u m be r is v e r co n s i d e r a b l e b u t a l so b e ca u s e t h aff o rd so m e
y , e
y ,

c u r io u s co n s i d e r a t 1 o n s o n t h e s u bj e c t o fa n c1 e n t H e b r e w t h e o lo
, gy .

1 4 Th
. e s e a cco r d i n
g, t o H il l e r i
le
m a
y b e c l a ss e d u n d e r fo u r h e a ds .

Fi r s t T h , o s e t e r m e d D e n o m i n a t i ve s on a cco u n t o f s o m e
p ar ,

t i cu l a r c ir c u m s t a n ce b e i n g a l l u d e d t o wh en th e
y w e re fi r st
g i v e n ,

as Le v i m e a n i n g Co nj u n ct i ve s e e G e n xx ix 3 4
, To w h , ich . . .

m a y b e a dd e d a l l P a t r o n ym ics u se d as
p p ro e r n a m e s.

S e co n d l y, W or ds fo u n d in a m u t 1la t e d sta te, bu t o ri

g i n a ll
y
E
co m p o se d o fone or o t he r o f t he D iv m e n am e s : a s, DB , fo r
or s ig n if i
y g,n th
e Lo r d ( i s) a or t ion So
p .

”
22
3 2,
f
o r ”
T P, W st r i
pp ed f
o Go d ; to w hi ch m a n y o t he r s m ight

be a dd e d . Th ho w e v e r i s i n m a n y ca s e s
e in t e r v e n i n g Yo d , , ,

a ll o w e d b y a l l t o b e n o t hin g m o r e t h a n a s o r t o f co n n e c t i n
g l e tter ,
1
a s i n fo r 7 73
1 s e r va n t
of G o d T h i s m e t ho d o f .

co m p o u n d in g t h e D i v i n e n a m e w i t ho t h e r w o r ds fo r t h e u r o se
p p ,

of fo r m in g p r o p e r n a m e s , i s ce r t a i n l y o f g r e a t a n t iq u i t y, a n d m a y
e l y b e a ppe a l e d t o i n p r oo f o f t h
sa f e
p o s i t io n t ha t B e l ie v er s n e v e r

a ck n o w l e d ge d a n y G o d d if
feren t f
ro m
p h e i r n o t ice t ha t ur
g d e u o n t

by th e l a s t pr o ph et Whe t he r w e ca n e x t r a ct fr o m i t t he fa ct
.

th at t h a l so u n d e r s t o o d t h e d o c t r i n e o ft h o f th
, e
y e Hol
y T r in i t
y e ,

I m m u t a bi lit y I n vis i bil i t y, I n co m p r e h

, e n s ibi l i t
y an d o f th e o th er ,

o f th e D e it y a s kn o w n an d tau h
‘

a t t r ib u t e s t a m o o u r se l ve s
g n
g
-
, ,

u i t e s o cl e a r a s H il l e r W h
n ow ,
—d o e s n o t s e e m t o b e
q i l l a v e i t s
f
I t is a l s o w o r t h o f n o t i ce t h at th e n am es i t i n d i v id u a l s
y ,g v en o

a m o n g th e B aby l o n ia n s a s w e l l a s o t h e r n a t io n s co n t ig u o u s t o t h e

J e w s w e r e fo r t h e m o st a rt e it he r th e n a m es o f t h e ir id o l s or
, , p , ,

co m p o u n d s i n cl u d in g o n e o r o t h
, er o f th e ir t it l e s Th e sam e .

r a c t i ce i s f o u n d t o p r e v a il a m o n g t h a a n s o ft h r e se n t d a
y
p e
p g e
p .

4’
On o m a s t Ve t Te s t
. . .
, p . 6 1 , &c .

1 I h, p p 2 2 8 , 2 2 9
. . .
ART. OF P R O PER NAM ES . 1 47

.
15 . i r dl y, Yo d i s
Th s a id to b e p a r a go g i c w hen a t t ac he d t o
? Ch
'

“ I
su b st a n t iv e s , u se d as
p ro
pe r n am es : as, ! 1 ro n .

x x v. 4 . 3 1 Nu m b . x x i 33. : J o sh x . v. 6 2 , &c .

16 . Fo u r t hl y, Yo d i s t ho u ght t o be t he p ron o un o ft he I St
p e r so n

s in
g ul a r , . in t he fo l l o w i n g an d s im il a r e x am
p l es : 1 Ch ro n .

x x v. 4; Ib . verr. 4 29 . .

17 . H a v in g sa id t hu s m uc ho n t he a n a l o gy, an d i r r e gu l a r i t ie s ,

p r e v a il in g i n t he fo r m s o f pr o p e r n a m e s, an d e rr e d t
ref he S t u de n t
to t ho s e w r it e r s w ho ha v e t rea t ed t he se s u b e ct s j at
g rea t l e n g t h;
we sha ll no w o f
fe r a fe w r e m a rks ; I . On t he p e r so n s, b ywhom

t he y w e r e g i ve n , an d on t he ci r c u m s t a n ce s , w i t hw hich t he y w e r e
c o n n e ct e d : an d, 2, On t he v a r io u s n am e s s o m e t im e s fo u n d
a t tac he d to p e r so n s, or
p l a ce s ; a u sa
g e w hichha s , by s o m e , b e e n
t erm ed P o l yo n ym ia .

18 . Wit h res
p e ct to t he p erso n s b y whom
p ro
p er n am es ha v e
b e e n i m po s e d, he y a r e v a r io u s a s l ike w i s e ha v e b e e n t he o cca s io n s
t ,

o n wh ich t h h a ve b ee n i I n s o m e i n s t a n ce s Go d h i m sel f
e
y g v en .

g a v e th e n a m e ; i n o t he rs t he F a t h
e r M o t h
e r o r s o m e o n e o r , , ,

o th e r o ft h e k in d re d .

Of t h e fi rst e x a m pl es m a y b e f o u n d in G e n
, x vi 1 1 x v11 1 9 . .
,
.
,

1 K i n g s x i ii 2 1 C h
r o n xx ii 9 . M a t t i 2 1 L u k e i 1 3 &c
, Of. .
, . .
, .
, .

th e s e co n d a n d t h ir d } e x a m pl e s o cc u r v e r y fr e q u e n t l y; a n d o f t h e

l a s t , Lu k e i 5 9, m ays u f
fi ce s !
"
.

19 Th e r i n c i a l ca u s e s , o r ci r cu m s t a n ce s , co n n e ct e d w i t ht h e
.
p p
i m p o s i t io n o fp r o p e r n a m e s a m o u n t , a cco r d i n g t o S i m o n is , t o fi ft e e n j :
The se , ho w e v e r m a y a l l b e r e d u ce d t o t he o r ig i n a l n u m b e r a s s u m e d
,

G l a ss iu s w h i ch i s t w o § v e l r a t io n e e l m i e t
’
by
’
,
1 xar E a w
y . .
,

si n i fi ca t i o n i s , j q fu n da m e n t i vel r a t io n e
9

g e us ue . 2 . xar
-
3 5m ,
”
e x t en s io n i s a d a l ia , e t co m m u n io n i s .

20 In l t
a ce , he r o e r n a m e s b o t ho f m e n , a n d o f l a ce s ,
fi rst
.
p p p p
w er e rs t fii v e n w i t hr e f e r e n ce t o s o m e e v e n t , e i t her a st , r e s en t ,
g p p
or f u t u r e , w i t hr e a r d t o s u ch e r s o n , o r l a ce
g p p .

2 1 Of t h . e rs t so r t , a r e t h e f fi
o l l o w in
g : G en x vn 1 7 , 1 9 , P
? ”
. .
H
f Ab r ah
’
I sa a c, s o ca l le d o n a cco u n t o am s s m il in
g u
p on r e ce i v i n
g

S im o n i s , p 1 3 . .

T Ge n x i . x x xxx . .
, 1 Sam . i 20 , 1 C h
. ro n . iv 9 . .

1 On o m .
, pp 1 4.
,
1 5 , &c .

Appe n d G r a m . T r a ct i ii p 7 0 9 , Ed D a t h
.
, . e . . . .

I] R i su s A b rahae e x su l ta t i o e st g r a t u l a n t is , n on i rr is io d if
fid e n t is .
”

En che r i a s a u d G l as s A
p pp e n d Gra m . . .
,
T r a ct i i i p 7 1 1 . . . .

L 2
1 48 LECT U RE vm .
L AR T . 1 7 0 22 . .

t he p r o m i s e o fhi s b ir t h; E x o d . 1 1. 1 0 , M o ses is so ca l l e d

his hav i n g b e e n t a k e n o u t o f t he w a t e r a s t he t e x t
f
’

o n a cco u n t o
,

s he w s , whe ther th e w o r d it se l f b e E
g yp t i a n o r H ebre w ; f or on ,

thi s s u bj e ct lea rn e d m en d if
fe r .

1 Sam . iv 2 1 ,. fh
a véd
- Wi
( P? b w he r e
" l
is t he
g l o r
y? on a cco u n t
o f the a rk o f the co v e n a n t ha v i n g b e e n t a ke n .

22 . S e co n d l y; Of n a m e s t aken fr o m p r e s e n t c1 r cu m s t a n ce s , t he
fo l l o w i n g are e x am
p l es : Gen . i v 2, . va n i t y, on a cco u n t , a s it
ha s be e n thou ht
g , o f the va n hu m an t hi n gs
i t y a n d in s t a bility o f a l l
o cca s o n e d i by t h a ll ; G en
e f . i v 2 5 S e t h (R ?
.
) b e ca u s e G o d h
, ad

p l a ce d hi m in t he s i t u a t io n o f Ab e l w h o h a d be e n m u r de r e d by
,

W
.

Ca i n ; Gen . x x v. 25 , Es a u ( E) N w h e t he r w e , d e d u c e i t fro m

V 73 7 , Dath ha v e it , w hi chs ig n i
I.

w t
, a
g e w ill fi es t o co ve r , &c , . or

fr o m l i-G ,
e
"fl
hya ir af ha ve
t e r S 1 m o u 1s ; I b
to lo n g
ver 26 , . .
,

th e h b e ca u s e h e to ok h o ld o f h
7 ” 3
J a co b 3 1 37
, f r o m 17 2 ee l
,
is ,

b ro t h er s h eel a t t h e t im e o f h is b i r t h
’
.

23 Th . e f o ll o w i n
g ppa ear to h a v e been
g i v en w i t h ref e r e n ce t o ,

so m e th in g a ft e r w a r d s t o t a k e p l a ce : G e n i ii 2 0 Eve ( TD D) . .
, ,

b e ca u s e s h e w a s t o be th e m o th e r o f a ll w h o sh o u l d l ive ; G e n .

v 2 9 N o a h( E ll b e ca u s e h e was to be t h e m e a n s o f con s o l in
.
, g ,

o r
g i v in
g r est t o t he t r u e b e l ie v e r s ,
I n t hi s ca s e t he ver b u sed .
,

t o e x p l a in t h e r o e r n a m e is n o t t h e s a m e w i t ht h a t i n cl u d e d i n
p p
th e n am e itsel f wh ich s ig n i fi e s qu ie t r e s t & c Th e o nl t h i
, y n
g , ,
.

in t e n de d b y t h e s a cr e d W r it e r s e e m s t o h a v e be e n o n t h is a s o n ,

m an Ot h e r o cca s io n s t i ve t h en er a l s e n se an d n o t th x a ct
y o
g e g , e e ,

e t m o lo
y gy o f t h e w o rd,
.

24 T h . e f o l l o w in
g a r e e x a m l e s o f n a m e s o f l a ce s
p p g i v e n w i t h ,

ref
e r e n ce t o ce r t a i n p r e se n t even t s .

G e n i v 1 6 , N od is t he l a ce i n w hi chCa m d to ha v e
. .
p l s sa 1

resid e d a ft e r he ha d b e e n d r i v e n
, out fr o m t he p r e s e n ce o f Go d,
the m e a n in o f whi chi s w a n de r i n or w a n de r e r
g g , .

Ge n . x i 9, B
. a be l was so ca ll e d , o n a cco u n t o f the co n

fu s i o n w hi cht o o k p l a ce he r e fr o m a r e d u l ica t e d f
p orm o f t ,

1
7 53 t o m i x co nfo u n d & c w h ich b yco n t r a ct io n w ill b e co m e
, , .
, ,

G e n xx v i ii 1 9 B e t h
. el w a s s o ca l l e d b yJ a co b b e ca u s e
.
, ,

he d e e m e d i t w o r t hy t o b e ca ll e d The ho u s e of Go d o n a cco u n t o f ,

th e v i s io n he s a w t he r e S im il a r e x a m pl e s a r e t o b e fo u n d .
,

G e n xxx ii 3 w i t h r e s p e ct t o M d h
. . h ii n d im ; I b xxx i 4 7 G a l h
, ed ; . .
,

Joh 2 wh e s da i s i n te n d e d t o po in t o u t t h
e r e B et h
n v .
,
e
f a vo u r o f
 Go d e xe r te d at t ha t p l a ce , as in a h
o u s e of m e r cy
g
. In E x o d . x v .

an d Nu m b . xxx iii . we ha v e severa l e x am

p l es o f n am es, t hu s g iv e n
to t he d if
fe r e n t s t a t io n s , in t he w il d e r n e ss, at whi ch t he I s r a e l it e s

ha l t e d .

It s ho u l d be o b se r v e d, t ha t in w r i t in g He b re w n am es in
-
t he
G r ee k l e t t e r s , he i fr e q u e n t l y o m it t e d
~

t as ra t es are : a s, no t
p
p f bfl ; Na a O é V, '

no t N a XO é V ; a n d s o o
‘

f o the rs . Se e Ar t 9, . n o te.

L ECT U R E I X .

ON TH E SE PA R A B L E AND I NSE A R A P B L E PA R TI CL ES .

17 1 . The se o t hi n g m o r e t ha n w o r d s o r fr a g
are n ,

m e n t s of w o r d s a t t a ch ed to o t he r s fo r t he p u r po s e of
,

q u a l i fy i n g o r o t he r w is e r e s t r i ct in g t he m ; a n d t he y a r e
w r it t e n e i t h er se a r a tel o r to eth a n d so fo rm in
p y g er
g
,

o n e c o m po u n d w o r d a s u sa e m a r e q u ir e I n thi s po i n t
g y ,
.

of v i e w t he r e fo r e t he y m a y b e cl a sse d u n d e r o n e o r
, , ,

o t he r of t he fo r m s of n o u n s a l r e a dy d e t a il e d ; b u t a s
, ,

th ey o ccu r fr e qu e n t l y a n d e x e r t a v e r y co n sid e r a b l e ,

i n fl u e n ce o n t h e fo r ce a n d b e a r i n
g of t h e co n t e x t t h ey ,

d e s e r v e a s e p a r a t e co n s i d e r a t i o n .

2 B yt h
. e s e P a r t i cl e s a r e m e a n t w o r d s u se d o cca s i o n ,

al l y a s P r o n o u n s A d ve r bs P r ep o s i t i o n s Co nj u n c t i o n s
, , , ,

o r I n t e rj e c t i o n s We sa y o cca si o n a l l y b e ca u se s o m e o f
.
,

th e m w il l s o m e t i m e s fi l l o n e o r m o r e of t h e s e offi ce s a s ,

u sa e m a
g y h a v e d e t e r m in e d j u s t a s s im il a r w o r d s oft e n ,

do i n o u r o w n l a n g u a g e .

3 Th
. at th e S e a r a ble P r e o s i t i o n s a r e w o r d s of t h
p p i s

k in d n o do u b t w ill r e m a i n w he n w e c o n si d e r t ha t i n
, ,

m a n y i n s t a n ce s t h e y a ct u a l l y p r e s e n t a l l t h e p e cu l i a r i t i e s

of n o u n s p u t i n t he s t a t e of co n s t r u ct i o n : a s P j g ‘T ‘
,
‘
1 50 LEC T U R E 1x . RT;

’
f or va n i t y, or in sa fi i ci e n t i a m va n i t a t is , *
J e r l i 5 8 ; so . .

?
D 73 ! 1 3
1
1
be t w e e n t h
e w a t e r s, G e n . 1 . o r d i s t i n ct i o

a
guara m : b e in g t he a b s ol u t e fo r m i n t he
“
1 ( f
or

o n e ca s e an d 1 2
1
} in t h , e ot h e r ; wh i ch i n c o n st r u ct i o n , ,

w i l l r e g u l a r l y b e co m e ”3
an d P5 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y ( A r t , , .

1 43 An d a g a i n w o r d s p r e ced i n g t h a r t icl e s
i
‘

. e se
,
p ,

a r e oft e n fo u n d t a k i n
g t h e fo r m s p r op e r f o r th e s t a t e of
co n s t r u c t i o n : as 1 21 0 1 11 P s i i 1 2 ;
1
, 1221 12253 . .

D e lig h t of R e s i n I s v iii 6 &c w h ichi m p l i e s t h , at t h .e

y .
, .
,

a r e 1 1 0 11 1 1 8 .

4 . In t he A r a b ic an d Et h
h o f w hichw eio p ic d ia l e ct s , in ea c

ha v e a p e cu l ia r i t y o ft e r m i n a t io n fo r t he s t a t e o fco n s t r u ct io n t he s e ,

p a r t i cl e s a r e cl e a r l
y m k e d a s b e i n i n th at stat e : i t h
a r
g a s n e ,
O f " O // 3

l ia l be o r e th
Ar a b i c, A;
r f e m o s ue ,
q (i . e.
p a r s . a n t e r io r t em p l i , )
he r e t he fi r s t
[

w wo rd l o se s it s t aa n, an d t he la s t is p u t in t he
g e n it i v e h
ca s e .e E thio ic
p ( 0S o in
1 s l l q fl t
g z t o or ,
‘ '
,

t o wa r ds h e a ve n ; w h
, ere th e fi rs t w o r d o n l
y h as th is m a rk A n d .
,

n e r a ll w o r ds o f t h i s k in d w h e the r co n j u n ct io n s r e o s1 t 1o n s
g e y , p p , , ,

o r a d v e r b s w il l b e f o u n d w i t ht h e t e r m i n a t io n er f o r co n s t r u e
, p p
ro

t i o n ( if t h h t o h a v e s u ch t e r m i n a t io n ) w h t h
e
y a
pp en en e y a re ,

i n t e n de d t o be s o u n d e r s t o o d ; a n d w i t h out it w h en not so ,

in t e n de d .

Wi t h p res e ct h
to t he
e y ca n b e k n o w n t o b e s u ch
a d v e r b s, as t
onl
y fro m th e s i t u a t i o n s i n wh i ch t h e
y a re f o u nd an d m a
y co n s i s t ,

o f an fo r m o f w o r d s u it a bl e t o t h e s e n se r e q u ir e d so m e th i w il l
y n
g ,

b e s a id o n t h e i r ch a r a ct e r a n d u s e wh e n w e co m e t o t h ,
e s n ta x
y , .

5 I f th
. en th
, e se
p a r t icl e s w e r e o r i i n a l l
, g y nouns i t i s li k e l
y w e ,

sh o u ld fin d t h e m e xh i b i t in g t h e s i m l e a n d a u gm e n t e d f
p o rm s
p e c u , ,

l ia r t o n o u n s ; a n d s u ch i s t h e ca s e i n m a n y o f t h em as th e f ol ,

No l d . sub v o ce in n o t is , Q Es t a b so l u ti 11
co n s t r u c t u m .

1
1 Ih . su b . v.
I
”; “
Co n s t i t u i t su b sta n t iv u m n o m en m as c u l i n u m , cu j us
p l u r a l is m a sc . e s t tr i n
a , at q ue i n de n o m i n a l e m s i gn i fi ca t i o n e m , q u am

v ix un
q u am d ifi izr en t ia m r eru m , q ua a se i n vi ce m d is
”
t i n gu u n t u r .

1 Th e se
p a r t icl e s a r e 3 , or 3
79
,
1
11 5: G l a ss P hi l Sa cr
. . .
,

p 8 0
.
,
& c S t o r r O b
. s e r v , p
1 0 5 . . . .
11 11 1 171 . ON T H E P AR T I CLES .

lo win g e x am
p l es w ill s he w : Se go l a t e s , 57
3
9 not
yet ; n ea r ,

a t; ”P
?
bef o r e, in
p r e s en ce o
f h
er e , hi t her ; on l y;
by n o m e a n s P r i m it i v e 7 31 1 “ m o r e
"

. n oun s n o t S e go l a t e ; a s,
1
m ? r o un d u ickl , 713 "
(
p a bo u t ; q y so o n ; 1T
ro o t

m uc h; be s ides , to w hichm a n y o t he r s m a y be a d d e d .

The fo l l o w i n g a re fo r m s, au
g m e n t e d by on e or o t he r o f t he
“
1 3 3 29171 73 121 1 11 53 su dden l y, i m m e d ia t e l ;
le t t e r s te rm ed ( A rt .
7 y
D l?
a t is , f ly (A r t p er hap s whichi s p ro ba bl
g ra r ee .
, y a

co
p m oun d o f ” 5 13 , ( A r ab .
l yl)
y ; ( o r HE
f S
) a
f ,
t er a
f t er
w a r ds . Ar t . 1 09 .

6 . M an yo f t he s e p a r t i cl e s are fo un d i n t he p l u r al n um ber, ( a

su ffi cie n t p r o o f, if a n yw e r e w a n t in g , t h at th e
y ar e n o u n s
) a s , PE ,

fe m ”P T
”? .d i s t i n ct i o n , be t we e n ,
p l D ‘
Q
‘
Q , a n d “ l a g S o m asc . . .

T D 1 f
D ” l
n
1
e rn
fi l
p l . s u r r o u d in
g s , e n cl o su r e s , adv o r
. .

r o u n d a bo u t ; ”U S D‘ ”7
re
p p .
, p l .
DQ S , an d, in co n s t r u ct i o n , 31 8
1
1 7 19 73 er t h
7
t e kin g , q d su bs e u u t io n i bu s , r e is
f a
q g . . .

7 . I n m a n yi n s t a n ce s t h o u n d in
e s e w o r ds a r e f a co m
p o un d state

f5 m ,
m an d ” ?
"

( co m
p . o , o f ) an d o f 23 , 2 a n s w er ,

D 1
9 l ?
o n a cco u n t of of &c , 9 ( };
be ca u s e o f a n d b e ca
, u s e of;
1
T2 u r th h
" 73 5
" 1
2 3 o r 7 1 37 be s id e s e x ce t : a n d f e r w i t
, p , Q Q 0
, , ,

an o th er
p a r t icl e
” P
I P P Q D wh et h,e r be s ide s ? I n t h i s l a s t ca s e t h e ,

s im l e s t f
p o rm W YPE i s r o b a b l a c o m o u n d o f t h
p y p , re e
p r i m it i v e s ,

o f W us u e a d &c
1
v iz 7 an d 3 wh i cha r e u s e d a s r e o s i t io n s
.
q , p p.
, , .

I n so m e o f t h e o th e rs a l so we h ave th e
p pr e o s i t io n
,
D an d th e ,

i n t e r r o ga t i v e p a r t i cl e 77 w it h t h e w o r d a lso u t in t h l r al
p e ,p u

n u m b e r a n d in t h e f o rm
p p ro e r f o r c o n s t r u c t io n .

8 I n s o m e ca s e s s e v e r a l o f t h
. e s e w o r d s w il l b e f
,
o u n d co n s t r u e d

t o ge t h an d u a l if in o n e a n o th er : an d in all o f t h t h
er q , y g es e o s e , ,

c a a b l e o f r e ce i v i n g a f o rm f o r th e s t a t e o f co n s t r u c t i o n w i l l
p ,

i n v a r ia b l y t a k e t h at fo r m Of t h is s o r t a r e t h e fo l l o w i n g .

l
‘
fi .
7 ? un t il n ot ; fl
g
' fl WY , an d co n t r a ct e d , an d
y 7? 73 hi t h wh
up
“
an Eccl e s . iv 2, 3
, . e r to ; 8 3 30 8 8 8 ;

Th th
is w o r d i s p r o b a b l y an a b r id ge d fo r m o f 31
1 13 ,
ex e cr a t io n ; e n ce ,

i bi t io n , o r t h
dep r e ca t io n , p r o h e hk e ; o r, fr o m one or o t he r o fthe C o gn a t e ro o t s,

55s 53m ‘
N w hichw il l fo r d s i m
af il a r s i gn ifi ca t i o n s . Se e the se ro o ts in the
, ,

x
L e i co n s .

d fye ct u s , sed a b it S i m o n is
‘

1 1; ric in a r t i cu l a m n o t au s n on
p p ro p .

Le x 7 151 a t t r i t u s u it .
. s u b v o ce f
 LEC T UR E 1 x . C AR T . 171 . 9.
s

IT
“

71 7 11 195 th } w
-
u
p; 1 13 : s a s; fi t bl 113 ; 113
"
1
e , u m m iz
“

to p
un t il ; US ”
31 73
1
u n le ss ;
4
1 3 UN
gf n ot ; 1 ?
2 4
1 5 n ot so ; 1 3 1 7
3 3

e v e n so ; i t ?7 37 1
an d 1 3 17 3 , be s ides , e x ce t
p , &c .

Th 9
e se
p .a r t i cl e s a r e a ls o fo u n d i n co n s t r u ct o n i w it ht he p ro

n o u n s , s o m e t im e s i a t he s in
g l u a r, a t o t he r s ln t he p l u ra l , n u m ber :

a s, be t w ee n t he e ; an d fe m . 1 21 11 13 1
3 be t w e e n u s. So
1
: th 13 37 3 ? o n th 3 3 13
“

3 T
n ea r em ; a cco u n t of ee ; 1 , an d
the
y a re n ot. Th o l l o w in
e f g , w hen m t he p l u ral n um be r on l y, t a ke

he
-
t a f fix ed p ro n o u n s si ng u l a r , o r
p l u ral , v iz .
g l en 1 1 3 73
3 3
1
th 7 7?
a
f t er ee ; 1
to ; a bo ve , u
p on ; to ; be s ide s ; an d,
S ch ‘ wfi th
a cco r din
g to r o e de r u s ,
P e ble s s in g s o
f ; befo r e ;
3 1 2 73
9 o n a c cou n t of .

Th 10 . fi e s , w h
e p r on o m in a l a f en a t t a ch ed to so m e o f th es e x
a r t icl e s , d if
fe r , in s o m e r e s e ct s , fro m th o se u su a l l t t h d t
p p y a a c e o

n ouns : e. g .
”
H? UT “ un der or be n e a t hm e , f
or
"
1
71 11 0 fo r “
9 73

beh
o ld me ; m a n , fo r newbeho ld Iz im ; ta
p es , fo r u
p ?w i t ht h
em ;

}
13 7 13 17 m th th fo r DQ N
1 a s c. a n d fe m . em , or as it r es
p e ct s em , ,

Df l'l ,
or fl or

Th e a r t i cl e “ i
1 1
p . f? of t e n p u t be f o re a n o u n wh i chi s t h e o b e ct j
o fs o m e v e r b i n t h e s e n t e n ce , a pp e a r s i n t h fe r e n t fo r m s w h
r e e d if en

co n n e c t e d wit ht he p h i ch S ch
ro n o u n s, r oe d e r u s t hi
w n ks h a s a r is e n

fr o m the ro o t s
’
o r i in a l l
g y p r e s e n t in
g t h r ee c o n a te
g fo r m s v i z , .

'
Fl fl N " fi r m
'
or 1 11R to co m e , &c .
*
"
IT 1 1
-
1 1
-
1 )

D K i m khi ha s r e m a rk e d in th M i khlo l, ( f l m
) m m 1m
“

. e o a. v e rs o 113

n u 1 1 51 : m ?n u ran wm n m i m m 13 1 m m 1
to m u NS m xv r m m m
p
1
u n
ru n
pp
p
m a i n N) 51 m m 51m m
’
m u n m m : am
7 3 1 35 m m s un
p um a 1
: 171 1 1 1 51 11 9 7 1 51>
t his 11 513 5 8 0 , sho u ld you sa
y 1
,
1 3713 11: r m 1 1 m R e u be n
1 sl ew S im e o n , i t w o u l d n o t
b e kn o w n w ho ho t he s l a i n B u t w he n yo u s a y R e u b e n
w as t he sl a yer, o r w .

S l e w n u S im e o n i S i n e m ) th a r t i cl e n n o in t s o u t th e o bj e ct i v e ca se ,
, (
e m e o e p . .
p ,

a n d it i s kn o w n t h a t S i m e o n is t h e p e r s o n sl a i n I n l ik e m a n n e r i n a m a t t e r .
,

in w h i ch t h e a ge n t a n d
p a t i e n t a re e v ide n t t he p a r t i cl e rm i s u n n e ce ss a r
y ,
.

Th i s ru l e h o w e v e r i s n o t u n i v e r sa l l t ru e a s w e sh a l l se e w h e n w e co m e t o t h
, y , e ,

s n t ax S i m il a r t o th i s is t h e d o ct r i n e o f t h e P er sia n G r a m m a ria n s o n th
y . e ,

u se of the p a r t i cl e l
) , ( g
o r i i n a l l yp e r ha
p s 3
b w ay ) ; fo r w her e, a cco r d i n
g to
Mr
”

. Lu m s d e n , t h e re w o u l d b e a d i f fi cu l t y i n a s ce r t a i n i n g fr o m t he co n t e t , x
whic hi s t he o bj e ct i v e ca se t o t he v e rb , t hi s p a r t i cl e is a dd ed an d wh e n i t is

so t h
'

n ot e a r t i cl e i s a l w a ys t o be o m i t t e d P e rs G r a m vo l i i p 20 2 My
p ,
. . .
, . . . .
AR T . 1 7 1"
. ON T H E P AR T I CLES .

Fr o m t e h fi rst , we ~
ha v e y ou ; th
em ,

th
em , fe rn . Fr o m t he s e co n d, w it hm e 3 33 13 w it ht h
ee , m a sc .
,

7 3 3 3 id . h hi
f
emm;;“”
3 8
Q 3 w.i t h h er ; w i t h us ; w it
'

c a r ts m a o u ; was w it h h ro m th e th
5 1 e ; fl air
1 s
a y t em F i rd 1 m
} .
,

the e o r w i t ht h
,
ee th e e o r w i t ht hee ; hi m o r w it hhim , , .

D gn i s i
S o si gns ,
a a in
g , i
ggn i s ,
ta
rp s , ma in , or m n , In
a ll w hichca s e s co m in g t o t o u chin g a s it r esp e ct s o r t he l ik e w ill
, , , , ,

i v e th e e x a ct s e n s e o f t h e p a r t i cl e
g .

1 2 So m e o f th e se a r t i cl e s t a k e as th e v o w el o f u n io n
.
p
( A rt 1 4 5
. b ef o re th. e af fi x ed
p r o n o u n s 3 3 a n d 7l : a s w i t h , ,

us ; id ; 3 3 12 3 3N u s o r w i t h u s ;
. w i t ht h ee f em , , .
,

eh o ld t h h
an d s i n at
mu h er t o t h
"

p S o b . ee f em s i t o u fe m , .
, .

w it h t h ee fe m ; w i t h yo u
, m a sc ;. w it h t hem , .
,

m a s c.

13 . The
p p r e o s it io n ou t , of pp out , a ar en tlyfro m t he Ar a b ic
ro o t 73 ? cu t , d o u b l e s t he 3 b D d és h
y g , w he n e ver an
y one o f the

p ro n o un s is af
fi x ed : as,
“
?
P ( t
or
f rom me;
( or fo r
3n 3§
)f ro m him D
Q e
Q om th
em . B u t, m o re fr e q u e n t l y, t he ro o t

a s s u m e s a r e d u p li ca t e d fo r m , an d dr o ps it s fi n al le t t e r : as, fo r
( Art . an d, w it ht he a ffix ed
p ro n o u n s,
( f
or
3
33 3 33
)
f rom me ; f rom th
ee
f
rom him ; f h e r rom

d , b ya fu r t h rom th
"

fr om us : er an a b b r e v i a t io n , 3
1 3 3
f e e , m as c ; .

an d “ ? rom th
F f ee , fe rn .

14 . The o t he r p re
p o sm o n s t ake t he a f
fi xe d p ro n o u n s
g l l re
y, u ar

an d , fo r t he m o st p art, in t he p l u r al n um be r : a s, t o , t o wa r ds , p l .

to me ; p u
g i
on a a n st,
p l u ral u
p on o r a a in s t t h
, , g e e ;
to , us
g ue a d,
p l u ra l to him be s ides ;
"
7
1 3
33 3 3
bes ide s t h
ee . Wi t ht h g e r a ve af fix : 3 3 31
7 13 t o yo u ;
,
u
p on

th
em .

1 5 Th r e m a i n in o sit io n s ,
. e g p re
p a re o n a cco u n t o
f; 3
2 3

by, t h rou h
g ; V 3 w i t h
o u t,
? f o r ds bef o r e, i n fr o n t of; 3 3 2 ?
t o w a r d s , o v e r a g a in s t ; this s ide , beyo n d ( p r o p e r l y, p a s s a e
g )
on

an d 3 3 1? befo r e , i n fr o n t f
o .

The I n t er ect io n s
j a r e o cca s io n a l l
y t he m ere e xp r e s s io n s o f n a t u re
37 7 0 h! 3 37 7 , 0
'

i n t im a t in gp a i n , & c ”S E ah
T, A h ! n n1 s3 iH
~
. a s, ‘
, -
’

a la s &c .
, at o t he r t im es t he ya r e d e r i v e d fr o m ro o ts a s,
3
3 ,
13
3,

e d i t io n
( )
9 1 h o f S ir Wm . J o n es
’
s P e rs G r a m. .
, p 1 1.8 . Se a l so m y He b r e w
Le x ico n , p 64 , . se q .
1 54 LECTURE 1x .
[ AR T . 1 72
.

l
D
1
! I r a . 85 0 a l? ”
E, “ 3 7 t ! ” 1 1 71 /,
u
p P y » , g o o °
g i ve

r f a n e ! &c S ee Ar t w h ere t he ir u s e , &c , i t ed o u t .

p q . . . are
p o n

On the I n s ep a r a b le P ar t i cles .

1 72 H a v i n g l a i d do w n t he fo r m s a n d g iv e n s o m e e x
. ,

a m p l e s of t h e c o n s t r u ct i o n of t he S ep a r a b l e p a r t i cl e s w e , ,

n o w co m e t o t h o s e w hi chha v e b e e n t e r m e d I n s ep a r a bl e .

Th e se h a v e be e n so n a m e d b e ca u s e m a n y of t h em a re ,

n o l on
g e r e xt a n t in t h e i r o r i i n a l a n d co m p l e t e fo r m s
g ,

b u t p r e s e n t i n g o n e s i n gl e l e t t e r o n l y a n d a r e a l w a y s ,

p r e fi xe d t o s o m e o t he r w o r d Th ey are all co m p r e .

he n d e d i n t he t e chm ca l t e r m s mm [Mo s e s a n d , ,

2 . The fi rst ( ) D is re
g u la rl
yp re fix ed h the im e r
to p n o u n s w it

Kh r t s D a esh o r t e in t h
’
fe e t v o w el i r ik , an d co n s e u e n t l
q y i n s e
g f e

fo l l o w i n g l e t t e r : a s, f r om o r ou t
, qf t he w a
y T h i s w o r,d .
,

w he n w r it t e n at l e n gt h, is 7D , p ro b a b l y fr o m D ,
D ig n i f i
y g n , s

Sto rr , c u t t in
g of &c *
Th is D cig és h th
'

a cco r d i n g t o ,
.
, eref
o re, m ay

be c o n s id e r e d as co m
p e n sa t in
g fo r t he l o ss o f t he le t te r 3

( Art .

3 . ho w e v e r i s fr e q u e n t l y o m i t t e d w he n t he fo l l o w in g
D ag e s h,
’

w o r d co m m e n c e s w i t h a s W DD J D
fr o m g r e a t n e,s s ;
i 3 ‘
'
D ”
D

h i i h h d ( f D ‘
D Z
D A U n de r t h i s r u le
fi o m s r
g t a n o r rt 8 7 . .

S ch r oe d e r u s
p l a ce s t h e w o r d fi J l
'
tDN Q B D b t h e n ce
f rom th e be in
g
‘

n in 1 C h 13 B ut h th e D _ r e fix e d i r o b a bl
g ,
ro n x v . e re. .
p s
p , y a ,

a r t o f ” Dt h a t wh i ch w h at o r th e l i ke
p , , , , .

4 B u t wh e shf
’
l e t t e r i n ca a b l e o f r e ce i v i n D a o ll o w s
. en an , y p g g ,

a co m e n s a t i o n i s m a d e e i t h e r e x l ic it l y o r i m p l ici t l
( A rt 1 0 9 ).
p p , y ,

i e e it h l s t b yp u t t in g t h e vo wel ( n ste ad o f Kh r ih o r
. . er , , ) i i u
,

2d l y b y co n s id e r in g t h
,
e fo ll o w in g l e t t e r a s d o u b l e d : a s l s t ,
.

fi lfiD ( fo r
‘
w SD) fr o m
‘
m an
a _ 3757 233 fo r Y
51 ( FPZ)
D
'

f rom a w i cke d

( man ) ; o r, 2d l y, DT ‘D ( m ND r o m
or r
f )f a thr ea d .

h II? h h h h ?
"

5 T e r t i cl e w i c 8 b b i t i f 7 271 w w t
p.a , 1 a n a r e v a o n o o , a ,

& c w il l b e c o n s id e r e d w i t h t h
. e d e m o n s t r a t i v e p r o n o u n s : wh e re

the u se o f the i n se p a r a b l e p a r t i cl e 7 1 w i ll a ls o be s he w n .

S e e l as t Ar t No 1 3 . . .
AR T . ON T HE P AR TI CLES . 1 55

On t he P a r t i cl e l d, b u t , &
‘
an m o r e o v er , c.

Th fr a g m e n t of t h
'

1 73 . is p a r t icl e i s, p r ob a bl y , a e w or d

ms , S yr ia c A r a b i c g s, t o a u gm e n t orco n n e c t , , ,

&c : i t s a u g m e n t e d fo r m i s 7 1 8 d e s i r i n g we a l t h co n
.
,
1 ,

n e ct i o n o r th e l ik e : a n d
,
a s a n ou n 1; a h o ok n a il o r , , , ,

h i by h i cho n e t h i i s co n n e ct e d w it h a n o t h
~

an
y t n
g w n
g er .

H e n ce i t i s u s e d a s a co nj u n c t i o n a n d i s ca p a bl e of a l l
, ,

th e v a r i e t y of m e a n i n g t o w h i chs u chw o r d s a r e s u bj e ct .

2 Th . i s p a r t i cl e i s r e g u l a r l y p r e fi x e d t o n o u n s w i t h
a s, a s er va n t m a id an d ma n .

3 . The Shho w e ve r i s l i a bl e t o ce r t a in v a r ia t io n s Whe n t he

e vd ,
‘’

, .

w o r d t o wh ich i i s a t t a ch co m m e n ce s a l s o w i t h S h éva t h
"

, ed , is ,

7 t a ke s t h e v o w el Sh a r e/ c : as
g y
o e n o t “ b l ( Ar t
D , 1 0 6 l ,
. . .

WDDD W ’“
a n d t
‘
o o r
f o r t h e ki
, n
g n o t T ID , D D I o r TD Bl
D , , l .

4 Th e s a m e ch a n e t ak es l a ce w h n e o f th l b i l
.
g p e n e v e r an
y o e a a ,

l e t t e r s
( fl D l l
) i m m e d i a t e l y fo ll o w s a s D E W a n d t h e g a r m e n t n o t .
,
"

DDl
" '
Th ere a re
. ho w e v e r s o m e e x ce p t io n s : a s “D D; a n d vo id ;
, , ,

wi n ) a n d t h b l u sh ed w h e r e it h N 9 b e lo w
e
y as , o . .

5 Wh en th
. e le t ter w it h ( z ) f o l lo w s a co n t r a ct i o n w il l t a k e ,

p l a ce ( Ar t 8 7 .as
“
.U “
( for
“
U ? ! ,o r
“fi l l
a nd h . e sh a l l l i ve ;

Dm n f D J a n d th
’
r ri h h a se s w e h
D )
‘
a ( o r
Q . e i g t a n d I n a fe w c a v e .

in t h is p l ace : a s a n d le t h , im be .

6 An y w o r d b e gi n n in g w i t h o n e o f t h e S u bs t it u t es S h d
’
.
, of é v ,

w il l p r e fi x l w i t ht h e co r r e s p o n d e n t i m e r f
p e ct v o w e l
( A r t .

Ph D S a n d t r u t h &c
”
as , il a nd I
D} , .

7 I n s o m e i n s t a n ce s o f t h is k i n d h o w eve r we fin d Sh ii r e h
’

W
.
, ,

as ,
a n d g o ld G e n ii 1 2 ;
,
” 7
23 “ a n d cr .
y t h ou .
( f em ) ,
.

J e r xx i i 2 0 . wh ichi s a n o m a l o u s
. .

8 Wh e n th
. e w o r d co m m e n ce s w i t ha n N a co n t r a ct io n i s o f te n
” i m j i
fo u n d to t ake p l a ce : a s, D ; an d my Lo r d ( f
or
Dfl) ; so

D ‘
l l ll
‘
an d Go d ( fo r D’
b
fi fi)
fi , Ar t 8 7 5 . . .

9 . M o n o s yl l a b l e s , an d d is s yll a b l e s ha v in g he
t a cce n t on the

p en u l t i m a , w i l l g e n e r a l l yp r e fix t his p a r t icl e w i t h( ) T a s, Ul D '

l and

K i m khi is o f Op i n io n , t ha t in t hese ca s e s t he lette r R is t o b e co n s i d e r e d

as d ro p pe d , an d t ha t h
w e s o u l d r ea d N
R u n i v e rs a l l y: w hi ch s u
pp o s e s 1
33 , to
b e the p r im i t i v e f
o rm o f thi s p a r t i cl e .
 Q

o r se ; D S]
h his ho w e v e r t he r e a r e m a n y
a D . and a ra m
i
. To t , ,

e x ce t i o n s
p a s ,
“ ml a n d a n
a n d ,
a cha r io t .

1 0 Th is p a r t icl e h
. as b e e n s u pp o s e d t o h a ve th e
p o wer o f

ch a n in t h t e n se s o f t h e v e rb i e o f m a k in t h e r et e r it e t e n se
g g e
g p ,
. .

future an d th e, f u t u r e p r e, t e r i t e a n d h e n c e i t h a s b e e n t e r m e d Va w

Co n ve r s ivu m Fr o m w h a t w i l l b e s a id h
. erea f ter o n t h e d o c t r in e o f

th e t e n se s o f t h e v er bs i t w il l a p p e a r , t h a t th , e co n ver s ive
p o we r

su
pp o se d t o e x i s t i n t h i s
p a r t i cl e i s n e i t h e r n e ce s s a r
y n o r t r ue
, .

Whe n i t t a k e s t he v o w e l P at ha khi t o u ght p e r ha p s t o b e co n s ide r e d

1

as i l l a t ive , co r r e s
p on din g to t he A r a b ic then , t h
er
efo r e , &c .
,

w he n it t a ke s ( ) z , as b e in g m e r e l y co n u n ct i v e j ( A rt . 1 19 . n o te
) .

he n a cco m p a n ie d b y th e D d e s ho f t h
’
1 1 . In . s o m e ca s e s , w g e

fo l l o w i n g l e t t e r a s a l s o t he Eu h
p o n i c a cce n t
,
— o n e o r o th e r o fw h i ch
i s n e ce ss a r y t o co m p l e t e t h e s yl l a b l e — i s d r o p p e d p r o b a b l y b y t h e , ,

n e gl ig e n ce o f t h e s cr i b e s : a s 3 53 1 ] a nd h
7 2
e con se cr a te d G e n ii 3 ,
. . ,

e a cce n t W
,

fo r o r w i t ht h ,
T? " ,

e fi r s t p e r s o n s in u l a r b
i l

1 2 I n th .
g f t he p r e se n t t e n se t hi s
pa r t icl e ,

t a ke s ( ) as 1 a nd I h ea r
, .

1 7 4 Th . e r e m a in in
g p a r t icl e s 4 , s a n d 5, si n i fy i n
g g, ,

in , a cco r di n g t o , t o , p e ct i v e l y m a y b e or the l ik e , r es ,

e a s i l y t r a ce d t o t h e i r o r ig i n a s n o u n s Th e fi r st is
p ro .

b a bl y a fr a g m e n t of t he w o r d R lZl e n t e rin g i n t o &c '

, .
,

wh ich i s fo u n d i n t h e A r a b ic u n d e r t h e fo r m s of f
s ) ? h e ,

d e s ce n d e d e n t e r e d i n t o h , is ho use l o dg i n g &c ; or , , .

l; a n d i n Et h m e a n in g n e a rl y t h
T
i op ic " ( D 71 e sa m e

th in g .

2 Wi t h r e s p e c t t o t h
. e se co n d ( 3 ) si n i fy i n
g g l i ke a s , ,

u s t a s &c i t i s p r ob a bl y a fr a m e n t of s o m e p r i m i t i v e
g
g , .
,

n ou n fr om w hichw e a l so ha v e t he w o r d s E
”

,
TD t h us ;

f or 3 0 , 11 3 a n ,d
-1
13 t hu s F
, o r t he e t y m o l o g y of , 5 s e e .
,

Ar t . 171 . 7 .

3 . Th
p a r t icl e s a r e r e g u l a r l y p r e fi x e d w i t h
e se
I
i n a w a y; V i ]: l ike a t r e e ; Y7 § 7 t o e a r t h .

I f t he w o r d t o w hi che i t he r of t he m i s t o b e p r e fi xe d ,

ha ve th e p a r t icl e w il l r e g u l a r l y t a k e Kh
i r zh
AR T . 1 7 4 .
ON T H E P A R T I C LES .

( Art . 1 06 . L) : a s, 7
1
2
2; t in a v o lu m e ;
“
1 73 3 , l i ke a

ve s s e l ; to his so n .

4 . B u t , wh
y en f t he S u bs t i t u t e s f S h
an o e va h
one a
pp e n s t o be
o
'

a t th e b e g i n n i n g o f s u ch w o r d , t h e pr e w il l t a k e t h e co r r e fix
l
s o
p n d e n t i m p e r f
e c t v o w e l ( A r t a s,
Dl E
P ll D in a dr e a m , .

Bi as; l i ke ea t in g , &c .

5 . Wh en an N ha pp e n s to be t he fi rst le tter, a co n t r a ct io n g en e

W
,

r a ll y t ak e s p l a ce : a s, D
IT
E
" ( fo r Dm s)
I
“
i
to m y Lor d ; D
‘
DDND

( fo r ta
r
ni s h
) to Go d .
( Art 8 7 . .

6 . But w he n p re fix ed to m o n o s yll a b l e s , o r to di s s yl l a b l e s ha v m g
t he a cce n t in t he p h
e n u l t im a t e ,
e
yge n e r a l l y t a k e
( ) t a s a b o ve 7

D
1
( Art . 1 73 . e .
g
”
E D i.n t h i s ; ”
DD l i k e t he s e ; ” 3 3 7
f o r e ve r
l l
‘
o
’
T
.

S o w i t hv e r b a l n o u n s o r I n fi n it i v e s w h e n n o t i n co n s t r u c t i o n w i t h ,

o t he r n ouns : as, D W
PDfo r sta n d in g ; n DDDf or w a l ki n g .

7 . Th o l l o w in
e f
g a f fix ed
p ro n o u n s a re o ft e n fo u n d a t tac he d to

t h e se p ar t icl e s : v iz .
"D
in me ; “
Di n us ; i thn e e , m a s c. “ D id .

fe m ; DlDD in yo u , m a s c ; l D
.
D id fe m
; . . . in him , m asc : . ”D i n
it , h
er ; D DD(o r A r t D in t h
D em , m . a s c. D
l D id fe m . .

1
8 . Th e p ar t i cl e 7 , r e ce iv e s t he p r o n o u n s in t he sa m e m an n er ;
D
bu t i s s o fo u n d i n o n ly t w o i n s t a n ce s ; v iz .
D
DD l i ke yo u , an d
D 1
E? l i ke t hem . Wh en it is n e ce s s a r
y t o u se t he p r o n o u n s w it hD
a r t i cl e 1D lDD l ike
'
t he p ara i
g g po
c , i s g e n e r a l l y i n t r o d u ce d t hu s : D
.

i a s ; ni h i m i te;
p;
a g f
me ; g n l i ke l i ke t e e ; D
p l ike yo u ; in like
hi m ; n i p? li ke h er ; la i
mn a li k e th e m .

9 . Wh he r o f t he p a r t icl e s D D o r D i s pr e fix e d t o a
en e it , , ,

n oun w it h t h e d e fi n i t e a r t i cl e t h e a r t i cl e i s f o r th e m o st , p a rt

r ej e c t e d a n d th
( A rt . e
p a r t icl e t a k e s i t s v o w e l : a s
E
“ D D in ,

th e h {D h w h i
-
DD
VD ?
D )
T
o r “ D
fiJ )
l
fu
o u se
( f l i k e t e m
-
a n ; ( fo r
r l l

f or t h e m o n t h ( fo r W ’
D )UD
;
” D
DQ D in t h e d r
y ( l a n d f o r ,

”
DQ D U D Ar t 8 7 E.x c e
p t i o
. n s “ D
E U D i n t h e w a
y N e h , .

ix 1 9 :
. to th e
p peo l e 2 C hro n x 7 ; l
, i k e t h e . .

w in d o ws Ez e k x l D l ike t h E
,
D
DDD . . e w i se m a n c cl e s v i i i 1 , . . .

1 0 Th i s c o n t r a c t i o n m o r e o v e r s o m e t i m e s t a k e s p l a ce i n t h
.
, o se ,

Inf i n it i v e s w h ich co m m e n ce w it h a s e r v il e 7 1
,
as DDDD ( fo r ,

DW DU D i n be in
) g i m
p e l le d P r o v xx i v 1 7 17 o
”
(
,
for . .

f or ca u s i n
g t o he a r P s xx v i 7 ; N , ?
D ( fo r.
f o r . b r i n
g gi n ,

J e r xxx ix 7 &c , w h
. . i chis m o s t u s u a l i n t h
, . e Ch a ld e e .
 On t he I n s e a r a bl e P a r t i c l e s t e r m e d P
p ara
g g i c o .

1 75 . p r e ce d in g i n s ep a r a bl e p a r t i cl e s o t her s
To the .

m ay be a dd e d wh i ch h o w e v er a r e a l w a y s fo u n d
, , ,

a t t a ch ed t o th e en d n eve r t o t h e b e in n i n of w o r ds ;
g g , ,

an d f or th e p u r po se m o s t r o b a bl o fa dd i n o m eth i
‘

, p y , g s n
g ,

to th e fo r ce of t h e p a ssa g e s i n w hi ch t he y a r e fo u n d .

Th e se w e r e a t fi r s t p e r h ,
a p s n o u n s of o n e fo r m o r o t h
, er , ,

j u st a s t he p r e po si t i o n s w e r e ; b u t w hi ch i n a ft e r t i m e s , ,

w e r e a bb r e v i a t e d f or th e s a k e of c o n ve n ie n ce .

2 Th .e se l e t t e r s o r s y ll a b l e s th en
( or th
f e y are n o w ,

n oth in g m o r e) h a ve be e n t e rm ed , p a ra
g g
o i c rath er I , ,

s u ppo se f or th e p u r po s e of i vi n t h em a n am e t h an f or
, g g ,

po in t in g o u t e it he r t he i r n a t u r e o r t he ir u se T he y co n .

si s t of o n e o r o t h e r of t h e l e t t e r s P1 7 1 3 a pp e n d e d t o ,

w o r d s e it h er f o r th e p u r po se of i vin e m ph a si s t o t h
, g g e

m e a n in g of p r om o t i n g e u p ho n y o r fo r s om e o t he r
, ,

p u r po se .

3 Th .e l e t t er 8 i s m o s t l y pl e o n a s t i c a n d i s fo u n d a t
, ,

t a ch e d t o w o r ds t e r m i n a t in g i n t h e v ow e l
( ) o r a s r
,
'
R l P r l lfi i t s g a l l e r i e s (f
'
m a g
i ) Ez e k x l i
s
-

i
‘ j or 1 , . .

s ipf ip n t hey w ho w e n t (fo r i J Srii l) J o sh x

'

'
s ns , . .

th e
y w e r e w i l l i n
g I s a xx v i i i 1 2 ; ,
M pg t h e y s h
. a l l b e .
)
,

c a r r ie d J e r X 5 , S o 8 1 W fo r i n (fo r 1 U Ar t 8 7
. . .
“ }
,
:
, . .

he s h a l l be Eccl x i 3 ; a l s o 8 1 7 i n s t e a d of i n h
, . . e 1
, , ,

m i fo r
'
A r a b ;l w o u ld t o G o d u t i n a m
,
.
, ,
“
,
”

&c a n d s o of o t h
.
,
ers
*
.

4 Th .e u s e of n as a
p ara
g go i c le t t er , i s ver y f re ,

qu e n t I n s o m e ca s e s i t i s t h
. o u g ht t o a u g m e n t t he ,

si n i fi ca t i o n
g i n o t h er s t o
, b e m e r e l y p l e on a s t i c O n .

Th is p r e v a i l s i n t he Ar a b i c, w h e n ce S ch u l t e n s co m e s t o t h e co n cl u s i o n ,

tha t i t i s a n a n ci e n t m a n n e r o fw r i t in g : o t he r s, t h a t i t i s a m e r e Ara b i s m .
AR T, 1 ,
75 . ON T H E P AR T I CL ES .

o m e oc ca sion s i t i s fo u n d a p p e n de d t o w o r d s e n d i n g
“

s ,

in a co n s o n a n t w i t h on o t he r s i t i s p r e ce d e d b y
, ,

or ( ) z a n d i n t he se v o w el s i t b e co m es q u i e s ce n t : a s
:
,

3 9 15 ( fr o m 7 99 2
7 12 2 5) I w i l l r e c o u n t o r l e t m e r e c o u n t , , ,

Ps ii 7
. . V7 33) t h e ea r th ; fr om If } , ,

th e se Th e fo r ce i s a u
g m e nt e d .

i n su ch ca s e s a s fl by i
lg 3 of e a t s a lva t i o n
,
‘ —
,

n n w _o f
‘
P s i i i 3 J o n a hi i 1 0
. .
, g 3g1 P s 1 x x x.i i 1 6 .
, 7
, . .
,

&c a s i n t h e g of u n i t y o r s i n ula r it i n th e A r a b ic a s
.
, g y , ,
I
i n Rc k o
, a s i n g u l a r l y l e a r n e d m an .

5 . I t is a tt ac he d to v e r b s. 1 st , t o t he I n fi n it iv e or

Ve r b al ou n ; 2d, t o b t h t he t en o 3d to th o d
‘

n se s ; ,
e se c n

p ers on g si n
l a r m a sc u l i n e
u of t he I m p e r a t iv e an d 4th, t o

the p a r t i ci p l e s : e g l st motes ( fo r (Mfg) , sp o i li n g ;

. . .

o rg g( fo r
-
m ) s h
a
, k i n
g, I s a xxx i i 1 1 ; ( f
o r a
y ),
. .
T lT i m
a s ki n
g, I sa . vi i 1 1 , &c. 2 d n o; (f or fi )
g h e r e s t e d,
. .
,

I sa .
vii . 2; fig }
? he l o dg e d, Ze ch . v . 4 ;
71 3111
.
?
?t (for
y e ca s t ; fi g
s w)
-
; (fo r
Tf i f l et

us bu r n , Ge n . x i 3 ; .
( f
or he w i l l r e d u ce t o
as h
es , Ps . xx . 4 &c , .
*

6 . Ve rbs e n din g i n Tl , y d r op i t
u s u all u
p o n re c e iv in
g the pa r a

i c 7 7 : a s,
o ( or n
f a fi wfi A r t I wil l lo o k ob
g g . on , se r v e ,

Ps i 1 17
. cx x . . S o ”Q Q WJ ( fo r ”U Q
P WJ
) , we w il l ob s e r ve , I sa .

l i 28 This l a s t e x am l e S chr oe d e r u s u t s u n de r t he f rm o f
x . .
p p o

a
p o c o p w hi c h pp e, a ea rs t o m e b t hu n n e e s s a r
o y a n d err n e u sc o o .

7 Wi t h I mp . ti era ves
; a s, ” 13 37
5 re
p o se t h
ou
xxx ix 7 ” emf( f HOH
) c o l l c Nu m ” 79 5
. or t e , . x i 16.
7 2 1

ke ep , P s . x x v.
( f
o r a t t e n d, P s . v. 3
l
( f
or an d w it h71 o m it t e d l ?g I o, Nu m b . xx iii . 13 . So i

( f
or fr om I w i l l be h
on o u r e d , Ha g i 8 . . .

5 . Wi t h Pa r t i c ip l es : . a s, fl a
g2 -3
( f
r om bur n in g , H o s .

vn . 4 ; ( f o m r es a cp e d, J e r . xl v ii i 1 9.

8 . No u n s s in
g u lar , o fb o t hg en d e r s, as als o o n uns m a s u l in e oc f

The fr oc e o ft he se w ill be co n s id e r e d i n the Syn t a x ,

A r t 23 4 . .
 LEC T U R E 1x .
E A R T. 1 , 75 9 . .

t he d u a l an d
p l o c ca io n ll y e c i e p g g ic
u r al n um b e r s , w il l s a r e v a ara o

fl ti l l p s i g th e cc n t t h o ig i l l y cc t t d syll b l
r eser v n a e on e r na a en ua e a e

( f o m B b) t h r ig h t ;
i
( f o,m 5
73e3 7? n E g yp ; t r
7

7'
l :( o E
m) y o h o e
l
f m dr A y w a e d i
s.
g i i m n n un ,
ver, n n n an

p f c t
er e o w l v ac c o t e fco t c t i o ( A t 1 4 3
, ou un o m y wh n s ru n r . . a , en

th p e
g o g i
arac T 1 i a d d d t k t h cc s t t h el t l l b l
a e e a en o n e :
,y e as s a a s,

i? i n m i n f o m ” 3 19 i c o t c o h h
-
“ m m m
( f T1 r t i ) t i ,i g fn t e n s ru n , e r s n o

su n D t i , 41 &eu . I
v. th i c , c h t m i t i g o w l w il l
c. n s a se , su er na n v e

f
f
su ch g
er n o cc o t ft h t t fc o t c t io
an e on a un Ti n l i b
o
T e s a e o n s ru n a s,
-

2
.

wa y b o 71 3 7 “ t h o t h co t y G xx 1 ;
, a ve : T so , . l
" e s u ern un r , en . .

fl lf
ITT p ng
D o t i ? th t
f S h G xx i
‘

t ; e en 6 7 o ara , en v. .

9 Th . i p t i c l i o cc i o l l y dd d t
s ar e t h p o no
s as w ht h
na a e o e r u n s, e er

se
p t a ra e fix d or l t H DFIH e
y : f ma s, ; s t h ,y m cT ‘ ; Q O ou, e . e , as .

n
ap t h y f m ; n
e
‘
g s ,
t h e c m . 2 d r
u g ? t y e se,; m
a n ta ? o
y o .
, o ou ur

( f m e
) w i c.k d & e n e ss , c.

1 0 I t w il l . t be c y t
n o t o b l t h R e
ne d w
e s sa r i t h i t c o r u e e a er n s an es,

i wh n i cht h i p t i c l i fo s d t t c h d t o t h p t ic l
ar e s un ” t
a? a a e o er ar es a s,

f a t?t h e &
or b c er , th e c. : m e if tly ot h
a u se , i g mo as es are an es n n re

th an o n it i u n s, o b l o ght ht t he y ho l d c i t h n
s r ea s na e en u a s u re e ve e

o
ara i c w e ll o th
as as e rs.
p g g
1 1 Th e f. o ll o w i g m t b e i t c n f Pl o a m
see o n s an es o e n s : 1. e. in

wh i c ht h i l tt dd s o t hi g w h t
e er a t th s n i ”F m f
n a ever o e s e n se : v z .
H " or

EN t h o ; ”Q n 3 f n “ ) t h g t
u ’ or f fl ? th ’ y h d ;ou a v es H?
or
“
) an

h
‘
T IT ’
T T 3 1

t wh ic h m m o m igh t b dd d S i w y f t h
o y an re e a
y e . o n , or e

c d d 2 Ki g xx i 1 0 ; ”SE
a s en e ,
n “ f 1 173 1
s v. d t hy h l l be , or , an e s a ,

Jo h 4 & wh th e Sh i ék h b l i d b
s . x v. e , c .
,
re
pp e y ir as een su

1 2 Th . e
p a r a o ic l e t t e r 1
g g i s s o m e t i m e s fo u n d w i t h ,

Kho lem a t o t he r s w i t ho u t a n yv o w e l ; a n d o cca s i o n a l l y

''

, , ,

co m in e t w e en t wo n ou n s w h i ch a r e i n th
g b e s ta te
of
co n s t r u ct io n I t is t h o u g ht by s o m e t o b e n o t hi n g m o r e
.

th l e o n a s m of t h e af fi x ed r on ou n it a l
“

an a
p p as L J ; ,

hi s s o n (v i z ) of B e a r i n s t e a d of Lit a 13 N u m b xxiv
.
,
“

. .

i t s l i v i n g cr e a t u r e (v i z ) t h e ea r th
’
3 15 ;
. s .
,

i n s t e a d of my ; I l j lj G en i 2 4 ;
'
o r
g
i 1 3 331 73 5 i n t o . i t s .
-

u n t a i n (v i a ) ofwat e r f o r 13 22 5 P s cx iv 8 S
f o
45 , o V la}
i ,
. . .
,

an d his (b e in g ) a l o n e G e n x iii 6 ; P s i v 9 &c , . . . .

, .

S e e a l s o P s L 1 0 ci v 1 1 20 1xx ix 2 ; I sa l vi 9
. .
, .
, , . . . .

13 P o f s o G es e n i s o bj e ct s t o t h
. r es r i e t ym o l og y b e c a u s e t h
u e s ,
A R T. TH E P ARA G OG I C L ET TE RS .

v ow e fe r , in s m e r e s pe
l po i n t s d if o ct s, fr o m thos e u su all f
y u ndo w it h
t he fix af o o
ed
p c th
r n u n , a n d b e a u se e af fi x i s a l s o fo u n d t o d isa g r e e
w it h t h e n ou n t o wh ic h i t r e fe r s fi I do n o t th in k h o w e v e r tha t ‘
, ,

m u chs t r e s s ca n b e l a i d o n t h e c o n s i d e r a t io n o f t h e v ow e l p o i n t s
‘

b ec a u s e a n o m a l ie s o f t h is k i n d fr e q u e n t l y o cc u r No r i s t h e di s .

s cov e r a ble b e t w e e n t h e n ou n an d th e affi x

g
a r e e m e n t o f e n de r
g d i , ,

o f m u c h m o m e n t ; b e c a u s e l it t l e r e g a r d is p a i d i n th e Hebre w ,

e it h er t o th e e n de r o r n u m b e r o fw o r d s i n c a s e s l ik e t h i s as we
g , ,

sh a ll se e h erea f ter I n t he S yr ia c a n d Et h
. . io p i c p l e o n a s m s o f , ,

th is s o r t ar e e x t r e m e l y fr e q u e n t ; b u t i n g e n e r a l a p r e p o s i t i o n i s , ,

0 0 v a v v

the n a d d e d t o t he l a s t w o r d : as , lax ; t o mho ,

th
e
g ift qf
him of Go d o r r a t he r
, , , th
e i
gj i f
o hi m h ( is )
w o Go d . The pr ep o
1
s i t io n i n t he Et hio p ic i s 7 in t he s e c a se s. S e e Lu d l f o G . ram . Et h

p . 138 . W e ha v e al s o t he p r o om i
n n al a f fi x L) ,
"

I, th
y, & c . in all

it s n um bers an d ge n der s, 1n t he A ra bi c , s im ila r l y a p pl ie d in d id

C1 1 0 , &c .

14 Th om in s t a n c fv e r b s , i n hi c hl s t o be

W
. ere are s e es o w se e m a

o i c l E
I h ot oo t l 13 3 ;
"

p a ra
g g t t e er : a s, an d e sm e, 2 Sam . x iv 6 , . r

whe e , ho wr e ver , t h
he e t r u e r a d ic a l l e t t e r f
1 m ay r ob a bl
y b e t
p or ,

whi c h T1 h b e e n s u b s t it u t e d : a n d a s K h ol e m i s m o s t fr e q u e n t l y
’
as ,

th e seco d o wn v el ro er f
p p o r th e
p r e s e n t t e n s e n o t h i n
g ca n b e m o r e ,

l ike l y t h an th , a t T is h e r e m a d e t o q u ie s c e i n i t We a l s o ha v e .

i n 1 S a m x x i 1 4 ; p r o b a b l y fo r ”at? h . .
”
e ch a n ed
g W e .

ha v e i n l i ke m a n n e r — n o t a s a p a r a go g i c l e t t e r b u t a s t h
, e true ,
“

r a dic a l l e t t e r in bl o t o u t J e r x v i ii 2 3
,
-
"
3 37 51 s he c om m i t t e d ,
. .

f or n i c a t i on 1 h i ii 6 , . . .

1 5 Th . e let t e r wh e n P a r a o ic i s , l i k e t h
g g e
p re ,

c e di n g a s l l a bi c an d i m o st l fo n d b t w t w
y s
y , u e e e n o

n ou n s in t hf
e s ta te o c o n s t r u ct i o n . Its vo w el fe r s, i n
dif
n o r e s e ct fr om t h a t of t h r o n o u n of t h fi t o
p ,e
p e r s
p e r s n

si n g u l a r ; w he n ce S ch u l t e n s a n d som e o t h e rs h a v e su
p
o se d i t t o b e n o t h i n m o re t h l o a sm of t h at
p g an a
p e n

p r on o u n T o t hi s h. o w e ve r S t o rr a n d G e s e n i us, ,

Le hr eb au d e ,
g p 540 . .

M
 62 L ECT UR E 1x .
DAR T 1 7 5 1 6 . . .

ob
j éct fi
“
The P e r si a n
T et
ym ol o g y ho w e v e r, , p po o se d
r

b y G e s en i u s , an d d op t e d b y Ew a l d, i s, erh
a
p p
a s ,

e
q u al l
y o bj e ct i o n a b l e as e x e m pl ifie d in t h hr a se ,
, e
p
?

Wht h
(a b

th
e s ce n t of m u s h . e er it b e t he sa m e w it h
(I

1 1 t
0

the 2
9 9
3 by —
o f the Ar abs , w hichi s t he
sam e ht he p a t r o n ym i c of t he H e b r e w s ( Ar t
w it .

or wh,
eth er it be t h e of t he p l u r a l n u m b e r d e r iv ed ,

fr o m t he v e r b a l n o u n 3 273 (Ar t 1 3 9 7 n o t e ) a n d t he n ce 1 1 . . .
,

l i ed f or th u r o s e of g i v in g E m h i I t i t
a
pp e
p p p a s s n e n s
y , ,

o r th e l ik e t o a n a r t i cu l a r a ss a e i t is i m o i b l t
yp , p g p s s e o ,

b u t ce r t a i n i t i s t h at t h e si n i fi c a t i o n s t h s d e r iv e d
sa
y ; , g u ,

w il l su i t i t s a pp l ica t i o n s u ffi cie n t l y w e l l w h e re an
y ,

v a r i a t i o n of s e n s e i s d i s co ve r a b l e fr o m i t s 1 n s e r t io n I .

1 6 Th ls
.
p a r t i cl e i s fo u n d a
pp e n d e d b o t h t o n ou n s ,

an d
p a r t i cl e s : t o n o u n s a s i nf ‘3 3 ‘W D R b i n di n
g , , . .

th h s a ss Gen x l i x 3 3 3 3 D3 1
”
f o le o
f i 1 1 r e a t fe r
“

e ; g, ( n . . 1 .

amon
g t h e n a t io n s L am i 1 ;
“3 1 3 7
3 13 3
“ 1
P § t
, h e vo i ce . .

l i a t io n s P s cx v i l Dl s t o le n
of y p p f
‘
m s u c , ( e m ) . . .

by d a y G e n xxxi 3 9 ; s e e a l s o D e u t x x x iii 1 6 P s
, . . . .
, .

ex 4 cx iii 5 6 7 9 &c
.
, .T o p a r t i cl e s : a s M; 3 D
, , ,
”
,
.
,

r o m th f I x l v i 3 ; Dl j
b
f e be ( or V 3 ) n
‘
sa a s e x ce
p t ,
. . a

“ i
t o d a y (f or G e n x x i 26 ; so F fi ?be s i d e s (fo r . .

IW 5W ) D e ut ,
i v . .

4“
St o rr . Ob s e r v a t i o n e s , p p 4 4 1 . . 4 42 . G e se n i u s Le hr eb
g .
, p . 547 .

1 Ew a ld, m o o re ve r
,
t a ke s t he p a ra g ogic i , j u st n o t ic ed, as e q u iva l e n t to the

P e rsi cI f
za a t, o r m a rk o f the ge n i t i v e c a se.

I In s m o e c a ses , ho w e v e r, t he ( ) 1 so a f
fi x ed see m s to be n o t hi g m o n re than

a fra gm e n t o f th e fe m in in e p r n u n o f th e se o o co n d p e rs o n s i n gu l a r fl ag , a s
”
0 23 “ 1
( H o s . x l i ) th
. ou h as t
. l d
o ve , f
or
” B
D ” 38
3 , a s it co
n st a n t l
y u rs i n occ
the Syr i a cP a rti c i pl es ; se e t he G r a m m a r s . S o 13 1 3 , fo r { 1 13 fi
fi ’
, th
o u br i n e s t
g
f or th, G
en . x vi. 11 . See al s oJ e r. xxii . 2 3 ; 11 1 3 ; M i c. . v ii . 8 , &c .

B u t this m ayb e an in s t
an c e o ft he H en d ia d ys ; m y v o ice, m
y supp l ica t io n .
A RT . 175 . T HE P A RA GOG I C LET TE S . R
S chr oe d e r u s an d S ch l t u en s ha v e al s o a
pp l i ed t hi s p a ra
g o gi c
le t t er t o ve rbs ; bu t, as i t is n e ve r o
f u n d, e xc e
p t ho s e w hi ch in t

ha v e o r th
T1 f e las t r a di a l c le t t e r ; an d, as is i n t h ,e se c as e s ,

g e n e r a lly s u o r r , th
b s t it u t e d f
} e re ca n be no do u b t t hat t h is is i t s
,

c h c t i ll c hi t c ; S t o h l o m k d
a ra er n a su n s an es as rr as a s re ar e .

1 7 Th e
p a r a o ic l e t t e r I i s m o s t l
g g y fo u n d w i t hv e r b s ,

i t i s al s o a f fi x e d t o p a r t icl e s a n d i s t h en
p r e ce de d b
y ,

or bu t wh en
“
7 o r 1 p r e ce d e i t i s a f fi x e d , ,

w it h o u t a n y o t he r v o w e l : a s 133 15 (fo r o n a cco u n t ,

of t he a cce n t fr o m 13 3 9 13 13 ) g i v i n g ; , ( for
,

he s ha l l t u r n h e r ba ch J e r i i 2 4 ; i t sh , a ll h an
g. .

o ve r ( t h ee) H a b ii 1 7 3 33 h
3 e w il l h
“ 3
, 3 . . o n our m e ,

Ps L 23 w h e re w e h f h
. .
, a ve
( ) o o n a c c o u n t of t r
e

a cce n t
p e rh a s : so
p pf r n n ( f o r t h
,
o u
( f e m ) s h a l t .

br i g f
n o r t h I s x l v 1 0 ; 13 3 13 t h
,
3 3 . ou sh
. a l t a dh ere ,

R u t hii 8 e sh a ll h
So
. .
y , f e a r ; 11 1 3 51
3 y e s a l l
s e e ; 11 3 3: t h e
y sh a l l w a lk & c a n d w it h
( ) w h e n, p u t .
,
a

fo r fl : a s 13 3 2” t h sh a l l l ie d o w n 1 S am ii 2 2
, e
y ; , . .

th sh a ll be w a t e r e d P s xxx v i 9 ; i n w h i ch ca se s t h
e
y , . e .

s w i t ht h e l a s t s l l a bl e x
a cce n t i s a l w a y y l
:

18 V b h i g w it h o h h c
. er ( s, t M pp )
av ni k f t t i d d i al u a , or e r ra

l tt e w ill d o p i t b y c o t
er, c t io (A t
r wh 7 p r go g i c i
n ra n r . en a a s

dd d :
a e 3 5 13 I w il l
2 a s, m i t h i m 1 S m xx i 8 (f s e , a . v . or
'

1 3 1 1 s 1 ma c o
f t h i m (F 1 5m i n
n
)
e ss P ol 6 ; 3 5 13 1
73 7 (f 1 or , 8. x u . or

7 3 131 1733 15) I hl l hi m N m b xx i 1 7 &

s a s ee B t i th, u c . v. , c. u , n ese a se s,

w h e l o
e av fix d p o n o t he l f t he dd i t io f w hi c h
f a s an a e r un , ru es or a n o

w w
e n o
p o c e d t c o ird e o ns e r.

19 W h .
p g go i c en7 i fo
a l l o w d b
a ra y i t h f t h , f fi xs d e e er o e a e

y
s l l b i p
a o o c 9 "
l r “7 1 n 71
uns
( A t
“
1 4 5
, , o w , l f or r . . n o v e o

un io i q
n i d : s re h
u re w i l l ho a s, m ; 3 1 3
7
1 1 1 1
31 1 w ill e n our e

I n s t i t u t io n e s , &c S chu l t e n sn .
, p . 4 28 . In e ve r
y i n s t a n c e t his 1 i s p r b a b ly
,
o
no t hi n g m o re t ha n t ha t ,
by w hi c ht h e i n t e n s i t iv e f r m i n o n o uns o
is s m e t im e s

d es i gn a t ed . Se e A r t 1 68 2 . . .

1 F r m t he seoe a m p l e s i t a p pe a r s , t hat t h
xe z, i s s m e t i m e s s i n gl e ; o at ot h s er

o
d u b l e d b y D é g és h: i t s u se w i l l b e sh e w n in t he Syn t a , A r t 2 3 5 x . .

M 2
 .
L ECT UR E 1x .
K AR T . 1 7 5 20 . .

roo hee t t ou t (o f 7037 131 , fr m o PMS fo r Pif

li l l
t ,
'

, r oo t T
711 3 ;
i ll
)
he s ha l l bl e s s him ( o f 713 2 2
, r oo t B u t, if the
p r o o
n un is
l l a bi c he r e ow o ? th sh
"
“
51 d 3 a ll
as
y , t m u st be a v el o funi n : a s,
3 e
y
s e r ve th
e e, I sa lx . . 7 .

20 . The af
fi x ed
p r o o n uns
“
J, an d “3 ,
f ll o ow i n
g t he p ar a
go g i c l ,

a re fr e q u e n t l y e xp r e s se d b y i n s e r t i n g D ag es hf r t e i n t he 7 : a s, o
be
d
j g d e u me
( for f r m
“a ?
1 "
r t S O,
”
971 2 7
1 o
6 -
"

oo
c ha s t is ed m e , P s . cx v i ii 1 8.
”2
9 2
2l i t sh
a l l ble s s m e, Gen . xx ii v . 1 9;

h e sh a ll s a ve u s
( f
or fr om 1 3 33
51 ,
fr om r oo t
d, w i t ht h cl a?“ (
7 "
an e
p a rti e 1 13 i s
7 not ; m y n ot be in g , f
or

fr om &c .

Th o c h x fl by t h
"

21 e
p ar a i 7 i f t l i t d i t e af
fi
.
g g s r e q u e n
y n s e r e n , e

p o i n t D ag es h; a s ,
7 13 3 3?h e h a s ble s se d t h ee
( for Ar t . 7

UD DZ
P , ch t ias s n i g th
ee , D e u t . v i ii . 5; a n s w er i n
g th
ee
( f
or

an d re e j ct i n
g
7 1 b Ar t
y . 73 .
1 1 am
, re e j ct i n
g 3 , Art . 7 6:

3 3 1 37 , r oo t S o , in he p a r t i c l e s
t be h o l d t ho u P s , , .

cxxx ix 7 1 2 3
13 w h h
o ? h o h
. 8 ; er e
( )
ar t t u
( e n d i n
g e r e a l s w i t p a r a

i c TT, A r t Ge n ii i 9
'
o
g g . . . .

22 Th e T 1.
, o f t he a f fix an , i s in t he s e c a ses, o m it t e d, an d a

c om p e n sa t i o n m a de in d o u bl i n g t he p a ra o
g g i c 1 , b y D dg és h: 3

h a l t v is it h th
o
im (f
or u s S e e Ar t P s v i ii 5 . . . .

So ,
he s ha ll s m it e him 1 S a m x v ii 2 5 ; 1 3 73 7 t a ke him 1 S a m , . .
, .

xx 2 1 ; . he i s n o t G e n xxx 3 3 ; he ye t , . . .

x v i ii 22 ; an d w i t h t he fe m in in e a ffi x e d p r o n o u n
.
, he s h a ll

s w a l lo w her u
p ( for I s a xx v i ii 4 ; s o 7 1
917? t a ke i t J e r . .
,
.

x x x i 14; v .
g i ve i t ,
i 10 ;
1 S am i t i s n o t , Le v . x x . .

ii i 2 1 In th e se a s e s , S ch c
r oe de r u s is o f i n i n th a t, th e T1 o f o o
x . .
p
t he fe m in i n e p r n un h
o oas b een stru k o u t , a n d th a t t he p ara
g g i c o c
"
I ha s been a dd e d . St o rr is o f a fe r e n t
d if op i io n n ; his wo d r s

are
“
S i m ili t er H e p a r a g o g icu m , i n v oc e PS . cx ix . 1 1 7,

ilib u s d u b i t a t io n e m h o p o 1 3 1271 3
1 2
“

t s im abe t , u n ia m r ae t e r f rm am
e
q ,

ad q u am He j
a d u n ct u m vi d e r i p o ss i t , e t ia m a l ia da t u r , 1n Ka m e a
d e s in e n s , &c p 4 4 0 , . . n ot e.

23 W . he n t he a f fix 1 (w hi ch h l w y t h cc t ) fo ll o w t h as a a s e a en s e

p ar a o
g g i
i c , o w l f io i m pl o y d
no v e co him u n n s e e : as, u r se ,

Nu m b xx i i i . . 1 3 ( f 73 3 2 oo t or I l ik m w ha v , r n e a n n er, e e

his be in g ( f oo t or1 S m i 3 9 & r a . x v. , c.

24 . This 1 h by om b as t r m e d Ep t ht i ; b u t a
s it e een e en e c , s
ART . 1 75 . THE P A R AG O G I C L ET TE RS .

ap
p ears to ha v e b ee n o ri
g i n al l
y t he sam e in e v ery c a se , it seem s

unne c e ssa r
y t o g iv e it m o re t ha n one n am e.

25 . The s
yll a bl e s , t erm e d P a r a g gi o c , a re, 3 33 , a n d 3
3 , w he n
p re c e d d b y t h p t i cl e 3 3
e e ar s , , an d a s, in ; l ike ;

cco di g t ; 33 t ; 33 3 i
a r n o
3
o n ;
33 ?
3 l i ke ; 33
1
t o , &c . The se

are m o tly co fi d ts highl y n ne o en er

g t i c c o m p
e o i t i o ; w he c s ns n e

we m a y in f
er, t ha t t he y w e r e in te n d d t ad d
e o m e t hi g t t he
o s n o

Si i fi
n ca t io n
g .

26 Th e . fi rst o f the s e i s t h u ght o to be t he sa m e w it h or

“
I,
su
fl i c ie n c , & c
y . The se co n d, S chlt e u ns an d s om e o t he rs ha v e
d e r iv e d fr om 33 , or 33 wa t e r ; wh
il J e a hn t hin k s i t is t he sa m e

w it h ri b , or ri p w h
at , w hi ch , &c . In t he A r a bi c L . , we i s .

fr e q u e n t l yf u n d o a tta chd t t h e o e s im il a r p a r t i l e s ; c a s, Lo ) .

I
[AS W
i . e . in t h
at w hich; cco d i g t
a r n o th
a t w hic h; to , o r f o r, t h
at w h
ich ,
0 0

&c . So c 150 3 k m b 150 3 55 6 &c ha v i g t h

in t he Syr ia ,
‘’
e ,
1 71 , . n e

sam e ig i fic t io n sd c o m p o it io
n a an s n .

2 7 T h p t ic l . 3 i o t hi g m o e t h
e ar o t he fo m f 71 3 e
3
, s n n r an an r r o ,

the m o th o f o d i c o t c t io w i t ho t h o
u , s un It m a i g n n s ru n er n u n s. s e n n ,

b y a m e t o ym y w ill b y t hin g id fo c d ,c o m m d d e, a n n sa , en r e , or an e

c t d i c t & c wh i c h w i l l t l w b t b x d
a s,
p p a re e ,a y e
e r
p , . n o a s a o e e re s s e

i t
n a l t io ran s a n .

On the D em o n str a t iv e P ro n o u n s.

1 76 . The De m o n st r a t i v e Pr o n o u n s a re al w a
y s fo u n d
w rit t e n se a r a t e l
p y ; t h e
y a r e a s fo l l o w s

IT]?f r a r el i ”tI; TZ f it, this ,

‘
t
g m a sc em
y f or D, or
-
a . .
, ,

s in
g . co m . : r a r el
y t he s e , p l . co m .

‘
2 Th
fo r m s Hi t) HTZ
e U m a sc t h is h ave t h e a r t i cl e
.
p ,
‘
.
,
‘
7 t o o r fo r w i t h t h
, e d e fi n i t e a r t icl e 71 t h
, e Th e sa m e .

m a y b e s a i d of 7 150 t h i s fe m w h i cho ccu r s b u t o n ce v i z , .

, .

Ez e k xxx v i 3 5 a s a l s o of if
.
z j of .t he c o m m o n
g e n de r
,
u
, ,

a s a b ov e .

i
3 3 th
75 ?
. ese i s a l s o fo u n d ; i t is n o t h in g m o r e t h , an
th l u r al r o n ou n a s a b o v e w i t ht h e a r t icl e r e fix e d
e
p p p , , .
 LE T C UR E ix .
B ART . 1 76 .

4 . o ho w e v e r
c o t d a s pl r l G , is f u n d n s rue a u a , en . x x vu . 3 6,
1 Sa m xx i x 3
. J b xix 1 9 d Z ch i 1 2
. ii 5 ,
i o .
, an e . .
, v . . s a so l
fo u n d g l r 1
a s a Si n C hro x i 2 C h ro 3 x ii 1 4 u a , n . . n . l l]. , v .
, an d
Ez r a i 9 B t t hi h b d it h b y o m fig f
'

. . u s as een o n e, e er s e u re o

s
p ee c h or b y w ht i t m d l gi l c o t r c t i o
, a s er e o ca ns u n .

On the R el a t iv e P r o n o un .

1 77 The Hebr e w l a n c og n i se s b u t o n e R e l a
'

.
g g
ua e re

lW R h e wh th a t wh i ch w h a t ; wh ich
'

t ive P r o n o u n v iz
“

o .
, ,

i s c o m m on t o e v e r y g e n d e r a n d n u m b e r .

2 Th g de r . d mb r i e d t r m i d by t h t
en f th e an n u e s e e ne a o

p r c d i g or
e foel l o wi g n n o ,or p ro o n “ mi l
E n , un , n u : a s,

wh t d i t hy( m
o s an c ) w h t d 1 Ki g
, . e. 8 e as . o s an , n s x 11.

wh o h i h t i wh s h t J b
a r ve s 5 ; D im 1 3 3
5
,
W D?
E! . e. ose a r ve s , o v.
,

wh ic h( m c ) t h w i d d i p r it i
as wh. ic h( m c ) t h w i d di e n s e s es ,
. e. as . e n s

P i 4
e r se s , “ 3 715 i w h
s. o l d J o l i 1 9 n se an
p ; . .
, e v. .

3 I o m i t c t h d m o t r a t i p ro n o
. n s e 71 7
n s an
i ll a d l? e s, e e n s ve uns , , n
"

t k t h pl c
a e f E “ v l
i e P i x 1 6 x ii 8 d c xxx ii 1 2 &
a e o a s, s. .
, .
, an .
, c.

A i m il r sb t i t t i o t k pl c i t he A r b i c w hi c h t he G r m
a su s u n a es a e n a , a

m ri c r i b t d i ff r c f d i l t fi “
a an s as e o a e en e o a ec

4 Th i s p r o n o u n i s fr e q u e n t l y fo u n d p r e fi x e d t o o t h er

o r m : a s WWW o r Wt he fi r st
,
.

w o r d s i n a n a bb r e v i a t e d f
, , , , , ,

a n d l a s t l e t t e r s b e i n g r ej e c t e d Ex a m p l e s : l J J l W J sh
‘

e» .

w r ,

I n the A r b i c com m
a en ta ry on the Kafi a
’
o f I bn Ol h
éj ib, p bli u s he d at

C al c u tta, ( p r”
? we ha v e the f
o ll ow i n
g r em a rk :
g l i gj tla l l l
f )
.

00
S n a
00

Hg d ,
i h i l l
1
"

5 5 , &c . That is, a: o

f th
e t r i be f o Th
y : i . e. w hi ch is
e r r ed t a t h th di the re l a
‘

r f
e at t r ibe , o n a cco u n tf i t o
s p e cu l ia r u sa e i n
g e ir l
a e ct
, as

t i ve p ro o n un , s i g i fy g w h
n in o, which , & c i n b o t h g e n e r
. s d i( . e. m as c . an d f
em .
)
Th
e P o et h id
a n d whM y w ll w h
h i h( d ’ ’
a s sa e c ) I d igg e a ,i c
( )
Ti I e n c l o se it
, .

D ath e th i n ks, t ha t w e ha ve a n e l l i p si s o f fl ips , i n t he se i n s t a n c es . See

G l a ss P hi l ol S ac r , e d 1 7 7 6, p 1 60
. . . .
’

. .
A RT . 1 78 ] ON TH E P A R TI CLE S .

fo r s;
‘ ‘
l W fi h o h a s
,
n o t g iw
o e n a s ( p)
u , Ps . c xxiv . 6
Wf h ch
i

l g i e w a i t e d (f L a m ii 1 6 ;
'
l gl P ‘
or w w or
)
m 1 W t i ll I W
, , , . .

E DRW f ? § Jud 7 fi l j iS , f
‘
‘ p 7 or
“
a r o se, v or

mjs W
. .
, ,

E
S w hi h t h I h i , c ou, . v . 17 e , fo r a n
og r j ej a
g lz g t
th y
e , Ecc l i ii 1 8 81 0 . p e r ha p s d i ffi c u l t t o s a y in
.
, . I t i s, ,

wh a t ca ses t h e v o wel i s t o b e pref e r re d t o b u t it

() v

i s n o t o f m u c h i m po r t a n c e K am e t s i s u s e d o n l y w h
'
en .
,

l e t t e r i n c a p a b l e o f r e ce l v m g D ag e s h foll o w s
'
a as ,

HQ S Ww h i cht h ou J u dg v i 1 7 B u t e v e n in t h i s ca s e
,
. . .
, ,

i s o cc a s i o n a l l y fo u n d s u s t a i n e d b y a n a cc e n t as

W
,

th ey w h o wen t u
p T he u sa e
g o f i n t h e se .

p l a c e s c a n n o t p e r ha p s b e e a s il y a cc o u n t e d fo r
, ,
.

On the I nt e r r o
g a t i v e, an d o cca s i o n a l ly I n defin i t e Pron ouns .

1 78 . The se p e r s o n s w ho
are
“ HQ o r Hp
79 f
or ,
?
, ,

wh i ch w h at ?D
,
Q Q wh at wh e th ,er ? a n d ,
”
ti w h er e , , ,

ho w &c fo r t hi n g s a ll o f w hi c ha r e i n v a r i a b l e a n d o f
.
,

th e c o m m on
g e n d er as H
E§ “
D w h o
( )
a rt t h a n (m a s c
), .

G e n xx v i i 3 2 ;
. . wh o
( )
art t h ou R u th

ii i 9 ;. wh o
( )
a re t h e se ? G e n xxx ii i 5 W e -
. . .

al so h a v e 1 2W h i h ? h i h S h l s
5 w at
( ) ys t n a m e w c c u t e n

s a ys r e fe r s t o t he p e r s o n n e v e r t he l e ss : a s Q a is n o m en
, ,

t a u n t ? ( I n s t i t u t io n e s a d Fu n d Li n g H e b p
W
. . . .
,

Ex a m pl e s w i t h r m a r e : l J N NCQD l 53 3 ”D W ha t ,

i
( ) s o u r i n i u it
q y a n d w h a t o u r s i n ? J e r x vi 1 0 ; fi t
;
W
. .
,

Whit ? )‘ W E
D D w h a t i
( ) s t h e m a n n er o
f t h e m a n ? 2 K i n
g s
i 7 : 7 lP wh
'
. a t n o is e 1 S a m iv 6 1 4 , . .
, .

1 79 w i t hK a m e t s i s u s e d w h en th
’
2 $ .
, e a r t i cl e , or

an
y o t h er let ter i n c a p a b l e o f r e c e iv in ,
g D a g e s h im m e ,

fi t; w h
'

di a t e l y foll o w s e x c e p t i n g T 1 o r y: as
,
at ,

c o n d e n ce ?2 Ki n
fi g s x v i i i 1 9 ; w i n s m ; w h a t i
( )s m a n .
-
1 68 LEC T URE 1x .
CA RT . 1 78 . 3;

Ps . v ii i . 5 fl ap fi t; w h
) at ( are the
y I sa . x l i 22
.

HQ w h a t h ) h Es h v iii l
e
( w as t o e r t ,
. . .

3 Exc pt io : 1 W h
. e n s w i t hP at h h h o t w i t ht d i g
. e av e a , n s an n

t h r t i cl f
e a o l l o w i g b p iPt l n zfi wht p re ic t i
e n J o h xx ii 1 6 ‘
-
'
a va r a on s . . .

Al o i wht i t i P xxx i x 5 5 5 190 ”D w ht ( i ) m y

”
s n a s, s. . a s

i
s n Ge xxx i 3 6 B t n . A t 133
. . u , see r . .

4 Wh r yl t t e r c p bl fr c i i g D ag hfol l o w fi t; ' ’

. en eve an e a a e o e e v n es s,

i w i t hP d t hh
s h d D ag e hia p r d i t h foll o w i g l t t r
an s s ex e sse n e n e e

EQ h h
e a sa n t ? A r t
'
D‘ Q“
HY ow l ow 1 1 2 ooI d an d
a s, g p n . .

" N W T"
; wh Ze c h i v 1 2 t h e D dg e s hi s o m i t t e d
’

a t t wo (f em ) . . .
, .

5 Wh . e n a n y gu t t u r a l l e t t e r h a v in
g or n or 37 n o t h a vin
g
, , ,

i t i m m e d i a t e l y fo l l o w s w e h
,
ave w i t hS eg ol a pp a r e n t l
, y fo r th e ,

l
k p h o l ? Tl ‘fl
h h h h E x o
‘

f fl p w t d t i m d
sa e o e u n y a s a a s, a
pp e n e o .

VFW
T JT

l ; b pp fl b w h a t d e e c t ? P s xxx i x 5 ;
f ? r m wh
}
‘

x x x n . a t . .

ha ve I d o n e ?&c A r t 1 1 4 . . .

On the I n t e r r o g a t i ve P a r t i cl e s n , and ”8 .

1 79 . Th
I n t e r r og a t iv e p a r t i cl e if
e ] D or F ] h a s be e n , , ,

cl a ss e d b y s o m e w i t h t he d e fi n i t e a r t i cl e ; b u t i f w e
, , ,

c o n s id e r e i t he r i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n o r offic e w e m u s t be co n ,

v i n ce d t h at th a r e d if fe r e n t w or d s
e
y .

2 Th. e of fi c e o ft hi s p a r t i cl e i s I n t e r r o g a t i o n l ik e t he , ,

La t i n a n a n n o n n a m u t r u m
, ,
o r th e l ik e a n d in t h
, is ,

c a p a ci t y i t i s u s e d s t r o n g l y t o afii r m o r de n y; a n d t hu s
,

e it h e r t o i n cr e a s e o r d im i n is h t h e i m po r t a n c e o f t h
, in g s ,

w i t hw h i chi t is c o n n e c t e d I t i s a l s o u s e d i n d e fi n it e l y . .

3 I t i s i n v a r i a bl yp r e fi x e d t o s o m e w o r d ; a n d i s o f
. t en
fo ll o w e d i n t h e s u cc e e d i n m e m be r o f t h e s e n t e n ce b
, g y ,

th e p a r t i cl e C 8 ha v in g n e a r l yt he s a m e s ig n i fi c a t io n w i t h
,

u tr u m foll o w e d b y a n i n L a t i n a n d c o r r e s po n d i n g t o , ,

e a ch o t h e r i n d if fe r e n t m e m b e r s o f t h e s e n t e n ce ; o r as

ol l o w in g p a ss a g e l W
,

a n a n d e e l in t h e f y m gh ?
”
, 3 21 fl i t ) ,
 AR T . 17 9 . ON THE P A R TI CLE S . 1 69

WT DS A N t a e s j i l i m i Es a ve V EL n o n G e n x x v n 2 1 , ,
”
. . .
ale

I n m a n y i n s t a n c e s i t l o s e s i t s i n t e r r o g a t i v e po w e r a s i t ,

ha pp e n s w i t h s i m il a r p a r t i cl e s i n o t he r l a n g u a g e s a n d ,

m ayth en be con st r u e d eit h er a s a r e l a t i ve or i n de , , ,

fi n i t e l y ; a s i n s s u n w h o ,
c a m e w i t h h i m T J o s h : ,

x 2 4 ; DQ WH w lw t h
.
‘
er
y o u are
'
D eu t x i i i 4 ; ” 7
3 1 5 7 1 ,
. .

wh e th e r i t bl o s s o m s C a n t v i 1 1 &c , . .
, .

4 W h p r fix d t
.
y w or d
en c o m m e c ie
g e i t
e h r w i t hoS he a an , n n e v

or it w i ll t k t h o w l w i t ht h E p h o i c cc t d
a e e v e e u n a en , an ,

t hr f or w i l l t r q i r e t h t t h fol l o w i g l t t e r ho l d t k
e e e, n o e u a e n e s u a e

D dg é h D HQ W h o o ?
Q s
Q :e
y f g
a s, t t J l i 9 ; av e r en e r. x v.

m b nu dict i ? G xx ii 3 ;
en e 8 ow h th on t h en .
y cc o t v ? . e er a un

J b x iii 4 &o Wi t h g t t r l ; n P5 i l w ht h t t h?“ PI T

v .
, c. u u a s
'

l
e er ru

w et h he r t im e .

5 . In t he s e c a s e s ho w e v e r t he , , D dg e s h i s
’
o ft en e xpr e sse d

wh et h a s ?Ez ek x iii h HU
‘5
D
a s, er m
y w y .
D v . a ve
y29 ;
e

se en ? 1 Sa m x 24 ; wh et h
er a ccor d in t o h ?
. .
g e r cr
y
Gen . x iii v . 21 . An d o c n e, w he n Shevd is n o t a t t a c h e d t o th e fir s t

le t t er c hw or d o f su w i l l i t be w l l ? L x 19 a s, e ev. . .

6 Wh .
yw or d t w hi c h
ent h i p an r t i c l i p r fi x d c o
, m m c e o s a e s e e ,
en s

w i th co o t d a o w l ( xc pt i g g t t r l w i t h ) t h
n s n an an a v e e e n u u a s r e

i t rro g t i w i l l t k ( ) w ht h of t h t r
'
n e a vve s a t p a a e ? a : a s, e er e ee

G iii 1 1 ; 75 3i?
en .
) h l l .th f lo c k N m x i 2 2 ; T 19 3 s a e u . .
1

s h
a ll it h
a
p p en t o t eeh
7 . G u t t ra l u le t t e r h i
g s, he I n t e rro a t i v e
av n
g r q ir
e u e t p r t i cl
a e

tobe p r e fi x e d with( ) as
” 55
P ? w heth
cer I ? N u m b , . xi 1 2 ;
.

”Q l n h t -
a s it co e o p a ss J o e l i 2 ; Pm ” w he t her
t ? on g ?
y f
m .
IT 1 r:
str

The se p r t i cl
a es c orr po d es n ,
o b th in s e n se an c o t r c t i o w i th t h
d ns u n
,
e
f it
Ar b i c i
a an d l as in t he oll o w i
f p fo m t h K or c 1 5 e an , v.
F a s s a ge
n r
g . . .

( J c/ of (“ D c/ o ff

éi ; 5 l H Q/N il WH ET H E R t h
d i ht hm O w ht h t h
ed i h h ( r “
m ou a on s e , R e er ou do n ot

a tmon s T h i r pr c i orc w i l l b c o i d r d i t h Sy t x
f em . e e se e e n s e e n e n a .

I hi c h c i d i f
f b l i l ro
f h d fi i r i c l wh d
f w n t t t t m t t
a se t e rs u e e e n e a e en u se

P /z c/ 9 1 / G/

f
or
"
1 11 1
33 . 80 , M l in A r bica ,
fo r “M Gr am . Ar ab . d e Sa cy ,
vo l . i .

p . 338 .
 170 LEC T U R E 1x .
E AR T .

W e o ha als fib i
rl JP h
v e,l l I c "
? J d g
-
i x 9 w
s h i cah i ea se u . .
, s ,

W
1

p r h e p rro
a so fe 11 7 1 7 7
ne 31 u s, l o h
o r 5 “
5 3 5
? w h t h . e a s ave , e er

? 9 5 7 w ht hr
h h h x ii
-
E “
y on J d g i 3 u 1 d .i
n1 3 v . an
p t ,i t I 5 , e e an ra e . .
1

wh i ha c o m l o (S A t
re a n a u s. ee r .

hN l d i i f o p i i o t ht t hi p r t i cl i m r i t rj c t i o
i

. o us s o n n , a s a e s a e e n e e n ,

for c d e t by t h br o u t hw i t h s o m e ffor t i or d r t g i
ea th e e e , n e o ve

p a ssa
g t h for c
e e f e i t rro g t i o or oo t h r
anw i t h in
g h t e t h a n , e se o e en e

x p r i o ; w hi c h i x t r m l y p ro b b l
e e ss n s Th p e g e t e a e. e a ssa e s, oo ,

wh i c h r q i r t b c o t r d i t rro g t i l y b t i w hi c h t hi
e u e o e n s ue n e a ve , u n s

r t i c l e i t f o d m t b o c d o t h r wi t h i r i t rro
p a s no un , us e so en un e , e se e n e

i for c i l l b p r c i d I S x iii 2 9

W
g t a ve w t e ; gno 2 m e e w e ve e . n a . v . e

Dl W
.
,

h a ve f Q w hi c h i fo d I b 3 2
o r d l o i th
,
s un . . an a s n , e

i m il r p g 2 Ki g i x
s a a ss a e s, I l ik mn r p rhp
s . n e an n e , e a s,

f r 5 1? 5E h ll I l ift p ? P c xx i l ; d f ill y f
r
l
o , s a u s. . an , or
,

wn iuyn s
E k
-
r r: 3 i 59 wh z e i c h w h e x p r d w i t h e m ph i
. x v .
, , en e sse a s s,

w ill h j t t h m e ff c t t hy w o l d hd t h p r t i c l b e
a ve us e sa e e as e u , a e a e e n

p r fi xe d T he i i. r y m c h t h
s c i
s ve n ll l g g u d w h e a se a an ua es an , en

n o n ot f i t e rro g t i o i
e o n d w c o m p l l d t d t r m i e by
a n s u se , e are e e o e e n

t h c o t x t w ht hr
e n e c h n t c e i t b t k i t rro g t i l y or
, e e su se en s o e a en n e a ve

n t ; o d h c e w ht hr i t i t
an , en ,b d r t oo d i
e e p o i t i or s o e un e s n a s ve

n g ti e a Wh t hi p r t i cl i p r fi x d ho w e e r t hi di ffi
v e se n se . en s a e s e e , v , s

c l t y i r m o d w hi c hi t l w y t h c
u s e ve s no a a s e a se .

9 Th . e I n t e r r o a t i v e p a r t icl e
g
”
is w h i c h i s s om e t i m e s ,

w r i t t e n s e p a r a t e l y a n d a t ot h e r s is p r e fi xe d t o p r on o u n s
, ,

i s p r ob a bl y n o t h in g m o r e t h a n a n i n t e rj e c t i o n l ik e t h e ,

r e c e din s o e n o un c e d t i m p l q u e s t io n I t
p g , as o
y a .

i s o cc a s i o n a l l y o f t h e f o rm s a n a n d a n d in co n ,

u n c t io n w it h a E
*
J p r on ou n : as T D a n d T 8 x , ,
.

a m p l e s : T U5
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13 W h e r e i s A be l t h br o t h
y e r ? Gen .

i v 9 ; ng m bp s N M ?23 H o w ca n I p a r do n t h
‘
e e fo r
-
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.

th is ? J e r v 7 . Wi t hp r on o u n s : fl l m Whe r e ? Es t h
. .
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I n Pe ri s an , San s c ri t , an d s o m o t h r Ori e e e n ta l l a n gu a ge s , g l is an i tr
n e

j e ct i o n 0 ! Oh! &c . In Ar b i c QS i
a ha s t he sa m e m ea n n g a s i i n He b r v iz
ew, _ .
,

Q a isn a m , q u is, q u ad , &c .

ART . on TH E P A R T I CLE S . 171

vu . Sa m I s L 1 ; 45 . 1 l t fl h
ix 1 8 ,
j F
. IN N Whi ch . .
"
.
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z
‘ '

w ay we n t h e ? 1 K i n g s x i ii 1 2 ; F15 3 N D S Fr o m
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wh a t ci t art) th o u ? 2 Sa m 2 T H
y ( xv l
} ; ow . .

hn o w e s t t ho u ? 2 S a m i 5 ; U j J HD R H o w ca n w e ’ ‘

. .
,

lw o w D e n t x vi i i 2 1 &c . .
, .

1 0 I t l o o cc r w i t h p r go g i c 7 7 i1 : 5 D WB T 7 ‘
. a s u Q J
s a a a , : a s,

Whr ( ) t h m e e G are i 5 e en en . x x . .

1 1 Th i p r t i cl i o m t i m e x p r i
. s a f d ir dm i t i
e s s e es e ss ve o es e, a ra on ,

l m t ti
a en a
p o t l t i o i on l t
,
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o 5 1 7 3 5 7 P5 H w h t t h
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p r i h d E z k xx i 1 7 o as u e s e e . v. ,

&c .

On t he D
efi n i t e A r t i c l e 77

1 80 . The H e b r e w s ha v e
p o b a bl
y a f ra m en t
g of ,
— r

s om e — th e d e fi n i t e a r t i c l e Fl wh i c ht h e
y p r e fix t o ,

o t he r s fo r t he p u r po s e o f r e s t r ic t i n g o r o t he r w is e m o di
, ,

fyin g t h , eir si n if
g i c a t ion a s w il l p r e s e n t l
y b e seen ,
.

2 S om . h pp o d t h t t hi p r t i c l i
e ave su bb r i t i o f
se a s a e s an a ev a n o

t h p ro o e 5 3 71 h or n un or o t h r f t h i t rj c t i o m e, one e o e n e e ns ,

5 71 b hld
, Ot h r e o
g i . h f
fi r m d t h tei t i o l
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1
for m f t h e Ar bic r t i c l e d l 7 52 w hi c h ho l d b w r i t t e 7 71 +
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I th n i c e i m
s as
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an o t h i g h t e s, e a a s, e a s, r

and w ro g T h t b o t ht hn . r t i cl h a c o m m o or i g i i t
a ese a es av e n n s, o

m e, x t r e m l yp ro b b l ; d t h t t hi r p w r
e e a th e m i an a e o e s a re e sa e, n

bo t ht h l g g t hr e e se an b do bt
ua N o goo d r
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b i g d p r hp w hyw
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a s, or m ft h e are o e ve e e e o e

r t i cl fro m t he A r b i c
a e r t h r t h w ho l d d r i t h a o n e, a e an e s u e ve e

A r b i c o e fro m t h H b r w P ro f or G
a n i th
e i k t ht e e . ess e se n u s n s, a

t hr e e arem i f t t r c f t h A r b i c r t i c l t b e fo d i t h
an es a es o e a a e o un n e

H b r e w B i bl
1
e c h f x m pl e, su 5 57 7 5 P r o v xxx 3 1 w h
, or e i ch a e , a s, . .
,

Oft h pro o p rob b i l t y he Gr '

e n un W , in all a i so t ee k 6, o fés .

1 St orr , Obs e rv .
,
&c .
, p . 1 21 .
 1 72 LEC T U R E 1 x .
E AR T .

f C/c/

he co id r n s e s as he A ra b i ce q l th
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p to t
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1
Gen . x 26 .
, 3 0 wh i c h 1 C hro n i v 2 9 is . .
, ,
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,

w rit t en Wi t hr e s p e c t t o t he fir s t o f t he s e t he r e s e e m s t o ,
1
be b u t l i t t l e n e c e s s i t y fo r s u pp o s i n g t he s l l a b le
y t o b e t he 7

A r b i c r t i c l J l T h i t r p r t t i o of S c h l t
a a e H i ll r . d e n e e a n u e n s, e , an
1
o t hr w h p p o 7 5 t b t h p hi bit i p r t i cl hr pp r s
e s, o su se o e e ro ve a e e e, a ea

to me t w r th i t e t io
o f t h S c r d Wr i t r m c h b t t r
ans e e n n n o e a e e u e e .

Wi t h p c t t t h p ro p r m 1 755 35
res e
1
d o i t hr
e e na es
"

an e e
1
75 or 5 5 w i ll i t ffi c i t l y w l l w i t ho t h i g r c o r t
, , su su en e , u av n e u se o
1
t h A ra b i c
e Th c i rc m t c f 7 5 b i g om i t t d i
. e pl c u s an e o e n e n one a e,

i t h p r ll l p
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a m or t h
e w h t i f o d t
a ss a ,
s n n e an a s un o

hpp a i o t h r w or d
en d ph r s
n d p r t i c l r l y i p ro p r
e s an a e s, an a u a n e

n a m es
( S e e Ar t . 1 7 0 9 , &c . .
)
A o t h r p r t i c l r d w l t p o i t ht i H b r w t h l t t e r
3 . n e a u a e u n s, a , n e e , e e

foll o w i g t h r t i c l i
n l m o t l w y d o bl d
e a d t ht i A r b i c
e s a s a a s u e an , a n a ,
1
th 7 e f t h r t i cl i s
o i m i l t d t t he fol l o w i g l t t r i m y
e a e so a ss a e o n e e , n an

ca se s , t ht t he fir t l e t t r af t h w or d m y b e i d t b d o bl d
s e o e a sa o e u e

W5 W5
7 ( “ To

a s, WPWU i n H e b re w , an d M l p ro o c n un ed A r bic
in a ,

b o t h i g i fyi g t h
s I t m i gh
n t b s gg n t d I e su n . e u es e : n H br w t h
e e e

i m p rf c t ow l
e ew i t hw h i c h t hi r t i c l i
v e ll y t t d d s a e s u su a a en e ,

m k a it c e r y t h t t h fo ll o w i g l t t r b d o bl d i ord r t
es ne ss a , a e n e e e u e , n e o

c o m pl t t h yll b l e c o m m e c i g w i t ht he r t i c l (A t
e e e s I a n n a e, r . n

A r b i c t h 5 f t he r t i cl m t cc or d i g t r l l t og t hr t
a , e , o a e us , a n o u es a e e a

va r i c w i t ht hi i t h r b p ro o c d or t I m yi t c
an e s, e e e n un e no . n an ns an es

it m t b e p ro o
us c d i t i o l y i o t h r t ht t h o d f 7 n
‘
un e : s n n e s, a e s un o ,

i m rg d i t h t
s e f th e cc d i g l t t r ; d t t hi
n a p r ll lo e su ee n e e an o s no a a e

i t b e fo
s o d i H br w I m f Op i i o t hr for t ht t h
un n e e . a o n n , e e e, a e
1
A r b h i t rod c d t h 7 f t h r t i cl
a s a ve dn ot t ht t h u e e o e a e, an n , a e

H br w h r j c t d
e e s ave e e e

I n the C om m en ta ry on the Kafi a b y M

’
o o ll a J am i p ,
u bl i
he d a t C a l c u t t a
s ,

in 1 8 1 8 , i t i ci t d
s e as h
t e opi io n n o f El M o b a r ra d , t hat is is t h e or i gi n a l f
orm
o f the a r t i cl e, an d that the 5ha s be e n a dd d e ,
in ord r t e o d i s t i n gu i shi t fro m
a iii / 9

h
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l ,
p .
H
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ART 1 8 0 . . ON TH E P A R T I C LES . 173

4 . The D e fi n it e g a rt i cl e is re u la r l y p r e fi xe d w it h
P dt h
ahh o cc a s i o n a l l y w i t hK am ét s S ég él
'

or

a s, th
e
g r ea t ; 0 73 3 3 t he m an ; - or DQ
‘
Q H
th
e c i t ie s .

5 . Wh en ever a n c a p a b l e o f r e c e i v i n g D dg e s h
y l e t t e r,
’

foll o w s t h e a r t icl e i t w il l b e d o u b l e d b y t h , a t m ark an d ,

th e a r t i cl e w il l t a k e P at h ah h th e sun .

6 B t .
1
7 u W or 3 (w i t hS hé é J e fr q t l y fo d
, , , ,
’

v ar e u en un so

1
i t t d w i t ho t D ag e h
s ua e 71 3
u
2 2 7 7? t h l t io s P : iii a s, 9 e s a va n , s. .

“ 5 21 t h r i 2
E x o d i i 1 8 &c Whr e t h pho n i c cc e t i
e ver , . v .
, . e e eu a n s

l o om i t t d A t t 1 28 2 ; 1 2 7 3
a s e , r . . . .

L
7 Of w or d c o m m
. ci g w it h ) s t h L it en N m n , e ev es , u .

iii 1 2 — Wi t hp l ab ia?t h t che P c xl i 1 ; m i ttt a m t h

. .
,
"
l e ea r, s. v.
-
e

p o rl i m rs
c a
( f m ) f g
e oo d we P . l x iii o 1 2 — Y t w e h e ne s, s. v . . e av

37 ? BD W U th
2? t h i K i i x 1 1 ”
Q d l i c o
W
t 2 e
g n sa ne ; e t
n w m
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d D W
.
, IT T ,

Je i 2;
r. v . th e d lt Ez k 32 a PW u TJ e r ess, e . x vi. , an
‘

t h c oo ks e I h x l i 2 4 &c — Wi t h 3
, . v a .
D
Pf ffi e f og
l d i fi , t h . . s,
‘
r s,

E x o d i i 2 9 Y t w h v e 33 7 1 9 3 7] t he frog Ex o d iii 2 I
. v . . e e a , v . . n

m o t sf th e o i t c i t i p ro b b l t he e gl i g c e f t h t r a n
se n s an es, s a e n en o e

c r i b r h b t h ol c
s e s as een ft h o m i i o e s e a u se o e ss n s.

8 If h . o w r i t hr f t h l t t r 7 7 T1 or 37 foll o w s ch
, eve , e e o e e e s , , , u

l t t r D a e hi m o s t l y x p r D l n a th
H
‘ fi
ed : a e J w
'

e e ,
g s s e & c ess s,
‘

e s, .

9 B t wh . u y l,
t t r i c p
en b l fan r e c i i g D
e a g e he f o l l o w n a a e o e v n s s

th e r t i c l i t w i l l t k t h p r f c t o w l c orr p o d i g t
a e, a e e i e e v e es n n o n

or d r t c o m pl t i t yll b le
e o W5 U t he m { 3 55 773 t h he d ;
e e s s a : as,
‘
an
-
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71 73 537 7 1 t h i r i & e v n, c.
s
’
gT

10 I m .
y i t
n a c e h w
an e r w h ens i t h e r Tl n or s,77 f o l loo w s ev , n e , , ,

i t i ll re t i e d
s s 71
t t h
a n t w h i c h p o c
: as, d t h G e ii 1 4 ; a r ee e , n . .

th li i g r t r G
e v n iii 1 I l l w hi c h c
c ea u e, en . v . . n a ase s

w i ll i t hr be e t i e d by cc t or m s t b c o i d e r e d a
su s a n e an a en ,
u e ns s

p l c i a g a inm p l i c i t D nd g é h i t h f o l l o w i n
g l e t t er
( A t s n e r .

11 I w or d. n t m o n o yll b l
n s, c om m c i g w i t h
o 7 7 H ors 1 7 a e s, en n , , ,

w i t hKam t th r t i cl
’
ll y t k e 53
? e h i
'

e e s r a t w
e u su a a s a s, ,
e se

m an
; t h c it i ( A t e es r .

1 2 Wh . chw or d s e m o o yll b l t h for m r r u l e p e

en su ar n s a e s, e e r

il 171 7 1 t h m t i ; 5 37 ” t h p e op l P 9
“

va s : a s, e ou n a n e e, ar. .
lT T IT T

1 3 Th e le t t e r n
. ho w e v r ha v i g ( or ( ) i m o o s yll bl e
, e , n 7 n n n a s,
1 74 LECT U RE ix .
E AR T . 1 8 0 . 14 .

i ll m o t l y p r e fi x t he r t i c l e w i t h
w s 1 K i g iii 2 2 23 a a s,
"NU
IT
n s .
,

w hr i t o o cc r T h E z k xxx i
( l e e i ff
) ; a s t w t u s, 3 5 e a s es, e . v . .

T h w or d e th l w y t k w i t ht h ea r
e ti l d ch g s
, a a s a es
~
r ar c e, an an e

i t fir t s t ( s f t h k f p ho o y W
r 5 7 7 t h r
or t h e sa e o eu n : a s, v ar 1
e ea .

1 4 On t h . e u s e o ft h e a r t i cl e w e s h a l l s p e a k p ar t i c u l a r l
y
wh e n w e c om e t o t h e S n t ax I t w i ll s uf fi c e f or th
y e .

p r e s e n t t o r e m a r k t ha t i t s o ffi c e s a pp e a r t o b e t w o ,

o n e t o m ark t h
,
e n ou n t o w h i ch i t i s p r e fi x e d a s a l r e a d y ,

kn o w n a n d d efi n i t e e i t h er f rom th e c o n t e xt or f r om
, ,

g en er al c o n se n t : as fi rs;t t h
e li h
g t G en i 4 or ,
“

, . .
- '
,
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D p g/U t h e h e a ve n s I h i 1 ; HQ Q U l m ph g I s vi i
fi ‘ ’ " ’
, . . T uo , . .

1 4 &c : t h
, e oth
. er fo r th e p u r po s e o f i m p r e ss i n , g u po n

th e m in d o ft h e H e a r e r o r Re a d e r t h e cu l i a r r o er t
e
p p p y , ,

n a tu r e ch a r a ct e r
, &c o fth e n o u n t o wh i ch i t i s p r e
,
.
,

fi xe d : a s “fi ?
rs a n a n i m a l r e m a r k a b l e fo r i t s p r op e r t ie s
,
t

a s a lio n 1 S a m x v ii 3 4 , S o I h 21 1 1 7] a v e r y h . ea r . . . .

‘
S o p a ss i m D D7 § D t h
, e r ea l o r t r u e Go d
‘
I t i s o cc a .

s io n a l l
y u s e d m or e ov e r a s a v o ca t i v e : as
‘
W B H t h e , ,

B e i n g d e s ig n a t e d a s Th e L o r d P o ssesso r or th e l ik e , ,

1 Ki n g s x v iii 2 6 C o m p D e u t xxx i i 1 . P s c x iv 8
. . . . . .

J o e l i 2 S o i n t he N T e s t
. .
, H e b i 8 A po c . . . . . .

xv . 3 , &c .

15 . T hi s p a r t i cl e is o i d t o cc r
al s sa o u in t he s e n se o f the La t in
v e r su s , w he n o
f u n d, e i t hr p r fi x d or p
e e e or b o t h t w or d
o s t fix e d , o s :

1 7; D Q W
, ,

a s, ”
9 53
2
92 t o w a r ds R amah
, 1 S am . vn . BEU t or t o w r d
‘
o, a s

t h
e P hl is t i n e s , I h
i . x iii . 20 ; t t h c it y I h xx 4 0 4 2 ;
o e , . .
,

W
EN 71 7 W 7 1 7 1 5 7 t o t h
2 ? e t
1
en t o f S a ra hhis m o t h er
l G xx i v 6 7 ,
' '
en . . .

Th
e J ew s, an d s om e o f the G rm e an D ii
v n es
,
ha v e t ho u ght t ha t i n t hi s, ,

a n d so m eo hr c t h rt i c l t i q i el t t a s es , e a e s e u va e n o the D e m o n s t ra t i v e p ro n o u n

thi th i t ti
s, fw h
e i ch ho w r h b
n en on t g t r i
o d f c r t i p l eve as ee n ,
o e o a e a n un a a

t bl
a d oct ri
e Thi w or d m y how r b p l c d w i t h q l p ro p ri t y
n e. s a , eve ,
e a e e ua e

u ndr e co d h d hr
o u r se n ea e e.

1 T hi t c i lsl i p t i c l f r 1
se n e n 8 m t : 5 ! m h
e S G s 22 e a , o 73 3 s
'

n
’
n , ee en . x x vn .
,

&c .
5?55
53 .
A RT . 1 80 . ON T H E ,
P A R TI CLE S .
a
l 75

To w hi c hm a n y o t he r s m i ght b e a dde d . I n the se i n st a n c es, ho w

eve r ,
r y d o b t f l w h t h r t h r t i cl d o
it is ve u u t t ie it s e e a e es n o r e a n

or i g i l ig ific t io ; th o
na s n fo l lo w i g b i g c o i d r d
a n e n un m n e n ns e e a s co

l m t t o m p r c d i r b i t hr x p r d r i m pl i d e sse o
p e
yen ar o
g s e e e n ve , e e e e

J o h iii 1 9 1 3 7? q5 3 :2 d t hy t d T H E c it y & c
”

a s, s . v . 1 , an r b
y e e n er e , .
, o ,
1
t h pr po i t i o
e e 75 b i s
g nd r t oo d T h f o l l o
e n wi g un x m pl e s . e n e a es

w i ll t d t c o fir m t h i o p i i o i w hi c h cc or d i g t B t ff
W
en o n s n n n a n o ux or

W
, ,

th e pr p o i t i o e i t b s pp l i d ;
n W s H 5 l3 2
’
o 1 e d h c m e (t )
su e
" '
an e a o

t r d J l m 1 K i g iii 1 5 ; ”Q ; th
”
l it . en e e . e r u sa e ,
I w il l n t
s
y . e n er
— 1 1
ho u se, P 8 ;
n
i
s. v. l fl ; 3 1 73 73 7 3 7 “ t d ”
t h k i g
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w t 7
p ( ) t an e n en u o

5 5W !
1
th h e f
o use J h o h o 2 C h ro e xxx i va 3 0 ; 7
,
3 ? d n h . v.
}
an e

( c a u se d t h m t t r ) eb r
g h to t h m en t B b y l
e o J xx ou iii 3 e o a n , er. v . .

1 6 Th p .
g ei w h i c h
assa n o cc r es
p t fi x d t
n w or d n d in u s, o s e o s, a

wh i ch i t i i d t h t he i g i fi c t i o f
s sa o ave e m e ro
s n ; a n o v e r su s , ar nu us

y e t i t, m t t b us d i m b ln od t h t p e g w h i c
sse h m t b e , a a ssa es us e so

c o t r d b t i w hi c ht hi p r t i c l i t fo d
ns ue , u n l o s m ro s
a e s no un , are a s nu e u .

N ldi o i us f opi io s t ht it i
o o t hi g m or t h a p r gog i
n n , a s n n e an a a c

l t t r dd d f t h
e e , a e m r e k e f pho y; or w i t h t he i w f
o r e e sa o eu n , v e o

g i i
v n
g o m m p
s h i e e d i f t h i l t t r b
as s : t h f c t ani t w ,
i l l b t h s a e e e a , e e

defi i t n r t ic l a
e a d i t h C hld i c
e, s u sed Sy i c f B n t e f a a an r a s ux or

ho l d t ht i t i s, t p r gogi c b c a
a s no
y h a t a l l i t e r ,
i h i l e u se , s a s e, a es ae n

i
”
a d v o ce m co n s i n i fi ca n t .
g
Wh t hi p r t i c l i p t fi d i t d o
17 . en t t k t h cc s t a e s os x e , es n o a e e a en ,

i wh
n i chp r t i c l r i t d i ff r fro m t h f m i i fli
a u a Th f l e s e e n ne a x e o

low i g nf w x m pl f i t o cc rr c
a re a

W?t w d h
”W e
W WW t Eg yp t e a es o s u en e : - o

x ii 1 0 1 4 & ” WW
,

G en . .
, G 5 xx v iii
, c. o ar s ea ve n , en . x v. ,
.

1 1 & ; , i t o t h i r Ex o d i 2 2 7 1 1 21 33 73 t w d t h
c . n e r ve , . . o ar s e

d t Ex o d i
e se r 2 7 &c
, I th c it i . i d by o m t b
v. , . n es e a se s, s sa s e o e

eq i l t
u va ent t h S y r i c a d C h l d i c R w hoi c h i t hr m k e t h a n a a , e e a es e

n o t w hi c hi t i t t c hd d fi i t or g i e o m m ph i t t h
un , o s a a e e n e, v s s e e as s o e

sen t c O th en bj c t
e. th e Sy t x A t 22 1
n e se su e s, se e n a ,
r . .

Th r ii o H il l om
'

e s au us G ra m m a t icu s , l ib . . ca
p . x ii R eg
. . v. Se e als e ri . On .
,

p . 3 39 .

1 71
p a r a go
g i c um n il n iip s ro n u n c a n i t is n i su s e s t , q i u v el i m pe t u m et te n

d e n t ia m ad l oc u m o bj ect u m ve al u i d; v el a d m i r a t io n e m m a gn i t u d i n i s , au t, in
n e ga t i v i s , ex i gu i t a t i s rei s ign i fic a t ; v e l ob s n o i
sa l t e m s u a vita t e m v o ci b u s

ad j ic i t u r .
”
o cord p rt
C n . a . Ed 1 7 3 4 ,. 21 7 , p . n ot e.

I The s a u r G r m p 5 68
. a .
, . .
 L EC T U R E 1 x . as E
ART . 1 8 1
.
.

On the Nu m e r a ls .

1 81 . Th s p e cie s o f n o u n s o f w hi chw e ha v e t o
e l a st ,

t rea t , are th e n u m e r al s : t h e se a r e o f t w o kin ds : l st ,

th o s e w hi c h d e si g n a t e t he n u m be r o f p e r s o n s o r t hin g s , ,

t o be t h u s de fin e d a n d a r e t e r m e d t h
,
e Ca r di n a l N u m be r s

a n d 2d t h
, , o s e w hi chd e t e r m i n e t he o r d e r m w hi ch t he y ,

a r e t o b e t a k e n : a s fi r s t s e co n d
, , &c w h i ch a r e t e r m e d
, .
,

th e Or d i n a l N u m be r s .

2. Th e Ca r d i n a l N u m be r s a r e s u ppl i e d in th e ,

H e b r e w b y s u b s t a n t iv e s p u t e i t he r i n a ppo s i t i o n o r i n
,
.

, ,

th e st a t e o f c o n s t r u c t io n w it h o t h
, e r s d e si n a t i n
g g t h e

p e r s on s o r t hin g s t o b e n u m b e r e d : a n d t he y ha v e t his
p e c u l i a r i t y t ha t t ho s e w hi chd e s ig n a t e t he n u m b e r s fr o m
,

th r e e t o t e n i n cl u si v e l e n e r al l ake t h e m in in e f
yg , y t e
f o rm

w i t h m a s c u l i n e n o u n s : a n d v i ce v e r s cl th
’
, e m a s cu l i n e ,

fo r m w i t hfe m i n i n e n o u n s B ut o f th
. is m o r e w il l b e s a i d
in th e S n t ax
y T h. e de cim al n u m b e r s m a
y b e c o n s id e r e d

a s a dj e c t i v e s o r e p i t h et s .

Ta b l e f
o b o t ht he C a r d i n a l an d Or di n a l N u m be r s .

N U M B ER S .
AR T. 1 8 1 . ON T H E N UM ER AL S s .

C o n st r

1 0

M a sc co m en t w e n t y, th
i r t y,
.
, .
g .

fo r ty 13 11 3 1 3
2 ; fift y,
1 Da mn ; s ix t y, Wit s e ve n ty ,

h
,

w
o n s} ; e ig t y, i n e t y, 13 11 122131 ; a h
n u n dr e d, 1

hu n d r e d , 0 193 73 , fo r 0 1 23 73 ; a
“
1 1 1
T1 8 19 , con st r 11 13 73 ; t w o
ha d
.

tho u s a n d, fim
l
; two tho u s a n d, 0 1
5 78 ; ten t o us n ,

”93 ,
or 8 1 11 1 1 41 , ,
T
1 §3 1 , or 1 1 1 211 .

OR D I N A L N U M B ER S .

h
i a sc .

i ts -
tn g ,

s
y
p fl;
‘
}
Fo u r t h,
1
31 ,

1
g 1
DD ,

Si x t h,
”
W
W ,

S ev e n t h,

E ighth , wa s .
)
N in t h 2W ”
1 1
,

1 7 .
1
f
t 2,
f

3 The r e st o f t he Or d i n a l N u m be r s are m a de by t he te rm s

W WU
.

the C a r d i n al o T W V 1 1 T1 N 1 th th
'

u se d fo r n es : a s, i“ e e l eve n

y ea r o ,
D l‘ “ W37 ” 373 Wt h
1
e s e ve n t e e n t hda y .

4 In s om o t hr c
e e he C a r d i n a l N u m b e r ha sb e e n p r e
a se s a s l o t

W
.
,

fe rr e d D i “ da t h fi r t d D ‘
fl “ D W t h
W
: a s, y on e 1 e e s a
y ; e

Wt he s even t hyea r B u t t he se a r e p ro
, . .

c
se o n d y ea r ; so 3 73 NE
WP Q U N EW
.
,

b bl y e lli pt ic al xpr io Le v ‘
e ss n s. 1 0, 11 D

W1
a e . x x v. .

H
E th
ye ea r o
fj fl y y ,
i e a r s 1. e. th
e
fifl ie t h An d G e n vu 11,
W“ EWB i
W
. .
, .

a? th hu n dr e d th
'
fl t T1 ND n e
y
ea r o f s ix
ye a r s , 1 . e . zn e

s ix hu n d r e dt hyea r .
1 78 LEC T URE ix .
f AR T .

5 . The de c im al n um er a l s en d i n
g in C1 1
1
“

: a s, 13 11 12317 , are n e ve r
o
fun d k i g t h for m f c o t r c t i o
ta n (
e A t o r ns u n , r .

6 Wh t h f m i i
. for m o cc r i t hs
en m r l
e d i t rib t io
e n ne u s n e e n u e a s, s u n

or p r c l c o i t i g c h f t h t m b r f p r o or t hi g i
a e s, ns s n ea o a n u e o e s ns n s, s

i t d d t b co y d
n en e o e d h ief f t h t n ve e : a s, an c s o e en s,

Ex o d x iii 2 5 . v . .

7 Th
. e i n t e r m e d i a t e n u m b e r s fr o m t e n t o t w e n t y ,

t w en t y t o t h i r t y &c a r e m a d e b y c o n n e c t i n g a d e c i m a l
, .

w i t ha n u n i t i n t h e f ol l o w i n g m a n n e r
, .

M a sc . Fe m .

E l e ve n , g a ar 1 n s ,
n p ty
p n o}
t .

or Wig}! 1 1 7 1 121 7 2

/ 1 We
mag m a1 ,

o n e},

wyg n wSw
‘ ‘

t /
m g1! 125
1 1 1 1 .

1
-
fr m w e we ”
"
1 . a .

S ix teen ,
“

l g1 /1 H iya) ,

S e ve n t e e n ,
11 5
7 ]
0 1 11 3 W .

E ig hteen ,
m m} m ew m m} .

N in e tee n ,

8 . In a fe w c a se s 7 17 11 1 i s f u n d o as t he a b ol s u te f or m : as,

1 71 121 7
1 to of
on e th
em , D e u t . xx iii v . 55 . So 2 K i n
g s ix . 1 ,

E k xl i
z e . v . 1 7, Ze c h x i . . 7 , &c .

9 . I n t wo i
or d i fo d d f c t i l y w r i t t e Ez k
n stan c e s, t hi s w s un e e ve n , e .

x iii 1 0 11 NT
v .d l b xxx iii , an . .

1 0 Th fm i i .for m n n n w h fo d a t t h
e e d f
n ne e , en un e en o a s n

t c w i t h t h cc t A t hd hh or S eg ol i w r i t t e 1 e
en e e a S en n , ,
s n 1 ee

Ex o d xxx i 1 0 w hr i t o cc r t w i c
. v .
,
e e u s e.
'

Th i w or d ( T 1 1 1 ) i l o fo t h pl r l “
D 1
d i 72
1
l l . s s a s un n e u a : a s, .

5 1 1 115 di t i
12
1
l i k m c i i t h L t i G
o n e s u n ce x i 1 it , e aen n s u n s , n e a n en

x i 2 0 ; D E Wi
. . .
:
, '
,

I b xxx ii 4 4 xx i x 2 0 Ez k T
. . 1 7 D
,
.
, e . x x x vn .
, an . . s
ART . 1 81 . ON T H E N U M ER A L S .

pu t fo r D ‘
Q J Wh t e 3 be i n
g d p e dro p
, a n d it s l o ss su
pp l ied b y
D ag e s h(n o t fo r t e, Ar t xico
’
. S e e m y Le n .

th th
‘

12 . Fr o m t wen t y t o ir t y, &c .
, ,
e i n t e r m e di a t e
n u m eral s ar e fo r m e d t hus

Co m .

On e -
a nd -
t w e n t y, or
Tw o -
an d t w e n t y,
Thr ee -
an d thi r ty,
-

Fo u r -
an dfo r t y,

S ix tysix -
,

S e ve n t y s e ve n , -

13 . An d t he hu n d r e d s , &c .
, thus

Thr ee hu n d r e d , 1 1 11379
F o u r di t t o , I1 W
7 ) D3. 1 8

F i ve d i t t o ,
Thr e e tho us a n d ,

F o u r dit t o , 1 mug 113

-
11 51 7 13
1

F i ve d i t t o , 0 11 5
1 1 211
1
1
3 1
1 3
1
1
Tw i ce t en t ho u s a n d, “1
3 W
Tw e n t y t h
o u s a n d,

Te n t i m e s t en t ho u s a n d,
“
l W
l!
A hu n d r e d t ho u s a n d , fim
l
7 2579
1
1
or ,
11 257;
S ix h u n dr e d t h
’

o usa n d , 1 1 1 11 11 u rf

S e e No . 2 . ab o ve .

N 2
1 80 LEC TU R E x .
[ i r A 18 1 14 .

14 . The Ca r d i n a l ro m t hr e t t e i cl s i v r q i r e
N u m e als, r f e o n n u e, e u

the w ord des i g t i g t he t hi g m be r d t b p t i t h pl r l

na n n nu e , o e u n e u a

r q i r t h i g l r Ex m pl W
,

be r t h o t hr m
W
nu m : a ll e e s e u e e s n u a a e s,

2W W Q fi y
.

77 W “ 13 " D I
ve ea r s a n d a hu n dr e d y ea r , Ge n v. 6 37 3

W W W
.
,

7 73 i l?”QW
n ih WD D ‘
ea r s a n d e i h
t hu n dr e d ea r Ih7
s e ven
y g y , . .

S om i n s t an c o cc r in w hi c h t hi s r l t ob r ved :

W
e es u u e 13 n o se a s,

W
,
X
”l ?t w e n t y l a n ks , E x o d xxx i v 23 ; D ‘
PF D D‘ U
p . .

jfi y
i sh
e ke l s , J oh s v ii. 21 ; fib N ”
' 37 3 3
3
-
1 WWW? t wen t y a n d fou r
WWWI “
.

t h
ou s a n d , l Chro n . x x v11. 1 ; 7W
3 .
a so n of t wen t y

and fi ve
y ea r s, 1 e a m an five an d t w e n t y ye a s o ld r . So ‘
D T W};
W
. .

77
3 YWO‘
,
t wen t y a n d n ne i y ea rs , 2 K i n
g s x 1v . 2 . B ut o f t hs i
m or e w i ll b e sa id in t he S yn t a x .

15 Wh en t he de cim al n um b rt k
e a es t he p re c e de n c e, t he co n

WI WWB
.

j ct io
un n 1 is u sed : a s, ”Q D 13 ’
n s ev en ty a n d sev e n ; D

i WWW" n i n e t ya n d s ix , Ez r . v iii . 3 5 , &c .

16 Wh t h m r en e nu e al s are to be u se d d i trib t i
s u ve l y, t he y a r e
W W
.

r p d l i k o t hr o i
7 7
e ea t e e e n un s : a s, 5 9 5 2 tw o an d t wa , e. by
WW} D W
,
.

t wo s WQ 13 ‘ ‘ q or byj ift ie s , e ve ryfift i et hm a n .

1 7 . N u m e als, s r i gn i fyi g t h r p t i t i o
n e e e n o fany q i y or t hi g
uan t t n ,

r xp r byth b r m Tm
f r
i
are e n e a l ly e e s sed e d u al num e : a s, D -
ou
g
o
f ;ld D T
QWW J s e ven
f
-
o ld or , s ev e n t i m s co et u n e d.

L EC TU R E X .

ON TH E H EB R EW V ER B S .

1 82 . WE n o H e b r e w Ve r b s
w co m e t o t reat on the ,

a n d t o sh ew fi r s t I n w ha t w a y t he y a pp e a r t o ha v e b e e n
, ,

fo r m e d ; s e c o n d l y T o d e l i n e a t e a n d e x p l a i n t he i r s e ve r a l
,

c on j u g a t i on s .

2 Th. e v erb w e b el ie v e (S e e , Ar t . i s, i n i t s
c r u de s t a t e n o t hin g m o re t h an a
, n ou n ofon e fo r m or
AR T . 1 82 . ON T H E .
VE RB S . 1 81

o t he r a n d t ha t i t s s ig n i fi c a t i o n i s r e g u l a t e d b y t ha t
,
*
,
‘

p e c u l i a r t o t he fo r m o f t he n o u n t o w hi ch i t b e l on g s , ,

w h e t h e r t ha t fo r m h e p r i m i t i v e o r d e r iv e d , .

3 I f th .eref o r e w e ha v e t he m e a n s o f k n o w i n g wha t
, , ,

s ig n i fi c a t io n i s t o be a t t a che d t o t he diffe r e n t fo r m s o fthe

p r im it i ve n o u n s a s a l s o ho w t he a u g m e n t e d fo r m s a r e ,

d e r iv e d a n d w ha t s e n s e t he y w ill b e a r ; w e sha l l a l s o
,

k n o w t o w ha t cl a ss t he v e r b i t s e l f i s t o b e r e fe r r e d a n d
, ,

wh a t m u st be i t s
g e n er al f o r ce a n d m e a n i n
g , .

4 I n o u r Le c t u r e s o n t h
. e f o r m s a n d d e r iv a t i o n o f
n ou n s w e l a id be f , o r e t he S t u d e n t a l l t ha t a pp e a r e d
n e c e ss a r on th a t s u bj e c t l e a v in i t t o h i s o wn i n d u s t r y
y g
to f o l l o w o u t t he e n q u i r y t o a n y e x t e n t he m ig ht t hi n k
p r op e r W e n o w c o m e t o sh
. ew h o w th i s b ear s o n t h e

q u e s t io n b e fo r e u s .

5 Th e dif
. fe r e n t fo r m s o f t h e v erb as f ou n d ge n e r a l ly ,

i n u se a m o u n t t o s e ve n ; fo u r o f t h
, e se h a v e a n a c t i ve ,

an d th r e e a p a ss i ve ( a n d s o m e t i m e s a r e c i r o c a l ) sig n i
p
fi ca t io n .

6 . The fi r s t o f t he s e ha s b e e n t e r m e d K a l ,
i . e .

k vi s, l ig ht ; be c a u s e t h e r oo t i s h e r e e xhi bi t e d in it s

K i m khi y sa s, in hi s He b r ew Gr am m a r , t he M ikhl o l . f
ol 3 . . ve s ro ,
W 3 1m m
cm 0 1m m cam s? Br an v
: was p hp m umu
-
m m
'
q m mn n n u t '
m n pwpw
r t p roc d t w ri t h c hp t r t h m
I fi s ee3 53 97 W mm mm 1 3
o m ? te e a e on e 1 73 7 “ : 73

G r m m r f rb l t ho ght h o p r c d t h rb f t h rb p ro c d
a a o ve s, a u e n un e e es e ve : or e ve ee s

fro m t h o A d t hy h h o i l i k h b o d y h b c
y e n
1 t t un t
. t n
j t f e sa a e n u n s, e e , e su e o

acc i d t ; b t t h t t h rb ( m yb c o i d r d ) t h cc i d t (o l y ) A d
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Ob s e r
ort wn 3 5m m ve that
a
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“
11 1 1 1
7
?

T hr th
o w hi c h i t hr d r i d fro m rb or fr m w hi c h rb
e e a re se a re e e e ve ve s, ,
o ve s a re

d ri d ;e R b
ve Si Zb l c h f w hi ch i d ri d fo m
a s, eu rb
en , m eo n , e u on , ea o s e ve r a ve

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1 82 LECTURE x .
CAR T .
“

1 82 7 . .

s m i pl e s t a t e . Ve r b s of t hi s s
p e cie s are e it he r a ct i v e , or

n eu t e r .

7 In this c on j u g a t i o n Sp e cie s ha l l t e r m it ,
‘

.
, or , as we s

three fo r m s hi ch m a yhe r e p r e se n t e d b y t he
are in u se , w

m e a su r e s IE ; an d
H;D co r r e s o n d in
“

p g t o t h e fo r m s
“

I
“

of n o u n s g i v e n i n A r t 1 5 3 F f I I II I . . . . .

8 A g a in in t h
. i s a s i n e v e r yo t h
,
e r S e c i e s of t h
p , e co n

j u g a t io n of H e b r e w v e r b s t w o t e n s e s o n l y a r e fo u n d ,

n a m el t he P a st a n d t h e Pr esen t
y ,
.

9 Th .e l e a d i n g fo r m i n e v e r y Sp e ci es w il l d e sig n a t e
th e th i r d p e r s o n si n g u l a r m a s cu l i n e of t h e Pr e t e r it e ,

T e n se ; a n d in K a l t h i s w i ll a l w a ys b e a p r i m i t iv e n o u n
, ,

of t he fo r m l eg l ag o r lPE " " "

Q , , .

1 0 Th e l e a di n
.
g fo rm r o er f
p p o r t h e
p r e s e n t t e n se ,

of t his S p e ci e s i s a l w a ys a n o u n of o n e o r o t he r of t he
, ,

r im i t iv e S e o la tes ; a s 3 ( S A
“

p g 1 12 o r e e r t , ,
.

1 48 , wh i ch w h en co m b i n e d w it h o n e o r o t h
, e r of

th r o n o u n s w i l l p r e se n t b o t h t h e v ow e l s a n d si n i fi
e
p , g ,

ca t i o n ro er f o r th i s S e ci e s of t h o j t i o
p p , p e c n u
g a n .

Th e n e x t Sp e c i e s t a k e n in t h e u s u a l o r de r is , ,

t e r m e d N ip h /
u il 541 993 b e ca u se a s i t sho u l d se e m t ha t
, , , ,

t e r m p r e se n t s t h e co n j u a t i o n
g i t s elf of t he w o r d f o r ,

m e r l yt a k e n a s a p a r a d ig m f or th e ve rb s in en e r al wh i ch
g ,

w a s 511 2 Th i s co n s t i t u t e s a s o r t of obj e c t i v e v o i ce of
.

th e fo r e g o in g .

9“
A si m il a r v a r ie t
y, i n t he v ow el s
p r op er o r th
f e m e d i a l ra d i a l c l e t ter o f the

r oo t xi,
e st s in t he A ra b i ; c w he r e , as in t he H e br e w , the fi rs t
ge n e r a l l y

den ot es t r a n sit i v e v e rb s ; a s,
J
G ) be as s is t e d ; the se co n d, v e rb s o f s e n se : as ,
I

3 “ h
e h
ea r d ; ; h
e wa s g la d ; t he t hi r d ha b i t ; a s, ; be w a s
( I ,
f
)

g e n er o us , &c . So , Ire v is i t ed ; U
P? h
e wa s
g l ad ; V
9; h
e w a s
p o w e
f
r ul .
AR T . 1 83 . ON TH E V ERB S . 1 83

2 Thi s s p e ci e s i s , a cco r di n g t o o u r s ys t e m , g r o u n d e d
“

on an au m e n t e d w or d, c o m b i n e d of t w o o t h e r s, a n d
g
o
f r d in
af g b o t h t he fo r m an d se n se
p e cu l ia r t o t his co n

j u g a t i o n ( S e e Ar t . 1 57 . 1 8, 1 9, &c . 1 62 . Ff . I .

the r e fo r e , w ill b e t he m e a su r e g e n e r a l l y t a k eti

"

E
“
TRQJ , , ,

fo r the l e a di n g fo r m of t he Pr e t e r i t e T e n s e of t his
S p e ci e s a s, be w a s , or be ca m e , vi si t e d .

3 . The P r e s e n t Te n se of t hi s S p e ci e s i s fo r m e d on the

m e a su r e (f or
‘

B
T7Q7 3 71 A r t t 1 5 7 1 8 1 6 2,
19
J
“
. . . hich w ,

w it h t h e a b b r e v i a t e d fo r m of t he p r o n o u n of t he t hi r d
p e r s on s i n
g m a sc w i.l l be b e
. i s , or be co m e s ,
i
v s it e d, an d b y Ar t 7 6
,
. .

4 . The thi r d Sp e c i e s ha s been t erm ed P i li él 511 9 .

This i s of t he o ice a n d ha s fo r t he m o s t p a r t
i
a ct v e v , , ,

a t r a n s i t i v e s i n ifi ca t io n
g ( S e e Ar t 1 5 4 7 8 T h e . .
, ,

m e a su r e p r o pe r f or th e l e a di n e r son of t h P t e rit e
, g p e r e ,

is wh i ch i s o n e of t h e au
g m e n t e d a n d i n t e n s i t iv e

fo r m s g iv e n u n de r Ar t 1 5 4 4 &c . .
, .

5 Th . e fo r m
p pro er for th e l e a di n
g p e r son of t h e

P r e s e n t T e n se i s ( I h F o r m I ) 129 ; w h i ch w i t h t h
"

,
. . e ,

a b r i d e d fo r m of t h
g e
p r on ou n w i l l b e co m e
my , .

6 Th . e o b e ct i ve S e ci e s o r
j p p a s s i v e v o i ce
p e cu l ia r t o ,

th i s cl a ss of v e r b s i s t e r m e d P ii / 542g I t s l e a di n g
’

, i aj .

w o r d w i l l b e of t h d i l l l b
"
e m ea su r e 122 3 a n w a w a
y s e a ,

n o u n of t h e fo r m
g i v e n i n Ar t 1 5 4 F o rm V T h i.s m a
y . .

be t e r m e d t h e fo u r t hS e c i e s
p .

7 Th . e fi ft h S e c i e s i s t e r m e d H i lz b il
p p t h e

l e a di n g fo r m of w h ic h i s c o g n a t e w i t h t h o se of t he
m e n t e d n ou n s i v e n Ar t 1 6 0 t h at ro er f o r th
au
g g : p p . e

P r e t e r i t e b e in g of t h o r th e Pr e se n t
e m ea u e T
s r
E Q U — f , ,

7 3293 ; t h e fo r ce of w h i chw i l l b e s e e n i n Ar t 1 5 7 2 9 .
—
.

8 Th . e six t h a n d t h , e o bj e c t i v e Sp e c i e s of H ip bb il , ,

i s t e r m e d H op b b ei l Th is t a k e s fo r t h e l e a din
g ,
1 84 LECTURE x .
L aza r . 1 83 . 9 .

Wo rd of b o t h t e n se s , a n o u n of t he a u m e nt ed
g for m
‘

“
IP
I
E
DD S e e Ar t t . 1 57 . 1 0 1 60 F
. . . VI I . ha vin g an

o bj e ct i v e si
g i fi ca t i o n
n

Th t ha n d l a s t Sp e ci e s i s t e r m e d H i t bp d bél ,
’

9 . e se v e n

whi ch b e fo r e , i s t h fo r m t aken in th ol d
"

,
as e e

in t h
(
a r a di e ci e s Ou r fo r m is 125 13 0 ;
"

p g m 7122, is s
p .

The l e a d in
g . fo r m s p , r op e r fo r b o t ht e n s e s, w il l a l w a ys b e
of t h is me a s u r e fo r d i n g t h
s e n s e co m m o n t o n o u n s of
, af e

th i s fo r m S e e A r t t 1 5 7 1 3
,
— 1 9 1 6 4 Ff I I I . . . . . . .

1 8 4 Th e se a r e t h e fo r m s o f t h e s e v e r a l S e c i e s of t h
.
p e

C o n j u g a t i o n of H e b r e w v e r b s a s u s u a l l y g i v e n i n t h e ,

G r a m m a r s B u t t o t he se a fe w o t he r s m a y b e a d d e d
.
,

wh i ch a s t h, e
y o ccu r l e s s fr e u e n t l
q y h a ve b e e n co n si d e r e d ,

a n om a l o u s Th e
y are
. h o w e ve r a cc o r d i n
g t o o u r vi ew
, ,

o f th e s u bj e ct j u s t a s r e g u l a r i n t he i r fo r m a t io n a s t ho s e
,

a l read m en t ion e d : a n d al t h o u ht h o l f
y g e
y ccu r e ss , r e

u en t l w h i ch m i h t i l b o t d f —t h
q y g e a s
y e a cc u n e o r e
y
-
, ,

a re
q u i t e a s co n si s t e n t w i t ht h e a n al o
gy of t h e lan
g g
u a e ,

a s an
y v e r b s ca n be .

2 . The se o n a l Sp e ci e s a r e t ho u ght t o b e a n a
a dd i t i

l og o n s t o t h
’ '
o se of P i lze l P ii b dl a n d H i t bp d b e l b e ca u se , , ,

s o m e r e d u p l i ca t io n of t h e l e t t e r s o r s l l a bl e s of t h
y e r oo t i s , ,

e n e r all fo u n d t o t ak e l a ce i n t h em a s it do e s in t h o
g y p se ,

fo r m s ; a n d co n s e q u e n t l y a ffo r di n g a s i m i l a r s ha d e of
, ,

s i g n i fi ca t i o n al t ho u gh t he s a m e l e t t e r s a r e n o t a l w a ys
,

d ou bl e d n o r t h ,
e sa m e v o w e l s a l w a y s fo u n d t o a cco m
p y
an

3 . ha s b e e n r e m a r k e d (Ar t 1 5 4
It th a t n o u n s of . .

e x ce s s fo r m e d fr o m r oo t s h a vin
g 1 or f o r th e ir m id dl e ,

r a d ica l l e t t e r or wh i ch h ave th,e sa m e l e t t e r f

, or th e

s e co n d a n d t h i r d of t h e r oo t u su all
y t ake t h e fo r m s ,

1 11 15 fo r t h e a c t i ve an d 1711 5 fo r t h
" “
e a s s i v e Sl m
, p , g , ,

fi ca t io n : a s Dp i P L 3 13 BE,
ND f or the a ct iv e ;
, an d , , ,
AR T . 1 84 . ON T H E
‘

VER B S .

Opi P, BEN
D, fo r the
p a ss v e i of the se w o r d s,
ct iv e l
r es
p e
y .

d 1 1959, t he r e fo r e , w hi cha r e t h
" “
4 . I n st e a d of IRS , an e

m e a su r es
p po er f or r / the s e ci e s P i i él a n d P zi b al , w e
p
sh a ll a l w a s h a ve t he s e fo r m s fr o m r oo t s of t h i s d e s cr z
y p
t io n ; a n d h th e s a m e fo r m i s t a k e n f or th e l e a d in
ere , g
w o r d of e a ch of t h e t e n s e s r e s p e ct i v e l D l
pP pp D i ‘ ‘

y; ,

a c t i ve , a n d Dp i P, p a s s i ve .

5 . The fir st of t he s e fo r m s i s a l s o t a k e n fo r t he
H i t bp d b e l S p e ci e s i e i n s t e a d of W e sh al l h
’

R J
, Q T U . w . a ve ,

fo r t h e m e a su r e ; a s D i P
p J I D m ti l i i a ; a n d so
‘

, ,

o fo t h er s .

1 8 5 Th .i m o eo ere c o id b l
s, mbr f fo m p c
ver, a ns era e n u er o r s e u

li t
ar c t i o b er a n l id d o w b y S c h l t
ver s, a s d S c ho d
a d n u en s an r e e r, a n ,

b fo e t hm re b y D id Ki m k h
e ,
i d oth G m m i n
av fth e , an er ra ar a s o se

o m n o t ic ho l d b t k
s e e s Th e w it e
u the e h e ppo e d
a en . es r rs, n , av su s

th fo m
e se f th e c o j g t io n
r s o t h v o m e t im e x i t d ; n u a d o a e s e s e an ,

h c t hy h e p o c e d d t d i e o
en e, e av r f im ile e fo m s f o m o er v n un s o s ar r r

t hm e e , wh t h v e b it
ve n l f hs
en t o c cu r e d ;
e ll f wh
r ich se a n o r a o

seem t m e t
s b p o ce e d i g i a i v e t e d o d r
o , o e r A cc o di g t o n n n n r r e . r n

t m t h d d i t i o f o r oth f t h o o t
o ur s
y s e , e a e
p n ou o a n o n e,
y r, o e r n ns

o
n un i m pl m t d w
e o r aui l l l w ay h t h en e
e ff c t f i e t i a s a ve e e o nv
, s
g ,s g n

i t w i t ht h c h c t e o f a e b ; a d h c i t p o b b ly i t h
ara r at w
v er n en e r a s, e

o cc io l l y fi d t hi d o b o t h i t h H b w n d i l l i t
as na n s n e, n e e re , a n a s

di l ct a e Th i w il l
s. ffic i t l y cc o t f t h e
s su e au m e te
gen d a un or es r ar n

fo m r a al o f
s, th
s o i t c i w hich o n w hic h w e
s or se n s an e s, n n u s, er

o ig i ll y t h m
r na me ofe b ta c
ere n a e f ou n d c ti g v e bs
s su s n e s, a r a n as r

i th n to g
e se n u es.

2 B t t c om
. u to th , o
e e m i i e
g d e f o m w hsi c h ere a n n an rar r r s, ar

o m e t i m fo d m a ” o "

s es b un n i
as ver i f m of
s : s a a ss v e r
p ,

j t us as “ Pf
23
37 i f or O f t h i
-
f o m w hve
, s o s r , e a

H N?
E ( ” f Aor t 8 3 l ) d d i m p or
p o
. l l t d ; p .i m . r en er e ure, r u e r .

o
n N IQ
un
P , S 1 17 1 72
3 .
7 m de
f t o f
"

I xxx i 6 a a , or s. v.
,

wh ho w e t he B ag es t p o p f t he W i o m i t t d
e re , ev r, i, r er or , s e .

3 A oth f . o m gi
n er b y S c ho d r ,i 7 178 2 f o m w h ve n i c hw e r e e r, s ,
r

h o ly ave o
n pp
one o d t on b dun i d i su
a p r/io m
” “ ? i d
se e er ve , v z . e ,

J e i ii 7 1 0
r. Th
. i ,th e fo d o e t o cc a s spe c i es o f t he
. s, re re , s no ur a
 LE T C UR E x . az
E AR T.

C o n j u ga t io n o d o b t f l w he t hr i t t b e f d t t he
: i t is al s u u , e IS o re e rre o

fo m g ir by t h i G mm i ven t S ly th
( ) i s ra ar an , or n o . u re , as e T s

i m m t b l e l i pid ?w o ld b t h m o e
"

u a ,
it b l m u e e r su a e ea s u re .

4 A oth f . o m i WPB DO U Oft hi i

n er d “ 175 20 77
r s, . s s, an ,

o cc i g J dg xx 1 5 1 7 B t h w h
urr n u c it y f
. . . . u ere, e ave no n e ess o r

i t od ci g
n r w f o m t h o m i io f D ag e hi t h P w hic h
u n a n e r e ss n o
“

s n e ,
—

m igh t h b m l y cc i d t l
a ve w o ld m k it
ee nc t h t e re en —
y a a , u a e ne essa r a

t h p e c di g
e o w l ho l d b
r e p f c t n
( A t v Th i e s u e a er e o ne r . s

fo m th
r fo , m y b c o id d
ere b l o gi g t
re, H it bp d l él a e n s ere as e n n o r

( Art 1 83

W
. .

5 . The ne x t fo , g i v e n b rm
y S h r oe d e r , i s WBNQ T
JU, c or
Q QN ,

hi c hm a y b e e rred t o th r s t o ft h N fi o w i t ht h
w ref e ese f rm s
( o . e

o co o ha t t he D ag e s h p r o p e r fo r P ha s be e n
’
a d d it i na l n si de r a t i n , t , ,

om itte d, an d su
pp l ied as in t he la st Th e e x a m l e s o cc u r Nu m b
p .
, .

i 4 7 , 1 K in g s
. xx 2 7 .
,
&c .

6 . H is two n e x t fo r m s, v iz .
Wifia , an d ha v in g a re c ip o c l r a

s e n se , are no t su
pp o r te d by th e
p a s s a e s a dd u
g ce d . W m y e a

d is m i s s he m t he r e r e t o ,
fo , w it h u t fu r th e r e n u ir
q y .

7 Th e n ext f
. o r m 7 1755 17 71 s ho u l d ha v e b e e n , , his
g 7
e xa m
p l e b e in 5 3 5 13 73 w h i c hi s m a n if
e s tl
y d e r iv e d , fr om t he ro ot
S e e Ar t . 1 84 5 . .

8 . In t he f rm o as e x em
pl i e d in fi an d 5 11 t hw e ha v e ,
I b e l ie v e , n o t hi g n m o re than o
a f r m e q u iv a l e n t t o in w hich ,

t he o m it t d w h
D ag es hb e in g p f c t w l pp l i d t e ,
e a ve a er e vo e su e , o

c o m p a t e f t h d f c t t h o cc io d S A t 1 0 9
en s or e e e us as ne . ee r . .

9 Th x t fo m gi i mm w h ic hS c h d x m pl ifi es by "

. e n e r ve n , s , r oe er e e
1
7 T H” I xl i 2 0 b t t hi d o e
s. t occ
v. b : u s s no u r as a ver .

1 0 Of h i . x t fo m 7 2 3737
1 5 x s m p l o
ne cc ; b i
l tz i i” r
"

, n o e a e u rs -
, as

7 14v
1
g b y
i ve n h i m i fic t it io T h o i ,
ls
fl h d & u s. e n un s e an , c

wh i ch w h c o m e 5 § Q E S o ”
g m,
t d b en P
au U g f i
y g en t o
p e d , e s , i n i n r ce e

i t ht d i ct i Wh t h S cho d d i t io f i t f o m w ith
’
n a re on . e er r e er s er va n o r

b co e ct t m yb m t t
rre f di p t
or no ,
a e a er o r s u e.

11 W x t h 7 3 129
. e d t h x m ple g i
ne a ve
g
-

, an e e a ven r ee n ,

wh ic h i id t b p t fs sa B t
o ll t h i i
e u o r or u , a s s ex

t m lydo b t f l
re e Th o u t b u f th o m t d
e n un a e a rs o e o ne o se a u en e
pp .
g
b y t h d dit io f7 ( D l P f 5 7 7 17 c h od
e a A t P n o S see r .
, or 9 , as r e er

h p t i t w t hi k c o m
as u m o , o
p p y l
e d o t hn f o m ; es re r er u n er an er r

wh i ch h o w v i n o t hi g m o e t han a n o
,
e er, s n r un .
 AR T . on TH E V ER B S . 1 87

12 . H is ne x t fo rm ha s , fo r t he sa m e r e a s on , no c nne o xi on

w ith An d t he o th er x m pl e a e
g i v e n , is m an if
e stl ya n o un ,
1
5 2743173 , an d is r e e r a bl e
f to t h c om po
e un d f rm o ( A rt . 1 69 .

13 . The f rm 7 o 3 .
??
5 t ho lds u rat he r ha v e been um
H a n , in
od r er to a d m it o f the f r m Upl fl fl fl o . B u t, as we ha ve a rel ad y
co ns id e r e d t hi s frm o ( A rt . 1 84 . we n eed not d w e ll an y l o n
g er

on he r e
it .

1 4 Th or m 5 is t h u l ic a t e d n o u n
e f.
$3 a t o f a r e d p ,( A r t .

wh i c hi s o ft e n c o n j u g a t e d a s a v e r b : a s “ D7 0 0 t r a ve l l in g a bo u t a s ,

a m e r ch a n t & c o fw h i c he x a m pl e s w ill b e g i v e n h
, . er ea f te r .

1 5 Wi t hr e s p e c t t o t h
. e ot h er f o r m s v i z 7 175 117 7 525951 , .
, ,

th e fi r s t d o e s n o t o cc u r ; a n d t h e re st h a ve be e n i v e n u n de r t he
g
d iffe r e n t fo r m s o ft h e n ou n a n d a cc o u n t e d f o r ; we n e e d n o t t h ere , ,
'

fo r e a dd a n yt h
, in g fu r t h er o u th em n o w
’16
.

1 8 6 Th . e fo r m s t he r e fo r e p r o p e r fo r t he l e a di n g
, ,

w or ds of e ve r S
y p e ci e s of t he co n j u g a t i o n n ow in u se,

w ill be as fol l o w s
P EC I ES . OR M S
F . S P EC I E S . Fo a M s . GE N E RA L F o a ca .

.
IP; c t i 1 o bj c t i
.
F
a ve .
3 5; c ip oc
7
r
re
e

r
ve o r

al . Si m pl e , or t ra n sl a t e d , ac
1 PB ,
1
ul. o ft he ro o t.

i n e u te r.

I n the c og n ate d ia l e t s c o f the H eb rew , v iz , . the A b ic E t hio pi c Sy i c

ra , , r a ,

d Chald a ic w ha v e co n s i d e r a bl e be r f fo m ldom f o d i th
’

an , e a n um o r s se un n e

co m o G m m
m n ra a rs . I n Er p e n i u s s rab i G ra
’
a r, e A c m m w h o l y t hi t ave n r ee n

fo m f th t l t e ral , a n d f u r o f t h o ’
r s o e ri i e q u a dr i l i t e r a l , v e r b . In M . d e S a cys
G ra m m a r, w e ha v e two m o re o tic d
n e in the t r il i t e r a l v e rb s , o
fu r un d er t he
q u a dr il it er a l s, an d a f
ew o th e r s, wh i ch a re s a id t o bel o n g t o t he t n l i t e r a l s, b u t

whi chh a ve b ee n au gm e n ted b ya l e t t e r or tw o . S ch e i d i u s gi v e s u p w a r d s o f

y fo r m s i n h
”

f ort is P r i m te Li n e ae I n s t i t u t io n u m
“
A ra b i ca r u m Lu gd B a t a v
. . .

1 77 9 A n d M r Lu m s d e n , i n h
. i s e l a b r a te
. lu m o Vo e on A rab i cG ra m m a r, ha s
g i ve n fs t i l l gr e a t e r
a l ist o e xt en t , a m o u n t in g to fifl y ( G r a m .
, p 1 6 2,
. fr m o
which i t a p pe a r s , t h
'
a t it ha s o ft en been a m a t ter o f d if fic ult
y , e ve n w i t ht he

n a t iv e G ra m m a ri a n s, to d e te r m in e w he t h
er m a n yo ft hes e s ho u l d be e rr ed
re f to

t r i l i t e ra l , o
q r u a d r il i t e r a l , r oo t s . S ha n on ce ;
om e o f them do n o t o cc ur m o re t

a n d th is s ho u l d s u gge s t t ha t t he l a n gu a ge i t s el f a c k n o w l e d ge s n o s u chco n j u
,

t i l l b t t h c o t t h t o s o f t he s e fo r m s, h a v e o cc a
g a o n s ge n e r a y; u o n e n r a r
y, ,
a n u n ,

si o n a l l b m d b t h u a l a dj u n c t s t o o cc u y t h e s i t u a t io n o fv e r b s
y ee n a e , y e u s , p .
 LE T C UR E X .

w a s. F o r ms . S P EC I E S . F om r s . G EN E RA L F R O C E.

Tr a n s i t i v e , w h h en t e ro o t in

Ka l is n ot S i so o m et m es
f
.

i n t e n si t i v e , f req ue n t at ive , o r

i id even ca u sa l N m a es o f su b

7 7 19
.

hi f
.

id . s t a n ce s o ft e u t ak e t s o rm

w h e n co n ve r t ed i n to ver b s.

o c 1
i n.

r bj e t i v e Ca u sa t i v e Tr a n s i t i v e Al
f ” a c t i ve
.
1 nj l
. . . .

, 6
.

o r so t he fo rm a s s u m ed by
ca u s a l , &c
L
.
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b
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a c t i ve .
”PEI l n obj c t ie ve .

re c ip oc r al, R e ci p r o c a l . P a s si v e . Re
&c .
fl e ct iv e o c ca s i o n a l l y.

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W IPE n e u t e r .
I n t e n s it i v e

F re qu e n
.

t a t iv e , I n t e n si t i v e , o
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m ? Ol 7
h
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9
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n e u te r . th l i ke .
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.
e

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IRB D n e u t e r ,
F r eq u e n t a t i ve .

Hb a i t, o r cu s t o m : it o cc u r

i IPDD
- ’
n e u te r.
fh o w e ve r bu t se ld o m ; an d
4 t h f e re o re , l i t tle ca n be
t as to i ts ge n e r a l f o r ce .

I t is r e m a rk a b l e that c a se s occ ur in the A ra b i c ,

in w hi c hL2 ) ,
n , occ u rs ,
0

.e ve n w he n t he ve r b ha s a l re a d y b ee n a u gm e n t e d by t ha t l e t te r : a s, p I ]
/G /

Wh
C z

h
s e, o r it ha s cu t . Th
e sa m e e xc es s occ u rs in the w odW r s e r e se m bl e d,

3
i n whi cht h e a d d it i n al o w i s i m pl i e d i n t he t es hd d o ee ve r the U )

1 In A r ab i c w e al s o ha v e v e rb s au gm e n t e d by
r ,
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7
4
3 4
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W
// Q / 95 .-
o I /l o

M ,
as in t e h p hr a se s ,
)
mi “ 1
0 M a y Go d m a ke

m a t t er s br o a d and
yf y
ea s or ou. Lu m s de n s
’
A r ab G r a m . .
, pp 1 47 . . 1 5 4, i n
whi cht h e re ca n be n o d u bt th o
ese v e rb s a r e o
f r m e d fr m o n o u n s.
 A R T. 1 8 6 . . on THE V ER B S .

B u t , fo r p a rt i cu l a r s, a s t o t he i r s e v er a l s i n i fi éa t i o n s,
”

2 .
g
Ar t t 1 8 3 1 8 4 &c , w i t ht h e r e fe r e n ce s
‘

se e . . . . .

3 . It m u st b e bo r n e yln h m in d, t h
a n g e o ccu rat an c

r in g i n t h e fo r m s of t h e n o u n s w i t hr e s e ct e i t h er t o th
p , e

v o w e l s o r co n s o n a n t s w i l l a l s o o cc u r w h en t h a r e u se d
, e
y
as v e r b s : i e wh u t t u r a l l e t t e r o ccu r s i n t h
e n e ve r a n
. .
yg e

r oo t c e r t a i n ch es m a t ake l a ce o n t h a t acco u n t i n
,
an
g y p
th e v o wel s eve n t h e co n s o n a n t s 17 8 a s w e ll a s t h
"
e 1

1
l e t t e r s 3 a n d 7 m a y d i s a p p e a r i n ce r t a i n ca se s : of t h
, , e se

w e sh all i ve e x a m l e s h e r e a ft e r w h e n w e c o m e t o de t a il
g p ,

th e fo r m s of t h e co n j u a t i o n
g at len
g t h ; w e sh a ll t h e n

al so o i n t o u t th r i n ci l e s o n w h i ch t h e s e ch a n e s &c
p e
p p g , .

a r e fo u n d e d .

1 87 I t sh o u l d b e p r e m ise d t ha t t he r e a r e in t he
.
,

H e b r e w a s i n o t he r l a n g u a g e s t hr e e p e r s o n s e a ch
, , ,

ha vi n g t he si n g ul a r a n d p l u r a l n u m b e r : t ha t i n t h e ,

v erbs t h e r e is n o d u a l n u m be r ; a n d t h
, at th e s e co n d a n d ,

th i r d p e r s o n s b o t hs i n g u l a r a n d p l u r a l h
, a v e fo r m s
p een ,

l ia r t o b o t h g e n de r s Th e fi r st
p e r s on
. i s u n de r o n e ,

fo r m co m m o n t o b o t hg e n d e r s a s i n t he p r o n o u n s (Ar t ;
, ,

1 45 .

2 . The s e d i s t i n ct io n s of t he p e r so n s ho w e v e r d o n o t , ,

a r ise o u t of t he r oo t i t s e l f b u t o u t of t h
, e
p r on ou n s w hi ch

a re, e it he r p r e fix e d o s t fi x e d, t o it m b br e v ia t e d
, or
p an a

fo rm .
 L EC T U R E E
‘

1 90 x . AR T . 1 8 8 .

1 88 . P a r a dig m f o the P r e t er i t e Te n s e o
f a Ve r b as co n j a

g a ted w i t ht he P ron o u n s , in t h
e Fi r s t Sp e ci e s , or KA L .

F ir s t F o r m , 7 12 3 2 v is i t i n g , ex e m
p ifi ,
l e d an d ana lyz e dfi "

SI N G UL A R .

P e r so n . M a s c.

WEB ,
the p r i m i t iv e co c n rete n o un .

SI N G UL A R .

M a sc . Fe m .

33 1 92 , fo r ha s “
1122+ 23 1 12 9 , f
or m:
-
”
ri mg , un c e r ta i n .
”1 1 7
92 , as b foe r e.

P LUR A L .

-
3 1 1 17 9 , fo r , ril l l o r, l n 7 125; ( Ar t
‘

. 139 7 . . as b ef r eo .

w tw m
"
2 can s as a t . 1
1 WP? as be f r e o .

This , a cco d i
r n g to D . Ki m kh
i, i s t he f rm o t a ke n by c e r t a in n o un s : as,

D 13
3 w ise ; fl a w i cked ; 53 9 i n t e ll ig e n t , &c . The o n l y d if
fe r e n c e b e in g t ha t the

n o un en ds in Ka m et s, w he r e a s t he ver b en ds i n P dt h
a kh . B ut, he go es o n to
tha t th o w ill en h en a t t h
d in Kam et
e e n d o f a v e r se w r a e com
sa y ,
e n un s, o ,

a n i e d b y c e r t a i n a cc e n t s : a s 11 32 3 as h h h
’
a d sa id G e n i l n
g i
“
v
33 t s

p e ,
x x ;
. as ,
. .
v

n o t sa t , P s i 1 Th
. e re a re a l so
. . i n s t a n c e s po i n t e d o u t b y h , i m in w h i ch ,

Kd m ét s i s t h e t e rm i n a t in g v ow e l , j u s t a s i t i s i n t h e n ou n , w h e n n e i th er th e

o si t i on o f t h e w ord n o r th e a cc e n t , r e q u i r e s a n y c h a n e in th
g e v o w e l s : a s
p
W
, ,

1 S a m v ii 1 7 , . . hig rap t? E1
1 ? t h er e h e j u d e d I sr a e l
g T o w h i c h h e a d d s a .

n u m b e r o fs i m i l a r e xa m l e s M i k hl ol f o l fl , v e r so e t f o l 1 in w h i c h e h
‘

p . . w . ave . .
,

Ka m et s w i t ht he a cce n t Zakéf I n a l l t he fo r m s d e s ign a t i n g t he p e r so n s, t he

.
,

r o n o u n s a re e i th a t io n , i n h n t in th
p e r so n a l
p e r v i s i bly o,
r b
y p i m l i c e r,e e m v is i bl ,
y
wh e re ver t h e f ra m e n t s o f t h m — a s exe m l i fi d h — a b i m l i ca t io n
g e p e e r e
pp e a r ; y p ,

wh e re t h e
y d o n ot T h i s i s m o.r e o v e r t h e d o c,
t r i n e o ft he A r a b ia n s
,
.

f Th e p ro n o u n s o f t h e s e c on d a n d fi r s t e rs on s s i n g a n d p l h a ve b ee n
p . .

a b b re v i a t e d b y A r t 7 3 Th e th i r d s i n g m a s c a n d fe m i s m e r e l y t h
. . e n ou n
. . . .

In th e th i r d pl t h e T! i s d ro p t a l s o b y Ar t 7 3 Th e J o f th e fi r st e l
.
, p rs
p
. . . .

i s r ej e c t e d b yA r t 7 6 an d t h u t t u r a l fl i s o m i t t e d , p e rh a s f o r th k e of
. e
g .
p e s a

e u ph on y .
A R T. 1 8 8 . on TH E v a n e s . 1 91

In th fo r m s v i z l egs a n d th
e ot h i n thi s t e n se
" "
"
2 . er is ,
.
, , ,

th e fi n a l v o w e l i s a l s o c o n s id e r e d a s m u t a b l e Th e co n .

j u g a t i o n t he r e fo r e w il l p r o ce e d t hu s
, ,

57
S e co n d F o r m ,
v] w i ll i n g
“

.
i t
.

P LUR A L .

P e r s. Fe m . M a sc .

3
va n .
”ss h , area , area
2

1
"
hi s” m an . m an W 7
93
L
Thi r d Fo r m , 7 ?
) a bl e c r

SIN G UL A R . P LUR A L .

”ift ,
i t‘ al , am .

am ef f
71 Da za ta??
z
-
. .

‘
a ibz ,
“
13 s
‘
was
3 . It m ay be ob se r ve d ,
that the c o n j u g a t i o n of t he
r e t e r it e t en of S e ci e s, w il l en er al l yb e ca r r ie d
p se e ve r
y p g
on as in t h he r e g iv e n ; t ha t i s b y a t t a chi n g
e i n s t a n ce s ,

th e s a m e a b b r e v i a t i o n s of t h e
p e r son a l
p r on o u n s t o t h e

l e a d i n g w o r d of t h e S e ci e s
p w h a t e v e r b e i t s fo r m or ,

ch a r a ct e r ; wh eth er i t i n cl u d e o n e o r in o r e of t h e

u t t u ral l e t t ers o r wh e th e r i t b e d e fe ct i v e b t h l o s s of
g , y e

o n e o r m o r e of t h
‘
e le t t er s “ INN 7 o r 3 : du e r ega r d , ,

Oft his f r m o are t

g Yf f he fl lo ow i L n w i l
l d r , R3 ? h
glj
y a t in
er m en t ing,
g, W o l d,

[7 39l r ej o ici n g N17?fi ll i n g , D9 33 def e ct i v e , Digit} g u il ty, 5m ce a s i n g , F197 ] h o cr i t ica l

, yp ,
“
197
3 f
d e e ct ive , 21
g? c u t t i n
g w d ,
&
t i m p u r e, oo w i t h
e r i n
g co r r o din
g , 925 ,

be co m i n g d ry, miti fo r g e t t i n g , mpg; de so l a t i n g , 2 935 h u m bl i n

g ; t o wh i h m an
y c
m o re m a y b e a dd e d .

1 Th e se , a cc o r d i n g t o D K i m kh i ( M ikh l o l , fo l n ) , a r e o f t h
. e sa m e f orm .

w i t h551 3 g r e a t , it s} s m a l l , pi h o o
n) d ista n t , 3
m n ea r T e w rds so f u n d a s ve rb s.

a re , 1 5
1
f e a r in
”
I ? g, ( RD l i t t le b
”

y ; s n a r i n
g, a s a h u n t e r ,
5b; a bl e ,
be r e a v e d,
“l l
?
l ig ht in g , f s t ea l in g om fw h chocc o
N
P i
“
D
or 3, T ; s e o u r as n u n s.
1 92 LE T C UR E x .
D ar . 1 88 . a .

b e in g ha d t o t he ru l e s l a i d d o w n r e sp e ct in g t he se l e t t e r s
‘

a s w el l a s t o t h o se co n ce r n i n g t he cha n g e s of t he v o w e l s : .

Th e co n j u a t i o n h e r e fo r e i s b u t ONE ho e v e r v a r ie d
’

g t w , , ,

th e
g r o u n d fo r m o r l e a di n
g
-
w o rd m a
y o cca si o n a l l,y ,

a
pp e ar .

4 . As t he ch an
g es , w hi c ht a k e p l a c e in t he v ow els in t h e
p r e ss oc
o f co j g n u ati
g o n , “
d e p e n d , in a re a t m e asu r e , o n t he s i t u a t i n o ft he o
cc e n t ; it m a b r h ere t o ad v er t t o t hat o su b e j ct
a y e r
p p e .

5 It h
. as be e n r e m a r ke d , t hat i n n e i t he r f the
p r e e d in
g o c
l e a d in g w o r ds a re the ow v els i m m u t a bl e b y u s a ge The n a tu re .

o f the
y l l a bi at i
s c o n , the fo re re, wh i hv e r y m u h d e pe n d s o n t h
c e c
s i t u a t i n o ft h
o cc he ow
e a en t , w ill re
g ulate t v el s
( A rt 9 5 9 6 , . .

6 . It w il l be seen , by a re f
eren c e to t he p a r a di
g m ,
t ha t t he
c j ct ?l ; he o mm
"

as
yl l a bi ad un s
f a s w ell as t s l la bi c
y n es an d
t a ke he o t h t he m t ni a Thc cce
p r e e di n
gen v o wels
t w it . c ,

th eref ore , o ft he se
r s w ill b e s h o r t e n e d a s fa r a s c irc u m s t a n c e s
wo d ,

w ill a l l o w (Ar t 9 8 In th . e fi r s t ca se t h , e v o w e l i m m e di a t e l
y ,

r e c e d in i s r ej e c t e d i n o r d e r t o m a k e w a f r th x t i o f t h
p g y o e , e e r n o e

a cc e n t ; a n d as th is r e s t r i c t s t h e w ord t o its r i m i t iv e u a n t it
, p q y ,

th e r e is n o n e c e s s i t y t h at an
y fu r th e r ch an
g e sh o u l d t a k e l a c e
p
we h a ve th ere f o r e 7 71 92, a n d 1 1 7 9 i n t he s e in s t a n c e s I n t he
, , , .

s e c on d c a s e we h av e t h e s ll a bi c a dj u n c t s Df h h
, y f) an d
L ; w i t t e
i ,

t o n i c a cc e n t Th e p r e c e di n g s y
. ll a b l e m u s t t h ere f o r e c o n t a in a n , ,

i m p e r fe c t v o w e l i n o r d e r t o c o m p l y w i t ht h, e l a w s o f s ll a b i c at i o n
y .

a s th e fi r s t v o w e l i s n o t i m m u t a ble i t i s r ej e c t e d :
( A rt . A nd , ,

th e wh ol e w o r d s t ill r e t a i n i n g i t s p r i m i t i v e q u a n t it y i e c o n si s t i n g ,
. .

o ft w o s l l a b l e s a s i n t h e f o r m e r c a s e a n d n o m or e
y , , .

7 I n all t h
. e o t he r c a se s t he a cc e n t w il l r e t a in i t s o r igin a l ,

s i t u a t io n : a n d as th e n ou n se em s h e r e t o b e in a o s it i o n t
, pp n o ,

i n c o n s t r u c t io n w i t h t h e
p r on o u n ; t h
, e v o w e l s r e m a in u n a l t e r e d

th r ou h
g o ut .

8 H e n ce in t h
. e s e c on d f , o r m e x e m pl i fi e d b y VP]?m il l in g t he , ,

wh e n m a de im
p erf e c t b e co m es i n s tea d o f ( b y
,
w h a t v

ha s b e e n t e r m e d a n o bl iqu e co r r e sp on den ce ( Ar t 9 6 a s in .

W
.

3 wh i ch i s r e t a i n e d l i ke w i s e i n e v e r y o t h e r ca se ,

o f in c r e m e n t i n w h i c ht h e a cc e n t r e m a in s o n t h
,
a t s l l a bl e
y I n t h e .

r e m a in i n g c a s e s wh th e v e r b r e ce iv e s t h e a s l l a bi c a u gm e n t ,
en , y
“
l
; an d i t is j
r e e ct e d .
AR T ON T H E v a n e s
‘
. .

9. Th he
'

e fir st v owel is re e j cted in D
{333 53 71 9 753 3 91
3 , fo r t

r e a so n s a l r e a d
yg i ven . The s u b s t it u t e o f Sh
e va is a d d e d, on

a cc o un t o ft he
g u t t u r a l l e t t e r, see Ar t 1 0 6 4 . . .

i
10 . I n the thir d f r m , o 73
2} , t he v o w e l s o o
f ll w he p a r a d igm p f
t

t he fi rst, an he s a m e r e a s o n s : e xc e p t i n
d fo r t the th i r d pe r s o n
s in u l a r a n d
g p l u r a l w h e r e t h e l e n t ir e l
, y d i s a pe a r s
p .

1 1 Wh ho w e v e r v e r b s r e c e i v e t he i l l a t ive p a r t i cl e “ a s 9
. en , ,

a r e fix t h cc t i o cc i o ll m o ve d t o t h fi r s t s l la bl e o f
y
p e , a e n s a s n a y r e e

th e v erb wh i c h w ill a l w a ys b e p e rf
, e ct an d th e f ol l o w in g o n e ,
1
ii ? “ a n d I w il l v is it ; 3 7 2 1 a n d t h o
-
i mp e rfe c t : a s ”r i i
3 3 u w i l l be a bl e .

Th e l a s t s l l a b l e w i ll b e s u bj e c t t o t h m l aw w h en th e a cc e n t
y e s a e ,

i s r e m o v e d o n a cc o u n t o f a n y a fi i x e d p r o n o u n : a s
‘
I h a ve ,

p r ev a i l e d a a in s t
( g ) h i m P s x i i i 5 ( A r t,
. . . .

1 2 Th . e Ts e r e o f t h e s e co n d f
''

o r m a n d o f t he t hir d a n d ,

se v e n t h s e c ie s u n de r g o t h
fi
l f n lf l
"

p v i z ,a n d B . w il l e sa m e -
,

c ha n ge s d u r in g t he p r o c e ss o f c o n j u ga t io n a s i t d o e s in YEU in , ,

th e a ra d i m
p g .

13 Th
. e f o ll o w i n g e x a m pl e s pr e s e n t s o m e a n o m a l ie s w i t hw hich ,

th e Le a r n e r o u h t t o b e m a d e a c u a in t e d
g q .

On the Thir d P er so n S in g u la r M a s cu l in e .

14 . In one in sta n c e, t he ve rb r if }
f? p
d r o s it s fi rst c l tt r a di a l e er

a s, ” t? h
e t ook , Ez e k . x v ii . 5 ; so ,
fo r 1 712, b y a i m il
s o m i io ar ss n ,

we ha v e h e de c l i n e d J u d
g x ix ,
. . 1 1 B u t se e
. A t 7 6 ot r . . n e .

15 . Whe n e v e r t he t hir d p e r s o n s in
g l u ar, o f e ither
g e n de r , is

cc o m p
a a n ie d by a
p a u se a cc e t t h fi
n , e na l v ow e l w il l b e m a d e
1
p f e c
ert , an d, in s om e in s ta n c e c ha g d :
s n e a s, D il l "
tT T
h
i7 h
e has no t

This has ge n e r a l ly b e e n t e r m e d Va n co n ve r si uu m B u t, a s I s e e n o .

n e c e ss i t y w h a t eve r f o r su
pp o si n
g t h a t i t p o s s e s se s a n
y s u c h co
, n v e r s i vc
p wer
o

a s th is n a m e i m p l ie s I h a v e r e e c t e d it : a s i t h a s a n il l a t iv e o h o
j , p w e r w e ve r , ,

a n d eve n i n A ra bic h as a m an if e st i n fl u e n ce o n t h e v o w e l s a n d so m e t i m e s o n ,

th e co n so n a n ts o f t h e verbs ; I h a ve t h ou ght i t m o r e c o n s is t e n t t o gi v e i t t he
Se e Sc h n a bel s C o m m en t a r o n th h
’
t i t l e o f i l l a t iv e .
y e A g i u m i a , p 2 6 ,
w e r e .

c i
th p op a s ri be d b o th ot Th
‘
is r ert y i s to an d b v
. Se e p 5 0 , . n e. e u se a n d
o
f r ce o f this p a r t icl e w ill be co n s i d e re d in th
e S yn t a x . S ee als o m y H eb .

Le i x co n, un de r
) , p . 1 63 .
1 94 LECTURE x .
AR T . 1 88 . 16 .

s t oo d , Ps i I . h e dwe l t D e u t xxx iii 1 2 ( A r t 1 2 3

.
, Th e . . . .

sam e of t en h en s i n th e f e min i n e a s a l s o i n t h e l u r al n u m b e r
a
pp p , ,

wh en eve r th e a cc e n t is d r a wn b a c k : a s ” i7 3 3 i t a dh es t o J o b
T er , TA
"
,

xx ix 1 0 ; . the
y w e r e p o iverf u l 2 Sa m i 2 3 ( A r t 1 2 0 all , . . . .
,

a r e n t l y b e l o n gi n g t o t h e r oo t s a n d P 1 r e s e ct i v e l y
3 7
a
pp , p ,
.

Th e se m a n e ver th e le ss b e o ft h al th o u ht h e oth er
y ,
e g ,

fo r m mo s t fr e q u e n t l y o cc u r s i n t h e c o n t e xt We ha v e s o m e t hi n g .

B W fi ?
'

si m il a r t o t hi s i n G e n x l iii 1 4
"
D D r
e t . e v en as
.
, : IT T

I a m be rea v ed I a m ber e a ve d ; w h ,
ere t h e fi r s t v e r b is o f t h e f o rm
1
7 3 3 7 ? a n d th
1 7
:
e l ast o f 3 2 3 7

On the Thir d P er s o n S i n g u l a r Fe m i n i n e .

16 . Ou r m e a s ur e is in e ver
yc a se . In s om e fe w i n s t an c e s,

ho w e v e r , we ha v e t he C ha l d a i c , in s t ea d o f t he H e b r e w , fe m in in e
t e r m in a t i n : o a s, in st e a d o f Deu t . x x x u . 36 . So

2 h e ca l l e d ; “
fo r “ 8 1 273 f o r, s s h e m a d e ; w h i c h ,

s e e m s t o sh ew th at th is t e r m i n a t i o n i s n o t a p a r t o f t h
, e
p r on ou n ,

bu t th e f o r m w hi ch m a r k s t he fe m i n i n e ge n d e r a s s t a t ed a b o v e ,

( A rt . T h e sa m e h o l d s
g oo d i n t he A r a b i c d ia l e c t w h e re ,

th e f e m i n in e t e r m in a t i o n i s a l s o n wh i c hc a n n o t b e d e r i v e d fr o m ,

th e f e m in i n e p r o n o u n S e e a l s o Ar t 1 3 7 2 . . . .

1 7 Wh . en the a cc e n t i s r e m o ve d fr o m t h e u l t im a t e to th e ,

p e n u l t im a t e s l l a bl e
y t h e o r i in a l v o w e l s o f t h
, g ,e r oo t w ill r e t u r n

a s ,
” 3 13 3 s h
“e
g
7 l
a ve J u d g v 2 5 ; ”
GP ? s
, he n a s
g l ad
. E s t h
.
'
, .

v iii 1 5 . S o ”F3 22 i t na n. fa ile d I s x l i 1 7 w i t h a n e u p h

. o n ic , . .
,

D ag eshin t h e n
( A rt 1 2 0 ,
. .

1 8 I n Ez e k xxx i 5 w e h a v e ”3 3
5 f r 7 773 3
3 t h C h l d i c
‘

. . o .
, e a a , 1 , ,

fo r t h e H e b r e w t e r m in a t i o n , .

On t he Thi r d P er s o n P l u r a l , Co m m o n G e n d er .

19 . W h e av e a fi na l 7, s om e t im e s a dde d to t his p art o f the

v erb , whi ch i s e it he r i n t e n de d to ob vi ate a hi a t u s ; o r a s i n t he ,

au gm en e t d o n u n s, to g i ve s om e em
p has is to th e s e n t e n ce z a s
’

the
y kn e w, D e n t . v ii i . 3 ?
HP fo r
"
th e
yp ou r ed o ut I sa , .

xx v i. 16 . S e e Ar t 1 7 5 . . 17 .

it The rea l oc
fr e o ft his l e t t e r w il l b e co n si d e re d i n t he Syn t ax .
AR T 1 8 8
. . on T HE V ER Rs. 1 95

20 . In s his p l u r al fo g m a ppe a r s w it ht he v o w e l
o m ca e se s t

an d l l : as
"

th e
yp ou r ed o u t
, w h e re th e
”
E D o n m a r g in a l , ,

r e a d in g i s ,
wh i c his m o s t l i k e l y t h e tru e o n e A c co r d in g t o .

th e M as o r a a s ci t e d b y B u x t o r f t h
,
ere are f o u r t e e n s u c hin s t an c e s ,
,

as t h ese in t h h w
m

e B ib l i c a l t e x t es Gra m
( T p I n a fe , . .
, .
r

c a s e s n e it he r 71 n o r i a pp e a r s : a s l g-3 t he y sa id ( Ar t
,
i
, , ,
"

. .

2 1 Wh en th
. e a cc en t i s o n a n y a c co u n t dr a w n ba ck t h e o r ig i n a l
, , ,
1 "
v ow el s r e t u rn : a s “ IT7 T t he
y h a v e br o u h
g t f o
, rth Gen xxx i 4 3 ; , . .

T7 3 73 t h e
y c ea s e d J ud
g v 7 ; t he
y b
, e c a m e d e ba s e d I s a ia h
. .
,
i .

l x i ii 1 9 l x i v 2 ; a 7 3 T t h x o
”
.
, e
y w e r e a ble
. E d v i ii 1 4 I n a f e w , . . .

1
i n s t an c e s a pa rag o gi c N i s add e d : a s 13 53 273 ” J o sh x 2 4 ( Ar t t
, , . . .

1 75 a ) . .

On the S e co n d P e r s o n M a s cu li n e , S i n g u la r .

22 . I n ste a d o f t he t e r m in a t i n o n"
1
we som e t im e s ha v e E
” l ,
w hi c his t he m o r e u s u al ft h term
e
p r n un
(
in a t i
A rt o n o o o . 1 45 .

as, ”
D 331 t ouh h
a s t d e a l t p e rfidi o u s l y, M a l ii 1 4 ; . . h
t ou

a rt r ow l d, Jo sh i i i l , &c x
g n o . . .

23 W h .en e v e r t h e r oo t e n d s i n n a n d als o r e c e i v e s t h is p r o n o ,

m in al a fii x b th t h
o e se ,
l e t t e r s w i ll c o a l e s c e b y D d g és h : a s “ 3 3 , 1 P T

thou ha s t cu t D e u t xx 2 0 fo r ,
Whe n 7 i s t he l a s t l e t t e r
. .
,

o ft h e r oo t , a n d t hi i m il ffi j d d d t h l i d o ed
s o r a n
y s a r s u x s a ,
e e s r
pp , ,

( A rt . an d f o r t h i s a c o m p e n s a t ion i s m a d e b y i n s e r t in
g
D dg és hfor te i n t h e fi rst le t te r o f t h e af fi x ; a s 7 ‘a fo r W hi rl )
W
, r z i
-
r !

th Q ?
"
ou
g a ve s t G e n i ii 1 2 , S o B B . fo r . I g a ve
.
; 3
1 0 , ,

fo r y ou
g a ve , &c .

On t he S e co n d P e r s o n S i n
g u la r F e m i n in e .

24 . Wh en t he l a s t r a d i c a l l e t t e r ha p pe n s t o be e it he r
'
ll , or 37 ,
th a c e o ft h e first Sh 0 17 5
( 3
’
sta n d s in e
p l évd A rt . as, '
I T
f
or

3+ th th dids t h
-
fi n s2 o u d ids t r e e ve , c i 1 K in g s x v i. 3 ; an , ea r,

J er i v
. . 1 9 ; 13 3 3 7
:
t h
an d idst kn ow, J e r . L . 24 . I_n r o o t s en di n g in

t" Ed 1 6 8 0
‘
. .

f In s om e ed i ti o o ns n ly .

0 2
1 96 L ECTURE x .
E A n T.

7, t ha t le t ter w ill be d r p p e d o as be f re o : th
ou
g a ve s t , Ez e k .

x v i. 33 .

25 . In m an
y i n s t a n ce s ,
p a r t i cu l a r l
y in t he B oo k s J mi h
o f ere a

z his fix he o whi chi l o

”3
an d E ek el, i t af a ss u m e s t 3f rm , fo r n , s a s

a t e r m in a t i n he o r igi n a l pr n n
o o f e e Ar t t
t 1 45 2 o ou (S . . . 1 94 .

h E
“ N E J e r iii 4 ; th
" 11 3
as 722 t
, o u w i l t ca l l fo r , 3 , . .
3 T
ou

ha s t h
ea r d I h i v 1 9 ; to wh
,
i c hm a n y o t h
. er s m a
.
y b e a dd e d .

On t he S e co n d P e r s o n P l u r a l M a s cu li n e .

26 . W e ha v e o cca i o s n all
y a Khi r i k w it h t h
'

e sec n o d r a di al c
l e t t e r , in s t e a d o f a s, fo r y e s h
a ll
p o s s es s,

D e u t iv 1 . . . In oth ers a s, 3
§ 3 § w
ye a s ke d, 1 Sa m . x ii 1 3 .

an d, as b e fre, o fo r 3
3 30 3 ye g a ve , J e r
'
. x x x vn . 18

( Ar t .

On t he S e co n d P e r s o n P l u r a l F e m i n i n e .

27 . I n stead o m t im e ha v e o f the t e r m in a t i o n we s e s

wh i c hi l o t m i t io p li
s t t h p o ou
a s f th i
a er na n e c u ar o e r n n o s
p ers o n

” 3 3 3 7” c o h A o Th
( A t 1 4r5 33.
y t f t. m i 3 e as r , s v. . is ,
ho w i a x m pl b l o gi g t o t h H ip hhi l p e c ie s
e ve r, s n e a e e n n e s .

On the F ir s t P er s o n S i n g u l a r , Co m m o n G e n d er .

28 . A fe w ve rbs ha v e Khi r ik f
or t he ir se co n d v o w el : a s,

I h
a ve o
beg t t en , P s i i 7 , fo r . .
”
5 3
7 3 . So , “13 3 1537 3 ‘ fo r

B u t p e rh
a s th ow o the f rm o bu t 32,
"

el s d o t b el 22 ,
9“ 7 1
e se v n o ng to
p

p e rha s,
p mg . m i? i s
0
c e rt a i n l y the r oo t i A b i c t n ra o whi ch B M
m u st be re f
e rred ;
"
147 : a so n , m ay be the roo t f t h co o e se n d, an d W P 1 "
9
;
A ra b . J U L" a begg a r , o f the thir d . An d he n c e , p e r ha p s ,
i t is that the

sa m e r oo t is occ io as n al l
y f u n d w o
i t h d i f
fe ren t v ow el s . In A ra b i , c als o ,
we
I f

ha v e y hidin g on e s
’
se
lf; LS
'Q" .
co n ce a l in g so m e t hin g ; E) h
e r a ise d ;
9/
"
I .

i) h 8) e h
h hig hv o ice , &c
’
d e w as e le va t ed, e n n o bl ed ad D e S a cys
an
t ; a .

G ra m . A rab , v o l .. i p 119
. . . See als oA rt . 1 57 . 8 . n ot e.
AR T . 1 88 . ON THE V ER B S . 1 97

I a s ke d, 1 Sa m . i 20. . H er e als o , as o ( No s
be f r e . 23 oo t . r s

en di n g i n n or 7 w il l r e j c t t ho
e se l e t t e rs, an d su l
pp y t hi r p l c e a e

b y D dg és h .

29 . In t he fi t p o pl l
rs e rs n u ra , a s l o oo t
, r s en d i n g i n 7 , w il l c a u se

t ha t l e t ter to c o l c e w it h t h
a es e J o f the
p r o om i
n na l s u fii x : as,

o r 33 3 3 3
13
93 ( f 3 ) we g a ve , La m . v. 7 .

30 . Up o n t he w hl e , o t he n
he s e a r e r a t he r a ppa r e n t t ha n r e a l
, t

a n o m a l ie s I t i s c o n s is t e n t w i t h t h
. e an a l o g
y o f th i s la n u a e
, g g t o ,

m a ke c e r t a i n c h a n e s in t h e v o w el s u o n t h o cc u r r e n c e o fa n f
g p e
y o ,

th e
g u t t u ral le t t er s T h e c o n c u r r e n c e o fa n
.
y t w o id e n t i c a l l e t t e r s ,

i s a l s o r e g u l a r l y e x p r e s s e d b y pl a c in g a D ag es hin o n e o f t h em ,

a n d o m it t in
g t he o t her
p r o v ide d n o v o w e l in t e r v e n e
, ( A rt .

N un D l ik e w i s e i s r e g u l a r l y r ej e c t e d w h
, ,
e n e v e r i t sh o u l d r e c e iv e a ,

fi n al S hko d (Ar t ’
O t he r v a r ie t ie s i n t he v o w e l s m a y b e
.

a cc o u n t e d f or b o sin d iffe r e n t n o u n s de r iv e d f r om t h e sa m e
y pp
su
g ,

r i m i t iv e t o h a v e b e e n o r i g in a l l t a ke n a s t h e l e a d in g w o r d
p , y .

3 1 N B Th e r e m a r ks h e r e m a de o n t h r e t e r it e t e n s e o f t h
. . . e
p e

fi r s t s p e c ie s Ka l w i l l a ppl y in a gr e a t m e as u r e t o t ho s e o f a ll t he
, , ,

r est .

On t he P r e s e n t Te n s e o f t he F i r s t S e ci e s
p KA L .

1 89 . It ha s been r em ar k e d ( Ar t . 1 82 . that the

l e a di n g w o r d , of t hi s t e n se i n K a t i s a l w a ys o n e o r o t he r ,

of t he S e g ol a t e n o u n s of t he fo r m s m g or 1 129
“

,
"
.

Th ere are h o w e v e r a fe w e x a m p l e s i n w hi ch “ E
, , 3 is t h e

fo r m t a k e n a s w e sha ll s e e p r e s e n t l y T he s e n o u n s a r e
, .

g e n e r a ll
y a b st r a c t a s t o s e n s e
( A r t 1 5 2 i f t h en a . .
, ,

e r s on a l r on o u n a b r id e d fo r m of i t b e af fi x ed
p p o r an
y g , , ,

w e sh a ll h a v e a m e a n in
g som e t h i n
g l i k e th e fo l l o w i n
g
H e (i s ) a v i s i t i n g Th ou
( )
a rt a c o m in
g & c w h e re th e , .
,

w o r ds v i s i t i n g a n d co m i n g a r e n o t u se d a s
, p a r t i cip l e s ,

b u t a s a b s t r a ct n o u n s ; w h ich m u s t n e ce s s a r il y i n t i m a t e
e s en t t e n s e H o w th i s a s w ell a s t h re t e r it e
a
p r . e p , ,

t e n se i s u s e d i n co m p o si t i o n w il l b e s h
, e w n wh en w e ,

co me t o t h e S n tax
y .
 L E CTURE x .
f u r . 1 89 s . .

P a r a dig m o
f h P t e r e s en t Te n s e, w i t hi t s An a lys i s .

Fo r m 1 .
7 3 3

'

Sm o U L AR .

P e r s. M a s c. Et ym o n . Fe m . Et ym o n .

a
3 ll un o
kn w n . He v is i t s . 3 17 3 13 , u n kn ow n . Sh
e v is i t s .

2 7 3 9 11
1 , ”R? DS : Thou v i s i t e st .
”3 31 33 , WE
D e m .

3 ”PER,
"
7 33
3
1 , I v is i t . as b e f re o . I, f
em .

P LUR A L .

s
. M a sc . Et ym o n . Fe m . Et ym o n

l n ”P5 ”an 3 1
-
1 3 5: Th
25 fo r ril l 1 ,
3
They v is i t fo r
'

: 0r .
ey

”31 9 P
F S; fi l l
“

Id . 1 11 13 8 Yo u v is i t . 5 131 , Yo u v

“ P3 3377 3 W e v is i t .
7 13 5 3 a s b e f re . o W e v i:

2 . The frm o ” -3
H t 2 33 m a , e r h
y p a
p s, s t an d fo r 7 373
"
E l li ,
wit ht he
3
o f 3 3
3
t r a n sp s e d , o as we sa
y, w h
at man o
s e ve r , fo r w ha t s oever
man , &c .
,
i n En g l i s h .

3 . Of 3 33 3
3
t he sam e m ay be s a id , w hich ha s been s a id o f
oth ers
( A rt . 139 7 . . n ot )e . As t o t he n pr e fix ed to t he fe m i n i n e ,
w ha t ha s j u s t been s a id o f m u st su ffi ce . The 71 3 su fii x e d
o
i s p r b a b l y a fr a gm e n t o f th
e
p r on ou n hn ha s o b s e r ve d
7 1 3 71
T l
o o as J a

( Gr am ,
p 1 7 7 E
.d . . . Th e d e r i va t io n s o f t he o ther f or m s
a re s u lfl ci e nt l
y ob vio u s. S e e a l so t h e C om m e n t o n the K afi a .
,

r 1 V '

p .

4
‘
. P a r a di
g m o
f t he S e co n d F o rm -

SI N
'

G UL A R
M a tte .

H e l ies do wn .

B asis I l ie do wn
‘

So h
e r ides ; h
e s r ea
p ds ; V )
9; h
e lies do w n ; 51 ? h
e i n ci eases,
‘
'
&c .
 P LUR A L ‘
.

3 13 3 223
Th
e
y lie do w n . ”l j éwn The
y l ie do w n .

2 w
h /
y n Y o u l ie do w n .
Q Q I" W Yo u l ie do w n .

1 J -
PWJ W e l ie do w n . W lie e do w n .

5 . P a r a d ig m o
f the Thi r d Fo r m W
P?
This fo r m n e v e r o ccu r s e xce p t , in v e rb s whi ch a re

su b e ct j t o s o m e d e fe ct a n d t he n bu t , se l d m o .

Ex am
p l e .

SI N G UL A R .

P e r s. M a s c.

3 m l
, f
or H e g i ve s (Ar t, Sh
e g iv es .

n _ "
n “
2 in il , l Th
o u g i ve st .
a Th
o u g i v es t .

1 ”s i l
l
, ”3 81 I g i ve .

P LU R A L .

M a s c.

3 ”I ? The
y g w
“
e .

W
-
2 u n i l Ye g i ve . an t in g .

“a; we g ive .

6 . It ha s b e en ha t t he fo r m o f “ 57 3 is
r e m ar ked
( Art . t

s o m e t im e s t a k e n a s th e l e a d in g w o r d o f t h
,
e p r e s e n t t e n se Th e .

fo l l o w in g a r e e x a m pl e s v iz “ l n
P
i i
g ”
t he
yj g
u d e E x o d x v.iii 2 6 ; .
, . .

it ( f
em .
) p r e s e r ve s , or ke ep s , P r o v. x
T 2
iv 3 ;
.
" 0 73
p a ss

”T
th
an o v er R u t hi i 8 . :
fl (
fi f
or n i
gfl fi Ar t 7 2 )
fi . I am

m o rta l lyp a in e d , P s l i . xx . 21 .

Of t h or m s, he fi i L i s t he
l y- mo s t ge n e r a l l y u se d in
"

7 . e se f t rst ,
l

Whe n the Ja s t l et t e r i s gu t t u r a l , t he fi n al v ow el i s , fo r t he m o st p a r t, a s,

e h
h e a r s, rim}: h e se n ds ; 7 1 31 he r ises, i s e x a l t ed T h i s a l s o w il l be h
; . t e

c a se when th e m id d l e l e t t e r i s
gu t t u r al ,
j u s t a s i t i s w i t h t h e S e go l a t e n o un s

( Art . 1 48 .
 -
LE T C UR E x .
E ART . 189 . s .

Ka l ; an d , fo r t he m o stp ar t , i t ha s a tr a n si t i ve s ig i fi c t i
n a on .
"

W E
o cc urs bu t s el do m , a n d is m o st l
y i n t r a n s i t i ve .
?
7 17 5 i f s o un d in
de f
e cti ve v e r b s o n l y; a or or 3
g }
,

7 15 1 1 &c .

8 . c e s i w hich t h t e m i t i g o w l i p erfc t d
In a ll as , n e r na n v e s e , an

re
g l l y
u ar cc o m p i d b
a y cc t p o an e t h cc t b i g w i t han a en u n e a en
’
8 e n

h c h k l c h h b i j o d w it h
d w ra
( w i n l w y t p w a t a s i a es
y a e en e ver s ne an

o t h w o d b y M kk p h
er r chfi l o w l w ill b ch g d f
a a ,
su n a v e e an e or

it co o lb V t ?
'

s
p d t
r re s i mp f t o n ( Aen t 9 6 2 a e r ec j I ne r . . . s, -

w il l k p f ee hi m P l xxx ix 2 9 ; or , I w il l s. t i him . sus a n ,

I x l ii l f d l lfl l lj
‘

i l y (
in
s. .
, or p e t A tan
l
res c ve . 1 .

9 Th . m b i
e sa o m t im fo d t o o cc r i m o t ha o
e v er s s e es un u n re n ne

o fth e e f o m ; M 3 3 7 h t G ii 2 ; d
s r s it
"
t e r es s, en . . an r e s s,
t
N h i 3 ; V9 ” ; bi ?[ m
e . v . t w i ll i g Ez k x iii 3 2 ; d Va n
a no n , e . v . an
:

i
b w il l pp o P xxx 23 ; H l? h w il l t
l "
e a ii
r ve , s. P vii 3 .d e ea r , s. v . an

G x l ix 2 7 T w hic hm y o t h m y b d d d (S
en . . . o an er s a e a e . ee

th e M i kh l l f D Kim k h o i fl 3o o ) T hi m y b cc o t d
.
,
o .
, v ers . s a e a un e

f b y p p o i g t h t t h S go l t
o r, su s n o c o p o di g t b o t h a e e a e n un, rre s n n o

th fo m
e se w o ce i
r s, as n n u se.

1 0 Wh . ho w e eny p,
o
g g ic l t t eev i d dr, d th i di
an a ra e r s a e , s s

t i ct i v
n o w l b e w h t i t m y di pp
e v e , ( i t i at h c e w it h a , sa ea rs as s e as

o m ft h S g o l t o ) 7 7 3 3 7 5 n t n b t n l I w il l k
s e o e e
3 a e n
n ft uns
p : a s,
“1 .
, o , ee ,

P xxx i x 2 ;
s. . t [ wil l l i d w P i no 9; e o n, s. v.

1 3 3 3 G xx h
3
"
71
3 I w i l l ki l l t i i , 4 1 no I t l t ca e en . v . . n e as s ,

th f Sh ol d b y A t 1 0 6 2 ’
b t it t
e su s é d i u e o v s res ve r . . .

11 I . fw i t n c th l t t 1 i
a e t i e d wh
n s an ich w
e s, e e er s re a n , as

I t is a c io ur us a t, th
f c
at h
his i n t he A r a bic
t e t e n se co rres
p o n d i n g to t

v e r b s, is su bj c t te o a v a ri a t io n o f e n d i n , s i m il a r t o t h
g at o f the n o u n s , i e i ts . .

t e r m in a t i o n s w il l a n sw er t o th ose o f t he n o m in a t i ve, o r o f t he obj e c ti ve c as es .

Thi s t e n s e th lo w l ike , b e c i t is sa id t o be l ike t h In

eyt e r m
bI a a u se e n o un . a

4 W
fe w i n s t a n c es, in dee d, it ha s t he l o f the a cc u sa t iv e a s, M w e w il l s ur e ly

dr a w , &c . In oth e rs we ha v e a n a dd i t i o n al
u , 1, as in the n o un s ofe xc e ss

( A rt . a s,
WM h
e wil l su r e ly a ss is t : bu t o f this m o re in the Syn t a x .
AR T . ON T H E V ER B S . 20 1

p e r ha p s o
f r m e rly a m a te r l e ct i o n is : i . e. w as u sed in st e a d o fthe

v ow el l Kh
dl ém : a s, I r e st , I sa . x v iii. 4 ; I
w e ig hEz r a
, v i ii . he 3 13 o r m a r g in al r e a d in g
25 . In w hi c hca s e s , t
“
, ,

g e n e r a ll y g iv e s t he m ore u s u al f o rm T h i s 7 h o w ev er i s m o s tl
y .
, ,

o m it t e d a n d Kci m e t s Khd t éf t he n fo u n d t o s u ppl y t he pl a c e o f t he

,
' ’

r ej e c t e d Kh dlém ( s e e A r t 1 5 2 as I s t ep I s a x x v ii 4 ; . .
, , . .

”
3 225
7 1 58 I h e a r D a n v i i i 1 3 ;
"
wt i h
?! t han b
,r ib e s t Ez e k x v i 3 3
. .
, . . .

I n s o m e c o p ie s h o w e v e r w e ha v e Sh i o n l y i n m o s t o ft h
‘’

e vc
, e se , ,

c a se s.

Wit h t h t hi d p o
12 . e r er s n p l u ra l c
m a s u l in e , w e s m e t i m e s o ha ve
a
p g g o i c l
ar a
pp l i d , su e as, the
y w i l l hea r , Ex o d .

i 9
v. S o m t im
. th p e es e r e ce d in g v ow el i s p e r fe ct : a s,

t hy w il l k Jo h i 6 ; h il l R u t h1 1 9
e as , s . v. t e
y w r ea
p , . .
( S e e

Ar t . 1 75 .

13 . Whe he fi r s t r a d i c a l l e t t e r ha pp e n s t o
n t be a
g u t t u r al , t he
S u bs t i t u t e o f Sh em w i l l b e r e s o l v e d i n t o i t s c og n ate i m p e r fe t c
ow h o '
“ 3 5
3 ; 3
“ f
v el as, t e
y w i l l e x t en d
( f
or b y a n a l g y, lfi
l
,

Ar t
’

s ee . 1 06 .

14 . In t he fe m in in e , w e ha v e ”
23 3533 , fo r 71 33 3 353 , by A rto

1 75 . &c .
, Ez e k . x v ii . 23 . The fi n al 71 i s s om e t im e s o m it t e d
b y Ar t . 72 .

15 . The a b b r e v ia t e d p r on ou n s are re
g u la rl yp re fix e d to t h
e

c w i t hS h he r e
'

p r e se n t t e n se , in e ve r
y p i
s e e s, evd a s, bu t ,

Sh c o t co c com m c m t f th w or d t h
'
as t wo evci s an n n u r at e en e en o a e ,

fi rs t is ch an
g ed to ( ) c i c
or m t c m y q i
v as r u s an es a re u re ,

( Ar t . 1 06 a s, 33 1
5 3
33 “ & c W h e , ho w v r . re , e e ,

n o su ch c ne e s s it
y e xi st s, S h ri m i ev i t do rew i t ht he t
a n s, a s i c l es
p a r es

3 3 3 A r t 1 7 4 &c . . .
) as in 7
3
1 3 3 &c .

16 . The p r in i pl e s , c t he r e fo r e , by whi c ht h o w l b o t h f t h e v e s, o e

v e rb s an d n o uns are re
g u la t e d, are
p c i l y t h rem e T hi sei e sa . s s

al s ot ru e o ft he l e t t e r s, as w el l as o f t h fo r m fw o d
e f r th e s o r s o se ,

as we ha v e al r e a dys ee n , are su ch as t he n atu re o fthe s e v e r a l ca se s

n e ces sa r il r e q u ir e s.
y

Of t h
i

e I rifi n i t i v es an d I m p er a t i ves .

1 90 . I t is d if
fi cu l t t o sa
y w hichof t he se t w o o u ght t o
t a ke t he p r e ce d e n ce , si n ce b o t h p r e se n t t he s a m e fo r m ;
 LEC TU R E x .
t ru er . 1 90 2 . .

bu t, as tha t whi ch has b ee n th e I m e r a t iv e i s

p t e r m ed
s m e t im e s
o fo u n d co n j u g a t e d w i t h o n e , o r o t he r , of t he
p ro n ou n s t he , ha s u su a l l y b e e n pl a ce d fi r s t a s
I n fi n i t iv e ,

e xh ib it i n g t he m o r e s im p l e fo r m of t h e ve rb .

2 It i .w g ne l l y l l o w d t ht t h
s n o e I fi it i e (
e ra it h be e n
a e , a n n v as as

t m d
er
) i o t
e h i g m o r e th s V
n b l o
n u h i n g i t h
e an a er a n n , av e r an

a cti t ve, n eu
p i ig i fic t
er, i o or 7 71
33ass v e,d i ts n a n : a s, , an n co n s r u c

t h l ik ; t h
t io 3
71 3
n ,
i i t i g i i t ti
, a v s n ,
cc p t
v s t i o a f w hi c h
o, o r e e e a e a n o
'

m y b a it h ct i e
e, e p i (
er p
a 8 9 v , or
a d : DtD a s s ve , see . . n ,

l yi g down w h
n i chi t ,
s n eu e r.

3 A y ft h. es wo dn a cc o d i g t
o S c h d e w hn p o n o
e r s, ced r n o r oe r, e r un

w it h om m ph i s w i l l be c o m e i m p
e e ti as s,i ig i fic t i o e ra ve n s n a n : as,

7 3
3 i i i i i v l i c o ”
, por p ns
p i it
cer e , S . t ie. ns ce , e n s c e. o , n n u es

h e, Ab i i t i o ll m d i im e h
n a b it nu m ui t g i s cr
g n u nu er e en er s : e. .

a udir e
’ n o n t an tu m ro au di , d et dit e , D e u t i 1 6
.
p se
p ro a u . .

11 3 i nf ’ i nfe s t a t e , Nu m 1 7 , &c
7
“

es t a r e p ro .
. x x v. .

4 . W o eto th e fo r m s
m ayn o w c m e a n d oth er
p arti ,

cu l a r s c on n e c t e d w i t ht h
,
i s s p e ci e s of w o r ds .

5 Th e fo r m s of t h e I n fi n i t iv e s a r e v a r i o u s an d m a
.
y ,

b e eit h
,
e r p r i m i t i v e o r a u g m e n t e d a cc o r d i n
g t o t he s e,n s e ,

i nt e n de d b y t h e w r it e r We sha ll a t p r e se n t n o t i ce .
, ,

o n l y t he p r im i t iv e fo r m s r e s er vi n g t he o t he r s t ill We ,

co m e t o t r e a t o n t h e a u g m e n t e d s e ci e s of t h
p e co n j a

a t io n
g .

Fo r m s o f t he I n fin i t i v e or Ve r ba l N o u n , be l o n g i n g to the Fi r s t
Sp eci e s f
o th
e Co nj u
g a t io n KA L .

6 . o
os t fr e q u e n t ; IE
c n st r
? . is t he m
"

m pg 1 1252 flag a n d IPA a r e m o r e r a r e Th

" “
e se fo r m s
“

, , , .

are
p e cu l i a r t o t he m as cu l i n e
g e n de r T h e fo l l o w i n
g .

a r e fe m i n i n e : m fia r a ga m m m p m
-

a es ri e a g 1 1 g , , , , , ,

Of t his f r m i n t h
e n o o un s i s 51 1 3 , co n st r . 51 3 , ri
1 m, w hich_
i m pl y h
a bi t ,

cus t o m , &c , . an d o cc ioas n a ll y ha v e a n a b s t ra ct s i gn i fi c t io

a n .
AR T . 1 90 . on T HE V ER B S . 20 3

hn l Vf Th
''
HQP H HT
‘ ‘
D Q n IT PQ & all ,
‘

or , P , , l , , c :
. e se

m a sc . an d fe m .
, e x ce p t i n g t he l a st t hr e e, a re of t he fo r m s
of t he S e g ol a t e 1 48 1 49 n ou n s
( Artt and as . .
, ,

th e se n ou n s are
g e n e r al l
y a b s t r a ct s
( A r t 1 5 2 I ll ) . .
;

th a r e w e l l su i t e d f o r th e fu n ct i o n s w h i ch t h h
e
y e
y e r e

r fo r m
p e .

7 Th e se
. wh e n i n co n j u n ct i o n w i t h a n
, y of t h e
p ar

t i cl e s D53 3 w i ll a f fo r d a se n se si m il a r t o t h
, a t of t h e

G e r u n d s i n La t i n a s IPDE i n v i s i t i n g ; W
‘
P f ?
"

D, o r v i s i t
in g ; 7 P 3 a cco r d i n v is it in
l
“

§ g t o a
g ; 5 73 f r o m o r . ,

by a v i s i t i n g
, I n wh ich cas e s t h . e fo r m p r op e r fo r ,

co n s t r u ct i o n i s n ec e s s a r il t a ken o n a cco un t of t h f l
y e o ,

l o w i n g co n t e x t .

8 I n l ik e m a n n e r w i t ht h
. e
p r on o u n s “
JP? y m v i s i t ,

i n g TIPS h v is i tin i n wh i ch I i i s
"
f rred
*
; t y g & c
Pp p r e e , . .

We ha v e ho w e v e r 0 71 5225 yo u r e a t in g Dpj tg lj yo u r
, , ,

s a i n g &c h Ibia a s w e l l a s t h e oth e r fo r m s

"

y of ,t e fo r m .
,
z , .

9 Wh e th t
. m i t i g o w l (l
n e f7 3er1 ) hp pe n s t
3 na l o e th
n v e o a o s e

cc t i t b c o m e im p f c t
a en , e i th o
s er e as n e n un s : a s,

kin g
a r i
g i g G
’
s xxx e i 3 1 n n I ,
i t c
ene w . h n v . . n on e n s an e a ve a

dd it io l
a i t d na 3 3 ’
Tm 3 7
I 3
n se r e 7 3 f i : t i
a s,
g t i g t h CT
3
or n ves a n e

m tt Ez a x 16
er , ra . .

10 B t f1 t h . i k t ht i t h
ux or e p ha s
L
n s,
f o i t
a i n
g , n r es or an n ,

Ex o d xx i x 2 9 .
f l
. t i g Z e
p h ii i 1 1 or
f e e va n ,
. . or

i g p ti
us n Ez k a i 5 th
en ce , h be e n t e p .o se
x v d o n . cc o , t e 0 as . ran s , a un

f t h a d d it io l p
o e g o g i c 7 B na t t h t t h
a ra o f t h i s i d o b t f l . u e ru s u u .

The n o u n s,
qe i val e n t t o t h
u ese i n A r ab i , c a re su bje t t o t h
ce sam e l a ws ;
a n d th ey a re occ o o a s i n a ll y f u n d i n t h c hn e ve r o ccu rs i n
e p l u r al n u m b e r, w hi '

H e b re w I n t he la s t i n s t a n c e, (No
. Gra m m a ria n s h a ve t h o u ght t ha t .
,

t ra n s p o si t io n o f t he 0 h a s t a ke n l a ce o i 1 178 t o h v e b e en th
‘
s n a
a p u
pp s g e ,

o r igin a l fo r m B u t , a s 7737 2 i s r e gu l a r ly t he fe m in i n e fo r m o f 793 I d o n o t

.
3 ,

s ee w h
y we m a
y n o t b e d e r i v ed fr o m t he s a m e f o rm , p a r t i c u l a r l y as the s e

o
f rm s a re in u se .

J
r Thes G ra m . . l ib i . . c xiii
. .
 Fi r s t ; b e ca u se 71 i s he r e n o t p ar a o
g gi c b u t fe m in in e ;
, as t he s it u a

ti o n o f the a cc e n t is su f
fi ie n tc to shew I n th
. e ne c it i xt p l a e, s

no t ne c e ssar
y t o su
pp o se tha t t he o i s t r a n s p o ed f s o j
, t o r reas ns us

g i v e n
( No 8 . . n ot ) e and he n c e w e ha v e i n , th e
y x t x m
ver p l ne e a e

dd u c by him , ”PT3T 3 T33 i g f Ez k i ii

a ed
I t l f or r em o v n ,
ar w y a a 6 , e . v .
,

w he r e t he o is no t t ra n s
p o se d , bu t r e m a in s i i t o ig i l i t t i o
n s r na s ua n .

1 1 . Ag a in , in t he ot h x er e am
p l es w hi chhe g i v e s, v i z .

3 3 3 3
11 1
”
3 3 , be y o n d a ll d o b t u , t he 71 , ab o ve m en ti n ed, o is o f the

fe m i n i n e g en de r, bu t no t
p a rag o gi c . O th er e x am
p l es a re,
1
5
3 s l a yin g , H o s 71 7 3 3 5
71 3 71
rr
. v. 2 ; T n
as kin g , I sa . vn . 11 ; 4 3
15
f e a r in
g W
,
h i c h ho
D e u t iv 1 0
w B .t f c o
. f f
t .
, e ver , ux or n e s se s a er

all ,fm i i fo m
a re f t h I fi it i
e n ne d wh ich t h J w i h r s o e n n ve, an e e s

G m m i t m V b l No
ra ar an s er er a u n s.

1 2 I t w i l l b d iffi c l t p hp
. d c t i ly e ce y t l y u , er a s, a n er a n unn e s sa r , o a

dow l f th
n f t h o t h fo m
ru es or Th S t d t m y ot
e u se o e er r s. e u en a n e

t hm d o w
e t hy o cc W hl l m l y m k t h t c
n as e u r. e s a ere re ar , a a se s

w il l hp p h a i t h A b ic i w h
en ic hi t w il l b
ere, xt m ly
as n e ra , n e e re e

d iffic l t t y w h t
u h o o i t sa b f d
, t t h i c l
e t er a n un s o e re e rre o s ass , or o

t ht f t h p t i c ip l
a o d f t h t ht i
e om t h y m
ar es : an ur er, a n s e, e ver sa e

w o d w il l o cc i o
r l l y b fo d i i t t io i t bl t b o t h
as na e un n s ua n s su a e o .

On t he I m e r a t i v e be l o n g i n g t o
p the F i r s t Sp e ci es .

1 91 . This i s
y h e r of t h e fo r m l P
u su al l
a o r 7 125 ei t
"
, ,

v is i t , fo r t h e s e co n d
p e r s o n si n
g u l a r m a s cu l i n e ; ”
TP
I S ,

fo r t h fe m i n i n e ; l lPB m a sc a n d Hgn ' '

e sam e or
‘

, .
,

”31 2 5
1 2 fe m fo r t,
he sa m e
p e r s o n
.
p l u r a l I n w h i chw ill .

b e p e r ce i ve d s o m e of t h e fr a m e n t s of t h e
p r on o u n s a s
g
al r e a d e n t io n e d A
y m ( rt .

Q It h een r em ar ked h at th
"
a s al r e a d b e fo r m
.
y t l n ,

i s s o m e t i m e s u se d fo r b o t h n u m b e r s a n d g e n d e r s (Ar t .

1 90 .

3 . As t he I m pe r a t i v e i s g e n e r a ll y f r m e d o n t he sam e w r d w i th o o
t he In fi n i t i v e , i t w il l a s i n a ll y b e f u n d w i t ht h
o cc o e fe m i n in e t e r m i o
E
AR T . 1 9 1 . 4 . ON T H E v a n e s . 205

n ati o n as a lso w it h t he s am e v o wel s : a s, 71

71 3 3 7 keep }
Ps . x x v. 20 ; r em e m be r , 2 C hr o n . v i. 42 . Kh
ol em r e m a in s

un c ha n ge d i n vil i fy c , N u r se , um b . xx iii . 7 . J u dg . x ix . 5:
we ha v e su
pp o rt r e r a n d v 8 1 3 w it h
3 ( f o m t h fo m .
,
"

Mah lrdp h ( fr o m an d 1 K in gs x iii 7 ” 7TIT 373

( r om
f , .
, :T

w i t ht h e p a r a g o gi c l e t t e r 1 7 wh e n ce it sho u l d s e e m t ha t e a cho f , ,

th e se f o r m s o f t he v e r b a l n o u n w a s o n ce in u se .

he o o cei he
"
3 3 7 l ie do w n , IP3
4 .
3 o f t f rm t
‘

:
w il l , u
p n re v in
g t

fe m in in e t e r m i n a t i on l o , se an d t he n c ha n ge t he fi rst in t o

Khi r i lc : a s, Up o n t he sa m e
p r in c ip l e , the o , o f7 P3 , is

g e n era ll
y re e j ct e d : as in &c .
, as ab o ve
( A rt .

1 89 . In keep , P s . cxli . 3 , we ha v e e it her an e u p ho n i c ,

o r an i n t e n s i t i v e , Dag es h .

O th 3 o 3 3 53
5 . f e f m r 7 P 7
3 7
3 de s t r o y ye , J e r . u . 12 3 dr a w

y e, Ez e k . x x x u . 20 ; “
i ? n l a y ye wa s t e , J er . xl ix . 28 , are in
c 33 t hu , fe m ,
o J Pyfig cr y t h
" 3 "
s ta n es. So re ig n . u dg ix . . 10 ; ou ,

Jer . x x u . 20 ; ( het m e d ia l f ha s been a dde d on a cc o un t o f the

acc e t b e i n
’
s n
g d r a w n ba k , Ar t 1 2 0 c . . so m a ke h
t ou d r y,
I x li
s. 27 v. .

6 Wh e .
g n a u t t u ra l is t he fi rs t le t t er o f the r oo t ( ) ,
a is t a k e n
i n s t e a d o f Khi r ik he n e v e r a n y a syl la bic a u g m e n t i s a fli x e d t o
w
” '
th e w ord : a s m a ke t h o sa x l v ii 2 ?
3
“ 3 7 0 u ba r e
, f em I Il l t a k e ,
.
, . .

th ou fe m R u t hiii 1 5
, .
, . .

v in e t h o xx t a k e s a S u bs t it u t e o S h
”
7 3 23
. d i u 1 S a m v ii i 8 , f e b a . .

w ith t h e s e c o n d r a d ic al l e t t e r u on t h
p e
p r i n c i l e o f a s s im i l a t io n
p , ,

n o t ice d A r t 1 0 8 f or . Th i s i s s o m e t im es fo u n d t o t a k e
,

l a ce in t h e se n t t e n se a lso
p e p r .

8 Th e f e m i n in e l u r al w il l o cc i o l l f
f o c o
.
p a s n a
y s u e r a
p p e ; a s
0
,

73 3 37 G e n i v 2 3 fo r 7 33 3 37 h . ea r
.
y e ; wh , i c h w i ll a lso h a
pp en ,

o c ca s io n a ll y i n t he p r e se n t t e n se a s w ill b e s e e n he r e a ft e r , .

S e e Ps cxl i 3
. .
, where this w od
r is u se d as a n o un : u n l e s s, i n de e d , w e
co n st ru e om
th f e r er w o d a m?w i t hi t
r , as the a cc e n ts se e m to re
q u ir e : t hu s ,
" ?
H p
Q l a ce , kee
p i
, k p co . e. ee n s ta n t l y. B ut mu ch r el ia n c c e an n ot be
p l a c ed u
p o n the a cc en t s .
 L EC T U R E x .
E AR T . 1 9 2 ,

On t he P a r t i ci l e s
p .

1 92 . W e n ow c m e to th
o r t of w or d s w hichha s
o at s ,

b e e n t e r m e d P a r t i cip i a l an d h a cco r d i n l b
,
as
g y
, een , ,

cl a ss e d w i t ht h e v e r b s a s su ch c o n t r a r y p e r h a s t o e ve r
p y
,

p r i n ci l e of H e b r e w G r a m m a r
p T h e fa c t i s t h e se a r e .
,

n ot h in g m o r e t h an a t t r ib u t iv e s in t o t h e e t m o lo
y gy of ,

wh i chn o t h in g h a v in
g t h e le ast
p o s s ibl e c o n n e x i o n w i t h

t en se h as e v e r e n t e r e d No r i s t h e fo r ce u s u a l l
.
y a s cr i b e d ,

t o th e se w o r d s e x cl u si v e l l i c a bl e t o n o u n s of t h i
y pp
,
a e r

fo r m s DQD w i s e Plfl j di s t a n t ,
' '

g r o win
l g b ein
g j u st , ,

a s m u ch a r t icip l e s as W E E i d 73l
p m a s c,
n gp s a n 1 1 1 , .
, ,

fe m v i s i t i n g o r n eg m as c Hy pe fe m v i s i t e d c a n
“
. .
.
, , , , ,

o s si b l b e ; t o wh i cha v e r l a r e n u m be r of o t h e r fo r m s
p y y g
m a y b e a dd e d Th e t r u tha ea r s t o b e t h a t all t h
.
pp e se ,

n ou n s t og e t h
,
e r w it h t h o se co n j u g a t e d a s v e r b s (w hich ,

i n d e e d i s o cca si o n a l l y t h e c a se w i t hs o m e of t h
, e se
) are ,

t o b e r e g u l a t e d i n t e n se b y o t h e r co n sid e r a t i o n s a s w il l ,

b e sh e wn h e r e a ft e r T r a n sit i v e v e r bs g e n e r a l l y g i v e t h
. e

fo r m 1 91 9 fo r t h a t of t h i s p a r t icip i a l n o u n i n t r a n si t i v e s
"

7 13 9 &c a s m a yb e s e e n i n t h
, .
, e Le x i co n .

2 I t i c io
. s n o gh t
ur usem k t h t S im o i h
e u a o i hr i ar , a n s s, n s

A c m F m ar m
r an u or ig d w hl u e c t io
, a ss t wo d ne f t h fo m
a o e s n o r s o e r

us l l y c ib e d t t h fi t p t i c ip l i w h
ua as r o e i cht hyo cc
rs ar
g t e, n e ur as a en s,

w it h o t t he le t e f n c e w h t e
u as r t ter e e Yet i e a fh i
v er o en s .
, n on o s

n o te he y s E i d
sa s,
‘
o n q i t o m i P t i ip ia m a
x n e ver no se u u r, n a ar c er

e sse No m i q d co n
n a, t e di t P AG
uo N N U i I t it t H b
n
p 2 2 9 I S n ns u . e r ., . .

I f by th i h e m s th at th wo d
e a n s, m y o cc i o ll y b e se r s a as na e co n

t
s ru e d p t i c i
as
p l e p
ar e h p s,w ill o bj c t ; b t
r a sif h
n o one e u , e

c o t e n d t h t t hy a e n t m e a t t i b u t i
n s, a e r _1 b e l ie v h w i ll
o er r ves, e e

c o n t e n d fo r a p o i t i o w hichi in c pa bl f p oo fs n s a e o r .

P 60 1 . .
 L ECT UR E XI .

1 93 . H A V I NG d w e l t thus m uc ho n t he
fi r s t Sp e ci e s _
of

the H e b re w C o n j u g a t i o n , whichi s i n d e e d t h
'
e m o d el , a n d

co n t a in s t he p r in cip l e s u p o n w hi ch a l l t he r e s t a r e
,

fo r m e d ; w e m a y n o w p r o ce e d t o gi ve t he o t he r s w i t h ,

su chn o t e s a s sha ll s e e m n e ce s s a r
y .

P a r a dig m o f the S e co n d Sp e ci e s , o r Obj e ct i v e Fo r m o

f the

F i r st , u s u a l l y t e r m ed NI P H H A L .

P R E TER I TE TEN S E

SI N G UL A R N UM R BE .

Fe m .

3 1 E3 3 H e be ca m e i
v s i t ed . ”3 P3 3 S h
e be ca m e i
v s i t ed .

.
2 Th
o u be ca m e s t v is i t e d . rH Tho u be ca m es t v isi t ed .

“
1 11 7 133 3 I be ca m e v is i t ed . I be ca m e v is i t ed .

P LUR A L N UM R BE

1 7 P3 3 Th
“
3 e
y be ca m e
’

v is i t e d .
ln d Th
e
y be cam e v is i t ed .

- -
DIP [P3 3 Ife ”El [
PDQ
'

2 be ca m e v is i t e d . Ye b e ca m e s i t ed.

y -
1
5
13 7 125 ; W be
e ca m e v is i t e d . id TPB J W b P
e e ca m e v i si t e d .

P R ES EN T TEN S E .

SI N GUL A R . N UM R B E

”
3 “ P3 He be co
’ ’

i
mes v s i t e d . 1 P3 n Sh
e beco m es v isi t e d .

T? IP “
“
2 Th
en be co m e st v is it ed . Th
o u beca m es t v is i t ed .

1 I be co m e v is it e d . I be co m e i t
v s i ed .

P L U R AL N UM B ER .

Th
e
y be co m e v is i t e d . ”33 P3 n The
y be co m e vis i t ed .

Ye be co m e v is i t ed . Ye be co m e v is i t e d .

Wb e e co m e v is i t e d . 1 P3 J ’
e beco m e v is i t ed .
 L E TU C RE x1 .
E
AR T . 1 93 . 2.

I M P ER A T I VE .

SI N GUL A R.

M a sc . F em .

wk?”B e J ?”
“
th
ou v isi te d. P B e th
ou v is i t e d.

P LUR A L .

2 B e ye v isi t ed. ”3 7 2
1 19; B e ye i
v s it e d .

Fo r m s o
f t h
e I N F I N I T I VE ,
or A bst r a ct Ve r b a l No u n .

"
1 mm 25m ,
“
1 ,
an d We? ! be i n g v isi t e d,

P AR T I CI P LES ( u su a l ly) ra th
er V E R B A L C O NC R ET E No u n s .

SI N G UL A R .

n aggg ,
an d N1 2?) Vis i t e d, &c .

P LUR A L .

D ‘
QEQ J hi m?
) lb .

2 . W ha v e he r e gi v e n t he I n fi n it i v e s P a r t i c ip l e s &c a s u s u a lly
e , ,
.
,

fo u n d i n t h e P a r a d ig m a s we s h all in a ll t h
, e oth e r S pe c ie s ; n o t

b ec a u s e w e b e l i e v e t h is a r r a n g e m e n t t h e b e s t b u t b e c a u se w e w o u l d ,

d e p a r t a s l it t l e a s m a y b e fr o m t h
,
e u su al m e th , o d s ; a n d be c a u s e ,

w e m a y in t h ,
is w a y fa m il ia r i z e t h , e m in d o f t h e L e ar n e r w i t ht h e

se v e r a l f o r m s o f th e se n ou n s .

3 . Th e se n se a f fo r d e d b y t h is s p e c i e s i s m o s t l y o bj e c t i ve ; s o m e
ho w e v e r i t i s s u iye ct i ve ; a s he fo u g h h
’

t i m es , , t ; , e

s w or e ; he r ecli n ed ; he co n t e n d e d ; w h e r e co o e r a t io n
p
-

se e m s r a t h e r t o b e i m pl i e d : a t o t h ers i t is r e fl e c t i v e : a s ,

W
,
1
c h o ? a n d a t o th o c
’
7 a s kin
w a t i n
g n e s s e lf; g f o r se f
l ; er s i t s f r e ,

m a y b e e x p r e s s e d i n En gl ish b y u s i n g m a y ca n ,
m u st ou h
g t o r , , , , ,

th e l ik e S ee G e n v i 2 1
. x vi
. 1 0 ; xx 9
. Al l o f w h . ic hm a y b e . .

v e r y w el l c om pr e h en ded in th e com p ou n d f o r m o f t his w o r d w he n ,

r egu l a t e d b y t h e cir c u m s t a n c e s m e n t io n e d i n th e c on t e x t See .

Ar t 1 5 7
. . 18 . 20 .
A RT
‘

1 93 ON T H E v a n e s 209
‘

. . .

4 . Wh en t he p r i m i t i ve w o rd ha p p e n s tob e g in w i t h a g u t t u r a l
le t t e r, h o w e l a c co m p y g 3 m y b e it h bu t n o t
t e v an in a e er or

co t d N m x iii 27
ac un e , u . v .
“
Ei a l sa id , D a n . v iii 26 .

o ver t u r n e d , Es t h i x . . 1 ; s e a le d, I b . v iii . 8 ;

p la c a t e d, C hr o n v
1 . . 20 ; wher e w e ha v e t he o
frm or

in st e a d o fW
IPE So . d pl
an . ci r cu m ci se d , Gen . x v i i. 27 ,
fo r ( A rt . In o n e in s t a n c e, 3 see m s t o ha v e b e e n af fix ed

to o ne o fthe au
g m e n ted f rm o s ; as, it sh
a ll e x
p ia te Deu t
—
.
,

x x i 8, f
.o r
9 3
7 3 1 3
, in fu ll “ Q Pn n J
( Art 83 . . L ) , gr ou n de d on t he
f rmo
z e k i 8 t he a d d it ion ha d co
.

5 . In left , E . x .
, al w rd o re u r se

to o
i n f r m in g his t S pe c i ( e A t 1 5 7 es s e r . . see m s to b e gi v e n
m o re at l e n gt ht h an u su a l . B ux to rf t hin k s t hat we ha v e he r e a

f rmo o
c m p o un d ed o fb o t ht e n ses t ha n hic hn o t hi n g ca n b e m o r e
w

u n l ik e l
"E
Fo r 7 in we s o m e t im e s ha ve th e Ch al d e e n
y .
,
,

o o253 xx iii
as in Ka l
l
( A rt . 1 88 . a s, { 1 73
22 f g t t r en , Is . .

“ bia t h
a ? o he fo m 1 ,n
“

6 . e
y w er e
p l l u t ed , La m . iv . 1 4, on t r
p ro

b a b l y fr om an a ven
g er . Of t he sam e f r m i s , “713 143 t h
o e
y
s a hl l be p o s ses se d of, Nu m . xxx ii . 30 . I n the w o rd
“
13 32,
1 Ex o d .

x v. 6, we p h p ha v e
a s a n a b b r e v ia t e d f
, o r m erfo r w i
l l ” 0 7 18 3 it i s
, , IT T Z o
.

be co m e g l o r iou s t he
p r e c e d in g w o r d ,V P? ”
b e i n
g r e ularl
g y o f th e ,

fe m i n in e g e n d e r Th is th e r efo r e n e e d n o t b e c o n s id e r e d a s
.
, ,

a n o m al o u s in a n y o ther
p o
,
i n t o fv ie w .

On t he P r e s en t Te n se , I m
p e r a t i v e , &c .

7 . The l e a d in g f r m o m o st l y t a k e n fo r t h is t e n s e i s , 1"
an d
s o m e t im e s t he fe m i n in e f r m , o ”
T 2 ; 7 ?
X P
, a
-
n d a r e a l s o fo n d u ,

as i n Ka l : bu t , W
7 ?i s u se d o n l y w i t ht he In fi n it i ve , o r v e r b l no a; un

e x am
p l es o fe a cho fw hi chw il l p r e se n t ly b e g i ve n .

8 . The bl , o ft h fi t pe o e i rs rs n s n
g u la r, is s om e t im e s r e u l a r l y r e
g p
fi x ed wi t h a s, I am en
q u ir e d o
f , Ez e k . x iv 3 ; .

I sw e a r , Gen . x x i 24. . Al o s ht he fe m in in e fo r m
w it ; as, 71
9p
I es a c e
p , I h x ix. . 20 ; 71 7lr 3z n3 ' ' 8 I am h o n o u r e d Ex o d , . x iv 1 7 ;
. an d

The s G ra m . .
, l ib i . . c . x iv . a d .
p a r t i ci
p Ni
.
p h
hd l .
 LE T C URE x i .
ii
[ AR T . 1 9 3 . 9 .

713 3 12 1
-
. Hag i 8, . . h
w e r e t e T1 h ha v e b e e n l o s t
se e m s to , as in o t he r

in s t a n c (Aes rt. 7 2, in m os t o f w hich h ow e ver it , , is res to d re

in t he m a r g in a l r ea d in .
g
Fo r ha v e ?l t hu o o
"

9 . we 1 wi l t *
be br ken , EZe k .

3 531 7
h h
x x x u. 28 . So 5 e wa s . infir m , 2 S a m . x ii . 15 ; e wa s

f h
r e r es
e d E xo d , . xxx i 1 7 ; . h
e wa s we a n e d , G en . x x i . 8 ;

Ei
“ l " i t w a s s a id
.
, J o h ii 2
s . . . So a ls o , th
e
y s h
a ll be co m

m em o r a t e d, I sa . lx v. 17 th
ey s ha ll be e a t en u
p , J er .

xx iv . hi c hm a n y m o r e m a y b e a d d e d
2 : to w .

1 0 To t h u ral T B
I E p g g 1 a r a o ic o
T
e .
p l a i s ft e n a d d e d as i n Ka l , ,

a s l ai
n h sh a l l be cu t o
f s xxx v i i 9 & c
"

, t e
y P ,
. .
, .

1 1 We h a ve in t h
. e I m e ra t i v e
p a s sem bl e
you r se l ve s J o e l , ,

i v 1 1 fo r s ee m s t o b e r o u n d e d e it h e r o n th e fo rm
.
, g
or W il ; i fi t i s n o t t h
l3
e
p
- r e t e r i t e u s e d a s a n i m e r a t iv e
p .

1 2 Wh en ever h
. ere a s in o t h e r in s t an ces th e first le t t er o f t h
, e ,

r oo t i s s u c ha s t o b e i n c a a b l e o f r e c e i v i n s h or t e h
p g D d g é f t e
p re ,

ce d i n
g v ow el is c
n e e s s a r i ly m a d e p er e f c t , as in &c . ab o ve

g i v en
( No .

13 . In the In fi n it i v e , we ha v e ea t in g , Le v . Vi i . 18

g i v in
g , J er . xxx ii. 4 . An d w it h J fo r t he fi r s t
, l e t t er ,

fig ht i n
g t og eth er J ud
g x i 2 5 , . .
b l$3 73 r eque s t in g 1 , Sa m .

xx . 28 ;
i ll ? de s i r i n
P -
g G e n xxx i 3 0 7
3 W
1” ,
. .
,
s en d in
g Es t h i ii 1 3
, . .
;
$33 , fo r st r i kin g , J u d g . xx . 3 9, g r o un de d o n t he o
f rm

or
"
73 1 75
1 . To t he s e m a yb e re e rr e f d F13 3 ” (b yAr t 7 fo r t en , .
h
or flfi
l
f,
l
p p l l i n
rog , Pes l v iii 3 . x . . W e als ha v e tfii j fi fi e n qu ir in g ,
o
Ez e k i v 3 , o ft h e s a m e f r m , w i t hN , i n s t e a d o fn fixe d t he
. x . o , p re ,

le tter u s u a ll y t aken byt he C ha l d e e s and S yr i a n s .

14 . Th e D dg és hf r t e , f u n d i n o o the r st r a difi c l l tt a e er he s e
in t

v e r b s, co
i s m e r e l y m p e n s a t iv e fo r t he c h c t i t ic 3
ara er s , whic hh as

b ee n r ej c t d a cc o d i
e e r n
g t o r u le ( A rt . 7
1 5 . Th o g
e ni v un en he r e as a
p ar ti c ipl e , ha s , in a fe w i n s t a n c e s,

) in s t e a d o f( t ) : a s, ( f
o r m37 1 3 , f r m . o Ar t 8 7 . .

t a ken in a n et , P s ix . . 17 . Al t in g f i s f p in i n ,
o o o t ha t t he p l u ra ls

p er s n s o p r op h yi es n
g, 1 Sam . x ix 2 0 , J e r
. . x iv . 1 5, E z e k.

Re a s o ns o r t ra n sl a t i n g
f t his p r e se n t t e n se b y a fu t u r e w il l b e gi v e n i n t he

S yn t a x .

1 Se t c . vn . 1 1 9 de
. v e rb op e rf
e ct o .
AR T . 19L j ON T H E V ER B S . 21 1

x iii 1 6 ; D taa n ; hidd J o h x 1 7 ; l3 m3 15 3 p oll t ed Ez e k

.
i - en , s . .
3
u ,
.

xx 3 0 3 1 ;
.
, f o n d E t h i 5 i v 1 6 1 S
u m x iii, 1 5 s d . .
, .
, a . .
, an

som e ot h e e fo m d o n t he m e a
rs, ar 1 17 573
r
5 e B t th i i b y s u re
"

. u s s no

m ea n n ce ss
y T h e
e ( ) f
s ar t he i g . l i i t i t r u m oo t l y s n u ar s, s r e, s

fo d w i t h t h
un e se co d a di c l n b t th r e th i v ow l i
a : as, u n , s e s

n t im m t b le a d m ayb e c om e h e u ph o
o u a , ) f tn m e e a k e o f y z or e r s n ,

wh i c hi pe h a s th c a se in ll t h e se i t c
p se r an es a ns .

1 9 4 P a r a d ig m th
e Co n u g a t i o n Ver b, i n t he Th
.
f
o
j o
f a ir d

P R E TERI TE TENS E .

SI N G U LAR . P LU R A L .

M ate . Fe m

p apa ,

'
‘
D Iiafi ,

P R ES EN T
SI N G U LA R . P LU R A L .

”21 1
72 3
-9
'
n a i pa n .

WED§ ,
7 B?)

I M PER A TI V E .

SI N G U LAR . P LUR A L
W E
E:
3 -

I NFI NI T I V E, or V ER B A L No u n .

M F
a sc . o rm . Fe m . F o r m s.

a pa n a pa , n apa , n j a
p , m apa .

P A R TI CI PLES , or CO NC R ETE V ER B A L No u n s .

S NG UL A R
I . P LU R A L .
21 2 LE T C UR E x i .
~

g. E
A R T. 1 9 4 . 2

O bj e ct i v e Vo i ce o
f the s a m e, t e r m ed t he Fo u r t h
or P UH A L .

P R E TE R I TE TEN S E .

SI N GUL A R . PL u EAL .

SI N GUL A R . P LUR A L .

Wis?"
TE
”
NEW ,
”E
l li 535 -

“ ii Q 3 -
"P
l93 -

I M P ER A TI VE .

P LUR A L .

I NFI NI TI V E, or V ER B A L Nou n .

a pa .

P A R T I CI P LES , or CO N CR ET E V ER B A L No u n s .

SIN GUL A R . P LUR A L .

'
p ar s i nzan
"
ri se. a D sta p
i n
s
-
.
,

On th g h h S p ec i e s a
e P
f T i d
”

er s o n s , o. o t e r EL.

2 . Wh en e v er t he las t c
r a di a l ha pp e n s t o b e o n e Of
le t ter
t he g u t t u ral s , ) P at h
a /
ch w i ll b e t he t e r m in a t in g v o w e l ;

w il l , t he r e fo r e , be the m e a s u re in su h ase :
c c s a s 3 EW h e ,

o
br ke , P s . c v ii . 16; he s wa ll o we d I s x x v 8 ; ”PWh
, . e sen t
.
,
AR T . 1 9 4 . ON T H E - .
V ER B S . 21 3

Ex o d i x Al o whe n o o wed b y M a kkdp h

'

. . &c . s f ll ,
‘
a s,

w a r m ?h e taug ht kn o wl e dg e , E ccl . x ii 9
. .

3 . In a fe w in s t a n c es is t he t e r m in a t in
g v o w el : h
e

sa id ; he w a s h
ed ; he e x p ia te d .

4 . Whn e an
y l e t t e r , in c a
p able o fr e c e iv in
g D d g ésh , i s the m e d ia l

letter o f the r oo t , a com p en sat i o n is m ade by h a n in

g g t he
pcre

ow co o c l fiD h
'

ce d i n g i m p e rfe ct v el t o it s rres
p n din g p erfe t one : a s, e

r
ef u se d, fo r E
L D h e bl es s e d ; a n d i n t h
. SO e p a r t ic i l e
p 3 33 , W
bl e ss in g ; 3 § DD de t es t in g &c ; he e x p la in e d ; he de l a e d
, y .

( A rt . I n a fe w i n s t a n ce s K h i r i k r e m a in s w i t h o ut

an ya
pp a r e n t co m e n sa t i o n
p a s h e de s t r o e d 1 K i n s xx i i 4 7 ;
y g , , .

he ve x e d P s x 3 ; D 75 5 h e i nfla m e d M a l iii 1 9 ; D E Whe

WW
. . . .
, ,

co n s o le d I s x l ix 1 3 ;
, .
? y t h e d e.l a
ye d J ud
g v 2 8 w h e r e , . .
,

o cc u r s w i t hS eg él S O i n t he '

.
f e a r in
, g P r ov , .

xx v ii i 1 4 ; PPQD le a d in g I s l i 1 8 &c I n a l l w hi c h ca s e s
.
, . .
,
.
,

D dg e s hi s sa id t o b e i m p l ie d ( Ar t
'
.

5 Wh
. en th e a cc e n t is d r a w n b a c k in t h e f e m in i n e th e ,
l
cha r a c t e r is t i c v o w e l ( ) r e t u r n s : a s ”Q fl ? i t l ic ke d 1 Kin gsu
, ,

x v i ii 3 8 ; ”Did?s he g l e a n ed R u t hii 1 8 &c ( Ar t 1 1 9

.
, .
, . . .

6 I n s o m e i n s t a n c e s D dg és hfor t e i s o m i t t e d e v e n w h
. en th e ,

sh
w
,

l e t t e r is ca p a b l e O f r e c e i v in g i t : a s 71 e sen t Ez e k x v i i 7 ; , , . .

the ys e n t P s l xx i v 7 SO a s s im for
p r a is e
y e
, p . . . , , .

S e e Ar t . 1 13 .

7 . W e ha v e , i n t he
p a r t i ip l e ,
3 3
9 7 3?o u r t ea h c
er , J o b v
2 c xxx . 1 1,
fo r “ SEND , by Ar t 7 3 A n d , J e r x v 1 0 , 3 23 Q D u r s in g
. .
3 3
. . .
3 c m e,

b u t in he m a r g in t wh ich i s p r o b a b l y t h
, e t r u e r e a d in g ,

g i v in
g t he p a r t ic i l e
p o r c o n c r e t e v e r b a l n o u n ,w r i t t e n a s a v e r b , ,

w i t ht h e fra m en t o f th
g e fi r st e r s o n a l r o n ou n
p p .

8 In th
. e
p a r t ic i l e
p o f th e f e m i n in e
g e n de r
( ) o cc a s io n a l l
y
u

r e m a in s : as , ” 23 D D
7 c a us n i g a b o t io
r n, Ex o d xx i ii 2 6 ; w l o
. . e a s

ha v e 5” in e br ia t in g
“ 3
, J e r 1i 7 ; a n d ,
. . w it ho t D iig é h N EE
DE
uD s ,

( fo r n D D
fi )
Q c o m m i t t i n
g a du l t e r , P r v
y o . xxx 2 0 ; d by . an co n

t r a c t io n “ EDD ( fo r , m in i s t er in , 1
g K in gs i 1 5 .
( Ar t . 7
9 . Fo r t he p ar t i u la r c fr oc e o ft his s
p e ci e s, se e Ar t . 1 54 7 — 9 . .

On t he O bj e ct i v e Vo i ce , or Fo u r t hSp e ci e s Pi J H AL .

10 . W om e s i
e t m es ha v e 1
) Kh
at i ip
'

hi n t his s p e c ie s i n s t e a d o f ,

“ 3
3 Ez e k wh i t sh o u ld b e
‘

e.
g . it wa s cu t, . x v i. 4 ; ere
 t
LECT U RE x 1.
E A R T . 1 94 . 11 .

o b s e r ve d , h ha s D cig e s h o he u s u a l pr ac t i c e
" ’
3
‘

t at , c n tr ar y to t

73 3 3 3 7 i t i s d es t r o e d
IT : T y , Na h iii . . 7 . So a l so the
p a r t ici i al n o u n
p
I h ii 4 ; in th
'
3 3 13 3 D3
IT T :
m a de r e d, . . a n d, e pl u r a l n um be r , DB53 f
Ex o d . x x v. 5 .

ma n y i n s t a n c e s , t he D dg és h i s i m pl ie d (Ar t
1 1 . In .

h
-
as VD
,
? w a s e d P r o
“

v xxx 1 2 ; ” DEQ j o b e c t o
f, m e r c
y fe m . .
,
.
,

Hos i 6 Th
. e Kam e l s f
. o u n d he r e in t he p e n u lt im a i s o n a cco u n t
.
’

, ,

o f th u s e a cc e n t ” D ? con s o l ed I s
E
e
p a ( A rt 1 20 S
- o . .
, , .

l iv 1 1 . .

12 . Wh en D ag es his
'

n e it he r wr i t t e n , nor i m p l i e d, t he p r e ce d in
g
v ow el is ne ce ssar il y m a de p f ; c t
er e a s, 3
1 ; -
T s la in
, I s . xx v ii . 7 ;

W
A D torn
, Gen . x li v. 28 ; “ 7 13 d cl
7 e a r ed , r ev e a l e d , Nu m . x v. 34 ;

a
g i t a t e d,
( as wit ha w hi rl w in d ) I s li v , . . 11 . In a ll w hi c h
c he co o n d n ce o f th v o wel s obl iq A
a se s , t r r es
p e e is ue
( rt .

96 .

13 o m i t c e t h c o p o d n c e i d i e ct ; a s
. In s e n s an s e rr e s n e s r ,

bo J d g x iii 8 ; 3 3 123 t k i
rn , u t Eccl .i 12 .
3 3
a en n a ne , e s. x .

t f j oi t P o ou 19 I th
o e fi t tw x m pl en , r v. x x v . . n rs o e a s,

D ag e hi p hp ho i c i h l K e i f S g ol
''

s
p s
; t t
er a m t a
p t s eu n n e as , s s u or e

on cc o t f t h p e ( A t 1 2 0
a un o I J xx ii 23 w h e au s r . . n er. .
, e ave

th i p t i c ip i l
s o ar w it h e l oth a c o m b i d w it h t he
n un , se v ra e r s, so ne

fm i i e p o o
e n n f th co d p o i g l
r n un t h e gi v e n
o e se n er s n s n u ar, as o av

c o id b l
ns si e rat th e G m m i : th
e u n ea e p
g i n ess o ra ar a n s a s sa e s,

3 53 ” 3 23 3 ? Wm '
fl e w as ; “
ca n?w a s m e

Th h n th — a r t n e s t le d in t h c e da r s — h
ou ( ow) d w e l l e s t i e Lib a n u s e o w , ,

sh a lt th o u be c o n s o l e d w h en a in s c om e u o n t h ee
p p

Here i s p u t fo r m il " 3 73 3 91 3
2 , fo r 33 15 3
an d
33
32
30
-
3 , fo r c h c w e ha e o
V 3 13 t hE
iDg m o W
I n a ll w hi . a se s , v n n re

t hn t h f m i i
a fo m f th p o o
e i co je c t io w it h p
n ne r o e r n un n n un n a ar

t i ip i l
c b l co c t
a ,
o I t h x m pl
o r ver R b bi
a n r e e, n un . n e e a e a

J o w f o p i io n cc o di g t B t f t ht o m e ft he o w l
na as o n , a r n o ux or , a s o v e s

In s om e e d it i o n s, an d as ci t ed by B u x to r f
,
this w o rd i s w r it t e n an d
a m mo, w i t
I
hKam et s Kh f
at é u n d e r ts w h i c h i s c o n t ra r
y t o t he fi rs t
p ri n c i l e s
p ,

o f H e b r e w syl l a b i c a t ion They a r e a l s o t h u s ci te d b

y K. i m k hi i n th e M ikh lo l, ,

fr o m w h ic hB u x t o r fp ro b a b l y t oo k h is exa m p l e s .
AR T. ON T H E V ER B S . 21 5

o n ly ha d be e n ret ren ched ; byw hi c h he p ob b l ym e a t t h t t he

r a n , a

p r o o
n un w as a dded , som e a b br e v a i t io b i g fi r t m a d e
n e n
( S s . ee

Ar t . 1 75 . 15 . n ot ) e.

14 . In a fe w i n s t a n c es we ha v e a S u bs t it u t e o f S h evt i w h er e
'
,

og y he S h which s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n in t r o d u ce d
'
a nal r e q u ir e s
eva
‘

t ,

fo r t he sa k e o f e u h o ” E 3 3 3 793 133
“

p n
y : as
D t a ken G e n , ,
. i i 23 ;
. .

th ou s ha l t be s ou g ht Ez e k xx v i 2 1 ( Ar t 1 0 6 , . . . .

1 5 Fo r t h a r t i c u l ar fo r ce o f t h i s S e c ie s see Ar t 1 54
. e
p p , . .

7— 1 5 1 6 . .

1 95 . P a r a d ig m f
o the Co n
j u
g a tio n of the F ift h a n d S ix t h
S p e ci e s , i . e. in bo t ht he S u bj e ct i v e , and Obj e ct i v e , Vo i ce s,
HI P H H I L an d H O P H H AL .

P R E TE R I TE TEN S E .

SI N GUL A R P LUR A L .

M at e .

P R ES EN T

SI N GUL A R P L UR A L .

”W E
S T
" .

2 ”B W T

1 ” 32593 , 3 3 23 3 ,

I M P ER A TI V E .

SI N GUL A R . P LUR A L .

2
“
33 9
2 0 we .
en o m e n .

I NFI NITI V E, or A B S TR A CT V ER B A L NO U N .

M a sc . F o r m s. Fe m . F o r m s.

7 ”T
IE ,” 7
"
VP or 3 33 » S 13 3 1 129 1
1 .
 L ECT URE x1 .
CAR T . 1 95 .

P A RT I C I PI A L , or C O NCR ETE V ER B A L No u n s .

S GUL A R
IN . P LU R A L .

M a ss . Fem

0 3 7
999 ,
5
3 3

Obj e ct i ve Vo i ce, H o r n H AL .

P R E TER I T E

SI N G U LAR : P L UR A L
Fe m . M a ce .

73 712590 :

m es a ,
cam eo .

‘
N ’
EQC
’ 33 3 K?”

P R ESEN T

SI N G UL A R P LUR A L .

3 123 1»
"

WEE
B ‘.

I M P ER A TI V E .

SI N G UL A R P L RAL
U

3 129 3 ,

I NFI NI TI V E .

R? ?
"

0 1
"
or T

P A RT I C I PI A L , or C O N CR ETE V ER B A L
S NG LA R
I U .

Dfi I pb b
“
1 125 72 ‘
T z -
3 r
AR T . 1 95 . ON TH E VER B s . 21 7

On the A ct i v e Voi ce .

2 . The c hr c t e a a r i s t ic T
1 , o ft his s
p e c ie s o cc u r s a l
,
so w it h
or but this ha ppe n s o nl
y w he n a g u t t u r al l et ter foll o w s a s,

h h
'
e ca u s e d
l D5f
3
} e be l ie ve d, G e n . x l v 26 ;. to s t a n d, Le v .

x iv 1 1 . o ha s t p of d D t xx i 1 7 ; {3 3 3 3 fl t ho t hu r e s se , eu . v .
,
u

h t as d to p o J o h ii 7 We a l so ha e
ca u s e a ss Ex o d ve r , s . v . . v .

xi ii 1 2 ; d . Z ch iii 4 & c
an A d w it h( ) de t h e e . .
, . n z un r

u t t l i n u ra i t i o b t r u ct ed L v 3 s s ev. x
g , . .

3 I e i ns t n c e w
. nha e on w i t h t h m iddl e r a d ica l l t t
a e v e e er

3 3 3 33 5 573 I h e 3
st d h ee t h n ot
a s,
5 3 q e i m 1 S m i 2 8 S av re u e , a . . . e es

on Ka l (Ar t 1 8 8 . .

1
4 . On t he w o rd
“
1 31 7 1 11 71
3
ha ll s I l e a ve ? J u dg i x . . 9, 1 1 , 1 3 ,
mu chh as b e e n w r it t e n , b u t p e rha s
p no t ver
y c o c l n u s iv e l
y . Le t us

en de a v o ur t o a n aly e z it x co . I t w il l b e se e n , b y t u r n in g t o t he le i n s,

t ht a i th e f th e Im
p t is i n K l w h i c
fo m h r a c c o doi g era ve a : , r n

t o o r y t e m
u w ill g i e s f
s t h p i m i t,i e Se ol t
g n ov or e r v a e un .

He e t h w e h e o t h
r ,
i g m o e th
en ,
S gol t e n o av co j g t d
n n r an a e a un , n u a e

w i t h t h p o ou n wh ic h i n t h
e e fi rt pe s o n w i ll , g u l l y b e ,
rs r n, re ar

3
53 3 3 13 a d b y r j e c t in g t h
, e Kh é l ém (
n i t h S gol t e
,
e A t as n e e a s, r .

d et i i g t h e co e po d f Sh
'
1 52 . an t b t it t
r a n n e a in rr s n en su s u e o v ,

od t p
r er th fo o m w e hll h e
re se rve wh i c h w i t ht h
e r , s a av , e

i t e og t i l ! p fix e d ( A t hl l h
"

n rr a ve w re m I a r . e s a ave a

l i g ? i e hll I le
ea v n ? A cc o d i g t t h
. . i s l ys i
a th f oa ve r n o s an a s, er e re ,

th i w o d bel o g
s t to th fif
r th b t t th e fin t spe c i
s n o co e , u o rs es, n

j g t e d w it h t he a b t a c t i s t e d f t h co c e t e o u whi chi
u a s r , n a o e n r , n n, s

u n u su a l .

5 .I n an o t he r in s t a n c e, v z i .
,
3
53 35 35 I h
a ve
p o l l u t e d, I s l iii 3 ,
. x .

we ha v e t he au
g m e n t e d v e r bal n o u n , c om m e c n in g w it hR , in s t e a d
o f T1 i . e. t he o
f rm u su a ll y t a k e n in t he C ha l d e e an d S yr ia c (A rt.

6 . Ag a in , we ha v e in Am o s iv . 3 ,
73
253 3 D3
' 3
, w hi c h i s an un

u s u al , but m o re re
gu l ar, wayo f w r i t in g t he se co n d pe r s o n l
p u ra l
1
fe m in i n e o f the
p r e t e r it e t e n se i . e. 33
35 5 3 ,2D73 , u su al l
y
1
l {3 3 2DU ( A r t 1 8 8
.

ye h a ve c a s t I n I s a ia h.
, c ha
p x ix .
6, . . .

we h 3 il t h sh
a ll a bh h r s o fa u m e n t a t i o n ,
'
3 n 3 l 5
w i t t w l t t
av e e
y or , o e e
g
N an d 71 ; b u t he r e , is p e r ha s th
p e
g r u n d f rm o -
o .

7 . In t he p resen t ten se , w e a ls ha v e t he f r mo o a n d, in
 LECT U R E x 1 .
KAR T .
1 95 8 . .

b th, th
o e cha r a c t e r is t i c
i s fr e q u e n t l y m it t e d o . Wit ht h e p ar a o
g g i c
Tl , ho w e v e r ,
3
is a l w a s a dd ed : a s ,
y
3“
9 7 3 55
3 I w i ll ca s t , Ne h .

x iii . 8 . Wi t h a s, he m a y be lie ve J o b x v 3 1 ,
x
. . An d b y
a fu r t her c o t c t io n ra n ,
”
DD “
h
e wi l l
g i ve co n d e n ce 2 Ki n s
.
fi g , x v iii 3 0 , .

fo r o r El i l

om e c c f th ch ct c ost ;
5
8 . In s in s t a n es ev er
y t ra e o e ara e r is t i is l
a s, 31 3 3
3 : th
e
y a r r i ve d a t, 1 Sa m xxx i 2 ;
. . the
y be n d, t r e a d ,

or d ir e ct , as a bo w, J er . ix . 2 . Wh t h p e re e r m i i t iv e f r m o se e m s to

ha v e b e e n t a k e n , in s t e a d o ft he u su al o n e o ft he m e a su r e

9 . mphI m a co ll e c t , 1 Sa m . x v. 6 , i s p u t fo r t h i
e (r? f
or tim e

Ar t t 7 2 , 8 7
. . L) , r oo t F B
I ,
”
or 303 . S o , ”TD5 I w il l r u in , J er .

xl 1 75 l b f
o r 71 3 3 5 oo t 33 3 A c c o gn a t e
v i 8 .
( f or . r , rabi

w it h3 25 .

10 . H is s o m e t i m e j c t d t og t hr s re e e , e e w it ht he cha a ct e r r i s t ic 31 ,

to c
fa il i t a t e th p o e n c i t ior
p e hp nu a n r a s : a s, 73 5 I w il l h
ea r , Job
xxxii l 35 5 A r t de s t r y t h o
D l
. 11 ( f
or
‘
. So , fi p 5 I w i ll em ,

Jer . v i ii . or D
1 3, f 5
DP ;
C 5 ‘
he s h
a ll
p i t c ha ten t , fo r Is .

x iii 20 ; j i h t i 2 S m
.
‘
it ‘
e a r r es , a . x x . 5 , is, pe r ha s, f
p o r th e p a s s iv e

fo m 3 3 5 2 f a n d, a s t h c
”
57
3 3 (
3
“

r A t , or r . e
q u ie s e n ce o f R

af Kd m e t s t
’
i t af i s he r u n u s u a l in H e b r e w , he 3 ma h
'

t er rat t y ave

be en t ake n t o av o id t hi s . Th e fin al i s p r b a b l y e u ph n i
o o c , an d

t ake n o n a cc o un t o fth
e gu t t u r a l , as in oth er c a se s .

11 . S om e ar e o f p in i o o n , t ha t 1 Sam . x v. 5, is pu t f
or

by o m it t i n
g t he N, a s ab o ve, b y Ar t 7 3 . .

12 . I n the I m pe r a t iv e w e m ay ha v e a p a r a go gi c n , whi chw il l

t he n , as be f re o ( No . t a ke the ch a r a c t e r is t i c a s,

p r op
s er h
o u Ne h i 1 1 ( A r t 1 7 5
t , . . . . .

13 . Whe n e v e r t he s e c o n d o r t hir d r a dic a l , , l e t t e r is , e it he r a

g ut

t u ral, th e t e r m in a t in g v o w e l w ill b e ca to
“
or 1 , a s, use

c om e d ow n , Jo el iv . 1 1 ; PE}
T ? r em o f ve ar a wa y, Job x i ii . 21 ;
m a r g in m a ke s t r a ig ht , Ps . v. 9 .

14 . In t he In fi n it i v e , or a b stra ct v e r b al n o n t h cha a ct e i t ic
u , e r r s

n ha s fo r t he m ost p a rt ; as , c t t i g 1 7; J xli v 8 ;
u n 0 er . .

com m m o e ra t in g , 2 Sa m . x v ii i. 18 . Wh n y en f th e a one o

p t
ari c l e c o t i s, n a n ed he in t w o rd D53 2 , i p fix d t h
s re i fo m i e , s r s

al w y d op t e d ;
a s a when t his is not t he c a se , we m a
y ave h or

3 33 273 as, D
Q DU r s n i i g ea r l
y J er vu 13 ; 3 ‘
3
Dg 3 se t t in u
: ,
. .
g p,
Ne h v u . . 3 ; 3
‘
D 3
D T de s t r o in ,
y g Am os ix . 8 .
AR T. on TH E v n a s s . 21 9

15 . Wh en e it he r t he s e c o n d o r t hir d l e t t e r is a g ut t u r al , or
‘
t,
we th ha v e fo r t he fi n a l v o w el as b e f
f
"

en o re a s, i i i g,
r es s t n
,

1 Sa m . x v. 23 ; y our br i n g in g to r e co l e ct ion l , Ez e k .

x x i 29. .

1 6 . In m a n y i n s t a n ce s , w e ha v e t he fi r s t v o w el o ft he I n fi n i t i ve

t he sa m e w it hthat o f th
e P r e t e r i t e t e n se : a s,
g i vi n
g r es t ,

”
5 7 73 s h
a kin
g , J er . L. 34 ; l i be r a t i n g ; sa v n i g, Is .

xxx i . 5 .

17 1 Sam . 11. 33 ,
i s p r o b a b l y p u t fo r ( Art .

d e r iv e d fr o m t he roo t “ ”
Hi ; 3 3 13 b e p u n is h
ed . Wh e n ce M 9“
co r r e ct io n , p u n is hm e n t . But see m y H e b r e w L e ico n x .

On the Obj e ct i v e Vo i ce , H O PH H A L .

18 . This v o i ce i s g r o u n de d o n n o u n s o f the fo rm o f 7 37I 5: 71v “

, or

WE
E ( Ar t . 1 57 . he P i i hal t he a g e n t n e v e r
An d h e r e , a s in t
’

a e ars an d h e n ce b o t h a r e ca l l e d b y t h e H e b r e w G r a m m a r ia n s
pp , ,

a s a r e a lso t h o s e co r r e s o n di n g t o t h
p e m i n A r a b ic b
y t he A r a b ia n s ,

Conj u g a t io n s t h e a
g en ts
of w hi ch a r e n o t n a m e d ‘
.

1 9 K i bbi i t s o cca s i o n a l l ya cco m p a n ie s n i n s t e a d 0 f( ) K h at iip h;

'
'
1
.
,

as , th r o w n d ow n Ez e k xxx i i 3 2 fi bril ” ca s t do w n D a n , . .
, .

v ii i l l
. .

20 . Wh en t he fi rst r a d i ca l le t t e r ha p pe n s to be ag ( )
u t t u ral , n

he pl a ce o f S h sh
'

o cc u
p i es t eva a s 7 0 a e is , T IT IT
la id w a s t e , Ez e k .

xx v i 2 w he r e t he Kd m e t s K hii t zip h b e co m e s a p e rfe ct

.
,
’

vo w e l , an d
r e m a i n s u n de r t h e ch a r a ct e r i s t i c 71 b y a n a l o g y ( s e e Ar t .

2 1 Th o cc u r w i t h
e
p a r t i ci i a l n o u n s f
.
p re u en tl
q y () a , in s t e a d o f

P? x c/ 5 /

d eli J Lo 5 9 Th
?T3?» f
i
H e b t 55i g m g
., m g gn A ra b . (
r l(u d
»
55
) 4 e r e a so n o

this se e m s to be, t ha t, as t he n o m i n a t i v e is i n c ed in the ve r b, an d as, in

the s e p a s siv e co n j u
g a t io n s , this n o m i n a t i ve is n o t t he a ge n b u t th
t, e
p a t ie n t o n

w hicht he in fl u en ce o f the v e rb is e x e rted ; if a n y o t her w o rd w e r e a d d e d a s a

h i h w o u l d th e n b e i n a p p o s i t i o n w i t ht h r o n o u n so i n cl u d e d )
n o m i n a t iv e , ( c w e
p ,

i t w o u l d n o t r e p re s e n t t h e a ge n t b u t t h e p a t ie n t ; a n d f urth er i t i s u n u su a l i n ,
,

th e Sh e m i t i c d i a l e ct s t o u s e a p e r i p h r a s i s ; a s J u d a hw as ki l le d by Si m e o n ; f or ,

th en i t w o u l d b e sh o r t e r t o sa y ,
S i m e o n k i l le d J u da h ; t h e G ra m m a ri a n s ,

t h e r e fo r e ,
h a v e l a i d d o w n t h is a
pp a r e n t o m i ss i o n a s a r u l e ,
a l t ho u gh so m e

i n s t a n ce s a r e t o b e f o u n d t o th e co n t r a r y .
 '
2 20 LEC TUR E x 1 .
E ART . 1 9 5 22: .

Kh
at ap h: a s, 2
5s l a id do wn , 2 Ki n gs i v 3 2 . . S o in t he
fe m in in e , ca s t do w n , 1 K in g s x iii . 25 . In o n e i n s t a n ce ,
t he cha r a ct e r i s t ic is r e t a in e d , a s is o ft e n t he cas e in t be Cha l de e

a s, n ly¥i2m ( fo r
7
a E ) SBP , m a de a n g u la r , Ez e k . xl v i. 22 . B ut,
w he n t he fi r s t r a d i ca l is a g u t t u ral , it w il l a ke
t ( 7 : as b e fo r e : e. g .

"

?
l
72
”
se t u
p , 1 K in gs xx ii 3 5
.
D TH ND
‘
P
ht o n a in e d, he ld , 2 Chro n .

1 3 52 t xx ix h
' '
ix . 18 I T T :
w a st e d , Ez e k . . 12 . So 13
q ( o w is ) f or

h
idde n Ex o d x ii K am e t s K h
d t up h i s
’
Here also
'

x 1 9 e u iva l e n t
, . . .
q

22 . The ha r a ct e r is t ic T1 o f t hi s a n d t he l a s t sp e cie s i s ge n e r a l l y
c , ,

j
r e e ct e d , when p r e ce d e d b y a n y p r e f o r m a t ive t a k i a n i n i t ial
n
g
Sh
eva :
Ar t
a s, T
figfi , f
or T
E D?“
"
77
22 , fo r WU F Y
,
&c . See
. 73 .

23 . Fo r the p e cu l ia r fo r ce o f this s
p e ci e s , bo tb j
s u b ec t i v e a n d
ob j e ct i ve , se e Ar t . 1 57 . 2 -
1 0 .

1 96 . P a r a d ig m o
f the Co n
j u
g a t io n f
o the S ev en t hSp e ci e s
t e r m ed H I T H P A H EL .

P R E TERI TE TEN S E .

SI N G U LA R. P L U AL
R .

Fe m . F em f

3 s team ,
m e on
s :
m am .

2 El li “ WW ”
1
"1
57 1250 0 ,

P R E S EN T

SI N G U LA R. P L U AL
R .

m ?
m
"
fi laal n l
) “

m ama ,
“
w a n tw -
AR T . .
1 96 2 .
] ON T H E V ER B S .

I M P ER AT I V E .

SI N G U LA R. P L U AL R

”
125 11 5
1 .

I N FI NI T I V E .

P AR TI C I P I AL NOUNS .

Sm o un aa . P L U AL R .

w a p,
-
s m r ti mam .

On t h
e Sp eci e s t e r m e d H I T H P A H E L .

2 . The last h t e n s e s a s w e l l a s in t he I m pe r a t i v e
vo w el i n bo t , ,

h h
-
is r e q u n y(
f e t l a s
H i g T e s ee m e d s t r o n
, g 2 C hr o n x ii i 7 , . .

h e sh a l l be s h a vedfi L e v x iii 3 3 a n d w it h t he Cha l d a i c

" ’

. .
, ,

p r e fix “ 20 0 73 - he
j o in e d h i m s e
lf 2 C hro n xx 3 5 S o i n t h,e . . .

D fl gfl tj I w ill co n s o le m s e l
f P cx ix h
p r es e n t t e n se , y s 5 2 ( t e , . .

DU E ; “ a n ? “ th
p r i m it iv e w o r d b e i n g n ot ) fl ou a r r o a t est
g
p r a is e t o t hs e f P r o v x x v
y l 6 W,Q U O n th o u s
. he w es t t hs e
.
y lf , k i n d ,

2 S a m xx i i 2 6 .
53 530 t h
2 . a n s h e we s t t h s e f
y l p f er ec t I h e t P s a l m , .

1
x v iii 2 6 ; 7 213 1?t ho u s hewes t t hyse lfp e r ver se 2 Sa m xx ii 2 7
.
,
. . .

S e e P s xxx v i i 4 a n d 1 K in gs xx 2 2 fo r t h
. .
, e I m pe r a t iv e H e re .
, .

th e p r i m i t i v e w o r d se e m s t o h ave h ad fo r i t s l a s t v o w e l .

3 In he sh a l l be e x ia t ed D en t x x i 8 we h a v e a co n
.
p , . .
,

f bo th t he H i t hah
' ’
t r a ct e d o rm f
f a co m ound o el , d
or
p p an

N ip h
hd l , fo r m s . To w hichI se e no g o o d g roun d fo r o b j e c t io n ;
b e ca u s e I ho l d , t ha t t he a u gm e n t o f the N ip hd l h s
p e cre s m aybe

r e fix e d to a noun co m m e n cm g h n
w it w i t hj s t u as m uc h pr o
p ,

p y r ie t as it ca n to an y o t he r . The R a bb in ica l w r it e r s o ft e n u se

this f
o rm .

The f
u t u re s i gn i fic a ti o n o fthi s t e n se w il l b e a cco u n t e d o r in th
f e S n ta x
y .
 LECT U R E x 1 . e
E A R T. 1 96 t . .

4 . An y roo ha v i n g
t, a m e d ia l l e t t e r i n ca p a b l e o f r e ce i v in g
D dg e s h m a ke t h Th
’

, w il l e u su al co m
p e n s a t io n ( S e e Ar t . e

v erb he r e also , as in o t he r i n s t a n ce s , m a
y ha v e t he p a r a g o g ic

( S e e A rt . 1 75 .

5 . In a fe w i n s t a n ce s a tten ds the m e dia l r a d ica l le t te r ;

Dw mfl hew h E5 ? h
‘
‘
as, fl I w il l s m ys e lf o ly; 3 3 9 “
I w il l s ew

m ys e l fg r ea t, Ez e k . xxx v iii 2 3 . .
( S e e Le v . x i . W e ha v e
?
1
Kh m il m th h ? th
-
a l so blém : a s, “
E e
y s a ll be m o ve d ; “ t e
y
sha ll be m a de m a d, Jer . x x v. 16 . Th e
p rim it iv e no uns he r e , a re

rh d w hich w il l t f
fi
p e a s
p an a cco u n su

c ie n t l
y f
or t he vo w el s .

6 he p a r t i cip ia l n o u n w e ha v e
. In t i r r it a t e d I s a 1 1 1 5 fo r , , . .
,

wh ere t h e p r i m i t iv e n o u n i s o f t h l b
a
"

e fo rm .

7 The fe m in i n e f
. o rm h a s s o m e t i m e s a s e o l a t e t e r m in a t i o n ; a s
g ,

“ g
t s tr e n t h
g e n in
g h e f
r sel R u t hi 1 8 ; m itt 2m
2 co n t a in e d ,
.
-
,

Exo d i x 24 . . .

8 . In E x o d . n . 4 : 3 5
50 33 1 and s h
e s too d , we ha v e a v e r y s i n g u l a r
a n o m al y, an hichha s gi v e n gr e a t t r o u b l e
d o ne w t o the G r a m m a r ia n s ,

am on
g w ho m Al b e r t S ch u l t e n s s ee m s t o m e to h a v e a p r o a ch
p ed

n ear e s t t o t he t ru th H is s o l u t i o n o f t h e d if fi cu l t y i s I t is n o t “

s h in t he s i b il a n t s t h h
”
o n ly sa y a t a t r a n s o s i t io n i a ke
“
, e , p m g t t

l a ce ( Ar t 8 3 2 b u t a lso in a n o th l e t t e r a s in t h e A r a b ic
p .
y .e r .
,
I /C,

s
p e ci e s M L I ft hen w e t ake fo r t he r o o t , an d w r i t e 3 31 m l?
1 )
fo r an d t he n dro p t he
( Art . we ha ll ha v e
s 1

w hichw il l be fi
s u f c ie n t l a n al o i al Al t i n g er s th
ref e f o rm to a
y g c .

S yr i a s m . H eb G r a m . .
, 1 63 .

9 . Of t he j
o b e ct i v e fo r m o f this s p e cie s , o n ly a fe w i n s t a n ce s
o ccu r ; a s, fi fi a y
fi n t h
e w er e se t in o r de r , a r r a n g e d, Nu m b i 4 7 , . .

ii 3 3 ,
. xx v i. 62, 1 Kin gs xx . 27 . In ho r iz e d v e r s io n t his
o u r au t ,

wo rd is t r a n sl a t e d b y n u m be r e d , f
or which t he re se em s t o b e n o

g oo d au t ho r it y . Fo r so m e a c co u n t o f ( ) 1 in s t e a d o f un de r
t he fi r st r a di ca l le t ter , se e Ar t 1 8 5 4 5 ; 1 5 7 1 0 , n o t e
. . . . .

Ot her e x am
p l es are : 71 5275 15 ”
TI Tp o l l u t ed
( f
o r ”REIGN ” ,
Ti r
w he r e 19

an d n co m b in e u n de r Ar t . Deu t . xx i v. 4 ; an d ”3 3 53 71
m a de f a t, Is . xxx i v. 6 , fo r ” W
T 1 ?
7 3 " Ar t
:
. 83 . 1 .

10 . Fo r t he p ro
p e r t ie s o f this s
p e ci e s , se e Ar t . 1 57 . 1 2— 1 6 ;
an d fo r t he t ra n s o s i t i o n s w h
p i chs o m e t i m e s t a k e
pl a ce i n t he l e t t e r s ,

Ar t 8 3 . .
AR T . ON T H E V ER BS . 2 23

On t he r e m a in in g an d l e ss u su a l S p e ci e s o f the Co n
j u
g a t io n

f
o H ebr e w Ve r bs .

Of t h th 1 tj i a
“
e form 1 d
1 97 . e se , s
3 ,9 an ,

cl a ss e d d e r t he t hir d fo u r t h a n d se v e n t hs p e cie s (Ar t

un , ,
.

w ill b e co n si d e r e d w h e n w e co m e t o t r e a t o n t h o se
r oo t s w h i ch h a ve 1 or fo r t h e i r m i dd l e r a d ica l ; o r
, ,

ha v e t he se con d a n d t hi r d t he s a m e ; b e ca u se t ho se v e r b s
a l o n e a r e s u bj e ct t o t h e s e fo r m s .

2 I t m u st h
. a ve a pp e a r e d fr o m w ha t ha s al r e a dy
b e e n s a i d t ha t a l t ho u ght he r oo t s o r w o r d s t o b e co n
, ,

j u g a t e d m a yb e m u l t i fo r m t he c o n j u g a t i o n i s b u t o n e,

th at is t o sa
y t h e d if f
,e r e n t pe r son s & c a r e fo r m e d ,
.
,

i n a l l ca s e s by o n e g e n e r a l a n d r e g u l a r p r o ce ss Th e .

p e r s on s fo r e x a m pl e a r e fo r m e d e i t he r by p r e fi x in g
, , ,

o r p o s t fi x in g th e d e fe ct i v e fo r m s of o n e o r o t h
, e r of t h e

p r o n o u n s (Ar t t 1 8 8 . th e I m p e r a t iv e a n d I n
.

fi n i t i ve by t a k in g t h e r oo t a n d s u fii x i n
g t h e p r on o u n s
,

o r n ot ; an d th e p a r t i cip l e s by p r e fi x in g D ; w hi ch m a y,

th e n b e i n fl e ct e d l i k e o t h e r n ou n s Th e fo l l o w i n
g ex .

a m pl e s t aken fr o m t he M ikhl o l of D Kim k hi w il l .

suf fi cie n t l y i ll u s t r a t e t hi s s u bj e ct a s a pp l ie d t o p l u r il i t e r a l ,

r oo t s .

55‘q he p u t on a
g a r m en t s o ca l le d .

P R E TER I TE TEN SE .

3 pe rs .
‘
7 ‘3 l 3
'
2 13 ?
; W3 ; 1 “
2
1 3 7 511 3 , &c . as b e fo r e .

This — w hi chd o e s n o t o ccu r a t l e n gt h,

a s a v e rb , in the S a c re d Te t — i s x
he re gi v e n m e r e l y as a
p a ra d i g m .
 LEC T UR E x r. -

t A tT i . 1 97 . 3 .

P R E S EN T TEN S E .

3 p e r s Sgi . 2 5m m ; 1 Sgt 1915 -

, &c .

A C TI VE P A R TI C I P I AL N OUN .

‘
M a sc 551 1 973
.
;
fe m . or hgg lb b
‘
si n
g “

D tt fl l b p 2
11 1 7 3 1 13 79, pl
'
m a sc .
’ fe m .
,

PA S S I VE P A R TI CI P I AL N OUN .

5511 n
. &c .
, 1 Chr on . x v. 27 .

3 9 So h e cu t o
f
a l so
; h
3 e w a s
fu7 3
l l o
f m o is t ure

W
.
,

5 ?h ? h h
-

3 1
5
6 5 e s
p r ea d ;
“ i
7 3
1 e u n de r m i n e d ; U e i f
n l a m ed & c , .
,

wh i cha r e n o t hin g m o r e t h a n r e d u l ica t e d n o u ns

p S e e Ar t 1 6 9 . . .

4 Fr o m t h V”? a br ea s t a te w e h a v e ” UE “ th
. e noun 71 3
p l D IT
ou -
,

p u t t es t on a br e a s t p la t e , J e r
-
. x ii 5
. . An d as a
p a r t i ci
p l e,
m a m
Ib . xx ii . 15 .

5 . Of p r i m i t iv e w o r ds , d r o pp i n g he m e d ia l 1
t , or an d r e du
p l i
ca t i n g t he fi rs t a n d la st ra d i ca l l e t t e r s ( Ar t 1 6 9 . . t he fo l l o w in g
1
a re l e a d in g fo r m s o fv e r b s : 3 3 27 3 s u s t a i n in
g ; l e ap i n g 31 3 3 3
a rm i g; n chir p in g ;
"
l
a i?(
-
i rat he r
"

W ED
, as ab o v e ) , un der
m in i n g M a n yo ft hese ,. ho w e v e r p l a ce d b
, y
are o th e r G r a m m a r ia n s

un de r ro o ts ha v i n g t he s e co n d a n d t h i r d r a d i ca l s t h e sam e In .

one i n s t a n ce , w e ha v e j
a n o b e ct i v e fo r m , 3
“ 3 33 the
y w er e s u s t a in e d ,

1 K i n gs xx . 27 .

6 . Th o l l o w in
e f
g pp h
ar e su
a v e b een f o rm ed
o se d , b y K im k hi, t o
b yr e d u p l ica t in g t h e fi r s t a n d s e co n d l e t t e r o ft h e r o o t (Ar t 1 6 9 . .

5 h ?
,

3 7 3 3 7 ca u s in 7 so o th
as , 3 g t o i n cr e a se ; 3
2 3 3 i n
g d e l ig t i n
g ; 3 7
53 l , .

r id icu l i n
g W h e n ce Y O VD D G e n
. xx v ii 1 2 ; 3 2:
1 9 3 t h ou a r t e x . .

ce e d i n l bea u t f “ M ? bo w in
g y l ul P s x lv
P , g d o w n
. d e ba si n
.
g ,
.

th ese b y r e d u pl ica t in g t h
, e l a st two and d r o p p in g t h e first , ,

r a d i ca l : t u r n i n g a bo u t t o r t uo u s ; beco m in g ver y h , ot ;

h
'
U D
3
pl p er a m b u l a t o r
y( s e e A r t 1 69 a n d t e fo ll o w i n
g b y . .
,

p r e fi x in g p the a r t i cl e “ 73 a s, de l a yi n g .
IT 3

7 . All t he se , as fa r as t he y a r e fo u n d co n j u
g ate d , fo l l o w t he
g e n eral a n al o
gy al re a d
y l a id d o w n : e. g .
)
I ( w il l a rm ,

J QW W
Is . x ix . 2; “P ? 3 "
h
e w il l a r m , I b ix . . 10 . Fr o m E F
’ ‘Q
P B B , ,

t ouh (fe m ) . ca u ses t to g r o w, Is . x v ii . 11 . So he de l a yed ;

 2 25
AR T . 1 97 . a ] o n T H E D E EC T I VE VER F B S .

“ n lm n n
i fi t h
e
y de la ye d , J u d g . x ix . 8 ; “JO E U Q DU w e de l a e d,
y
Gen . x l iii . 10 . In fi i
n it ve , 3 3 3 3 71
712
2 de l a yi n g , Ex o d x ii 3 9 . . .

mm h & c de l a y, H a b
-

P a r t i cip l e , E Q U Q OD, I t .
rap t e w ill , m a y, . .

ii 3
. .

In t he l a st i n s t a n ce , t he fi na l 71 i s r a di ca l , he r e fo r e i t h
an d t
as

h
t e M ap p i h, an d i
rem a n s u n c ha n ge a b l e ; o f whi ch m o r e w il l b e
sa id he r e a ft e r .

8 . I t sh o u ld be o b se r v e d, t ha t t he s e v e rbs a r e fo u n d i n a v ery

fe w o f th e
p er so n s at m o s t , a n d so m e o n l y a s p a r t i cip l e s , o r v e r b a l

in ha p s is v e rb fo u n d j ate d thro u h
n ouns : no ca s e , p e r , an y co n u
g g
ou t all t he s pe cie s .

th J au h
’
On e se
p l u r il i t e r a l v er b s, s e e ari un der M a r t el o t t o s

G r am . Ar a b .
, pp 1 8.5 . 1 62 3 -
. B o char t . H ie r o z o ico n , tom . . II

co l . 68 9 . Or ig . Ed i t . H a r i r i, b y M r . de Sa cy, p .
to in v o ce

m s
”
S ee a l so J auha r i, an d t he Ka m o o s , un de r t he s e an d
s im il a r w o r d s .

L EC T U R E XI I .

ON T H E D E EC T I VE V ER S F B .

1 98 . W
p r o ce e d t o con si d e r t ho se v e r b s whi ch
e now ,

p r e se n t ce r t a i n d e fe ct s i n t he ir se v e r a l fo r m s We sha l l .

b e b r ie f h o w e v e r b e ca u se a t a bl e of t he co n j u g a t ion of
, ,

e v e r y k i n d of v e r b w i l l b e i at th e e n d of t h
g v en e se

r em a rks Ou r p r i n cip a l b u sin e s s n o w w il l b e t o sh

. ew ,

ho w t he se d e fe ct i ve v e r b s a r e r e d u ce d t o t he a n a l o g y of
th o se a l r e a dy co n si d e r e d .

2 It h . a s a l r e a dy be e n sh e wn th a t p r i m i t i v e Wo r d s ,

ha v i n g a J i n ce r t a in sit u a t ion s (Ar t

, o r e it h er o f .

th e l e t t e r s V IN Ar t 7
”
( w i l l o cc a s i o n a l l y d r op i t
.
; a n d ,

Q
226 L EC T U R E x 1 1 . 1 98 . 3 .

that of t he t w o l a s t r a d i ca l l e t t e r s of a n y w o r d w he n
one ,

bo t ha r e t he sa m e ( Ar t 7 7 w il l a l s o b e r ej e ct e d We .
‘
.

no w r e m a r k t h at wh e n w or ds t h
, u s ci r cu m s t a n ce d a r e
,

co n j u a t e d w i t ht h e p r on ou n s t h e y w il l b e a f fe c t e d bo t h
g ,

in t h h
'

e ir v o w e l s a n d co n s o n a n t s b t e s e c o n si d e r a t i o n s
y .

We do n o t t hin k i t n e ce ssa r y he r e t o d i vid e t he se v e r b s ,

i n t o D ef e c t i v e s a n d Q u i e s ce n t s a s h
, a s u s u a l l y b e e n do n e ; ,

b e ca u se t ha t w o u l d p e r ha p s b e m u l t ip l y i n g d i s t in ct i o n s
, ,

w it h o u t s u fficie n t r e a s o n s fo r do in g s o .

3 Al l t h
. e a n o m a l ie s o r d e fe ct s th en th at ca n
p os , ,

s i bl o cc u r m u s t a r is e fr o m o n e o r m o r e of t h e se l e t t e r s
y , , ,

o ccu r r in g as t he fi r s t se co n d o r t hir d r a d ica l l e t t e r o f

, , ,

th e r oo t ; o r w h en t h e s e co n d a n d t h
,
i r d r a d i ca l s a r e t h e

sa m e .

4 . Le t us ht ho s e co m m e n cin g w it hJ
b e gi n w it Th e .

r u l e is A o th i s ef fe ct : Wh e n e ve r J is a f fe ct e d
( rt t .

by a fi n a l S hevd ( z ) i t w il l b e d r opp e d : i e w he n
'
, . .

e ve r t h ? of o u r p a r a d ig m h a s a fi n a l Sh
’
i n IE ev d
“

e S , , ,

th en ,
p u t t in g a n y v e r b c o m m e n cin g w i t h3 i n t he s a m e
s i t u a t io n th e 3 w il l b e r ej e c t e d
,
an d th e de f e ct s u pp l ie d ,

by D dg és hfo r t e .

5 All v e r b s of t h
. is k in d t h en w il l b e co n j u g a t e d , ,

r e u l a rl y in
g t h e P r e t e r it e t e n s e of K al ; as
mg h e , ,

a
pp r o a ch e d ; fi gg
g 11 20
23 & c , a s a l s o in t h e , .
,

P ih él P ii h ,
dl a n d H i t h p d hé
,
l t h r ou
g h o u t : b e ca u se i n , ,

th e s e ca s e s th e i n i t i a l 3 of t h
,
e r oo t w il l n o t b e t h us ,

af fe c t e d .

In th e P r e s e n t t e n se th e l e a d in w o r d is W i l l ; h e r e
g , ,

th en w e sh
, o u l d ha v e b u t by A r t 7 6 wr W519 , . .
‘

(ti g t , h an d so on .

6 . In the sa m e m an n e r, in t he p r e t e r i t e of N ip hhdl ,

fo r an d so o n , by t he s a m e r u l e t hr o u g ht he ,

H ip hhi l , an d H op /
hdl p
z ,
s e ci e s .
AR T .
~
1 9 8; on THE F
D E ECT I V E V E R BS . 22 7

7 . I n fi n i t i ve o r a b s t r a ct v e r b a l n o u n i s he r e fo r
The , ,

e fo r m D W
,

th e m o s t p a r t of t h , Jfi ; a s I m / J J a n d d r opp i n
g ,
'
, ,

th A it /; b u t i f u t t u r al be t h e l a st
e J
( rt fl .
J a
g ,

r a d ica l l e t t e r i ll b e co m e a s i t is t h e ca s e :
( ) w , M

w it hs e g ol a t e n o u n s (Ar t
J fo r W
.

8 Th e I m p e r a t i ve i s W h h
'

.
J J w i c i s r e
g u l a r l y , ,

co n j u a t e d : a s w
g J t
s t J (
,fi l A r t I t w i l l ,
. .

b e u n n e ce s s a r y t o n o t i ce t h i s v e r b fa r t h er .

9 As t h
. e ve r b m
J h e
g a ve p l a ce d & c ha s a l it t l e , , ,
.
,

p e cu l i a r i t y a bo u t i t i n ha v i n g I a l s o fo r i t s fin a l l e t t e r
, ,

i t w il l be n e ce s s a r y b r ie fl y t o n o t i ce i t s co n j u g a t i o n .

10 H .th th e fi
ere, l I w il l l en b
, j t d by r l na a so e re ec e o ur u e

( A t r w h. v t h t h a fien el S hé d er m l “ f ” 3 3
52
a as na v : a s,
T I
’
T ’ o r ,

&c . An d , as 7h: is t he l e a d in g w o rd fo r t he p r e sen t t e n se , we

sho u l d ha v e r e g u l a r l y
, lf z un & c b u t b yo u r r u l e If i n ”
, , .
, ,
”
, ,

&c Th is h o w e v e r d o e s n o t u n iv er s a l l t a ke l ce i n o t he r ve rb s
.
, y , p a

co m m e n c i n
g w i t h 3 a s w i ll r e s e n t l b e s h
p y , ew n .

1 1 In th e I n fi n i t iv e
. fo r O DD) or “ D D a cco r din g t o o u r l a s t
, , ,

e x a m pl e w e h ave , b ya fu r t h e r co n t r ac t i o n a s i f o r 5 1 3 5
, ,

ha d b e e n t he p r i m i t iv e fo r m a n d he n ce w i t ht he a ffix e d pr o n o u n s , ,

”hm i
m
yg iv in
g ; n n h i s
g i v i n
g & c ,
.

1 2 I n th e se . a s in o t h e r v e rb s , we m ay h ave ( or l ) ,
n
,

fo r t h e l a s t v o w e l o f e it h er o f th e t en ses ; h e n ce W 3 “ th ou sh a lt

e x a ct Deu t x v 3 ; , .it sh a l l w it h
. er Ps 1 3 th e
p r im 1 t 1 v e s , . .

b e i n g , pe r ha s,
p
hul l , an d res
p e ct i v e l y.

13 . Wh en t he se co n d ra d i ca l l e t t e r i s , he r e it a g u t t u r al , o r 3 , an d
t he r e fo r e i n ca p a bl e o f r e ce i v i n
g D dg és h t he , co m p e n s a t io n ,
w he n
3 i s d r o p pe d , i s e it he r ex
p r e ss e d or i m p l i e d, ( Art . a s, fi rst,

hp }
fo r “ U "
( he
, for “
D D,
P wi l l de scen d ; s e co n d, fo r
o f h
e w il l i
r e ce ve co n s o a l t io n .

14 . In he n t he m id dl e r a d ical i s a gu t t u r a l t he
m o st ca s e s , w ,

h l h h
'
” ‘
J is n o t d r o p pe d ; a s 3
5 3 e
g roa ns ; C
Jl J e r a g es ;
,
e .

w i l l p o s s e ss ; h e is m i l d Th e re a r e al so a f e w i n s t a n ce s i n .

wh i cht h e J is r e t a i n e d w h en th e s e co n d r a d i ca l i s n o t g u t t u r a l ;
,

1m h t i
'

; s r
p ys i l l I 1 i i i
“

as 1 e w il l kee J er i i i 5 e w e x a ct s v 3
, p ; , . . , . .
,

&c
 L ECTUR E x 1 1 .
t A RT . 1 98 . 15 .

15 . The J , is al so o cca s i o n a l l
yp r e se r v e d in t he In fi n it iv e ; a s,

53 ?wi t he r i n g ; t o u ch
in g : a n d in t he I m p e r a t iv e ; as, 3 71 3
9
l d ig P I ? la n t ,
Pp &c
“

l e a ve ; ke ep ; .

1
w it h 5 ”1 h tooh
n am el
72
‘

16 . A s o ne v erb co m m e n c in g , y e ,
is
j
s u b e ct , in so m e d e gr e e , to t he sam e r u le, it m a
y b e ro er
p p to

n o t i cei t in t h is p l a ce .

This v e r b , t h o u n d in t h
e n , is f e K a l, N i h
e ci e s hi l d P i h
a l
p s
p c , a n t

on ly . I n Ka l , t he L
) is d r o ppe d , wh e n e v e r i t i s a cco m
p a n ie d b
y
a fi n a l as a so l in th e I m p e r a t iv e , a n d o cca s i o n a l l y i n t h e

In fi n i t iv e . p In t he h ere f o rer e t e r it e
i t w i l l r e t a i n a ll i t s
t e n se , t ,

le t te rs r eg u l a r l y I n t h e
p r e s .e n t w e s h a ll ha v e ” P P , ,
1
a n d so o n I n t h e I m.
p e r a t i v e w e h a v e ri 7
1 a n d T 1 7
1 ? “
H
, p an d .
, ,

T 117 5 & c I n th e I n fi n it iv e w e h a ve a l s o t w o f o r m s “ UP o n ce
,
.

‘
,
( ,

N O D 2 K i n gs x i i 9 ) a n d U i77 2 D e n t xxx i 2 6 . ,
. . .

i
1 7 In N p i. h h d l t he
1
7 1 s r e t a i n e d ,; a s a n d fl
fi y
l fi i t i s ,

t a ke n , 1 Sa m . iv . 11 . 17 . 22 . In fi n it iv e , be i n g t ake n , I b id .

1 9, 2 1 .

18 . In P a bs t, w e ha v e in t he p r e t e rit e , a n d HP )
, fo r ”
in t he p r e se n t . B u t , in he t hir d
t p e r s o n s in u l a r
g fe m i n i n e o f t he
l 125 23 , whichh
'

p re ter te
, i ( or l
f D ) G en . i i. as
p r o ba bl
y b een

effe ct e d b y a t t r a ct io n .

1 9 Th e.
p a r t i c ip l e s are re
g ular, as fa r as t he y a r e fo u n d : a s,

on e w h
o t a ke s , &c .

On t he Ve r bs co m m e n ci n
g wit hR or

1 99 . The n e xt cl a s s of r o o t s w e sha l l n o t ice a s s u bj e ct ,

to ce r t a i n d e fe ct s a r e , tho s e h a v i n
g e i t he r a n N or J fo r , , ‘

th e i r fi r s t r a d i ca l l e t t e r .

2 No w a s t h
. e se l e t t e r s
,
b e i n g t he fi r s t of a n y w o r d , ,

w il l l o s e t h e i r po w e r a s co n s o n a n t s o n l y w he n p r e ce d e d ,

by ce r t a in v o w e l s (Ar t 3 7 the co n se qu e n ce is t h e . ,

con j u
g a t i o n w il l b e r e u l a r
g a s in TRJE m t he
pr e t e r it e ,
"

of K a l t he I n fi n i t iv e a n d P a r t i cip l e s ; a s a l s o i n t he
, [
,

wh ol e of P i hel P it hal a n d H i t h ,
p d hé l b u t in t h i s l a st , , ,

the y s e l do m o ccu r We n e e d n o t t he r e fo r e g1 v e a n y
.
, ,
 F 229
'

AR T. 1 99 . ON T H E D E EC T I V E v a n e s .

t a bl e of t he se fo r m s Le t u s n o w p ro ce e d t o co n sid e r
'

th o se p a r t s in w hicha n yd e fe ct o r co n t r a ct i o n w il l a r is e
, , , ,

i n co n se q u e n ce of e i t h er of t he s e l e t t e r s l o si n g t he i r
po w e r s a s co n s o n a n t s a n d fi r s t of t ho s e w hi chha v e ti ;
“

, ,

fo r t h e i r fi r s t r a d i ca l l e t t e r .

3 Th o r th
f
e l e a din w o rd f e p r e t e r i t e t e n se of K a l
.
g , ,

m a y b e of e i t h e r of t h JQ ti h
'

123 o r 1 13 2 : a s
"
e fo r m s
“ “

e , ,

sa i d ; T l ti h e sh on e
(f or p erh a p s , Ar t t ha t of .

th e p r e se n t of e i t he r 1 122 IPJ o r W , P} r a r el y I RS
“

,
“

, ,
"

o r W ti ti Ar t 8 7
'

Vr ti ( f i I i b i n di n
J
J i
“ “

as , " , sa
y ; t g
g ; . .

a ts n t h a n bi n d e s t ; flJ i tJ
t f t ho u a r t a n
g y
r ; ri
ms ;
h e -

co m e s A fe w ha v e t w o fo r m s : a s t h
. i s and T Nti i tt ,
“

W ,

an d t i .

ha v e wJJti ‘
fl it/ w
“
In 11 s
"
one ca s e , we a s, ; so ,

c on t r . fo r fi n Jti ti I a m l a n g u i d , Ps l x i x 2 1 . . .

4 T a k i n g l tJ ti , t h o he r of t h se l e a d i n
‘

. en , o r a n
y t e
g
w or ds
, d p r e fi x i n
g t
anhe a bb r e v i a t e d p r o n o u n s w i t h

A sh al l h 8 8 t
' '

( 1 8 9 7
9 V
J
rt . w e ave. 1
15 7 2 3 7 1 3 , g
i f i
l ,

h e, s h h
t ii t a n , I , s e a k, &c : b u t , by co n t r a ct i o n ,
‘

t e
p , .

( A 7 1 t m an m p ai r u p s d i h
“
i
rt 8 .
, .
,
1 , ; a n w t -
,

a
p o co
p e, or the a cce n t dra w n b a ck ,
J Ji
Zt J
,
a tax a
i ,

&c a ls o w it h J Dt i J
173 8 13 &c 1 0 13 h he l d
“

.
, ,
. e ,

has In ti a n d Thti t n ti fl a n d J
&c J
m a n y oth er

h
.
, , , ,

ve r b s a lso of t is k i n d ha v e t w o f
orm s l n
, , the p r e se n t

t e n se .

In th
I m p e r a t i v e l D ti Z & c th e I n fi n i ti v e
‘

J
JJ
5 . e ti , , , .

i s fl b ti Jf h t
'

p a r t ici p l e a ct i v e p
J i l l
J t
‘

t i
‘

t J
‘
or ; , e l u r a , ,

D JL
J
J
‘

li & c a s in ,1 2 2 S o i n .t he P a s s w e P a r t i
“
c i p l e .
,

1 3 7913 .

6 I n N ip h
. hcil t he i n i t ia l ti i s t r e a t e d lik e a n y o t he r ,

g u t t u ral ; a s J QiJt H VJ iJ Q Q iJ
t W t , & c
‘

; a n d i n , t h e
'

, ,
.
,

p r e s e n t t e n se t i i ti h
‘

l fl &, c ; i n
i
t l
a s
, i n ,
.

th is s p e cie s TDt tJ (fo r Tali ; Ar t 8 7 , pl u r a l Jifl ti J

, . .
 a?

L EC TU R E x 1 1 . E AR T .

th en , J o sh
ta h 9 ; the l e a din or d t a ke n
w
e
y are . x xn .
g
he r e b e i n g si m il a r t o t ha t i n t he p r e se n t
, t e n s e of K a l .

Th e p a r t i ci p l e i s r e u l a r V J iJ t i J
t T & I t ill b
‘

g c w e , , , .

ob s e r v e d t ha t t he s y ll a b ica t i on d iffe r s he r e i n a sl ight

, ,

d e g r e e fr o m t ha t i n w hich a n o n g u t t u r a l l e t t e r i s t he
,
-

fi r s t of t h h h
’
oo N e d N i dd
"
e r t ; a s
t i J é m r I PQ J p
,
— -
, .

In th e fi r st ca se th e p r e fo r m a t i v e w i t h i t s v o w e l f
, or m s
th e fi r s t s y l l a bl e ; i n th e s e co n d th e p r e fo r m a t iv e w i t h ,

i t s v o w e l t og e t h e r w i t ht h e fi r s t r a d ica l l e t t e r .

7 I n H ip h
. hil a n d H o p hhal t he s a m e r u l e p r e v a il s ;
, ,

w s b b li d w me m m
“

a e e e ve ; a s : s s

m if J J J t i Q & P 1p m P i t
pi j l 1
J
t , c r e se n t t e n se , .
, , ,

t i
t ti & c , o r w i t h t h .e J o m i t t e d , m g p i tfi
t t a s i n , , ,

o t he r ca s e s .

8 So in t h e P a r t i cip i a l n o u n t D § f
J f H J
D titJ
J
J
. e m , , .
‘ ,

p l. D J
Z
J it
J t J
J
& c ,
.

9 In a f
. e w i n s t a n ce s t h e r a d i ca l ti i s d r opp e d ; a s , ,

529? co n s u m i n g fo r 523 33 w he r e w e ha v e a l s o a co n
1
,
1
, , ,

t r a ct ion o f t h e vow el s
( A rt 8 7 E z ek x x i 3 3 S o . . . . .

he l i e s i n w a i t 1 S a m x v 5 i l 3 I w i l l
'
D JJ fo r : IJ ti
T
,
1
"
J
,
. .
l
-

he a r fo r , J o b xxxi i 1 1 ; 19 3 ” fo r fiDti ti I w ill .

,

c o l le c t Ze p h i 2 3 ; JJ
'
f i l l d
'

, g
J l i
t o.r JJ
JJ i t
.
J
Jt i
, I w e
p r e s s

hi m J e r x li x 1 9 ; t o w hi ch se ve r a l o t he r of t he s a m e
, . .

k in d m a y b e a dd e d S o i n t he p a r t icip l e mt; fo r t t ti Q .
J
,

or P I NK ) h ea r h e n in, g P r o v x v ii 4 , . . .

1 0 I n H op h. hdl D THRD t hi n g s o r p e r s o n s he l d
J
, l
’
1
"
T I lT , , ,

co n t a i n e d o r t h e l ik e , 2 Ch r on i x 1 8 i s a g r e e a bl e w i t h . .
,
,

th i s a n a l og y .

1 1 En o u g h p e r h
. a ps ha s b e e n s a i d t o she w w ha t t he
, ,

p r o ce ss of co n j u g a t i n g t he s e v e r b s i s : w e m a y n o w
p r o ce e d t he r e fo r e t o t ho s e w hichha v e J fo r t he i r fi r s t
, , ,

r a d ic a l .

20 0 On e r e m a r k a bl e cir cu m s t a n ce a t t e n d s t h
. e s e v e r bs ,
AR T . 2 00 2 . .
j ON T H E D E FECTI V E V ER BS . 23 1

w hich i s t his : T he r e i s a d iffi cu l t y in a sce r t a i n i n g ,

wh e th er 1 or J ha s t he g r e a t e r cl a i m t o b e co n si d e r e d
,
'

th e fi r s t l e t t e r of t h e r oo t Th e sa m e is t h e ca s e i n t h e .
,

A r a bi c : a n d fr o m t he fr e qu e n t s u b s t i t u t i o n of o n e fo r
'

th e o t he r i n t he H e b r e w t he sa m e d i ffi c u l t y m u st ha v e ,

l o n g e x is t e d in t h is l an gu age fi “
We sha l l t he r e fo r e i n , ,

c o n si d e r i n t he co n j u g a t i o n s t a k e i t f r an t ed th at th e
g o r
g , ,

p r i m it i v e fo r m s w e i t i h e th
i an d
"
e r w r t e n w t er i o r i
, , ,

th at th e one o r th e ot h e r of t h ,
e se l e t t e r s h a s b e e n o cca ,

sio n a l l t a ke n as th e m o st co n v e n i e n t f o r e n u n ci a t i o n
y , ,

wh e n p r e ce d e d by s o m e v o w e l d e p r i v i n i t of i t s po w e r
g
a s a co n s o n a n t .

On t he K A L, P i a E L, PU H A L, an d H I T H P A H EL Sp e ci e s o
f
Ve r b s co m m e n ci n g w ith J

I n P i el P n h h d H ith h ha ve
'
2 a l, an e l, as b e fo r e we
.
, p a ,

n o d e fe c t w hich1 8 a l s o t he ca s e in t he p r e t e r i t e of K a i
, .

In t h e I n fi n i t iv e I m p e r a t i v e a n d P r e se n t t e n se of Ka i
, , , ,

an d in t h e N ip h hal H ip hh i l a n d H op h hal s p e ci e s
, , , ,

th e r e fo r e o u r o n l y d e fe ct s w ill o ccu r ; a n d t h
, e se w e n o w

p r o ce e d t o co n si d e r .

3 In th . e p r e s e n t t e n s e of K a l then a s in fo r m e r , ,

th e l a s t v o w e l of t h e r oo t m a b e e it h
ca s e s
y er
( )
u

or
()i w h i ch , m a
y b e a c c o u n t e d fo r i n e v e r y ca s e by ,

s u ppo si n a d iff e r e n t fo r m of t h e p r im i t iv e w o r d t o h
g a ve

b e e n o r igin a l l y t a k e n S o fa r a ll i s a s b e fo r e T .

Th
us we ha v e Tjfi ,
f
o r 1
35, desce n d i n ,
g 1 Sa m . x xx
g y,
. 24 ; p ro en

Gen . x i . 30 : id .
, 2 Sa m . vi 2 3 ; 1 p1 h
.
y
ea v , P ro v v i i 27 ; 1
11
. l x
a de n , .

Ihx xi 8
. . . In all whic hca s e s , a n d in d e e d i n a l m o st a l l o the r s I I) t he A ra b i c ,

1 o r th
i s t a ke n f e fi r s t ra d ica l : bu t , in t he Heb re w ,

f I m u st r o m S ch
d is s e n t f r oe d e r , w ho s ays t ha t m an f th ts a re
y o e se ro o
 LECT UR E XI I .

4 . In th
x t pl a ce w he n t he p r e fo rma t iv e s a r e
e n e ,

b r o u ght i n co n t a ct w i t h t w o m od e s o f a dj u st m e n t w ill t

t a k e p l a ce a m o n g t h e v o w e l s a n d co n s o n a n t s ; t h
‘

e one
'

b y con t r a ct i o n a n d o cca si on a l o m i ssi o n a l s o : t he o t he r ,

by a s o r t of a cco m m od a t io n a n d o m l s sm n : e g l s t . . .

be co m i n g d r y; p r e s e n t 0 9 1 by Ar t 2
,
.

a n d, b
y o m i ssi o n w h ere i s t aken a s a
p fe r e ct

W
,

v o w e l by a n a l o y
g S o T }
. he w i l l p o s s e s s ; t tfrt I
t
’

sh a l l s l e ep ;
V12
3“
h e w i l l a ,
w a h e ; h e w i l l p l a c e ;
ig h e w il l fo r m
“
n
.
,

5 Th . e s e co n d m e t h od i s by co n t r a ct in g t he a nd
,

( )z i n t o ( ) a n d
a
o,
m it t i n
g t h e r a d ica l a s H g )
f
o r , ,

ag e “ h e w i l l d w e l l ; I w i l l g o ; p as I s h a l l [m o w

1 1113 s h e sh a ll d es ce n d Th i s s o r t of c o n t r a ct io n g e n e
“

r a l l y t a k e s p l a ce wh en th ,
e l a s t v o w e l of t h e l e a d in g
w o r d is p r ob a bl y fo r t he p u r po se of p r o m o t in g
e u ph o n y a s i n t he S e g ol a t e n o u n s S e e Ar t 1 0 8
,
In . . .

th e fo l l o w i n
g e x a m pl e s ()1 i s t he l a s t v o w e l of t h
, e
p r i
m i t i v e fo r m : hi ti J w e a g r e e G e n xxx iv 1 5 i n k th :
,e
y . .

2 K i s x ii 9 ; W i l h b l h : but th
t
}
a r ee
g n
g e . u s e s e s e t w o

an d W
,

m a yb e d e r i v e d fr o m fl l ti 321 a s t h e r oo t s
‘
-

, , .

6 . Of t his k i n d t he fo l l o w i n g a re , a cco r d i n g t o A l t in g , t he o nl
y
v erb s w hi ch o ccu r ; v iz “ he a g r e e d ; .
,
N
-
”
1 1
h
e kn e w ; h
e
l
Ti ? h e n t ; N }: h
beg a t ; l ) e w F e w e n t o u t ; it wa s dis lo ca t e d ,

h
e de s ce n de d ; it s ee m e d e vi l; h
e d we l l . Th ol
e f

l o w in g ha v e b o t h fo r m s ;
D
D: he be ca m e ho t ;
“
E he fo r m ed ;

h a t? i Chi” ; EF F: h
e bu r n e d ; it wa s p i
r ec o u s ; ) q i
. . e

de s o l a t e d, an d Il l ?) h
e be ca m e dr y, t o w hichwl ? ” l
a b o ve n o t ice d ,

co n j u ga t e d l i ke t ho se co m m e n ci n
g w i t h3 ( Re g . b e ca u se , t he an al o
gy o f
the l ang u a ge r e q u i re s a d if
fe r e n t p r o ce s s, w he n c e r t a in v o w e ls
p re ce d e J, fr o m
wha t it d o e s w he n the
y p re ce d e 1
, or an d b e ca u se t he s i gn i fic a t io n o f the se

r o o t s, t ho u ghco gn a t e , r eq hi es
r n o su c hsa cr ifice o f p r i n cip l e .
AR T. on TH E DE FECTIVE V ER BS . 23 3

is r e e rr e df byso m e he i s r e t a in e d w it h
. In a as fe w t
l
,

173 h e sh
7
I w il l g o M i c i 8 “
,
a ll be p r e ci ou s P s l x x u
. . 14 . , . . .

7 Th . e fo rm er o f th e se m o de s m a y t h ere fo re b e co n s id e r e d a s , ,

co n f o r m abl e w i t h a n a l o gy the la t ter as a c co m m o d a t e d to ,

e u ph on
y .

8 I n a ll t h
. o se v e r b s w h ich co n f o r m w it h t h e a n al o
gy ( a n d all ,

d o s o e x ce pt t h e fe w a b o v e n o t ice d ) t h e I m p e r a t iv e s a n d , ,

I n fi n i t iv e s fo ll o w t h e g e n e r a l p a r a d ig m
,
L
P }: sp it t in g T C ”
fo u n din
g , , ,

ea r t h
R ”
n f :
ou & c ,
.

9 B u t wh e l is i o n t a k e s l a ce A rt 7 6 th e fi r s t r a d ica l
. en an , p , .
,

l e t t e r i s d r o ppe d t h e fi n a l v o w e l r e m a i n in , g : a s I n fi n it iv e a n d ,

I m p e r a t i v e ; fe m r i m a n d ” T B Th is v e rb h a s a lso T
.
, 7} an d .
,

7T fo r t h
,
e I n fi n i t iv e So th e Im
p a n d “3 7
.
7 g i ve ro o t . , ,

n ow th h h ”
3 T l
Pt
37 i
k en ; an d
. w i t t e
p ara o
g g i c , I n fin , . .

11 37 1
7 for ,
an d W h a t v e r b s a r e u s e d in t h e several

fo r m s , ca n be kn o w n on l y fr o m u sa
g e.

10 . S e v e r a l fo r m s o ft he In fi n it i v e a r e , o cca s i o n a l l
y d e r ive d f
, ro m

t he sam e r o o t : i e . a cco r d in to stem so m e t im e s t h e a b s t r a ct

.
g o ur s
y ,

n oun o f o n e fo r m is t a ke n , an d s o m e t im e s t ha t o f an o t he r ; a s,
"

li b
: br in g in g f or th, Job x v. 3 5, f
o rm
"

W 72 ; “
3 7 7
w :
1
Gen . x v i 16.
i

n
? ( o r £ 1
f 3 5 ,
fo r m we ) 1 Sa m . iv . 19 . So r m des ce n din g ,

x o r m 7 17 2 xxx
”
G en . lvi 3 .
T: 7
( f 3
) m
y de s ce n d i n
g , P s . . 4 .

11 . To t his v a r ie ty o f fo r m s m ay be re f
erred t he f
o l l o w in
g
x he r e x
-
5 5 Jer l i
e am
pl es ; ii 1 0 , Ify e w i l l s t il l a b id e ; w . .

Di al , i s r o b a bl ut f r fi l ifii ; t h b e in d
p yp o e
g ro
p p d , b y Ar t 7 6
e . .

tha t tho u sh a l t wh o ll r e va il ; o r , r e v a i l in h l t
yp p g s a

p r e va il , J o b xl ii . 2, w here 55 , st a n ds fo r ( ro o t by t he

sa m e rule.
1
12 . This ver b 7 52 fo r m s t he Pr e se n t t en se i n Ka l , as if t he roo t

ha d bee n a s, &c .
,
fo r S e e Ar t .

87 . 2 . Whi hw il l b c e in t he s
p e ci e s H op hhal .

Ki m khi t el l s u s, that hi s br o t he r d e r iv e d t his w o rd f

ro m thus: t a k in g
“
23 :
an d s t r i ki n g ou t t he la t te r
‘
7
,
we ha v e “ if; an d, var
yi n g the vo w e l,
qz
‘
. In
the M i khlo l, we ge n e r a l ly ha v e t he
l e a d in g w o rd , fo r th e P r e s e n t t e n s e , gi v e n

thu s : t he r o o t r o o t Dar l a ; w h e r, t h
e n ce w e a r e t o i n f at th e
p e rso n s

of th e P re s e n t Wi l l b e 301 , DU I) , &c , r o o t mgr 215 3; w h e n ce P r e s 3 19 2,

-
t e n se . .

an d so o n .
 L EC T U R E XI I .

13 . In the ot he r s
p e ci e s , v z i . P ih
él , P il al , h an d H it h
p d él , h t he
a n al o g y f t he
p a r a d i m 7 1 2 , 1 s r e gu l a r l
o
g y f o ll o w e d ; e - x ce
p t i n
g o n l y,

ha t in t h he kn e w , 77 TT h e th r e w, a h ”Q h
;
7 J J
t e ve rbs, 37 7 d e co n t e n de d ,

the o f the ro o t , is c ha n g e d to J : as, 37 7T 7 7 77

I “
:
h
e m a de kn o w n ;
he co nfe s s e d ; he d is p u t e d I n c e l ho w e v e r w e .
’

, ,

ha v e _( fo r Ar t 7 3 ) h e sh
7 3 J l a l l m a ke r ie ve L a m i ii 3 3 ;
.

g .
,
. .

JJ
( fo r J7 ) t he
y sha ll ca s t ou t
. I h i ii 5 3 I n P it h al w e ha v e U
PEJD
,
. . .
J ‘

fo r i:3 ? i Jer . v. 8 .

14 W . e now p r o ce e d to t he ot he r s ; v i z N ip hh d l H ip h hil a n d .
, ,

h
H op hdl, in whicht he fi rs t le t t e r o f th e r o o t w i l l lo s e i t s o wer as
p ,

a co n s o n a n t .

15 . It ha s l
a r ea d yb e e n r e m a rk e d, t ha t t he s e v e r b s a r e s o m e t im e s

j
co n u g a t e d a s i fJ , ha d be e n t he fi rs t r a d ica l l e t t e r ; t his is t he ca s e

in he t hr e e s p e cie s
t be f
o re u s. In N ip h hd l , fo r e a m p l e , x we s hal l
ha v e in t he P r e t e r i t e ( f or A rt 8 7 L ), f
r o m t h e r o o t 3
3 ,
7 . .
7
or J
P} . P r e se n t t en se DT-i
Pl (
l
f
o r D
J )
J J
,
w he r e J r e t a i n s i t sW p o w e r

a s a co n s o n a n t . In a fe w i n s t a n ce s J
, rem a n s i in he P r e s e n t : a s
t ,

be p i e r ce d w i t ha d a r t , E o d x ix 1 3
he s ha l l x 5 I7 ” h e w a it s

h
.
; .
,

E 7 3 , m a de h Th
2
G v ii i 1 2 ; C D f o r 5 7 o t, Is lv 11 5 e Im e r a t iv e s
u. ,
. . . .
p
d I n fi n it i v e s re l l y fo r m e d ; 3 w17 Th a r t ic i ia l
are u ar
p
i
e
an g ,
.
p
no un ,
:
g m fe m 71 9 1 7 1 :
5 ma rt i n ; p ] m n im: a n d 11 15 1151 1 W e

ha v e ho w e v e r J J JJJ J m a de m o u r n il l fe m L a m 1 l a n d QJ J id
, ,
'

/ , .
, . .
f
,
J
.

m asc Ze ph i ii 1 8 (fo r fl JJJ J &c A r t 8 7

.
,
. . , . . .

1 6 I n H ip h
. hil w e ha v e T i n ( fo r 3 95151 Ar t 8 7 1
w a n d in , . .
,

th e P r e se n t t e n s e or D
EE P,
3 J 5
¥ J f7 a n d s o o n t h r o u
g h out , , .

1 7 I n so m e r o o t s h th r e m a in s a n d e i t h
J
e (
. o we ver
), ,e r f o rm s a ,

d ip h th on
g w i t h t h e
p r e ce di n
g v o w el o r c o a l e s ce s w i t h i t b
y c on ,

t r a c t io n ; a s fi r s t i ] ? a cco r d i n o th eth NW
or F
fi ( E "
‘’

, , g t e K i v fo r ,

ro o t lea d o u t G e n v i i i 1 7 ; 7
,
3 7 77 o .r 7 3 7 77 .d ir e ct t h ou , , ,

P s v 9 ; 7 P § I w il l ch So in t h
J
. .
J
a s t is e H o s v ii 1 2 e P a r t i ci l e
, p . . .

o r n o u n o f a e n cy
g u s in
g t h
,
e ri h
g t han d 1 C h ro n x i i 2 , . . .

In th e s e co n d l a ce th e co n t r a c t io n m a y t a k e p l a c e b y t h e
p r e ce d
p ,

i n g l e t t e r t a ki n g ( ) z a s Q E J ’JU
(
n
for A,
rt 8 7 h e
g a
, ve . .

o r B P B &c t h ro u h
J ’ J
p r o s e r it
p y G en x ii 1 6
, S o .
D J
P I J . .
g .

u t ; ”Q e th e ri h h x
J
P S I w i l l t a k g t a n d di r e ct i o n G en i ii 9 I-n f
, . . . .

IP
J U & c I n E x .o d v 7 w e h a v e 3
7 7 .1 3 3
1 .
1
? p r e , e a t y e w h e r e N ,

s t a n ds in th a ce o f J o r : but h ere th o rd m i h
J
e
p l e l e a d in
g w g t b e
,

“ P
J
“ fr o m , t h e r o o t “ E5 g c o n a t e w i t h 3 9
2 : i n , f o r
A RT . ON THE DEFECT I VE V ER BS . 23 5

Job xx i 2 1 v. BT
7 J JJ
,
B P Is x
fo r
J
‘ JJ
. .
7
v i 7 ; a n d 7 235, f
7
or
1
5 27 1?
7

J er . xl i ii 3 1 v .
, n on e o f the co n t r a ct i o n s , co m m o n to o t he r w o r ds ,

ha v e t a k e n p l a ce .

18 hd l , t he
I n H ep h J fth t t ak e s 3 thro u hout : as, 3 1 173 71
. o e roo g

( f
or E
D PJD, s e e A r t 8 7 . . h
e wa s m a de to d we l l . S o in t he
P r e se n t t e n se , 3 2
,
5
3 J
,
&c . o r, i n b o t hca s e s , w it h fo r 3

a s, E
D ” &c Ar t . . 72 .

On the Co nj u
g a t io n o f tho se Ve r bs w hi chha v e eit her 1, or J,

f or the ir M e di a l R a d i ca l L e t t e r .

20 1 . Wh en the se q u i e s ce n t
ver bs t e r m in at e e it her in a

o r in H 1 7 o r 1 ; a s a l so w h e n co n j u a t e d i n t h o
‘

n , , , g se

s p e ci e s w h i ch h a v e D d e sh i n t h h
'
e m i dd l e r a d i ca l t ey
g ,

fo l l o w t he g e n e r a l p a r a d ig m ; a s fi l ) i t w a s w a t e r e d ;
“

, l

fi l ? i t be ca m e ; fl l l h
l e br ea t h ed
21 2 h e e x
‘

p i r e d ; 1
137
"

h e be ca m e w h i t e S o a l s o Jil? v o m i t y
. e J e r x x v 2 7 , . .
,

h e a ct e d a s a n e n e m y a : h
fr om 3 32 5 } e w a s w e a r y; ,

wh i ch a r e p e r h a p s on l y n o u n s Wi t h D dg e s h i n t he .
-
’

m i dd l e r a d i ca l ; a s m i} h e m a d e cr o o h ed ; ,
11 331 a n d ,

n l Ju l ill
-
h e w a s :m a d e cr o o k e d S o i n v e r b s w i t h a .

m e di a l 3 he cr i m i n a t e d ; twi rl he p r o cu r e d by
“

hu n t i n g I n a l l ot h . e r c a se s th e m e d i a l r a d i ca l 1 or 7
, , ,

l o s e s i t s po w e r a s a co n s o n a n t a n d gi v e s r i s e t o s e ve r a l ,

a pp a r e n t l y d e fe ct i v e fo r m s .

2 Wh e n e v e r a si n l e d ia l
J
i s p r e ce d e d
‘
.
g e m l or , , ,

e it h o r a fin al Sh ea d a n d i s a t t h
’
e r by a v o w e l , e sa m e , ,

t i m e fol l o w e d by a n y v o w e l i t w il l b e d r opp e d w i t ht h
, e , ,

p r e ce d i n g v o w e l o r S hev el a n d i t s o w n v o w e l w il l b e
’ ’

t r a n s po s e d t o t h e fi r s t r a d ic a l l e t t e r
( A r tt 7 3 a s . .
,

Ella fo r DJE h e sto o d ; h

p ,f o r 11 1 7
9 h e d ie d ; Y EN f or , 1 ,
“

ll ti h e sh h
on e ; Dip f or J i J
/ ood ; f or D g
i
“

g e wa s
g , , ,

o r Dl
p h
n N i hl i l D iP o r 0 1 93 ; H i h h '
o r is e I f
'

JP t T , J .
7 p il , , ,

fo r WJti J D E fo r D E ; H op h h P
'
l ti j J ‘ U JJ D
l D f
‘ ‘
‘ c
,
n
, a l l , o r , l
s
,

UJE H &c I n l ike m a n n e r w h

. en is t h e m i dd l e r a d ica l , ,
 LECTURE x 11 . C AR T . 20 1 . 3 .

I; for h e u n d e r s t o o d ; P; fo r m g o r t o u n d e r ,

sta n d ; H ip h hil D tofl fo r P13 0 fo r i l

,
‘
i , ,
l

H op h hdl p m o r , fo r Pl ! &c f l
, l‘ z
"
e

3 Fo r t h
. e fo r m s IP
Q an d 7 7 1 9 w h i ch a r e u s u a l
"
i n t h e , ,

I m p e r a t i v e s a n d I n fi n i t iv e s w e he r e ha v e D lP (fo r DJP o r '

,
'
CJP t A r t 8 7 a n
. d P1 (
21 fo r .
1
7
3 o r 1l l b , , ,
.

4 In t h e P ih e l P uh dl a n d H i t h h h
' ’
d el S p e ci e s w n
.
p , e , , ,

th e m i dd l e r a d i ca l i s n o t do u b l e d an d th is i s m o s t l y t h e ,

ca s e ; t h e l e a d i n g fo r m s w i l l b e 7 3 15 7 1 15 a n d , , ,

r e s p e c t iv e l y
( A rt as e
pp i h e r a i s e d ; DQ i P a n d
.
, ,

Dp i Pfl F h e wa s r a is e d I n th th e p r o ce s s
J ,
e se c a s e s .
,

of t he co n j u g a t i o n i s r e g u l a r t hr o u gho u t No u n s of .

ill J d i
a e n cy & b
g c w, e C pl . D Q P Q a n D t pj p
g l t , , ,

r e s p e ct iv e l y ; t h e fe m i n i n e s an d p l u r a l s of w hich a r e ,

r e u l a r l y fo r m e d w h e n i n u se
g .

5 . The P a r t ici p i a l n o un i n K a l i s , fo r t he m o st p art, o fthe sam e

fo r m w it h t he P r e t e r it e : as, 51
“ 7 p l DJ
&
. c : 17 5
PQ
3 , p l DV
D ? .
2 .

p l .
B J
PQ &c .Th e pa s sive , 3 3 , f
7or lo 3 J 7 , i n vo l ve d f
r , o rm i
5p 53 J? ci r cu m ci s e d So D E
J
U, fo r
‘ ‘
l lT
-
DDt fo r l a ce d , f
o rm
t 1 ,
.
p
7 77 3
2 . In a fe w i n s t a n ce s , t he P a r t i ci pl e , or n o un o fa g e n cy, se e m s

t o b e o ft h J|7 ?: a s DJP, fo re f
o rm 7 ,
DJ
JQ s t a n d in
g , 2 K i n gs x v i. 7 ;
o r DJ ? Ze ch x 5
?
DJ t r e a din
g f J ,
. . .

6 he fi r s t a n d s e co n d p e r s o n s o f b o t hge n d e r s a n d n u m b e r s
. In t ,

a n d in th e P r e t e r it e o f N i h hd l t he l e a d in g w o r d s e e m s t o b e a
p ,

se o la t e o f th
J
e 13 3 1 o r DJ l s or i 7
g e f o rm or i 7 f Q x f . .
, , ,
-
l

Ar t 8 7 . in w h . i ch ca s e s t h e vo wel J
( ) i s i n t he
p r o c e ss , ,

o f co n j u a t io n i n t r o d u ce d b e t w e e n th e ro o t a n d th e a b b r e v ia t e d
g ,

hl m n i
phpl Dn J D ’
lPJ &c So
p ro n o un ; a s, T I ’ .

In D
W I] , ,
Wi g
9 , m, 32 3 d p , th
in ta e
“
-lrs t v o w e l i s m a d e
i i 7"
i
-
p an
e rfe ct , i n fi
o rd e r to co m l e t e t h
p e s l l a bl e ; w h
y i ch i s n e ce s s a r , b e ca u s e t h
y e r s t r a d i ca l i s fi
co m m e n ce t h Th i s t a k e n i n H ip h l l , b e i n g t h h
’
t a ke n t o e n e x t s yl l a b l e e . e

v o w el o b l i q u el
y co rres
p on d in g t o o ft he r e gu l a r
p a ra di
gm . S e e Ar t 9 6 2 . .
‘
.

1 Tha t i s , d r o p pi n g t h m id d l e r a d i ca l le tter o ut fo u r co m m o n m ea su re
’
e o

ape as is the ca s e in the se v er bs ; then a ssu m in

g t he ro er vo wel, an d
, , p p
d o ubl in g t he l a st r a d ica l l e t te r, w e ha v e "
77 1 5
,
&c .
t ar . 20 1 . ON T H E DEF E CTIV E V E RBS
D
Q 3 J
J 3 7
,
J
DP J J, hin k s t his ha s b e e n d o n e
J
an d so o n . Al t i n g t ,

i n o r d e r t o g iv e t he f u l le r
p r o n u n ci a t io n t o t h e a c ce n t a s i n
Q P P?
J J ,

b u t i n 5 575 3 377, th e a cce n t d o e s n o t a c co m

p y
an ,t hat s y l l a b le ,

Th a t r e a so n th ere fo re w il l n o t h o ld
, g ood I am i n cl in e d t o ; , .
-

be l i e v e t h at th e J h a s b e e n i n t r o d u ce d
, i n o r d e r t o a v o id t h e co n ,

c u r r e n ce o f t wo q i u e s ce n t le t t er s aft er o ne v o w el ( Art .

as wo u he ca s e ha d t he fo r m { 333 3 17 7 b e e n a d o p t e d
ld b e t , : an d if
so , this v o w e l ha s b e e n i n t r o d u ce d j u s t a s t he ( ) ha s in t he ,
v se go la t e

n ouns
( Ar t t 1 08 . . 1 48 .

7 . In everyo t he r ca s e , N ip hdl h t a ke s t he l e a d in g w o r d DJP ; a s ,

DJJ BQ ,
0

fli g
”
73
IT ’ fo r as in n; &c .
( A rt 1 93 . .

8 . A s im il a r an o m a ly t a k e s p l a ce i n t he co r r e s
p d i n
g p e
onrso n s

o f the Hi h
p hi l s
p e ci e s , w hichm a y p e r ha p s be a cco u n t e d f o r in t h e

sa m e way a s, “
7
JD
I DQJ
,
“ JP DQ J J
fJ Ji
P
-
DD J
, &c .
, bu t he r e ,
we a so l
ha v e t he re
g u la r fo r m ; a s, 1 5 1 17
7 7
9 . It m u st be rem em be re d, t ha t w he n e v e r t he fi rs t ra d ica l l e t t e r
i s , b ya n y a ccid e n t , m a d e t o co m m e n ce a s yll a b l e ; t h e
p o r m a t iv e
ref

m u s t , b y o u r l a w s o f s yll a b i ca t io n , e i t he r t a ke S h
'
evd , o r a p e rfe ct
vo wel . Wh en t he a cce n t i s fa r r e m o ve d, it w il l be Sh
eva ; b u t ,
when n o t, t he vo we l w ill b e p e rf
e ct : a s, Pr e se n t t e n se , Ka l , 3 3 m
C3 1 ” J
¢ 3l7f;J , ” S o in t h
J
J
7 p l QF f
g Pfl
. & c . e n o un s o f p a t ie n ce an d
i n N ip hhd l a n d H ip hhi l , DJP ” J JP JP
D f J D 3
a ge n cy,
1 7 ’ e m Q P , p l , & c . .

H ip h . fe m TI EPP , pl
J
&c . I n H Op l hdl , ho w e ve r, . . /
no su c h cha n ge t ak e s p l a ce : a s, 5
7 3 77 , 2 pe r s .
p l .

7Q § E3 i7 , &c .

10 . Verbs ha v in g a m e d ia l ( )
J
w il l so m e t im e s dr o p it , an d
su l
pp yi t s ha pp e n s i n o t he r v e r b s in t he H ip /
p l a ce b
y( lh il u
as it
s e ci e s as f t h o u sha l t l o d e ; a n d w i t ht h e a cce n t
p or , g Y ,

d r a w n b a ck l l”; 2 S a m x v ii 1 6 B u t wh
, e n e it h er th e fi rst o r . . .
, ,

l a s t r a dica l h a e n s t o b e a gu t t u r al w e sh a ll h ave as
, pp , , ,

h e wa s w e a r i e d 1 S a m x iv 2 8 ; “ a : h e r e s t e d Ex o d x 1 4
, f o r . .
, . .
,

” o w it h h h
J
n J J J D G
P o r ‘
D
r ,
S 7 7 e
p u t a wa
y e n v iii 1 3 T e -
11 ,
. . .

s a m e w il l o cca s io n a l l
y t a ke
p l a ce w i t h a
p a u s e a cce n t : a s 7
L3 I ,

J u dg . x ix . 20 .

1 1 . H e n ce i t w ill a
pp e a r t ha t v erb s, ha v i n g a m e d ia l
J
m a y, in
t he p re sen t t e n se o f Ka l , t a ke t he sa m e fo r m hicht he y a s w e ll
w ,

ho s e ha v i n g a m e d ia l 1 w il l i n h
H ip hil ; an d t hat th b
as t ,
e
y ca n e , ,

d is t in g u is he d o n l y b yt he co n t e x t .
 LECTURE x 11 . C AR T . eo n .

On t he Thi r d Cl a s s f
o D efe ct i ve Ve r bs .

202 . The se ve r bs ho se t hi r d
are fo r m e d u pon r oo t s , w

r a d ic a l l e t t e r i s su bj e ct t o e l i s i o n ; a n d t h is m a y t a ke
p l a ce e it he r w he n o n e of t he l e t t e r s 1 1s o ccu p i e s t ha t
,
1 -
.

sit u a t i o n A h h e s e co n d a n d t h i rd
( rt 1 9 8 or w en. t .
,

r a d i ca l l e t t e r s h a pp e n t o b e t h e sa m e
( A rt 7 7 ) a s a l so .

i n ce r t a i n ca se s w h en e it h er 3 or n , i s fo u n d i n t h at , ,

p l a ce ( Ar t t 7 6 a n d 1 8 8 . . .

2 B u t b e fo r e w e p r o c e e d t o co n si d e r t h
.
, e s e d e fe ct s ,

i t w ill b e n e ce s s a r y t o o f fe r a fe w r e m a r k s o n t h e ca u se s

wh i ch h av e le d t o t h e m : a n d fi r st w e sh all co n si d e r ,

th o se w hi chha v e o n e o r o t he r of t he l e t t e r s 1 71 14 fo r 1

th e ir t h i r d r a d ica l .

3 .It h a s a l r e a dy b e e n r e m a r k e d ( Ar t th at .

c o n si d e r a bl e d iffi cu l t y h a s b e e n fe l t bo t h i n t he H e b r e w ,

a n d A r a b i c i n a s ce r t a i n i n , g w h at th e p r op e r r oo t i s i n ,

m a n y i n s t a n ce s w h e r e in th e se l e t t e r s a r e co n ce r n e d It .

i s a l s o a fa ct t h a t p r i m i t i ve w o r d s h a v in e it h e r of t h e se
, g
l e t t e r s fo r t h e fi r st s e co n d o r th i r d r a d ica l a n d fo r m i n g
, , ,

w o r d s s i m il a r i n s o m e r e sp e ct s i n s o u n d w il l g e n e r a ll y ,

ha v e e it he r t he s a m e o r v e r y n e a r l y t he s a m e s ig n ifica , ,

t ion e
g 3 3 3 . 3 3 1 o
. r 3 3; h e S ET , U P ; t o w h i c h ,p e r h a p s

m a yb e a dd e d a s c o g n a t e 3 23 h e arran e d o r a s s e m bl e d
,
g , , ,

a rm e rf o r me d d i vin e s e r v i ce & w h i ch s o m e
an
y p , c , .

m a k e cog n a t e w i t h J
be a u t y a n d h e be ca m e i n ,

fl u t e d & c , S o i t; s . 5 1 3 5 13 1 m i c o m p r e h e n d i n
g , , , IT T
,

co m l e t i n t o wh i chm a n y o t h ers m a b dd ed
p g , y e a .

50 “ 51
1, d 1151 m s ; van s ; i W;
W s
11 173
an 1 ; De
ra 3 ; 1, -
7 1

&c . Se e t he M ikhlo l o f K rm k hi, f

ol . u p ,
w he r e a l a r ge l is t o f this so rt o f
v er b si s gi v e n .

I t m ay b e p ro per he r e to no t i ce s o m e r e m a r k s , o cca s i o n a l l ym a d e o n v e rb s o f

this ki n d , w h
i ch I ,
am i n d u ce d t o b e l i e v e , a re e n t it l e d to l it t l e cr e d i t . Sin
S ch He b
”
gu l a r i s L i n g u al ge n iu s , A Li n g “
s a ys u l t e n s, I n s t 3 99 , et
. . . .
, p .
 202 D EF E CTIV E 23 9
‘

AR T . . on TH E V EE ES .

I f t hi s b e t he ca s e t he n w e n e e d n o t b e s u r p r is e d
4
‘

.
, ,

i n o cca s i o n a l l y fi n d i n g t h e v ow els a n d eve n th e si

g ,
~

n i fi ca t io n of o n e c o g n a t e r oo t a ppl i e d t o a n o t he r ; a s
, ,

fi pj fo r NEW h, ea l t h o u ( r oo t 7 5 7 be co m i n
, g l ax ) P E 1
, .

IX 4 ; fi b l li fo r 8 5 1 i 1 w ill h
'
.
, ea l J er So , , .

71 3 53 fo r 7 1 8 53
,

w i t hr e s p e ct t o t h e v o w el s on l y ; a s
”

h
, , ,

I r e s t r a i n e d P s cxi x 1 0 1 a s i f t h , e r oo t . a d b e e n F153 ; .
,
IT T

8 3 1 72 fo r 8 ¥1 D fi n d i n g Eccl e s v i i 2 6 ;
, , f or , . .

we h a ve h e a l e d J e r 1i 9 ; 1 1 1 1 22
7 1 3 71
p pr o h e s in
y g , . .

Ze ch x iii 4 ; ti t l ! s i n n i n g Ec cl v iii 1 2 w h
/ th
“
A
. . ere e , . .
,

v o el s bel on
w t o r oo t s h a v in n 1 f t h l t a d ica l
g g or o r e a s r , , .

5 Th .e fol l o w i n
g a ss u m e t h e v o w e l s a n d i n som e ,

i n s t a n ce s t h e fo r m s of a c o g n a t e r oo t ;
”
l it/ l a h
J , e n a wa
y ,

P s xxx ii 1 w h
. e re t h e fo r m i s d e r iv e d fr o m
.
, ”t wh il e ,

th e s e n s e is t h a t of N S h f
QJ o t e
y( em
) w i l l .
, .

he a l J o b v 1 8 ,
EJ 1_t h
J
e
y( m .a s c
) w i l l h
, e a
°

l J e
'
r v i i i 1 1 .
, . .

l l 1 53 1 3 s h wa s h Ih li 9 r 8 3 7 ;
'
an d o r it e a l ed
‘ ‘

i e , , , . .
, .
11 1 1
°

1 5
1 1 1
25 ; I w o n d e r e d P s cx x x i x 1 4 r 8 55 ; r1 7p¥ t h , ou . .
, .

ha s t t hi r s t e d R u t h1 i 9 ( fo r , a s if t h e r oo t h ad
.

b e e n ”DY b u t w hi chi s 17 1 ", I n l ik e m a n n e r w e h a ve ,

1 223 t h r oo t ti lt/ z e k xxx i x 2 6 ; 1 7 D t h

‘
e
y b e a r ( J E e
y a r
IT
e ?
. .

gr a n d it a s s t il i , s ee
p e a n sa m
p r ae b u e r e , ad
g e m im e R a dicis fo r m a s i n w a rm co n

Th fi x he ? wh ch h
”
fl a n da e . e rs t e am l
p e g i ve s is vi s
a ! I s x x x 5, . i e ca l l s
.

s
p e ci m e n i n s i gn e . H ip h
h Ra d l cu m .
11 5
3 ; ar u it , e t mgf a t u i t , s i g n a n t i s s i m i p r ae
”
f co a l l t u m Rem a rks
di rt
f l er e f e ci t , et vir i n
f e ci t ,
“
se e re n s : ex a g a ce sce r e .

o f this ki n d a re o ft e n m e t w it h i n t he The s a u r u s G r a m m a t ic u s o fB u x to r f
, in
the M 1 khlo l o f K i m khi, t he R a bb i n ica l C o m m e n t a r ie s , &c . I m u st co n f
e s s,

ho w e v e r I ca n s e e b u t l i t t l e i n a l l t his b u t t he o cca s i o n a l a d o p t io n o f o n e o r
, ,

o th er o fth e co g n a t e r o o t s —a s i n d e e d i t o cca s i o n a l l h en s in t h e A ra b ic
, y pp a ,

w it h o u t a n y i n t e n t io n w h a t e ve r o n t h e
p a r t o ft h e w r i t e r t o co m b i n e m o r e i d e a s ,

th a n o n e i n s u chv e r b I n th e a b o v e i n s t a n ce t h
. en I b e l i e v e 1t ig g h a s been th e , ,

ro o t t a ke n t o b e u sed , n e v e r t h
, el es s i n t h e s e n s e o f 1151 1 I m u s t o bj e ct t o t h
,
e .

v o w el 1 K h l e b I hi n k, i t m a h i n t r o d u ce d f o r th
( ) o m e ca u se t y a ve b e e n ,
e

h h o th h h
’ ’
m ere u r o s e o fs u o rt in t i i I E i s e d i t i o n o f S i m o n is s
p p pp g s yp e s s n c o r n .

Le x i co n , s u b v o ce 1271 3 N is sa i d t o be o t io se .
 ‘5
LECTU R E x n .
[
A RT . s o se s .

f a ll, Ib . xxv ii i . 1 6, r. R fip ; 1 :1
”
a we are v i le , J ob
x v iii . 3, r . t o whi ch m y an m or e dd e d ;
m ay be a

bu t, as ysthey in are al w a n o t i ce d th
e Le x i c o n s th ey ,

n e e d n o t b e d e t a il e d h ere .

6 In th . e fi r s t p l a ce t h en e v e r y r o o t t e r m in a t in
g w i t h , , ,

a r a d i ca l Fl th a t is w it h F 1 h avm M a i h i n scr i b e d
g pp , ,

w il l b e r e g u l a r l y co n j u g a t e d lik e l ag ; a s F121; h
“

a w a s ,

hig h; 13 7 13 ; t ho u w a s t hig h the

y w e r e h ig h & c , , .

Th is l e t t e r t h e r e fo r e i s n o t s u bj e c t t o a n
, y e li s i o n e it h,er ,

he r e o r e l s e w he r e .

7 I.t i s w h e n H i s a s u b s t i t u te of r e th
i er t or 1 on l y '
, ,

th at an
y d e p a r t u r e fr o m t h e
g e n e r al p a r a d i m
g ca n t a ke

p l a ce i n a n yca se .

8 . In t he fo ll o w i n g i n s t a n ce s , ho w e v e r , hs u b s t i t u t io n t a k e s
n o su c

p l a ce , b u t 1 , an d r e t a in t he ir ori
g in al
p l a ce s ;
”
t
n /E D Ih a v e bee n

J ab ii i
‘
t r a n q u il , . 26 In f
in . Ka l , fe m n
iar ; P a r t icip ial no un

W
.
,

l bwo f t he , sam e ro o t 75 . S o ”ITI N“

: I
" ’ I n fin . Ez e k . xx v iii 1 7 ,
.

fr o m t he roo t u s u a ll
y
TIN"
if 1
I n P ih
e l, 1 n 7 “
5
' I w ill w a t er ,
Is . x v i 9 . . B u t , in J o b x ii 6 , w e
. ha v e fo r t he l ast rad ica l
a s, th
e
y w i l l be t r a n qu il ( whe re the a cce n t ha s b e e n d ra w n
3 ”
‘
b a ck ) , A r t 1 1 9 1 1 So , t l 7 D fl i t t r u s t ed f 7
7
‘

. . .
7 , e
1
m T .
, Ps l v ii 2 . .

th
e
y m u l t ip ly, D e u t . v ii i . 1 3 , whe r e , in t he ne xt m em be r, we ha v e
” “
E ; 1 1 3 3
72 ?y
3 e a s s im i a l t e, I s . x l . 18 . 25 be co m i ng
l a n g u id, Ca n t i c i 7 . . w e ep in g , L a m i 1 6 . . . So also ,
D
R
Q Q D

thin g s f g ll m a r r o w, I s x x v
u 6
”
. . . In a ll o t he r i n s t a n ce s , 71 w ill be
s u b s t it u t e d fo r e it h er 1 , o r an d t he n w i ll be su b j e ct to e l is io n by
t he g e n er al r u les a f
fe ct i n g t he le t te rs "i n “

9 . In th
p r e t e r i t e t e n se t he r e fo r e of a l l t he sp e cie s
e , , ,

w ill b e t h or th e th
'
l
n e t e r m in a t ion f ir d p e r s o n si n g u l a r
m a s cu l i n e i n s t e a d of , or 1 n of t h e fe m in i n e j u st ,

a s i t is in t h e fe m i n i n e n o u n s i n c o n s t r u c t i o n I n a ll t h e .

o t he r s Will r e p r e se n t t he t hi r d r a d ica l : a s HQ; he r e

1
, ,

ve a le d d i s co ve r e d ; fe m ”2
, 327 3 2 p e r s m a sc i d . . . .

fe m T1 51 ; 1 p e r s co rn
1
.
1
371 1
1
7 3 ; p l 3 p e r s co m 1.
71 f o r .
1
. . .
AR T . ON T H E DEFECTI VE V ER BS . 24 1

or 13 22 , Ar t . 73 2 m a sc . m s; i d fe m. .
ma ;
‘
1 co m . 13 1
2g .

10 . It ho w e v e r t ha t i n e v e r y o t he r s p e cie s
m u st be rem e m be re d, ,

i s ge n e r a ll y t he v o w e l whi chp r e ce d e s i n t h e P r e t e r it e Ev e rt .

i n Ka l w o u l d b e m o r e a gr e e a bl e w i t h t h
, e an alo
gy t ha n

b e cau s e &c s h o u ld be a cco r d in g t o th e e n eral r a di m

.
g p a
g , ,

D P;
‘
by Ar t . 87 . 3 . wo u l d b e co m e bu t, as
( ) n

p re

ce d i n
g t he m a y a l so b e co m e Ar t . 87 . 4, this m a y ha ve bee n
a do
p t ed in t his s
p e ci e s .

11 . The P r e se n t t e n se , y sp e cie s he r e e n d s i n of eve r ,

fi a s do a l s o t h e P a r t i ci p l e s Th e I m p e r a t iv e h as .

fi bu t t h i s is t h e fo r m of co n s t r u c t i o n a ssu m e d by a l l

n o u n s e n d in A a n d s u ch w i l l t h
g in fl ; ( rt 1 4 3 e . .

I m p e r a t ive g e n e r a ll y b e .

1 2 Th e I n fi n i t i v e s fo l l o w t h e n er al pa ra di m n d
. e
g g a ,

e n d i n Fi in t h as fl t j a n d fi t 1 s e e in
'
e m a s cu l in e
L

i i g ] , ,

Th
t
1
e fe m i n i n e fo r m a l w a y s e n d s i n 1 1 ; a s 1 1 1
7 2
4 or m
g ; , ,

( f f;
o r m g Ar t 8 7 . .

1 3 Th e a g e n t o r a c t i v e p a r t i cip l e w il l e n d i n 7 1
.
, g ; as ,
—
. ,

fe m (f o r 71
93 21 A rt
. T he p a t i e n t o r .
,

p a s siv e p a r t ici pl e e n d s i n 1 ; a s 1 71 fo r m T1 E
1 1 J
2, re u
g , 7 ,
"

l a rly wh ere th e fin a l 1 i s q u ie sce n t fe m 71 31 5; p l , .

1
.

an d he r e a pp e a r s a s t he p r op e r r a d ica l l e t t e r jj
1
.

E x ce p t the 2
p e rs . s in g. f
e m a n d pl m as
. c a nd f e m , as . . . a l so the 3 m a sc.

an d f
em
p l w he re n is d r o ppe d , o r ch a n ge d t o
1
7 ; a s, 3 m 7
123 ,
2
f
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a
l rfi ;

W
. . .
,
.
z

2 m . f 113 5
.
( f
or e!) Art . 1 co m . 1
12 3 13 . Pl . 3 m . $331 (fo r
A rt . f 11 332
3 ; 2
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p or 1
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as .
m . In the

sa m e m a n n e r a re t he P r e se n t t e n ses o fa l l t he s p e ci e s co n u ga t e d j .

i I n 1
m q
a c u i r in , 2 S a m
g . x x iv . 24 , an d 1 3 11 ] 11 71 co n ce iv i n
g an d m e d it a t i n
g,
I s l i x 1 3 , Sh
. r oe d e r t h
. i n ks w e ha v e a fi n al 1 , o r th
f e l a st r a d i ca l l e t te r : but this
i s fa r fr o m b e i n g ce r t a i n Hi m, mi n , an d n i gh, w il l t e r m i n a t e r e gu l a rl ya cco r d i n g
t o o u r p a r a d i gm ; a n d , o m i t t i n g t he fi n a l 71 b
y A r t 7 2, w e s h all h ave th
. e fo rm s,

Th he r x Ho s a dd u ce d by hi m , is
tag , 1
7 an d 1
3 l v iz 9,
”
1
,
1 . e ot e am
p e, .
a t! . v.

ro b a bl l u ral n oun in c o n s t r u ct i o n
p y a
p .

1 In I s i ii 1 6 , w e
. . ha v e 3 v a r io u s re adin
g ,
v iz . him , an d w
T i t a s a l so

R
 On Ve r bs ha vi n g an s , f or the Thir d R a dic z t L e t t e r i .

2 03 . Th
o n l y d e p a r t u r e fr o m t he g e n e r a l p a r a d igm
e

i n v e r b s of t h i s k in d i s in t h e ti b e co m i n g q u i e sce n t i n ,

th e p r e ce d i n vowel ; a s P K l f o r ti h
g r et a ti 3D '
3D e , . .
, ,

i
'

f ound f fi ti D
S, 2 m D 3Dti
. f I1 ti 3D 1 co
, m 1
D t 3 D; .
, .
, .

p l 1
. t 3
i D c o m 2 m D D R 3 D
, f tD ti 3 D .1 co m 1 3 8 .
3 D , .
, . .

2 Th e P r e s e n t t e n se i s ti i DD a n d so o n
3 D t 3
1
.
, , , .

In e v er y ot h e r s e c1 e s ln th e p e r s o n s of bo t h t e n se s
p ,
,

e x ce p t t h e th i r d si n g u l a r a n d pl u r a l of t h e P r e t e r i t e of

bo t h g e n d e r s t ho se of P i l ha l a n d of t he Pr e se n t of
, ,

H ip h hi l t he v o w e l p r e ce d in g ti i s
, As N ip h ht i l ,

3 m si ng f . 2 m , . f n e w l o om . .
, .

1
DR3 DJ ; p l u r co m Mi lI D} &c / P r e s t e n s e ti 3 D &c ;
.
1
. . . .
,

H ip h ti 3 DD f I1 ti 3 DC1 2 m a s c DN3 DH &c

.
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, . Pr e s 1
, . . .

3 m ti 3 D] f ti 3 DIJ &c
1
. I n P ih
, él a n d H i t h
.
1
p a h é l -
al l .

is r e g u l a r I n P ii bt i l w e h ave . P r e t 3 p e r s m a sc ti lj D ,
. . .
,

f Dti L
.
i D ; 2 m D ti
3D f I 1 ti 3 D & c P. r es 3 in R 3D
1
f ,
. . . .
, .

ti ti DD ; 2 m ti li DD f ti 3 DD &c a nd s o o n t h r ou h
’
1
.
g , o u t . . .

W h hw N W i t hl l b h h
E
“
e a ve ,
g doE c l i ii
e ve r , l w . s a e c an e , c . v .
, e re ,

a cco r d i n g to K im khi, t he v o w e l s b el o n g to t he r o o t ”
22 7 .
'
M ik hlo l,
fo l .
"

Wl -
t

3 . In the I n fi n it iv e s an d Pa r t icipl e s , a c n o t r a ct io n
m o st l y t a k e s p l a ce a s n e w o r D ti f t/ f o r I1 ti w o r D t m
,
ii , , , ,

be a r i n g ; r oo t ti Q/ g I 3 1 D f I ti3 1 D oo i
; 1 ti o r 1 ; r t t
3 D ,

fi n d i n
g W e a l s o ha v e D 8 3 1D
. S o a l s o D ti l tt ’ fo r 11 l .
,

r oo t s ite ; I1 ti 1P o r I1 1 ti 1 P ca l l i n
g;
' '
fo r m , ,

11 2i or , fi l l i n
g ( A rt 8 7 . .

th
i n 1 Sa m 18 ; m . x x v.
m , an d ni m
pg , n o r e l i a n ce , e re f
o re
,
c a n b e p l a ce d on

S chr oe d e r s r e m a r k , t h he s e in g t h
’
at t w o rds re t a in e ir r i m i t i ve ra d i ca l 1 So
a re
p .

l i k e w is e “ It?J o b x l i 24,
. m a y b e a ve rb , a n d I b x v 22, fo r m eg b y A r t 7 2
. . . .

B ythe sa m e r u l e we ha v e p; 1
cl e a r , i n n o ce n t ,
f
or 7 11

9
3 & c .
 A R T . 20 3 . ON T H E DEFECTI V E ‘

V ER BS .

4 . b s he r e a s i n t he o t he r cl a sse s ha ve
S om e ve r , ,

fo r t h e l a s t v o w e l of t h i 1 h
'
e Pr e t e r it e o f K a l : a s
t
1
e ,

f ea r e d ; s f fi
m b e l le d m e
n he Iza t e d ; m y b e t hi r s t e d ,

wh i ch t h ey w ill r e t a i n t h r ou h
g o ut t hat t e n se w h ere ,

o t he r v e r b s ha v e as 3 m ti n f 2 m Dti :1 1 , .
, . .
,

f D ti j ; 1
.
j
r
a n d so on I n e ve r y ot h er .

t e n se a n d sp e ci e s t h e y a r e co n j u a t e d l ik e ti
g , 3D .

5 F .th le ord x m pl e e l t i g t o Ap
ru s p
an w h e n h aep a s re a n o co e,

p e n in
g to t he s e o r an
y o t he r v e rb s , se e Ar t t 7 4 1 1 9 3 — 8
. . . .

L EC T U R E XII I .

ON T H OS E V ER BS WH I C H H A V E T H EI R S EC ON D A ND T HI R D

R A D I C AL L ET T ER S T H E S A M E.

20 4 . IT ha s b e e n
do w n a s a r u l e t ha t w he n e ve r
l a id ,

th e l a s t t w o l e t t e r s of a n y p r i m i t i v e w o r d h a pp e n t o b e

th e s a m e o n e of t h ,
em m a y b e d r opp e d f or th e s a ke of

e u ph o n y (Ar t 7 7 ) T he r e a r e ca se s ho w e ve r i n w hich
.
, ,

th i s w ill n o t t a k e p l a ce : t h e s e w e sh a l l n o t i ce fi r s t an d ,

th e n p r oc e e d t o sh e w in w h a t i n s t a n ce s a n d i n Wh at wa
y , ,

o u r r u l e a pp l i e s .

2 Fir s t
. th en in t h
,
e r e d u p li ca t e d
, s p e cie s i e in , . .

P ike l P ii lzdl a n d H i t kp d lze l t h

’ '
’
, , e m i dd l e r a d i ca l l e t t e r ,

w il l e i t he r r e ce i v e D cig e s h h
’

f r t e a s in T D o r
E
"
d
’

o t e r e u , , ,

pl ica t io n w ill t a k e p l a ce o n t he m e a s u r e 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 5 “

,
“

or
T U D D D ; o r l a s t l y o n o n e o, r o t h e r of t h e r e du l i
, p
c a t e d fo r m s ( Ar t In th e se c a s e s
. th e r e fo r e n o , ,

d e fe ct w ill t a k e p l a ce .

3 I th . x t pl ce t h f ll w m g e x m p l f ll w t h g e a l
n e ne a , e o o a es o o e en r

p a ra di m
g ; a s, h
e in t en de d, D e u t . x ix . 19 ; I in t e n de d,
R 2
 L EC TU R E XI I I .

Ze c h . v iii . th
e
yfi n is h
e d, Ez k e . x x vn . 1 1 ; i n p g zke y
su r r o un de d, E ccl es. x il. 5, &c ; . 77 7 1 7 1 7
55
5 it de c a y d,
e Ps . v i. 8

be in g g c i ra o u s, I sa . xxx . 19 .

a
l'

El fi n ? o sh ix V IN
"

p l .
”
J 23 . .
, &c . r. .
0

o th I fi it i or m IVZ k he
"

5 In s m e i n s t a n ce s , ve al so 9 ta t f
. e n n ; es -

L ‘
n ?
3
? D)
f or su r r o un d i n g , Nu m b . i 4 ;— 5 E
x x .
f w m i g I or ar n ,
sa .

xl ii v . 1 4, f or m 7 1259 ,
w it h c h g d t ( T o cc o t f t he
an e o n a un o

p au se ,
( A rt . 1 23 .

6 . c a s e in w hi che i t he r t he fi r s t o r t hir d
A g a i n , in n o ,

r a d i ca l l e t t e r o f a n y r oo t i s s u bj e c t t o e l i s i o n o r c o n t r a e

t i o n w il l o u r r u l e t a k e p l a ce ; a s i n t h
,
e fir st case DT W 1 1
, ,
-

s l x v i ii 1 3 ; S m h
fo r m a y t h e
yfl e e P w
i e e x cl a i m e d
, . .
,
»

r oo t I br o ke t o p i e ce s J e r xl i x 3 7 f or ,
. .
,

N L
” F
So fo r 1 3
“ 7
B u t wh , en t h i s is n o t t h e
1
.
,

c a s e a n d t he l a s t r a d i c a l r e t a in s i t s po w e r a s a c o n s o n a n t
, ,

o n e o f th U fo r 313 be l i v e d
”
e t w o i s d r opp e d : a s
”
, , , ,

Gen . v . 5 .

7 . Wh e n e ve r , there f
ore , one or o t he r o f the se e x ce
p
t io n s d o e s n o t t a k e p l a ce o n e t w o l a s t r a dic a l , , o f th e

let ters o fth e s e v e r b s w il l r e u l a r l

g y b e r ej e c t e d i n b o t h
,
"

th e t e n s e s —i n t h e I m p e r a t i ve a n d o cc a s io n a l l y in t he ,

I fi
n n i t i v e o f Ka l — th e wh o l e o f t he s p e c ie s N ip hlwil
, ,

H ip / abil an d H o , p h fzci l .

8 Th . e m o s t c o n v e n ie n t m e t h o d p e r ha p s o f s t a t in g , ,

th i s de f e c t w il l be b s a in t h at th e s e c o n d r a di c a l w i t h
y y g ,

th r Sh
’
e p r e c e d in
g v ow el o e v d i s r ej e c t e d ; a s,
3 9 for , , ,

J Q Q ; N ip k fo r . &c w h ic h w ill g e n e r a l l y .

hol d .

9 I n b o t ht e n s e s t h
. en o fth e s p e c i e s K a l N i k u il
, p f , , ,

H ip h l zé l a n d H o kl u i l
, p as a l s o i n t h e i r I n fi n i t i ve s
, ,

Im per a t v s a i e n d i
P a r t c ipl e s
,
— e x c e p t in
g t h o s e al rea d
y ,

m t on ed
e n i — w il l t h e s e c o n d r a d ic a l l e t t e r o f a l l
, s u ch
AR T . on TH E D E F EC TIV E V ER B S . 24 5

oo t s be r ej e c t e d ; b u t w he n e v e r a n y a s yl l a bi c a u g m en t
’

r ,

t a k e s pl a c e t h i s r ej e c t e d l e t t e r w i l l b e r e s t o r e d b y t h
, e
’
op e r a t i o n o fD d g e s lz fo r t e (Ar t 7 7 ) .

1 0 If in t h n e xt pl a c e w e e x cep t t h fir s t an d “

. e ,
e ,
-

s e co n d p e r s o n s o fbo t hn u m b e r s a n d g e n d e r s t hr o u gho u t ,

a ll t h e P re t e r it e s o f t h e s e s p e cie s th e a bb r e v i a t e d
p ro ,

n o u n s Wh i cha r e a s yl l a bi c w ill be t h
, e s a m e in t h e se a s in ,

o t he r v e r b s B u t i n a l l t he fi r s t a n d s e c o n d p e r s o n s o f
.
,

th e s e p r e t e r it e s th e v o w e l I is i n t r od u c e d
, a s in Ar t , .

20 1 6 be t w e e n t h
. . e r oo t a n d t h e p r on ou n s ; e
g t a k in
g . .

3 99 f or the r oo t 3 m f fi gp 2 m , . .
, .

f 11 53 9 ; 1 co m
.
”fi ll p l o p i n g m. i s c 3 3 12 9 S o .
, , .

i n N ip l z lz cil ; 3 m 3 93 f n 2 m 3 1 0 3 1 1 13 0 3 a n d
g 3 .
, .
, .
, ,

so o n .

1 1 I t sh
. o u l d b e o b s e r ve d t ha t a s t he fi r s t l e t t e r o f , ,

th e r oo t i n t h e P r e s e n t n e c e ss a r il
y c o m m e n c e s a s ll a bl e
y ,

th o r m a t i v e w i ll e i t he r t a k e S hewi
’
e pref or a
p rf
e e ct

v o w el I t w il l t a k e S h
. ev a?w h en th e a cc e n t i s o n t h e

th i r d l e t t e r o r fa r t h er f r om t h e b e in n i n o ft h e w ord
, g g
in a l l ot h e r ca se s t h e v o w e l w i l l b e p e rfe c t ,
a s Pr e s K a l i
.
,

3 pe r s m 3 p) f . em El ba ; p l m m pg f Q Q Q D &c
. ,
H ‘
. . .
, .
, .

N ip J a i l/ ,
Pre t . 3 m . 3 93 7
, fe m . HQ Q J , ‘ T
2 ~
m .

f 11 1 3 9 9
.
, &c . H ip hb il , Pre t . 3 m . DPT
}, f 77n
.

DII VIE
'
2 m DQI .
DQ , f fl I Q DD ; 3
. .
p l . co m . 2 m . J DQ

f IQ IB DQ
.
, &c . Pre s . 3 m . s in g . f 3
.
93
1 ,
2 m .

3 913 , f S pa ; 1 .
“
co m . Dp tf, 3 p l m . . H Q ,
f HQ Q DFI
.
‘

1 2 It s
. h o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t t h e i u s u al l
y f o un d , ,

b e t w e e n t he se c o n d a n d t hi r d r a d i c a l a n d w hi chi s co n ,

sid e r e d a s c h a r a c t e r i s t ic o f t h e H i lz bil s p e c i e s
p n ever ,

a pp e a r s i n t h e se v e r bs .

I n H ep h za l
’
i s in se r t e d a f ter t h e ch a r a ct e r is t i c
13 .
l l ,

n i n
,
o r d e r t o c o m p l e t e t h e i n i t i a l s yll a b l e ; a ft e r w h i c h ,
24 6 LE T C UR E x m . T . 20 4 . 14 .

this sp e ci e s i s c o n j u g a t e d li k e t he p re c e d in g : a s P r e t ,
.

3 m s i n g 3 91 3
. f 7 13 91 7 1 2 m 131 3 9 1 7 f 1 1 13 9 1 ”
.
,
.
, . 1 , .

11 1 '
1 co m 3 3 Q 1 l &c
. P r e s e n t : 3 s i n g m 3 91 f 3 Q 1 1 1
‘
i
, .
1
. . .
, .

2 m 3 91 11 . f 3 91 13 ; p l 7 3313 9 1 31
1
. In th e l a st an d . . ,

s i m il a r c a s e i n t h i s s p c i s t h fi s t o w l i
e ve r
y e ,e e r v e s n ec e s ,

s a r il
y i m m u t a bl e : i t m u s t t h e r e fo r e r e m a i n
p f e r e ct , ,
.

S o in t h e I m p e r a t i ve a n d P a r t i ci p l e 3
9 1 7 3 f ,
“
3 9 1 3 & c , , .
,
.

3 9m f n ap i p &c , .
l , .

1 4 In t h . e se a s in a ll o t h e r v er bs
,
th e fin a l v ow e l ,

o f b ot h t h e t e n se s i n K a l m a y be or

Th e r oo t a b o v e
g i ve n e x e m p l i fi e s f o r th e l a st v o w el

ofth e P r e t e rit e an d
( )1 f o r t h at o f th
, e P r e s e nt T he .

o n l y v a r ie t y ho w e v e r w hi c ho cc u r s is i n ha v in g ( 1 ) fo r
, , ,

th e l a s t vo w e l o f t h e Pr e t e r it e an d fo r t h at o fth e ,

P r e s e n t a s 1 213 t h ca s t o f 3 3
? G x l i x h
”

e
y , en
l
2 3 ; e , r
. .

ha t hd e vo l v ed up o n P s x x ii 9 So in t h ,e I n fi n i t i ve s
. . .

a n d I m p e r a t i ve s w h i ch a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d o n t h
, e

s a m e fo r m w it h t he P r e s e n t w i t h as 53 fo r 5f 2J
W
, , ,

d e vo l ve t h ou P s c xi x 22 ,Pr e se n t .
P) t h e
y s.h a ll be
. .

I n H ip /
,

v i le fo r
,
1 S a m ii 3 0 th il al s o w e h . .a ve .

o cc a si on a l l y as h e m a de l ig h t fo r ma
, ,

I s v iii as
. P a r t ic ip l e 55x; g i v i n g s h
. . a de fo r bf , m ,

Ez e k xxx i 3 . . .

1 5 In th e s p e ci e s P i h el P uh a n d H i t h ii él
p h h
'
. a l t e , , ,

fo r m s a ss u m e d fo r c o n j u g a t i o n m u s t be d e t e r m i n e d b y
h eth er th 1 1
"

7 7 1
“

u sa e
g i e w
, . e
y
. are t o be 72 13 7 1 9 2 9 , , ,

193 11 71 3 1 53 11 3 o r a n y o t h er o f th e r e d u pl ic a t e d f o
"

1 , ,
rm s

( A rt . a n d wh e n t h i s i s d o ne t h e , p r o c e ss w ill b e ,

a n a l o ou s t o t h a t o ft h e n e r a l p a r a d ig m
g e
g .

1 6 Of t h e v e r b s t e r m in a t i n i n J or n e n o u ghh as
. .
g , ,

b e e n s a id Ar t t 1 9 8 1 0 ; 1 8 8 2 3 26 28
,
. . . . . .
AR T . on TH E D E FEC T I V E V E R B S . . 24 7

On th
e do u bly D efe ct i v e Ve r bs i . e. Ve
r bs i n w hi ch m o r e
than o ne
of the Ra di ca l L e t t er s m ay be s u b e ct
j to g a z es

cen ce o r e l i s i o n , by t he op er a t i o n o f t he p r e ce i n
g R
_ d
u le s .

20 5 . R oo t s s u ppo s e d t o e xi s t c o n s is t in g o f
m ay be
s u chl e t t e r s a s m a y a ll b e s u bj e c t t o e l i s i o n o r q u i e s
,

c e n c e w he n o cc u r r in g i n c e r t a i n s i t u a t i o n s ; b u t t ha t
, ,

th a l l sh at th o s u ch
4

o u l d b e s u bj e c t e s a m e t im e t
e
y , ,

r u le , th e n at u re o f t h e c a s e m a k e s i m po ss ib l e : b e c a u s e ,

qu i e s c e n c e ca n t a k e p l a c e on l y w he n s o m e ho m og e n e o u s
,

v o w e l p r e ce d e s ; a n d t h i s p r e s u ppo s e s t h a t s u ch vo w e l

w ill b e e n o u n c e d b y a c o n s o n a n t An d i n t h e ca se o f
.
,

o n e o ft h e t w o l a s t r a d i c a l l e t t e r s o fa v e r b b e i n d r opp e d
g ,

i t is a l s o s u ppo s e d t h a t s o m e p r e c e d in
g v o w e l is e n o u n c e d ,

bu t wh ichc a n n o t be d o n e w i t h o u t t he i n fl u e n c e o f a p r e
c e d in g c o n s o n a n t .

2 H e n c e i t w ill f
. ol l o w t ha t s u ch p a r t o f a n y r oo t
,

a s is u n a f fe c t e d b y t h e i n fl u e n c e o f a p r e c e di n
g v o w el

w il l r e m a in u n a l t e r e d a n d also th a t n o t w o c on t i u o u s
, g
l e t t e r s ca n a t t h e s a m e t im e
, b e s u bj e c t t o d e fe c t b y t h
,
e

p r o c e ss o f c o n j u g a t i o n i f w e e x c e p t t he Op e r a t i o n o f
,

a po c op e an d th
, o s e c a s e s i n w hi cha n y o f t he W “
IN l e t t e r s
a r e d r opp e d a s u n n e c e ss a r t o th e p r o n u n c ia t ion B ut
, y .
,

wh en th e fi r s t a n d l a s t a r e s u bj e c t t o q u ie s c e n c e o r
e l is i o n th
, e m id d l e r a di c a l l e t t e r be t h at wh a t it m a
, y ,

w il l g e n e r a ll y r e t a i n i t s ch a r a c t e r a s a c o n s on a n t an d ,

ma y r e c e i v e a D dg e s hfo r t e ; o r if n o t c a p a b l e o f b e i n g
’ ‘

d o u b l e d m a
y
, b e c o m p e n s a t e d i n t h e
p r e c e di n
g v o w e l
b e i n g m a d e p e rfe ct .

3 . In t h is c a s e t h ere f ,o r e a s i n a l l t he p r e c e din g o n e s
, ,

th e n e r a l pa r a di m h o l d s oo d b t t h c o c ‘

e .

g g g : u a s e n u r,

r e n c e o f c e r t a i n s o u n d s i s i n c o m p a t ib l e w i t ht h e
p ro n u n

ci a t i o n o f t h e H e br e w s s o m e c ha n g e s w ill t a k e p l a c e i n
,
24 8 L EC T URE x m .
CA R T . 2 05 . 4 .

or de r to s d iffi c u l t y Ex a m pl e ho w e v e r is
av oid thi .
, , .

a l w a s e a s i e r t o b e u n d e rs t oo d t h r e ce t ; w e sh
p
”

y an
p a ll :

n o w g ive , t h o r e a fe w e x a m pl e s o f a ll t he c a s e s t ha t
e r ef
‘
“

o cc u r ; w hi ch a ft e r S chr oe d e r w e s ha l l d ivi d e i n t o t hr e e
, ,

cl a ss e s .

4 . cl a ss w il l ha v e t he fi r s t a n d t hir d r a di ca l
This , ,

l e t t e r s s u bj e c t t o el i s i o n or q u ie s c e n c e An d fi r s t , .
,

b o t h a r e s u bj e c t t o e l i s i o n a s 313 9 he g a ve p l a c e d ; IQ; , ,

he p la ye d o n t he p s a l t e r y; 1 1 13 ; he de s ce n d e d : w hi ch
w ill d r op e i t h er t he J o r 11 o r bo t h b r u l e s a l r e a dy
y , , ,

d e t a il e d ( A in
'

rt . 1 98 .1 0 ; 1 88 . 23 . 28 . e .
g .

N ip hhdl , P r e t . 2 p e r s 13 13 3 ,
. 1 13 3 ,
31 1
13 13 3 , fo r 13 3 13 33 ,
11 3 13 93 ; so an d st o ft he re .

5 Th . e fir st w il l b e s u bj e c t t o q u i e s c e n c e an d th e ,

thi r d t o e l i si o n a s in 13
13 h e wa s
, f h
a i t f ul h e s le t
p
1 1 913 o r 1 1 9 1 h
,
e was h a n ds o m e
,
H e r e t he I w il l b e .

r ej e c t e d a s bef
,
o r e w he n e ve r i t i s a ffe c t e d b y a fi n a l
,

Sh b y a n a l og y; t h
’
evd e fin al 1 1 b y Ar t 1 8 8 23 ; ,
. .

an d th e in i t ia l or 8 w il l be q u i e s c e n t a cc o r d i n t o
, g ,

th e r u l e s d e t a i l e d i n A r t t 1 9 9 20 0 . . .

6 In t h
. e n ext pl a c e t he fi r s t w il l b e s u bj e c t t o,

e l isi o n an d th
,
e th i r d t o q u i e s c e n c e i n s u c h r oo t s a s ,

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On the In se
p a ra bl e P r o n o u n s w he n a t t a che d t o Ve r b s .

206 . Wh s e p a r a b l e p r o n o u n s a r e a t t a c hed t o
en the in

n ou n s th e m e a n in o f th e c o m po u n d w ill as we h ave
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,

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of th e s e pr on o u n s a f fe c t t h e v o w el s a n d con s on a n t s o f
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c o r r e s po n d in g i mp e tfe ct o n e B u t a s a t a bl e w il l m a k e .
,

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s a m e a ffi x e s d u e a t t e n t i o n b e i n g p a i d t o t he i r p a r t i c u l a r
,

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o fthe Abb r e v za t e d P r o n o u n s as a t t a che d to Ve r bs .

S I NG ULA R .

Fo rm s pr poe r fo r t he Pr t e e i e Te e
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OF TH E VER E, WIT H ITS VAR I O U S AFF I XED P R ONO U N S .

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S e c o n d P er s o n P l u r a l Co m .

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Ez e k . xx i x . 3 , in w h i ch , t he re
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3 I . f w i t ce t h f
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e a ea r e, s. v . ou a s

d pi d m
es se 2 S m x ii 1 0 e, B t i th l t c a . th i . m t . u n e as a se , s see s o

ha e b e e b r o g ht b o u t b y t h i fl e n c e f t h a cc e n t ( A t
v n u a e n u o e r .

1 20 . 7
4 Fo r t h
. e fem in in e af
fi x 11 7 ha v e , we s m et m o i es

h e h a t hca ll e d t h ee I s l iv 6 So th y b e in
g c r e a te d . . . ,

E z e k xx v iii 1 5 ; w hi c h a r e ge n e r a l l y t ho u ght t o b e C ha l d a i s m s
. .
'

In th e la st ca se ho w e v e r t he p a u s e a cc e n t w i l l b e su ffi c i e n t t o
, ,
-

a cc o u n t f o r th e a n om a l
y( A rt 1 23 . .

5 Wh ho w e v e r t he a cc e n t i s o n a n y o cc a s i o n d r a w n hdo k ‘

. en , , ,

th e v o w e l a cc o m p a n yi n g t h e af fi x w i ll n e c e ss a r i l y b e imp e rfe ct ;
as fl n Pn l }sh
, e h a t h l ov e d t h
‘
ee 5 33 3 3 3 s h e h a t h s t o len
IT T

th e m &c , Ar t H Q 3 c or . . . . .

6 I t sh
. o u l d a l s o b e o b s e r v e d t ha t w he n e v e r t he roo t e n ds in , ,

e i th er 1 or by t h e p ro c e s s o f c o n j u a t i o n & c th e af fi x es are
,
g ,
.
,

s i m pl y a dd e d ; a s
19
1 7 3 w ith
1 32 o u t a n
yp r e v i o u s v
, o w e l or
1
S h é vd

a nd t h a t wh en th e af
, fi x e s a r e fo u n d b o t h i n t he syl la bic a n d a syl ,

la bic for m s t h
,
e s l l a bi c m u s t b e t a k e n in t h
y , e s e c a s e s : a s ,

? th v is i t e d h
not m
m i m y h si t e d h
'
e
y er ; n o t a t e v i i m .

Th e re a s on i s o b v i o u s : o n e v o w e l fo ll o w i n g a n o t h e r w o u l d be
ART . 20 9 . on TH E P R ONOU N S WI T H V ER B S . 25 7

u n u t te r a b le ; an d , in o r de r to a vo id t his , a c o n so n a n t m u st be
i nt r o d u c ed

7 . In t he te rm in a ti n
g v o wel g i ve s
pl a ce to t he vo we l o f
t he a fli x ; a s, {T o
thou v is i t e d s t me .

8 . Th o rm [T IE
e f /Q , i s fo u n d i n a fe w i n s t a n c es w it h t he p ro

n o m in a l a f
fi ; x es h o u
( fe m
as, ) h a st a d u r ed u s J o s h 1 1
j t .
, . .

1 7 2 0 : b u t m o s t fr e q u e n t l y t h
, ,
e f o rm i s t a k e n (s e e Ar t , .

1 88 . as an d Wit h
,
ou t th ou
( f em
) h a st
, .

v is i t e d m e Whe n t his is t he ca s e t he c o n t e x t a l o n e m u s t d e t e r m in e
.
,

wh eth er th e v e r b is o f t h e fi r s t o r s e co n d pe r s o n I n a fe w c a s e s .

al so , t a ke s t he
p l a ce o f as t h ou
( f em
) h a st , .

ca us e d u s t o de s ce n d J o s h n 18 ,
. . .

9 Th e s e co n d e r s o n s m a s c u l in e a n d f e m in in e l u r a l t ake t h e
.
p p
h
-
fo r m s 31 1 7 3 5 in s t e a d o f 3 3 ” EU o r ”
, f l b e fo r e t e a f f i x e
,
d p ro ,
“

n th s ca se h e l at e n t
n o u n s ; as
y (e ,co m
) v i s it e d m e I i t . .
,

p r o n o u n see m s t o b e o f th e Ch a l da i c f o r m W “
E y? ou i n st ea d o f
’

, ,

th H
e H e br e w o n e O S o r k n it"
,
.

On t he Vo w e ls o
f het P r e s e n t Te n s e, t he I m p e r a t i v e, I nfi n i t i ve ,

an d P a r t i c ip l e s .

21 0 . As t he t er m i n a t in g vo w el o f the Pr esen t t en se is m u t a bl e in
t he g l t r ili t e r a l
re u ar ver b i n Ka l , i t w ill be re e j ct ed u
po n re c i i g
e v n

an a s l la bi
y y af f i x ; c a s, h
e v is i t s me ; bu t, w he n t he af
f i is x
s
yll a bi c , it w il l be ch an
g ed fo r i t s co d e n t i m p eife ct v o w e l ;
rres
p o n

T E
E h th h ad to th
H ”
a s, e v is i t s ee , &c du e r e a r d b e in e v o w el a s
,
.
, g g
d e t e r m in e d b y u s a g e h he r i t b e ( i ) : i . e.
( w et
or
( ,
u o
:

an d to th e fo l lo w in
g c o n s o n a n t w he t he r i t b e a g u t t u r a l o r n o t , .

I n a fe w in s t a n c e s t h e v o w e ls ro e r f
p p , o r th e af fi x es o f th e
p re

t e r it e t e n s e a r e fo u n d,
w i t h t ho s e o f t he
p r e s e n t ; a s 9
57 W ? ! h e w il l ,
“

fi l l m e J o b ix
, 1 8 ; h e w i l l a c kn o w le d e u s
.
g I s l x ii i 1 6 ; , . .

“
D 1 ; we w i l l s t r i ke o r
7 p ier c e t hem , N u m b x x i: 3 0 & c A nd, , .
, . ,

v i c e ver s é t h o se ro e r f o r th e r e s e n t w i t ht h e r e t e rite ; a s
p p
, p p , ,

h e h a t hc o r r e c t e d m e I s v i ii l l ,
. . .

2 Th . e se o b s e r v a t io n s w ill a p pl y t o t h e af fi x in g o f t h e pr o n o u n s ,

t o th e
p r e s e n t t e n s e s o fv e r b s o fe v e r
y ps e c i e s a n d so r t .

3 I n th . e I m pe r a t iv e s h o wever wh ic hr e c e i v e n o p r e fo r m a t i v e s
, , ,

th e v o w e l s w il l b e r e g u l a t e d a s t h a r e in t h e n o u n s (w h i c h i n r e al it
y
e
y
th e I m e r a t i v e s a ll a r e ) an d as th e f o r m pr o pe r f o r c o n s t r u c t io n
p ; ,

8
 L EC T U R E x m .
E AR T . 21 0 4 .

w ill t a k e t he af
fi xed p ro n o u n s, t he u t im a t e ,
l or
p e n u l t im a t e , v o w e l s
‘
a l o n e ca n be su bj c t t ch
e o an
g e, as in t he n ouns ; e. g .
”
3 P2w s en d
m e, fr o m sen d : he a r ye m e,
‘

fr o m Y
EW h
ea r . So
“n l
fil
’
h ou h
n ow th im , fr o m
4 . Tho se term in a t in g i n ha v e b e e n t ho u ght su bj c t
e to a

t r an s
p os it i o n ; a s, ke ep than me fr o m “ b ill,
. I b e l ie v e ,

ho w e v e r t ha t tu tti i s t he p r i m i t iv e w o r d t a k e n in t he s e c a s e s ;
"

, ,

wh e n c e w e s ha ll r e
g u l a r l y ha v e
"
D
Q D lg & c , , .

5 Th . e In f i n it i v e s a r e s u bj e c t t o t h e sa m e
g e n e r a l l a w s w i t ht h e

I m pe r a t i v e s o f K a l a n d t h e s e a l so
p r e v a il i n e v e r
, y p s e c ie s o f t he

S e go l a t e n o u n s ; i e w e m u s t i n q u i r e i n t h e fi rs t l a ce w h at f
“

o rm
. .
p , ,

o f th e r im it iv e h a s b e e n t a ke n a n d th en a dd o u r a f fi x e s &c j u s t
p , ,
.

as we do t o t h o se n o u n s Ex a m pl e s ; his r e ig n in g fro m
.
,

o r r a th my e r s e c u t in f ro m o r
er
p g ,

K
S o 5 95 13 3
9, f
o r B
PQ S D
( Art . 1 06 .
y our s
p a wn in g , fr o m UN? o r

Dfi 5 3 3 75
t
- '
D l )
p ; fo r 1
1 y our dr a w in g n ea r , fr o m o r

So m et im e s o b l iq ue l y ( Ar t 9 6 . . a s, 53 7 3 ?yo u r
1 r ea i
p gn , fro m

o r
”
73
W
6 It m y b b s e r ve d, t h
ht he a ffix e s l
at, an d w it ¥ “

. a e o ,

bo th f o rm s are f o und ; as th y e a t in
g G en ii
, 1 7 ; , . .

y o u r e a t in
g G e n ii i 5
,
1 1
: t}? . t h y h e a r in
.
g 2 S a m v 2 4 ; 13 ?
; b , . .

y our h e a r in
g J o sh v i 5 , B ut i t s e ld o m
. ha .
pp e n s th
. at th e sa m e

w o r d is f o u n d i n b o t hf o rm s : w h ic h s e e m s t o s h ew th a t in o n e ,

c a s e o n e p r im i t iv e fo r m ha s b e e n p r e fe r r e d a n d i n a n o t he r
, , ,

an o th er .

7 I n fi n i t iv e s o f o t h
. er f o rm s are s u bj e c t t o t h e
g en eral l a w s

wh i c hp r e v a il i n n o u n s o ft h e sa m e f o rm s .

8 No t h. i n g fu r t h e r n e e d b e s a id o n t h e m an n er in w h ic h t h e ,

a r t ic i l e s r e c e i v e t h e
p r o n o m in a l a f fix es T h y a re n o t h i m
p p e n
g o r e .

th an n o u n s ; a n d are th e re f o r e s u bj e c t t o t h , e s a m e v a r ia t io n s w i t h
,

th em as m a b e s e e n in t h e exam l i f t h l c i
, y p es
g ven o e s e v e r a s
p e e s

o ft h e c o n j u ga t i o n .

On t h in g t h to th ar t s of
'

f fi
'

m o de o e P ro n
e a x oun s e d
fl
g er e n t
p
the D efe ct i v e Ve r bs .

21 1 I t w i ll b e q u i t e u n n e ce ss a r y t o d e t a i n t h
. e S t u de n t

lon g on th i s s u bj e ct H e w il l o n l y h a v e t o b e a r i n m in d,.
ART . ON T H E P R ONOU NS W I TH V ER B S . 259

w ha t ha s b e e n l a id do w n in our r u le s on the m u t abl e

an d q u i e sce n t ch a r a ct e r s o f the let t er s
”
Wis p — ou J, as

o cca si o n a l l y r ej e c t e d ,
— on roo ts ha vi n g t he s e co n d an d
thir d r a d ca l i le t t e r the sa m e , an d he n ce o cca s i o n a l l y
l o sin g o n e, w hi ch w il l , ho w e v e r ,
ret u rn when ever ci r

mst a n ce s th f D ag e s h
’
cu w ill allo w it, un de r e fo r m o

f or te, —a n
~
d on the vo w e l s, a s r e g u l a t e d b yt he o ccu r r e n ce

o f g u t t u r a l s, t he a ddi t i o n o f s yll a bi c, o r a s l la
y bi c g au

m e n t s, an d th e l ik e ; a l l o f w h i ch h as bee n a b u n da n t l
y
exem p l i fi e d in t he
p r e ce d i n
g p g
a es e . W s ha l l n o w,

the re f
o re , t a k e l e a ve o f this j
s u b e ct .
— The f
o l l o w in
g are

t a b l e s, i n t e n de d t o s ho w the fu ll co n u j g a t io n s o f the

d if
fe r e n t k in d s o f v e r b s, in il l u s t r a t i o n o f the rules

d e t a il e d an d e x e m p lifie d in our
p r e se n t, an d p r e ce d in g
L e ct u r e .

The se Ta bl e s ha v e b e e n t a k e n fr o m t he Le hr g e b a u d e
d e r He b r a is ch en S p r a che o f D r G e s e n i u s w i t h s o m e .
,

sl i ht a l t e r a t io n s P 4 3 8
g a
g e . s e
q ,
.
 P a r a d ig m o
f Ve r bs

R e gu l ar V b er . V b
er .

V ber . l gu t t . 2 gu t t .

s? D21
"
i

h
” a s. ”t e a

a
e se .

m es
a ban a r e?
'

“ as es?
’

fi e? ma vi vi i ) :
"

'

5s? as ra n 33 2 05
9

P2!
"
I r

w? e “
as! ”
PM
we ? was n e ?
w a
n
”ar e? “
n ew n w
g a

w: e v er r
.

v ee rs

“ we ws a were

n ew “
se en
e s
T a v est s

n e ar w e
e r "
.
a
w .

we e ”w
”n ew ”n ew ” r as
2 m .

n ew n ws
e
W e w e re
2 f .
”
n ew ” we e n
r ” ew ”wer e n ew
1 co m .
PH?
I 37
9253 v
i:
z . .

Pa s s . apo c .

PA RT . a ct. 5a? 1
p ?
p a s s .
b ran ,
1 am : my; m a gi was
AR T . ON TH E V ER B S . 26 1

P a r a d ig m f V
oe r b s in KAL .

V b er Ve b
. r . V b
er . V b V b
er . er .

hi n i t .
° i
i m ed .
’
4 m ed . s
i?fi l fi fi l
n a .
, n a .

j
: tz ; mp; 1; mIT m
I
''
n
ya
”a
re
w e a t»
a .

a: w as e ta
"
w as "
n
nu
rse
a

u n fi re
t -

w re
e
w‘
an
gg

was n
‘
a
re ir
f
e ms

tri p )
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59 7 ”n i
s
h ag 5
93 5 s
q fip
-
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ms "
at; w as »

we W e "
a»
;
He
ars
e fi r st

“ mm
pu ,

ng n

ai 3 9m PM ”F
529
‘
n t;
"
bar e “
ar e
"
a
r
e w e we “
w as "
h
is
a rt s ai ”13 13
r s u
ps
h as as
:
“
in
“
.
?
a p \\ m m: w e: was .

n eb a sn
mari a n
ai v e
t r
elm
a ” r em mass es ”r am
w a
s w e 21m W
m E?
”
'

n
gvp m
t ‘
”$9l Ha
nse n “
r at e
tri )
can; r e; “ w ”723 3
a"
p:
D D
:
up “ a
n . 7; 5m
14 71 325
w e .
mg we “ in
 L ECT U R E x m .
E AR T . 21 1 ;

P a r a d ig m f Ve r b s
o i n N I P H H A L .

Regu la r Ve b Ve b
r . Ver b Ve rb
r . . . V b
er .

V ber . l gu t t .
4”
2 gu t t . 3 gu t t .
5 i n it .

PP ?! ne w “ n i as
;
T n a :
1'p -
1
'

a
i ms: m ean were n ew : a ea:
r
m a s;

m ere . e very
; m ag ;
whn; w er e
e was e t ; “
a r e: w i se;
“3
92
Dar e s ;

ar i e ;
s

T l

I IT l T

we r e wa s
fl
awm we T
” r e r
esin s e r ase
-
Q

v rs;
ag
v ; a
"
1q
TI
.

P R ES . apo c .

PA R TI C I P L E "

m; ay {DZ
1;
-
DD:
A RT . ON TH E V ER B S . 26 3

P ara dig m o
f Ve r bs i n N I P H H AL .

V b er .

”
er
V bd . V b
er . V b er .

4 in it .
1 m e . f m ed .

:
gi i n D1 37;
martin n
ew;
ra g
es: i
g mp :

e a r”:
“
was?“ w i mp;

a s : m an
'

tp i : i m
n
g n c
p p ;

res e t :
ma gi :

mas ses
 P a r a d ig m f
o Ver bs i n
R e gu l ar V b er . V b
er .

Ve b r . l gu t t . 2 gu t t .

m
“
1

1 co m .
W?p
‘

Pl u r . 3 co m .
w e re

B
WW
reve rt
m gs tv
-
1 3 ; 1 3;

vi
a;
'
&c
y
S zgtp

w a rn
’

71
3 7;
3 3 m v ptp

P R ES . a po c .

PA R TI C I P L E .
 V ER B S 265
m .
on TH E .

P a r a d ig m o
f Ve r bs i n PI H EL

V b er .
V b er . V b
er .

’
fi m ed 4 m ed
4 i n it
.
or .
.

i t?
!

”QP P WE ‘
26 6 LECTURE x m .
[: A RT . 21 1 .

J
R e gu l a r V b er . V b er .

V ber . l gu t t . 2 gu t t .

"
I 37
L
3
-

I N F I N I TI V E . m p Il i a:

No n e.

P5? 4715
“ ” "

1 co m .

P R ES . ap o c .

PA R TI C I P L E .
7p m ;
11
 ON T H E V ER Es . 26 7
AR T .

V er b s i n P U H A L
P a r a d ig m o
f .

V b er V b er .
V rb e V b
.
V er b
er . . V b
er .

fi
.

5 l
’

fi m e d. 4 m ed
fl
n a
3 i n it
’
4 or i n it { .

{2
.
.
.

D 391 ?
)

r i
es n

r e:

rfi i 7953
s “
ar - n mp g
)
,
s
pn

w e ave
 LECTURE x m .
E AR T . 2 1 1 .

P a r a d ig m f V
oe r b s i n H I P HH I L .

Re gu l a r Ve b r Ver b
. Ve b V er b
. r . . - V b er .

P R ETER . V b
er . l gu t t . 2 gu t t . 3 gu t t .
S i n it .

S in g . 3 m r aw w as r un
2 f .
”r ear! hav en n ew

” 75?
2 2 22
Pl ur 3 co m 4
55 1 3
7 1
'

3 1
9
. .

2 m .

2 f .

1 co m .

w as m m m en W e

eevr

w er e “
we ” "
as?
$7”
?n &c .
T
”wa er t
were n
ause a

&c .

were
ar e:
v er ses

arti
am
p vg
z
s t;

P R ES . a po c .

PA RTI C I P L E .
AR T . ON T HE V ER B S . 2 69

P ara d ig m f
o H I PHHI L .

V b
er . V b er . V b er . V b er .

4 or 4 i n it . hm e d .
{3 fi n al .

h
’

: n
t
t n z ‘
p
‘
n ra w wa
ter
s
1
‘
n g
t a n n ev e r
s e
e ” 2
a
fn
a sfe n -

zban
i
q
e
n
”
e s
se ” "
o ne"
ar i
se n ra n
ne w?
” Dar r
en

ma rgi n 23 12q

a
si
s
g n

r tvi m
ne ;
‘

mm .

r at: e
v e n ar
 LECTURE x m .
E AR T . 21 1 .

P ara d ig m f Ve o
r b s i n H OP H H AL .

R e g u l ar V b
er V rb .Ve b e . r . V ber . V b er .

PR E T E R . V b
er . l gu t t . 2 gu t t . 3 gu t t .
S i n it .
1 "
4

S in e 3 m b eer: w as wa s v ee r: wists n ew
3 f
b
” e en ” ne w m n
a w e:
e r " n ew ”rem
2 m m mT?
T H
”
wee n w v e e i"
w !
earn r ?

a ssess s tes: n ear: w er e n e w m ac m

“ 0
i -

1 m m "
e benv m ean s ome ma ntra w as m am
" " "

Pl u r 3 co m
n w fi t: m n w e w s
e r s a a v a n e w
e t a D va e t e e m
n er t
2 2 2 19 2?Det e r ” Deva B
e n s
T“
2
2 f
751 m mni s u rer
:
1 co m
s s
u er m en : w r
e e

I N F I NI T I V E .
2 3927 7}

No n e .

31 9115:
net : 1
v er r.3 -

Rm

Pe r v
“

v ar s

w e re:
r
eam H r
ara e
w ?
e e r

” wer e
I '
TJ T we were:

P R ES . apo c .

PA R TI C I P L E .
1 ( T pp :
37 m m: 253 7;
AR T. ON T H E V ER B S . 27 1

P a r a d ig m f
o Ve r b s in H O P H H AL .

V b
er . Ve r b . V b er . Ve b r .

4or q i n it .
fi
'
m ed. Q m ed .
15; fi n al .

n
gfian Eg
gi n -
79m s
a
l n g
”Em”
s a
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AR TI CI P L E 7 W?
59 ) 71 3 3 11 ;
AR T . ON THE V ER B S . 27 3

P a r a d ig m f
o Ve r b s i n H I T H P AH EL .

V b er . V b er . V b er .

fi in i t . 4 in it . fin i t .
’
fi m ed . 4 m ed .
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Spur 3 25
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Bat aa n a tt zn v as s e t:
 L EC T U R E XI V .

ON TH E S Y NT A X .

212 . IN o ur de a v o u r t o l a y d o w n t h
en e
p r i n ci l e s o f
p
the He b r e w S yn t a x , w e sha l l fi r s t co n s i d e r t he n a tu r e
an d c f p r o p o si t i o n s ; s e co n dl y, t h
on s t r u ct i o n o o s e o ft he ir

se v e r a l a r t s ; a n d , l a s t l , sh ew h o w th e se h a ve be e n
p y
co m bi n e d , a cco r d i n t o th e Au t h o r s Of t h e Acce n t s
g .

2 In the fi rst l a ce , t h o si t i o n w il l be
.
p p en , e ve r
yp ro

e it h en e r a l , o r a r t ic u l a r A en eral r o o si t i o n i s
er
g p g p p .

th at , wh i ch co n t a i n s a co m p l e t e s e n t e n ce e x p r e s s i v e o f
so m e
g e n er al t r u t h: a s, M e n d ie . A p a r t icu l a r , o r
si n l r o o si t i o n it is m e t im e s ca l l e d ) , e x r e sse s
g u ar,
p p ( as so
p
ly t hat , whi ch r ela t es to a r t i cu l a r i n div i d u a l s
on
p : a s,

The m en di e . H e n ce ,
3 } Whe n an
yg l r o o si t i o n i s e n o u n ce d
p p
en er a i n the ,

Hebr e w , th w o r d o r w o r ds u se d f or th u r o se o f
e e
p p
en o u n ci n g the S u bj e ct w il l ,g y b e i n de fin i t e
e n e r all ,

i . e . w il l n o ha v e t he
t d e fi n i t e a r t i cl e , o r b e o t h er wi s e

l im i t ed whil e t hat w hi chi s in t e n de d t o b e t he m o st im

p r e s si v e , w il l st a n d fi r st in t he o rde r ; e .
g .
s
7! 11 11 l

In su ch xpe r e s s i o n s a s, ”7
9
‘
i
‘

“I m t e h l a w qf t h e L o r d is
p f
e r e ct , &c .
,

Ps . x ix . 8 , &c .
, alt ho u ght he t r u t hi s ge n e ra l , the ro
p p o si t i o n i s n o t so ; bc
e a u se

it re l a t e s t o o n e
p c
arti u la r law, n o t t o a n y ge n e r a l o n e.

The
j
s u b e ct an d p r e d ica t e a re , a o r d i n g t o t hcc
e G r a m m a r i a n s o f A r a ia , b
t wo w o rd s so pl a ce d , a s t o b e i n d e pe n d e n t o f e a ho t he r i n a g r a m m a t i ca l c
o r
f or m a l po in t o f v ie w , t he i r rel a t io n b e in g p u r e l y l og i ca l . The au tho r

Of t he H id aya t Na h l
l s -J Lu v/ti } l ;
lw l
(p
"
N
oon ve .
) says,
a
a s
AR T . 21 2 . ON T H E S Y NTAX . 27 5

*
‘

j (a n yo n e ) W I NG i n i q u i t y r e a p s v a n i t y P r o v
SO , ,
.

xxn .
-

8 ; fig ht? p£3 “
D 1
; (a s) D EE P W AT ER S ( is)
7

th e h a n I h xx 5
co u n s e l in ea r t o
f m , . . .

An d , o n th e co n t r a r
‘

y w h en an
yp a r t i c u l a r
p r o ,

p o s it i o n is t o b e e n o u n ce d t h e w o r d o r w o r d s e x r e s si v e
,
p ,

o fi t s s u b e ct , j m u st be m a de de fin it e : a s, 8 151 W3 22?) ( as

) TH E I T H AD A R I S EN G x ix fi j
‘

2 3 ”T i
p3 l ‘
to S UN en , ; , . . a
-

D tt TH E P R EC EP T S OF J EH OV A H ( a r e ) r i g h
‘j “ t Ps x ix 9 , . . .

Th is h o l ds
g ood wh eth er th e r o o s i t i o n be a f
p p ,fi r m a t ive

or n e a t i ve
g
5 P r o p o si t i o n s w il l
. also be e it he r I n co m l ex
p , or Co m
p l e at ; S i m
p l e ,
o r C o mp o u n d .

6 I n co m p l e x p r o p o si t io n s
.
( h i chm a
y b e eith er
g en e w
ral or a r t i cu l a r are th o se w h i chco n t a i n n o u a l if in
p ) , q y g ,

o r o th e r w is e m o d i f i n w o r d s i n co n n e x i o n w i t h e i t h
y g er
,

th e s u bj e c t or r e dica t e C m l r o o s i t io n s
p o p e x
p p a re .

th o se w h ichh a v e s u ch w o r d s Of t h e fi r st N J a .
,

PA LM J D) Th
e j
s u b e ct an d p i
r e d ca t e are two w o r ds, co n s t r ue d i n de

p e nd en t ly o f y G R
an AM M ATI C LgA o v er n m en t . The
fi r st is t h
at
of w hi chso m e t hi n
g

is p r e d ica t e d , a nd is ca l l e d lM l or, th
e beg i n n in
g : th
e se co n d i s t h
a t, b
y

whicht his p r e di ca t i o n i s m a de , an d is t e r m e dfi g l th
e e n o u n ce r : a s, ZA I D ( is)

S TA N D G IN .Th e
g o ve r n m e n t o
f t e m is r e u la t e d b t h
h g y e se n se
( o r, is l og ica l ) ,
th
at is , by t h
e be i n n i n ,
g g
”
o r s u j e t m a t te r o ft he d i b c
s o u rs e c .

This c j ct i
on un on o f w o r d s i s t e r m e d b yt hem ,
p
hi” an d is t hu s des c ibr ed

by I bn ul 1 1 am) :
Q
: il l ci l ia
9
3 W ll, .
s m ith M u
“ Lo
d” u
’
;
l
M l “
I t is that w hi c h c o m p r e he n d s two wo rds in

c on ne xi on w it he a c h o t he r ; whi chc an n o t ha ppe n e xc e p t i n t he c o n c u r r e n c e

f two b Th e w o r d c o n s t it u t i n g t h
e s u bj e c t
”
o n o u n s, or o fa ve r an d n oun .

(AM I) is , a cc o r d in g t o El Ha z e r i, p l a ce d fi r s t , on a cc o u n t Oft he i m p o r t a n c e
w hi c hi t ho l d s in the e s t i m a t io n Of t he s
p e a ke r o r w ri t e r .
”
S e e C o m m e n t a ry

o n theAgr u m i a b y S h n a e l ], A c
s t e rd a m , 1 7 5 5 , p b
p F 0 l“ m .

Th e
p c
a it a l s a re i n t e n d e d t o o in t o u t t h e w o rd s, u po n w hi ch t h e r u le
p
i m m e d i a t e ly e a r s b .
27 6 LECTURE XIV .
E AR T . 21 2 7 : .

ho u s e i s bu i l t , P r o v . xx iv . 3 ,
is an e x a m pl e . Of the

s e co n d ,
fl ‘: 17 3 3
" WQQ HB in , or by, w i s d o m is a ho us e .

bu i l t , l b .

7 . S i mp le p ro
p o si t o n s
i a re tho se , w hich ha v e no

su
pp l e m e n t a r y, or su b o r di n a t e , p Car ts
o m p oun d
.
p ro

p o sit io n s a r e tho se w hi ch have su ch a r t s

p E x a m le o f
p .

the fir st , HE ho u s e bu i l t
N
i n w is do m 28 a

7 1 l P 53 1 l it /
j 3 5g ? so th e h
t
o f th
Vm
'
e s e co n d
‘j
,
! i } i n
g ,

and h i s p r i n ce s a n d t h e wh o le co n r e a tio n
g g , t o o ls co u n J ,

sel ,2 Ch ro n xxx 2 I n t hi s ca s e t he S u bj e c t o n l y i s
. . .
,

co m o u n d : o th e r s o ccu r i n w h i ch t h r e dica t e i s l
p e
p a so

co m
p oun d .

8 . W e no w p ro c eed t o po in t o ut t he r e l a t io n Of the Sub j e ct w it h

t he P r e di
; h i c h ci sate
t he s a m e i w
n e v e r
y s o r t O f r o o s it io n
p p .

We sha l l n e x t she w ho w t he c o m p l e x a n d c o m po u n d pa r t s o fp r o
, , ,

o s i t io n s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d i e o n w h at r in c i le s t h i r se v e r a l ar ts
p p p e ,
.
p .

a r e c o n n e c t e d t o ge t h er .

On the P r e d i ca t e o
f P r o p o si t io n s .

21 3 Th e
p .r e d ic a t e , f a n y p r o p o sit i o n , m a y co n sis t
o

Of n o u n s a t t r ib u t iv e , s u b st a n t iv e i f e x r e s si ve of
or
( p
cha r a ct e r , or o f v e r b s, or
p r o n o u n s, as in o t h
er

l a n g u a ge s .

2 . Ev e r y p r o p o si t i o n , w he t he r g en e r a l or
p a r t i cu l a r ,

w ill , -
hi n g p a r t i c u l a r r e q u i r e t he co n t r a r y
u n l e ss so m e t ,

ha v e i t s p r e dica t e i n d efi n i t e ( Ve r b s Of co u r se w he n .
, ,

in t h r e di ca t e d o n o t co m e u n d e r t h i s r u le b e ca u s e
e
p , ,

i t ca n n o t b e s a i d Of t h th at t h a r e e it h e r de fi n it e o r
‘

em e
y ,

in de fin it e ) e
g ”A l l HE I D I ] H O W
.) a . w h o r e i
( )s a d e e
p :

d i t ch P r o v xx ii i 2 7
,
. .

3 H . t h S bj c t b i
e re ,
g i d efi i t t h p p e i t i uh w il l e e n n n e, e ro os o

b eg l d
e n e ra t h l :q i an t h P
, d i
asc t l et b ru e re u res e re a e a so o e

i defi it t h
n i b c m
n c i w hi c h m m b ig i t y m ight i
e, s e o es a a se n so e a u a r se ,

t
as wh ic h f t h
o b t ti i t h S bj t
o e f t h p p it i
su s an ve s s e u ec o e ro os o n .
 AR T . 2 1 3 . ON T H E S Y NTA X . 27 7

The se n s e he r e t ha t t he l a s t w o r d
re q u ir e s be t h
, e Su b j ec t ,

al t h o u h fl l fltti d ch r e ce de s : h se n t en ce m a y be t h
g j a i t p t e ,
us

r e n de r e d
( a )
s a d e e
p ,
di t c h ( )
i s a w h o r e : t h e
p a r t i c l e 3 b e in
g
o m it t e d b th e e l lip s e S ee m
y L e x i c o n u n de r 3 p 2 8 0 se
q
y .
, . . .

4 Ex a m p l e s Of p a r t i cu l a r p r o p o s it io n s : n o t : V
.
7
$ U l
d (a s t o ) T H E EA R T H (i t ) e x i s t e d — G e n i 2 ; min :
. .

*
1
l
3 7, ) J e h
o va h i s)
( K in g , Ps . x . 16 . Wi t h a ve rb
1
0 1
7 7 373 C R E A TED (i
HE . e .
) G OD , G e n i 1 . . .

5 . Whe n ho w e v e r , , an
y t hi n
g ve r y s
p e ci fi c i s i n t e n de d

t o be h i i t w il l b e m a de d e fi n it e
'

e n o u n ce d b t r e d ca t e ,
y e
p
a i
r g;
n ny:
s i n n j w muti
m m n j n J h o v a hh e is w
‘ i
as, e

T H E G OD J e h o va hh e i s T H E G OD 1 Ki n g s x viii 3 9
‘

. .
, ,

6 H e r e as b o t h t h
. e S u bj e c t a n d P r e d i c a t e a r e m a d e d e fi n i t e ;
,

a s Rm n th s in s t a n c e ) w e r e i n t r o d u c e d i n
a n d u n le s s a
p ro n o u n
( i i
th e
p l a c e Of t h e l o
g i c a l co
p u la o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s ho u ld o t h,
er ,

w is e c o n t r i b u t e t o e x l a i n t h e i n t e n t io n o f t h e w r it e r a n a m b i u it y
g
p ,

w o u l d a r is e a s t o w h ic hOft h , e w o r ds s o d e fi n e d s h o u l d b e c o n s id e r e d , ,

th e S u bj e c t : e 7 3 1 3 73 am ) h e wh o s e a ke t h I s
(
"

g 1 . .I p , .

l ii 6 Or t a k i n g N3 7 ! a s t h e l o ic a l c o p u l a I a m th e s ea ke r
. .
g p ,
.

B u t b y i n v e r t in g t h e p r o p o s i t io n w e s h all h a s t o ) th e s e a ke r
, av e
( p , , ,

i t is I In th e se ca ses h
. o w ev e r th e se n se a f fo r d e d i s g e n e r a l ly t h
, ,
e

sa m e wh ich e v e r w a y w e r ea d t h
, e p r o p o s i t io n I n o th ers w h e re it .
,

is n o t w e h ave n o o th
, e r r es o u rce t h an th e o r d e r o ft h e co n s t r u c t i o n ,

o r th e
g e n e r a l s e n s e o ft h e c o t x t t o u id e u s
n e
g ,
.

7 Fr o m t h . is a n d t h e c a s e a b o v e n o t i c e d ( Ar t 2 1 3
,
so m e . .

d if fic u l t ie s w il l o cc a s io n a ll y a r is e i n c o n s t r u i n g t he H e b r e w t e x t ,

a r t ic u l a r l y in t h e b o o ks o f J o b t h e Ps a l m s th e Pr o v e r b s a n d t h
p ,
e , ,

P r o ph e ts wh e re th e s ty
, l e i s O ft e n s e n t e n t io u s a n d t h e o rde r ,

in v e r t e d .

It m a
y he r e m a r ke d, t ha t ,
as t he He b re w s ha v e no ab s t ra ct v e rb

w hi c hca n s t a nd fo r o u r l o g i c a l c o p u l a i s a n d a s a n y p r o n o u n m a y , ,

s t a n d in t he P r e d i c a t e o fa s e n t e n c e d u e r e ga r d m u s t b e h ad t o th e

S u bj e c t o ft h e co n t e x t in o r d e r t o a s c e r t a in w h ic ho ft h
, e pr o n o u n s ,

Ex o d . xxxi v . 6 , &c .
p )
t
c
! mm 5sr 1 : u;
7 1 71 J e ho v ah
r n
,
J e h o va h , ( )
is a G od

m erc
ifd g r a cio u s, &c
ul an B o t ht h e . c o n st ru t i o n an d a c e n t s r e q u i re t h cc
at t his
‘

a s sa e b e t hu s t a ke n Ou r t r a n s l a t o rs , ho w e v e r , ha v e t a ke n it d i f
fe re n t l y
p g . .
 LECTURE x 1 v. [ m m 21 5 .

w he n m o r e t ha n o n e i s u s e d is i n t he p r ed ic a t e e g I n I s x l i 4
,
. .
, . .
,

we h av e s ari as I h wh sl i h o n s i d e r a t io n O f t h
w
e
-
e r e a ve r
y g t , c e

c o n t e x t w il l s he w u s t ha t 3 i s t o b e c o n s id e r e d a s i n a p po s i t io n
”91
, ,

w i t ht h e s u bj e c t o ft he s e n t e n c e ”if” a n d t h a t m m m u s t be in t h e ,

P r ed i c a t e S e e a l so D e u t xxx ii 8 9 Ne h ix 7 J e r x i v 2 2 I s a
. . .
,
. .
,
. .
,
.

x li 4 ,
. xl ii i . 2 5 , &c .

Of t h h u b e c t w i t ht h r e d i ca
e Co n co r d a n ce o
f t e S j e P te .

21 5 . Wh t a e ve r i s p r e di ca t e d Of a n y t h in g m u st n o t
b e i n co n g r u o u s w i t hi t , i n s e n s e a t l e as t : w h at th ram
e
g
m a t i ca l a g r e e m e n t m p a
y b e we s ha l l see r e se n t ly .

2 As t h r a m m a t i ca l f
o r m s Of w o r d s w e r e , e rh
. e
g p p
a s ,

n o t m u ch a t t e n d e d t o i n v e r y e a r l y t i m e s , a d if
fe r e n ce i n
t i n a t i o n fo r t h
er m e u r o s e Of d i s t i n
p p g u i shi n
g b e t w e en

the fe m in in e a n d t h e m a s cu l i n e e n d e r w o u l d, r o b abl y
g p ,

be am o n g th e fi r s t w a n t e d, a r t i cu l a r l i ca s e s w h e r ein
p y n

the r e w as n o o ther m ean s o f i n t im a t in g o f what se x the

p e r so n
p s o ke n Of w a s . N u m b e r w o u l d so o n b e i n t he
sam e p r e di ca m en t ; an d he n ce s u ch t e r m i n a t i o n s ge n e
,

r all ree d d a l l o w e d t o in t im a t e t h
y g a u
p on , an es e
p ar

t i cu l a r s , or o ther w o r ds u se d at fi r st as at tr ibu t e s ,

an d t e r w a r ds
af abr i dg e d an d a do
p t ed as t e r m in i
a t o n s,

wo uld be m a de to su l
pp y t he se de f
e ct s . The l a t t er Of

w hichI am i n cl i n e d t o b e l i e v e w a s t he c as e .

3 . I f, t he n , it was e ve r n e c e ss a r
y t o m ake an
y su c h
d i s t i n ct i o n s as the se, i t m u st ha v e be en so in t he S u bj e c t s
an d P r e d ica t e s Of s e n t e n ce s : be ca u se , as the o ne m u st

be k n o w n t o ref
er to t he o ther ; an d, as this co u l d n o t
b e p o in t e d ou t, in m an y cas e s, w it ho u t so me m a rk t o

a
pp r ise us Of it s r e l a t io n , these t e r m in a t io n s wo uld

n a t u r al l
y b e em l
p yo e d in su c hca s e s .

4 . In p r o c e ss Of t i m e , ho w e v e r , r e co u r s e wo uld be
ha d to the fi u r es
g Of R he t o r ic ,
su c has P er s o n ifi c a t i o n ,
Ep a n o r t ho sis , hi e t o n ym y ,
or the l ik e ; eac h Of w hi ch
ART . ON T H E S Y NTAX . 27 9

w o ul d e xe r t a ve r y co n si d e r a b l e i n fl u e n ce on the co n

s t r u ct io n f s e n t e n ce s d this i s ft e n fo u n d t o
‘

o : an o be
the ca s e . Wh en ,
theref
o re, we ha v e to co n s i d e r the

re l a t io n Of a s u b e ct j w it hi t s P r e d i ca t e , i n t he He b r e w , i t

w i l l, o c ca s i o n a l l
y, b e n e ce s s a r
y t o ha ve r e co u r s e to one or

o the r Oft he se fig u r e s .

5 G e n e r a l l y, t hen , the P r e d i ca t e i s f
o un d to re e
.
g a

w it hi t s S u bj e c t b o t hin g e n d e r a n d n u m b e r , ,
co n s i d e r e d

e it he r i n a l o i ca l o r a orma l o i n t o fv ie w
g f p , , .

B y l g ic l w m o wh a th g e d ea nmb & i
, g l t
en d e en er, nu er , c. s re u a e

cc d i g t t h g m m t i l /m f w d b t by t hi ig
,

t
n o a o r n o e ra a ca ar s O o r s, u , e r s

ifi t i
n ca ; i wh ic h c
on s t hy m y b
n i fl c d by y f t h
ase, e a e n uen e an o e

fig f ht ic
u res o t r B yf m l w m
e or or wh n o th g . d or a e ea n , en e en er ,

m b
n u & er , c id d w i t h f c t t h g m m t i c l f m
c are ons e re r e e re n e o e ra a a or s

5 D P‘ W M L D
P
‘
2
‘
ly
on 33
: e. J l m er u sa e M ATH S T U B E
g .
,

d J d h H H f ll
a n u a I iii 8 AT H a en c id d
, s. . . e re is ons ere

f
as m i i e t t
n n e, f m b tno i g i fic ast i ( A o t 1 3 5 o r i t , u s n a on r . . s
1
h ” 35 i
p di c re t t a e,f 2 ? i d t
e r e o re , b i l g i l t i f m l s sa o e n o ca , no n or a ,

c c da c w it hi t I t h x t m m b ” Thl t h ghf m i i
o n o r n e . n e n e e e r,
-
”
, ou e n ne

i f m i n o r t i
,
ig ific t i
s no i t P d ic t t h f
so n s n i p t i a on , s re a e, ere o re s u n

th m e c l i g d 59 3
as u ne en er, T 1
" .

6 I th. x m pl 71 17 15 7?
n e e a A d ( t h ) hl l b
e, hig h n e re s a e a

w y I a ,
i 1 6 th c c d c i p
sa . x .
, l yf m le Th
on m
o r m y an e s u re or a . e sa e a

’Tlb
fi vy lji G d ( i ) hl y J h xx i
‘ '
D t
‘

b id f
e sa O C 19 o s o o n es, os . v. .

D ’Tlb
lfi ”
'
n l l W fl ” Thyc ‘
d m t w d i 0 1 G e xx 1 3
a u se e o an er , . e. 00 , en . . .

S lee G a so xxx 7 2 S m ii 2 3 J en . v. 10 . I ll w h ic h a . v . . e r. x . . n a

c ases,th g m te m at hre e b en m d w i t h
se e f c t
s o a ve e en a e re e ren e o

the f
orm s on l y, an d no t to t he si
g i fi
n ca t i o n s, O fw o r d s — .
l
~

H c en e, t he n a m e s O fn a t i o n s
,
b
t r i e s, o r a m il i e s ,
f m a yb e t a k e n a s c o lle cti v e,

an d s in g ular nouns ; an d tho se Of r e gi o n s , c it i e s, &c . as s in gu l a r f e m i n in e

n o u n s, c o n s id e r e d as c on t a i n e rs, &c . Se e Ex o d . x iv . 3 0, J er . x
l v ii i 1 1 .

1 K i n gs xx . 20 , 2 S a m . x vi . 3 , P8 . cxi v. 2, J o b i . 15 . Whe n ,
ho w e ve r , a ver b
is u se d a s a p re d i c a t e ,— as i t w i l l b e p re s e n t l y s e e n , —t he ap a r en t n o m i n a t i v e ,
p
is n o t c o n si d e re d as the r e a l n o m i n a t i ve , t o i t ; b u t , a s t h i s m u s t b e i n a p po
s i t io n w it ht he r ea l n om i n a t i ve , t he r u l e re s
p c
e t in g t he c con o rd a n c e w i ll s t i l l be
t he sa m e .

l I am w e ll a w a re , t hat the s e , a n d s i m il a r
p a s s a ge s , ha v e b een a
pp e a l ed t o
 .
L ECT U R E XI V .
E R T
A . 215 . 7 .

7 The fo l l o w in g i s an 1 n s t a n ce o f P e r s o n ifica t i o n

W;
.

P7 3 1 0 3 3 ND S D
3
'

WH
D gr a ce a n d t r u t hha ve

M ET ( e a cho t h er ) , r ig h t eo u s n e s s a n d p e a ce h a v e S A LUTE D

( e a c h o the r) P s , . l x x x iv 1 1 ; i e t h . e
y ha ve m et an d . .

sal u t e d as m en
g en er all y d o , when on g oo d t e r m s wit h
o n e an o ther .

8 . The f
o ll o wi g n yco n s t r u c t i o n s in vo l v e a M e t o n ym
WS J§l 3 1;
‘ " 523 g) t he s o n s of m e a n m e n ( a r e ) “

va n i t t he s o n s of e m i n e n t m e n ( a r e ) a h e 1 e th ey are
y , ,
. .

'
fe ct a s d e ce p t iv e a s v a n i t y o r a l ie ; V IZ D P i
‘
in ef 1 ‘
l t s ,

w a l l s ( a r e ) w o o d i e m a d e of w o o d Ez e k x l i 22 , . .
, . .

WTP '
“23 th e v e s s e l s (f t h e
y g
oun m en a r e

ho l i n e s s i e a r e m a d e ho l y 1 S a m x x i 6 ; 1 ?
,
. . s i , . . 1

13 3i .
Th e w o r k (i s ) a n i n cr e a s i n
g N e h iv 1 3 i e I S in a , . .
, . .

s t a t e Of S i n En l i sh K n o wled e
“
p g
r o r e ss O w e sa
y g .
g ,

i e i t is t h
”
is p o w er , e ca u se Of .
p o wer ;
. M o n e y is a
“

d e fe n ce i s t h e m e a n s Of Ob t a i n i n
”
a def
“
a m an
,
g e n ce ;
o es a h an d t h
”
u n t in e l ik e
g g , .

9 Wh e n o n e P r e d i ca t e a n s w e r s t o s e v e r a l S u bj e c t s
.
,

d iffe r in g fr o m e a cho t h e r in
g e n de r o r n u m be r o r bo t h , ,

i t m a y b e p u t in t h l u ral n u m ber as r ef e r r in t o th em
e
p g ,

a ll ; o r i t m a y b e m a de t o a g r e e b o t h i n g e n der a n d
, ,

n u m ber e it h e r w i t ht h
,
e n e a r e s t o r w i t ht h at wh i chm a y , ,

in su
pp o r t Oft he d o c t r i n e Oft he Ho l yT r i n it y b u t , un t il i t s hal l b e m a de p ro

b bl tha t the S a c r e d Wr i t e r s d i d u s u a l l c f th
a e,
y i n vo l ve d o t r in e s o is kin d i n
the m er e
fo r m s Of w o r d s , I m u st be a l l o w e d t o Ob e j ct t o su chm et ho d s o fsu p
p o r t in
g an a rti cl e Of f
ai t h,
w hi c h s t a n d s in n eed o fn o su ch su
pp o rt . Fo r
s im il a r u s a ge s in t he G re e k an d La t i n , se e V i ge r d e i d i o t i s m i s , Ed i t 1 8 1 3 . .

’
p p 3 2 , 4 6, &c
. C l a r ke s H o m e r I l i a d E , l i n e 7 7 8 , n o t e
. . . .

S e e G l a ss P h il o l o g S a r , p 8 3 8
. 97 . c
S t o r r Ob s e r v , p 1 3 , &c . .
-
. . . . .

t S t o r r, p p 1 1 1 7 , &c r e fe r s t h
. e u s e Of a s t ra t s f
. or o n re t e s t o
. b c c c a
Syn e cd o ch e , se e 2 0 a n d v i ce ve r s a 21
p ; , p
. . .
AR T . ON TH E S Y NTA X . 28 1

be co n s i d e r e d the m o st wo r th :
y
*
e.
g . ”7 3 21
D J PI
‘
an d A br a ham an d S a r a h( w e r e ) OLD , Gen . x v iii . 1 1

m ai n t a gs fl ip fi n n g; he a r o s e (i e )
So
- “
i . .
,
x 1

A bi m e l e h a n d P hi co l t h
e ca
p t a i n
of hi s ho st A ND T H Eii ,

RET U R N ED , G e n . x x i 32 . .

10 . Wh en , ho w e v e r , t he P r e dica t e p r e c e d e s i t ge n e r a ll y a gr e e s ,

w it h t he n e a r e st n o un ; wh en i t fo l l o w s i t w il l m o s t l y t a k e t h e ,

p l u r al f
o rm , as in t he la s t e x am
p l e . See a l so Ge n . v iii 1 6 1 8 ,
.

xxx i . 1 4, xxx i ii . 7, E x o d . x v ii 1 0 ,. x x i 4,
. xx ix . 1 5 , Nu m b . x 11 . 1 ,

xx ii v . 21 , De u t . xx v ii i 3 2 , J u d g
. . x iii . 2 0 , R u t hi . 3 , Es t h ix . . 3 1,
1 Chro n . x x v. 1 , Job x ix . 1 5, P r o v . v n . 9, Is . x v i. 1 0, li 3 , .

Jer . v i i. 20 , Ez e k i l ] ,. . xxx v. 10 .

1 1 . Wh en the su b e c t
j is a Co ll e c t i ve n oun , the Pr e

d ica t e m ay b e in the p l u r al n um b e r, a
g r e e in
g w it hit s
s u b e ct j l o g i ca l l y: e .
g . D T
fl gg F
gg 3
‘
1 7 }! ,
‘

7; t he w ho l e g h f
er
'‘
p eo l e ) ( AR E S IG H I NG La m i 11 ; Ilf
tlvl f
p .
.
,

{ 3
1 0 5 1 1
1
21 1 612
2 1 t e n a c r e s o
f v i n e
ya r d ( T H E Y ) Y IELD o n e

ba t h I s v 1 0 ,
. . .

1 2 Wh en t h
. e Su b j e ct Of a n
y P ro
p o si t i o n i s f o u n d in , ,

th e d efi n i t e s t a t e Of co n st r u ct io n w 1 t h a n y w o r d (s e e
Ar t . th e P r e d i ca t e i s m o s t l
y m a de t o a r e e
g i n ,

e n d e r a n d n u m b e r w i t ht h e l a st o f t h r o vid e d t h
g e se
p , e ,

s e n se Of t h r e d i c a t e w il l a l o bo th b h e fi u re
e
p pp y t
I
( y t g
Ze u g m a ) : e g P “ S D‘
PP S .
”
Z3 "
!
. 7 1 P t h e v o i ce o
f
‘

th r o th e r s bl o o d s ( T H EY A R E) C R Y I NG t o m e T G e n
’

y b i v , . .

1 0 ; D I l l 13 t fi ll / h b of h i h
'
’
P g y (
‘ ‘
l t e o w t e m t o n e s ,

T H E Y A R E) B R OK EN 1 S a m i i 4 ,
. . .

Th e pl u ra l i s c
o n sid e re d a s m o r e w o r t h t h
y a n th e s i n g u l a r, a n d t h e m as

c u l in e t han th e f e m i n i n e ge n d e r B u t, in th e l as t a se, t h e m o th e r w i l l b e co n
. c
s id e r e d m o re w o r t h y t han the c hild re n .

M S a cy s a ys o n t he Ar a b i c c o n s t r u c t i o n , hic h i s th
i
i de . w p a ral le l to is

On p e u t r e ga r d e r l a c c
on o rd a n ce , e n ce c a s , c o m me un e c c
on o rda n c e l o giq u e ,

p ar e c q u on
’
y a
p l u s éga r d a u ra
pp o rt l o gi q u e q u i un i t l e s i d ée s, q u
’
a u ra
p po r t
 LECTU R E x 1v.
[ ART
. .
21 5 . 13 .

Se e a sol Le v . x ii i . 9 , 1 K in g s i 4 1 , . x v ii . 1 6, J o b x v. 20, xxx h . 7;

xxx v i i i. x 2 2 &c
2 1 , J e r iv . . 2 9, .
,
.

13 I n so m e ca se s h
. o wever th e P r e d i ca t e i s m a d e t o , ,

a g r e e w it h t h o ur t i ? th
l
e S u bj e c t : a s e ,

wh h o t B E D ON E Ed
(
o le i e a n
y) w o r
. i
( )t S H
. A LL n x i i 1 6 , . . .

S l Gee a so 23 3 1 I l xi 1 0 N h ii i 7 &
en . A d p
v. .
, s. v. , a . .
, c. n ar

ti l l yw h t h P d i c t
cu a r t d fi t i then d “ NJ P
e re a e s an s rs n e or er : as,

13
1 5 5 th
5
y op h i m ( i t)e en vLL EP R I i 1 3 ra SHA D A T, sa. x . .

Of t he Co n co r d a n ce oft he Z
Vo m i n a t i v e w i t hi t s Ve r b .

2 16 . The C o n co r d a n ce Of a r e a l n om in a t ive w i t h it s
v e r b, is t hat Of a S u bj e ct w it hi t s P r e d ica t e . B ya rea l
n o m in a t i ve he p r o n o u n a l w a ys i n h
we m er en t in t h
ean , e t

v er b wh in t h
l

e s t a t e Of co n j u a t io n S
en g ( e e A r t 1 8 8 . .

no t e ) .Wha t t he r e fo r e i s u s u a ll y t a k e n fo r t he n o m i
, ,

n a t iv e is i n fa c t e i t h
,
er a n o u n or a
p ro n o u n
, p u t in , ,

a
pp o si t i o n w i t h t h i s r e a l n o m i n a t iv e ; an d a s be f o re , ,

e it h er lo i ca l l o r ma ll h h
a r e ein
g g g y or
f y w i t t e v e r b , , ,

n o w th e P r e d i ca t e C o n si d e r e d t he r e fo r e i n t his p o i n t
.
, ,

Of Vi e w a ll t h ,
e ca s e s Of a
pp a r e n t d i scr e a n c
p y w h i chca n ,

ha pp e n u n d e r t his he a d m a y b e r e so l v e d i n t o o n e o r ,

o th er o f t h r e ce d i n 3 3 h i
e
p g o n es e
g 8 e ( e ) . . . .

G OD , cr e a i 1
t e d, G e n . . .

th l Dlfi i s o r m ; bu t, as th
'
‘
Here e wo rd D Tf e s tl
m a n if y a
p l u ral f e

B e i n g d e s ig n a t e d by this w o r d, is e v er
y w h ere af rm e d to be fi
O N E, t he a
g reem en t be t w een t he p ro n o u n in heren t, b i
y pm li c a t io n ,

th m ”, his UBN) i s l og ica l ,

‘
“ P B v iz d wo rd D
in e v erb T T . an t ( no t

f orma l : an d, —a s t he s e t w o w o r ds a re in a
pp o s i t io n , an d t he r e fo r e

gr a m m a t i cal
q u i se t ro u v e en t re l e s m o ts.
”
Vo l . 11. Art 3 3 2 . . e .
g .
X
»
) 0 L
I
u
r i c u
)
; ll S u r e ly t h
&L e m er c
y ( f
e m .
) f o Go d ( i t i s) N EA R
( m as c)
. to th
o se w h
o do g o o d . A n d St o r r, ( No m en ) r e ct u m n u m e ra r i de b et

r in ci a l e . Ob s e r v p 3 6 2
p p . . .
ART. 2 1 6 . ON TH E S
‘

Y N TA X .

m e a n in g t he sam e thin g ( Ar t . 21 7 .
-
t he sam e is t he ca se w it h
D fl ‘
bfi an d N 2
1 . Th e s am e m a
y also be s a i d Of D ‘fi
Pl j fi f tg
- bl ’

he s a s (i e ) Go d ; a n d Ofi n n u m e r a b l e o t h
y . . e r s i m i l a r c o n s t r u c t io n s .

2 Ex a m p l e s Of a pp a r e n t d i s cr e p a n cy i n g e n d e r a n d
.
,

n um be r : l s t , HQ D P EU PM it ( m a sc .
) be ca m e s tr o n
g
( i . e .
) th
e wa r 2 Ki n g s i i i . 2 6 ; 2d, 1 p 13 ?
Nt h)
h e h a t h br o u
g h t ( i e ) t hy h a n dm a id 1 S am . x x v 27 .
, . .

ma h
‘
3 d n gm :,
y
e ( s o m e o n e ) m a y be (i e
) t h e . .

vi r
g i n D eu t xx i i 2 3 ; 4 t h P D T
H D , . .
,
'

wh a t th h
e
y ( m a sc
) w il l b e
( i e
) is d r ea m s .
, . .

(f em
) G e n .xx v ii 2 0 . . .

3 Wi t h t h . e a
pp a r en t n o m i n a t i ve
p r e ce d i n
g : 5 t h ,

D1 7 3 ”
$ 1 ! kn o w l e dg e
1 1 3 it or h e i s p l e a s a n t Pr o v , , , .

ii 1 0 ; 6 t h my m y (a s t o ) h
.
, e r ci t i e s it o r h e ha s , , ,

J e r xl v i ii 1 5 ; 7 t h N3 D Dh 11 13 1! (a s t o )
7
a s c e n de d ,
7 ” .
‘ ‘ .
,

th h e or h i t i s br o h
e a rms o
f t p a ns en

J o b xx i i 9 . .

4 Th fi t f r f t h . e x m pl rs m t i
ou l o Ep e se e a es see o n v o ve a n a n or

t h is fi g f q e t l y se d i t h A b ic d w hic h m t hi g
os : a u re re u n u n e ra , un er so e n

c di
en o u n
g m e i ft w
n a va d t i c t d
ue b y t h d d i t i
an n e r, s a er ar s r es r e e a on
7 cfl < >
Ofo t he r wo r ds . Oft his t he Ar a b s c oun t fo u r s o r t s, 1 , J fi l d d )

W 7 0 0 ’

d il l W i he c h
. an
g f
e.e o t
t h e wh o le
from th e wh o le o r w h e n a n
y , ,

t hi n g is e n o u n ce d b o n e o r m o r e w o r ds a n o t he r e n u n c ia t io n i s a d d e d
y ,

PO I M /

to t he fe
sam e e f ct , bu t in a d iffe r e n t po i n t o fv ie w ; a s,
f
or . 1
L5 5 ?
”

p 3 c OZ/
o o
. /x

VJ “ Amru c ame to m e ( I m ean ) th

y br o t er ; h 2, cf" M l dd ) .
)
WP O~ O (a ? fo x M I

di l l t h
e chan
g of
e a
p art from th
e wh
o le ; a s,
W H
i ll
O C ~O
g i fl }

f //

th
e
p eo
p l e c ame to m e ( I m ean ) so m e
of h
e m t ; 3 , l é
o fibl l
gJ ug

th ch an e f
o h t e co n t a i n e d f or th
e c o n t a in er , o r, v i ce ver s é;
e
g a s,
5 0 / l P z /c. ~ o

Ag
) —g
t
l m Za id w a s s t r ipp e d ( I m ean h
) g
i s a r m en t la b-ll J a b

We ha v e a re m a r k a bl e i n st a n c e Of t his c o n st r u cti on, in G e n . x x x vn . 23 .

 l / 9 C //

he ch ii
U )
w I p a sse d by a do g
t an
g f
e o er r o r ; a s v )
j f ,
o
( I

m ean ) a h S e e M d e S a cy s G r a m A r a b
’
o r se . . .
,
vo l . 1 1.
pp 2 2 5 3 94
. .

t he m ul l ) b y M O”Ol l a J a m i,
pp
rPo -
t FO Gla ss e di t . Da the,
C
. . .

he Ep a n o r t h
F

'

on t o s is , 1 3 5 0 — 2
pp . .

In t he f
i rst he n i t i s v a gu e l y o r g e n e r a l l y e n o u n c e d
e x am
p l e, t , ,

th at so m e
p e r so n o r t h i n
g h a s a c q u ir e d
p o w e r ; it is t h e n a d de d b
y
w a y o f r e s t r i c t io n t h at th is i s t h Th
e wa r ,
e sam e m a b
y e s a id o f .

th e f o ur f o l l o w in o n es I n th e s i x t he x a m l e e it h i
g p e r
. a
p e r so n ,

ca t io n i s r e so r t e d t o o r s o m e s u c hw o r d a s “ 21 a
fi , fi a ir m a t t e r , ,

th in g o r t h , e l i ke i s t o b e s u ppl ie d b y t h
,
e e l l i s is : a s
p kn o wl e dg e ,

( i t i s a th i n
g o r
p e rso n
) t ha t g i ve s
p l ea s u r e I n t h
, e se v en th a n d .
,

ei h h h l u r a l s s e e m t o b e t a k e n c o ll e c t i v e l : as h c i h
g t t e
p, y er t i es
( t e ,

wh h h h e or h h h
) f ( )
*
o le as
g, on e u
p T e a rms o t p . ans t e w o le i s ,

br o ke n .

5 . Wh en the verb is t hu s i n t r o d u ce d, i t i s so m e

t im es fo u n d t o a
g re e w it h t he S u bj e ct , at o the r s, w it h
the P r e d ic a t e : e .
g .
T13 5
?
4 D WPJ t hy r e w a r d S H AL L

BE t h e sp o t t e d o n e s G e n xxx i 8 ; Fl i rt/WU l T ffl 7 mm?

“ ‘
l
“
‘
. .
,

1 T S H A LL B E a de va st a t io n M o u n t Se i r Ez e k ,
.

x xxv 15 SO
. Th e wa.
g es o
f s i n i s de a t h
, .

6 S O a l so w h e rso n al ro n o u n i es t h
. en,
a
p p, o ccu
p e

a ce Of t h h ? a
''

p l i s ve r b : e
g R l D 7 3 1) 1 1
a ( s t o
) . .

th e s t a t u t e s of t h e o le I T (t h e wh o le
e
p p ) I S V A N I T Y , ,

J e r x 3 i e t a k e n co l l e c t iv e l y
. .
, . . .

7 Whe n ho w e v e r e i t he r in a n i m a t e o r i r r a t io n a l
.
, , , ,

b e in g s a r e r e p r e se n t e d a s a g e n t s t h e
f e m in in e f o r m Of ,

th YW j i
'
e v e r b i s Of t e n t a ke n :Te g n D Q D a
n cn i
‘

T I ‘ ‘
‘

. .
z

So th p J o sep h his co a t , t h
’
wo r m m m n s i n gp ey s t r i
vm
p m
- -

g
'
g
no g
“ r
ti s nz e

co a t of m a n y co h
,

mrs wh ich w a s o n h im xx . See a l so Ps l i 1 8 22 ; l .vi 6 . . xx . .

Th e wh o le o
f t h
e m en o m i
f g (ht I m e a n
) t h
e i r h
a n d s
( p e r ) ha v e
o w s n o t p r e va i l e d :

J er ix
. . 2; Jo b xx x viii . 12 .

So , i n s e n se , t e h G reek, ihmm dp bn v i foho d e fio

p at —
,
a l iq u a n do d b
( p n )
v

S ign ifi ca t s u bl i m e , Vig er .
,
Ed . 1 8 1 3 , p 294 . .

”
r Thi s is c o n st a n t in the bc
A r a i ; a n d ge n e r a l l y, i n a l l t h e d i a l e t s Of t h is c
sa m i l y O fl a n gu a ge s . I t is ge n e ra l l
y w he n t he a
ge n t i s s u p p o s e d t o b e r a t io n a l
tha t the c c on o rd a n c e is formal .
AR T . ON T H E S Y NTAX . 28 5

h h he ea r t h
i t be a r s a w a y (i .
)e e r efu s i o n s
. t e du st o
f t , ,

Job iv 1 9 ; 55?t h e l ip s of t he w is e
“
13 3 1 73 2 7 1 D 73 3 T1
‘
5 1
x .
4 ,

i t p r e s e r ve s th em Pr o v x iv 3
, S e e a l so 1 S a m i v 1 5 ;
. . . . .

2 S a m x 9, . . J o b Xi i 7 xx 1 1 P S c x i x 9 8 I s l i x 1 2
.
, .
, . .
, . .
,

J er . xl v i ii 4 1 1i .
, . 5 6 , M ic i v . . 11 .

8 . Whe n t he pp a a r en t n o m i n a t iv e is i n t he de fi n i t e

st a t e o f co n s t r u c t i o n ( se e Ar t . 21 5 . h a n o t he r
wit

n oun , the ve rb w ill o cca s i o n a ll y g a ree w it h t he latter

e
g
“ l
l ? 71 3 11 73 3
1
33 W3 5 3 1 *
the co n c u bi n e o
f Ca le b
'

hb
. .
-
r

( i . e .
) M aac ha h(he ) beg a t S e er , 1 C hr o n ii . . 48 .

9 . Wh en co u r a
g e, v ir il i t y, fo r t i t u d e efiic i e n cy, o r t h e ,

l ik e , i s i n t e n d e d t o b e r e d i c a t e d Of f e m a l e s, v e r b s e x
p
p r e s si v e Of a ct s , &c d o n e b y t h e m , se e m t o b e
.
p u t in t he

m a s cu l i n e g e n de r t o in t im a t e t hi s ; e
g U n fit/I] fi lms ; . .
:

1
7 3 12 121
y ( ) H A V E D ON E
(
as m a s c e wo m en .

c o u r a g e o u sl ) w i t h t lw d e a d a n d w i t h m e R u t hi 8
y ,
.

' '
31 5 11 1
3 D l j fl d y ( ) H L L K W
3
1 3 1 tl j a n
1
e w o m e n S A N O

h
,

( a
m SC ef f e c ti v e l
.
y) t a t I a m t h e L o r d J e ho v a h E z e k ,
.

x x i i i 4 9 ; 2 53 1 I l 1 m va / a n d th
’

2 m
'
.
q ; r ou
-

( f
em
) d o es t
1
.

e vi l th in g s a n d th ou P R E V AI L EST
, ( m a sc m an f u ll
y) .
,

J e r i ii . .

10 . It ha s b e e n l a id d o w n as a
g e n e r al r u le, that the

w o r d , i n t e n de d t o b e co n s i d e r e d as the m o st i m po r t a n t i n
a se n t e n ce , w il l st a n d fi rst ( Ar t 2 1 2 . . Wh en ,
the re

fo r e , t his ha pp e n s to be t he a
pp a r en t n om in a t i v e t o a

ve rb , i t is u su a l l
y t e rm ed t he N o m i n a t i ve a bs o lu t e .

11 . The o f
fi ce o fthis n o m i n a t i ve i s, t o e n o u n ce the

B ut he r e h
w e m a y a v e a n e l l i p s is , a n d 25
; b e the n om i n a t iv e .

1 I t i s a c u r io u s c
fa t t ha t the G ra m m ar ia n s o f Ar a ia b c o n sid er fe m a l es as

u n i n t e l l ig e n t a ge n t s , n o t a b so l u t el
y b ut
, r e l a t ive l
y; an d he n c e t he y a cc o u n t fo r
th
e se a ge n ts ha v i n g, i n gr a m m a r , t he sa m e go v e r n m e n t w i t hc o l l e c t i v e i n a n i m a t e

n o u n s. See t e h Shu r ho M o o l l a J am i , p .
1 “
l1 .
 L EC T U RE XI V .
ER TA . 21 6 1 2 . .

j
s u b e ct m atter Of d i sco u r se (Ar t 21 2 3 . . . n o t e) ; w hi ch,

as i t i s do n e i n a m an n e r in de p e n de n t y f t he fol x of an o

in o rm a l i o f V ie w , h s be e n
l o win g co n t e xt , a
f p o nt a

t erm ed a bs o l u t e . An y n o u n s , p r o n o u n s, &c fo ll o w i n g ; .
,

an d e r r in
r ef
g t o this n o m i n a t i v e m u st , h o we ve r a ree
g
W3 ;
, ,

w i t hi t , he r
'
l o g i ca l l yo r fo r m a l l y:
'

e it e .
g . RC TJ
Q Q D
Fl it/
2
r
1 &c .
( as to) a sou l, w hen it s h
a ll s in A ND

HE DO , &c .
, Le v i v 2 . . i . e . as s
p k en
o o fa r a t io n a l
p e r so n .

”1 5221 a n d a s t o T EN M EN , t h
D3 1 t1 3 73 ; 13 n 4 ( )
‘
w
'
e
y er e
{
o u n d a m o n g th J er x li 8 ; 73 2 2 3 1
5 fl l 3 3 7
3 1
‘
f
1
3 1 3 t
“

em 1
1 ,
t . .
7

1 73 13 b u t ( a s t o ) M ep h
“
1
e th t h
i bo s h e son
of y t h m a ster , ,

H E S H A LL EA T co n t i n u a l l y, 2 S a m i x 1 0 ; 1 1 73 32) 1 103 3 3 1
5 1
. .

“
1513 1 ( ) h i s cand
o n c u bi n e as to ,
an d her n a me

( w a s ) R e u m a h S H E A L S O B R OU G H T ,
F O R T H , Gen . xx ii 24 . .

A g r e a t n u m b e r Of i n s t a n ce s m o r e o v e r o ccu r , i n
12 .

whi ch t he S u bj e c t Of t he d i s co u r s e i s t h us a b so l u t el y

e n o u n ce d A
( rt . b yo n e o r m ore w o r d s, n o t a
pp a ren t
n om i n a t iv e s t o v e r b s, bu t whi cha r e , n e ve r t he l e s s ,
t erm e d
NO M I NAT IV ES AB S OLU T E e g 1311 73 12) 1 c 13 3 1 0 (a s t o ) . .
: lT T
“
11 3

T H E W OR D S w h i cht h ou h a st h e a r d &c 2 Ki n g s x x ii 1 8 ,
.
,
.

0 1 73 5
1 7
2) 1 3 3 13 1
T 1 71 ( a s t o ) T H E W OR D
”

L -
“
T T

wh i ch t h ou ha s t sp o he n w e r eg a r d i t n o t J er , .

xl i v 1 6 ; 0 1 8 3 73
. 7 1 11 1 5 1 1 a n d ( a s t o ) T H E S I M I L I
TUDE o
f t he l i vin
g cr e a t u r e s T H EI R a
pp e a r a n ce s & c , , .
,

Ez e k i 1 3 13 1731579 1
. .
1
n gn 1 1 799 13
i
. a n d (a s t o )
.

EV ERY M AT T ER of t h e w is do m
of d i s cr i m i n a t i o n s o .

he fo u n d t he m D n a i 2 ,
7
0 ; 123 8 . F1 3 ) 3 2
.
1
33 ( s fo r )
a
"
1

M E be h , o l d m y co v e n a n t i s w i t ht h
,
ee G en x v ii 4 &c , . .
, .

1 3 Th . e r e l a t iv e
p ro n o u n 3 1
9 5
2 i s Of t e n s u bj e ct t o t h , i s ,

k i n d Of co n s t r u ct i o n t h o u hal w a s i b d i t
g y n
, a s u o r n a e

o i n t Of V i e w a n d w h en t h e s u bj e ct m a t t e r Oft h
p , e
p p
ro o

s it i o n i n w h i ch i t i s fo u n d i s n o t t h e r e a l s u bj e ct Of t h, e

d i sco u r se b u t n e v e r t h
, e l e ss r e l a t e s t o i t : e
g . .
AR T . ON TH E S Y NTAX . 28 7

ma ( as ,to) d d iWH I C H t he
s
p e r s e s i t , P S i 4 ; w in
l it/8 . .
"

W
.

1 3 t3 {3 7 3 8 T1 73 7
“ ”
IT H ( a s t o ) WH 1 CH , I c o m m a n d e d
th f ' i f i & G i i i 1 1 Fl }? 1 15
“

t t t ; 2 2
ee o r n o e a n
g o ,
c ,
e n . . .

g j ( w i t hr e sp e c t t o ) WH OM , t h e w o r d of t h
1
3
1 8 Hj l l ‘fl e

Lo r d ca m e to hi m , &c J er i 2 . . . This i s a so r t o f
s u b o r din a t e n o m i n a t ive a bs o l u t e .

14 . This V ie w Of s u c h co n s t r u ct i o n s w il l a cco u n t fo r
th aren t pl e o n a sm Of t h r o n o u n i n He b r e w ; a n d
e a
pp e
p
w hich ha s , in so m e i n s t a n ce s, b e e n a do
p t e d in our o wn

v e r s io n . Se e a l so Ex o d . vi . 4, Le v . x viii . 5, Nu m b;
x iii 2 7 D e u t xxv iii
.
, . . 4 9 , 2 Ki n g s x i ii . 1 4, J er . XI V . 1,
Ez e k xx 1 1 xxx vii. .
, . 25 , J o e l i v . 2, Ps . x cv . 5 , — wit h
ll) Eccl es i i 2 1 . . .

15 . Fr o m the i n dep e n de n t s it u a t io n Of w o r d s thus

p l a ce d, it w il l be n e ce ss a r
y to ren de r them in our

l a n g u a g e , b y p r e fi x i n g s o m e s u ch e x p r e ssi o n a s , w it h
f
r e e r e n ce t o, w i t h r e s e ct
p t o, a s t o ; o t he r w is e our

t r a n sl a t i o n s w il l pp a ear b al d an d o b s cu r e — This w i ll

t f
or m of th a d d it io n a l w o r d s, fo u n d w i t hin
a cco u n an
y e

b r a ck e t s i n t his w o r k — There are i n s t a n ce s , ho w e v e r ,

in
the hi ch t he se s u p pl e m e n t a r y w o r d s a r e
He br e w , i n w

e x r e sse d in t h W ‘ '

i
'
?
if
e t e xt 2
g V 33 1 2 3 g5 D l P
‘

p e 1 A S TO . .

th e s a in t s w h o a r e in t h e l a n d P S x vi 3 1 7 123 12 3 02 33 ,
. . 1

l Q D A S TO t h e afl i c t e d m a n fr o m h i s fr i e n d ( t h e r e o u gh
‘
t ,

be) h i n d ne s s J o b Vi 1 4 ; 82 3 D 1 ? fl § W H '

to 1
1 , P3 I T .

R ES P ECT T O t he p l a ce of m y t hr o n e &c Ez e k xliii 7 ,

.
, . .

a nd AS T O h i s g e n e r a t i o n &c
,
I s l iii 8 , .
,
. . .

( A rt 1 7 1 . .

1 6 An y o t h er wo rd m a l i k e filh } b l o ed as
.
y t e em
p y , ,

a s u bo r di n a t e n o m i n a t i ve a bs o l u t e a t t h l e asu re o f t h
e
p e ,

So i n t h e Ara i bc ,
G ra m A ra . b e, v o l . i i Ar t 1 5 8
. . . A l s o w i t h l zl d
&c .
, p a ss i m .
28 8 LEC T U R E x v .
E AR T . 21 6 1 7
. .

w r it e r ; bu t, when t his is d o n e , i t s co n n e xi o n h so m e
w it

fo r m er w o r d , &c .
, i n v o l vi n g t he r e a l su , bj e ct m a t t e r o ft he

d is co u r s e , w il l b e p o in t e d o u t b y t he i n t e r v e n t io n o f s o m e

o ther wo rd e
g. H ) ? .m m fl b tfi “
5 T 5 173 ?! “ 3 FOR
.

( as to) him w h
o a n n o u n ce d to m e, sa i
y gn an d h
e

E
”
w a s , &c 2 Sam . iv 1 0 ;
. M ”
,
E V EN ( a s
, to) m e,

i t w il l happ e n (t o ) m e, Eccl ii 1 5 . . .

17 In m an i n s t a n ce s , al so , w fi n d b o th th
.
y e e

l e a di n g , a n d s u b o r di n a t e , s u bj e c t o f a d i sco u r s e l a ce d
p
t o ge t her, W i t ho u t ‘

an
y m ar k o f d is t i n c t i o n : e .
g . D LB ttf
‘’

v er e r b w
m an;
r co ver ou r m m ; w a r; (a s to )
t y ki n g s , the thu m bs f the ir ha n d s d h
s e ve n o an ( t e g reat

t o e s ) of t h h th
'
ei r
f ee t be i n g f
cu t m t e
y w e r e , g a e r in
g , &c .
,

J u dg i 7 , . hichho w e v e r w i l l a cco r d i n g t o t he Ar a b ic
. w ,

i d io m a d m it o f a n o t h
,
e r so l u t i o n a n d t r a n sl a t i o n ; v i z .

( a s to
) s e ve n t
y hi n
g s d e r i ve d o
p f t he ir t hu m b s and
g r e a t

t o es t h
, e
y w e r e
g a th e r in
g & c T he a cce n t s s u ,gg e st t h .e

fo r m e r .

18 . The r e cu r r e n ce o f 1 , in a ll h co n s t r u ct io n s a s
su c

thi s, i s sa i d to ha v e t he ef
fe ct o f o i n t in
p g o ut th e co m

p a r i so n or co r r e s
p on d e n ce , in t e n d e d to be i n st i t u t e d,
be t w e en t he p r e ce d i n
g an d fo l l o w i n g m em ber , i . e. the

r el a t io n .
be t w e en t he
p r o d o s i s , a n d a o d o s is
p : e .
g . cm
‘
Z 1 1 3 0 EEG A N D i th e h
HE f o u s e be
}
] 3

T H EN le t hi m t a ke , &c . Ex o d . x ii 4 . .
ON T H E G ENE A L D R E P EN D E N C E OF WO R D S U P ON ON E AN é T H ER .

21 7 . H A V I NG co n sid e r e d the
p r in ip l e s
c o f co n co r d a n ce

as fo u n d t o p r e v a il i n t hi s l a n g u a g e , w e n o w co m e t o co n
sid e r t he d e e n d e n ce o f w o r d s u p o n o n e a n o t h er gen e
p
d t o i n v e s t ig at e t h
r a ll y, a n r i n ci l e s b w hi ch t h
i i
y
;

s s
e
p p
re ulated
g .

2 . It w il l y b e a d m it t e d t ha t w he n w o r d s a r e
r e a d il , ~ ,

a dde d e it h er f or th e p u r p o se o fd e fi n i n g o r m o d if i
, y gn

th e s ig n i fi ca t i o n o f o t h ers or fo r co m p l e t i n g t h
, ,
e i de a s .

a r t ia l l e rh a s co n v e y e d b t h m t h e r e l a t io n w h i ch
p yp p y e ; ,

s u chw o r d s w ill b e a r t o o n e a n o t h er m u st b e r e g u l a t e d ,

b y s o m e e as y a n d i n t e ll ig ib l e p r in cipl e s We n o w .

r o c e e d t o sh w W h at th
p e e se a r e

3 Th r i n ci l e s f o u n d in t h i s r e s e ct t o r e v a il i n
. e
p p p p .

th e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e m a y b e r e d u ce d t o t w o : v i z .

App o s i t i o n a n d w h , at h a s b e e n t e r m e d Th e d efi n i t e s t a t e

o
f c o n s t r u ct i on ( A rt , .

4 B y App o s i t i o n i s m e a n t t h
. e j u xt a
p o si t i o n o f t w o
,
-

o r m o r e w o r ds b e in g e i t h , e r d if fe r e n t n a m e s fo r s o m e
id e a o r t h i n g o r t e r m s a d d e d fo r t h
, , e u r o se o f
p p p r e

s e n t i n g i t i n a d if fe ren t o i n t o f V ie w o r o f o th e r w is e
p ,

m o d if i
y g n an d d e fi n in
g i t : as i3 a n i n ’
, J e h o v a h
El o h im B yt h e fi r st o f t h e se t h e r e a de r 1 3 u t i n m in d
.
p
,

o f th a t B e in
g alo n e w h o h a d r e ve al e d h
,
i m se l f t o t h e

J e w s u n de r t h i s n a m e ; by t h e s e co n d th e n am e o f an
y ,

D e it y e i t h
, er t r u e o r f a l se B u t wh en
. th e se t w o a r e ,

th u s co m b i n e d t h e se n se o f t h
, e l a t t e r i s s o r e s t r ict e d a s ,

t b e a p pl ica b l e t o n o n e b u t t h e G o d o f I sr ae l A i
o g a n .
,

U
 L ECT U R E xv
C A R T. 2 1 7 . 5 .

in the x a m pl e In fis J t h
e ,
“
e Kin g D a v i d by t h
'
e -

,
*

fi r st w o r d w e sh a l l u n d e r st a n d t h
, e h i n g w it h o u t k n o w in
g ,

W ha t kin g i s m e a n t I t m a y b e t h e h
. i n g o f As s y r i a ,

S a m a r i a Egyp t o r o f a n y o t he r co u n t r y; w he n ho w
, ,

e ver th e -

w o r d D a v id i s a dd e d th e
p h r a se b e co m e s ,

erf e ct l d e fi n it e T h e fi r st o f t h e se m a b e t erm ed
p y .
y
d pp o s i t i o n o f i d e n t i t y ; t h e s e c o n d o f s
p if
e c i c a t i o n , .

5 Ap p o si t i o n m a y a l so b e e i t h
. e r im m e d ia t e
, or me , ,

d ia t e i m m e d ia t e w h en t h e w o r d s s o c o n n e ct e d h
’

, a ve n o

i n t e r v e n i n g w o r d o r p a r t i cl e : a s D jl58 m e d ia t e ,
‘ ‘
‘
, a

wh e n s o m e s u chW o r d &c i n t e r v e n e s : a s Q n ;
‘ ‘
.
, ,

J ess e t h e B eth le h e m it e .

6 U n de r t h is h e a d w e Sh a l l co n si d e r t h e co n s t r u ct io n
“

-
.

o f a t t r i b u t iv e s w i t h t h e i r s u b st a n t iv e s or o f e it h er o f , ,

th e se w h e n u s e d a s a d v e r bs ; a l s o n o u n s s u b s t a n t i v e u s e d

a s s p e cifi ca t i ve s i e wh ,en i n a pp o s i t i o n w i t h o t h
. . ers

si n if i n u m ber W ei h t m e a su r e & c : a lso t h e Pro

g y g n
g , , , .

n o u n s d e m o n st r a t iv e i n t e r r o g a t i v e a n d p e r so n a l w h
, en , ,

a dde d f or th u r o s e o fd e fi n i n s e ci f i n o th w i
e
p p g p y g o r e r s e , ,

r e s t r i ct i n g t h e s i n ifi ca t i o n s o fo t h e r w o r ds
g .

7 Th e o th r i n ci l e j u s t m e n t i o n e d b w h i cht w o
. er
p p y , ,

o r m ore w o r ds are s o co n n e ct e d as t o p r e se n t on e d efi n i t e
i de a , is t hat whi ch r e g u l a t e s t he j u xt a -

p o si t io n oft wo
or m o re s u b st a n t i v e s, or o f at t r ib u t i v e s used as sub

s ta n t i ve s , Tw hi ch a r e n o t n am e s fo r t he sa m e thin g , bu t

So p ho cl ( Ed i u s R e x
p 1 2 7 — 28 , 6 m p cx i j
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a that th e ya re u t to st a n d fo r th
, p e
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g o f t he p e r so n o r t h i n g d e s c r i b e d , i n c l u d i n g a l so t he p r o pe r t i e s

e x p r e s se d b s u c hw o r d s So th e M o o l l a J am i o n t h e Gram o fI b n u i H aj i b
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whi ch, ha vi n g a he r w i l l b y
ce r t a i n r e l a t io n to o n e an o t , ,

th e i r co m b in a t i o n af fo r d t h e id e a Of r o r i e t o r s h
p p ,
ip m a te ,

r i a li t y p e cu l i a r i t y o r t h
, e l ik e w h i ch e x 1 s t s b e t w e e n
, ,

th em Th is w e t e r m t h
. e D efin i t e s t a t e Of c o n s t r u ct i o n ,

g e n e rall y
( A r t b u t w h e n t h.e fi r s t o f t wo , ,

o r m o re s u ch w o r d s i n co n st r u ct i o n
, i s a n a t t r i bu t i v e
u se d as a s u b s t a n t i v e w e Sh al l f o r th e s a k e o fd i s t i n ct i o n , ,

t erm t h is t h e d i s t i n c t i ve s t a t e Ofco n s t r u ct i o n .

8 Th
. is co n s t r u ct i o n m a y b e e i t h er i m m e di a t e o r
m e di a t e a s b e f o re an d f
, o r th e sa m e r e a so n s , .

9 Th . e co m
p l e m e n t s Of a l l v e r b s ( i e t h e i r o bj e c t i ve . .

or o th er Obl i u e ca s e s n si d e r e d i t h L a t in
q a s c o n e ,

G r a m m a r s) w h et h e r t r a n s it i v e
, i n t r a n si t iv e o r n e u t e r ; , ,

a l so t h e co n s t r u c t i o n Of r e o si t i o n s a d ve r bs o r in t e r
p p , ,

j e c t i o n s w e Sh a ll co n si d e r as r e u l a t e d b
, g y o n e o r o t h e r

of th e se p r i n ci l e s
p .

R em a r k s .

21 8 . Al l in d e fi n it e a t t r ib u t i v e s , fo u n d i n t h e p r e di a t e s Of p r o c
p o s i t io n s , in a y b c n e o s id e r e d as in th e s t a t e o f i m m e d ia t e a pp o s i t i o n

w i t ht he noun , e it he r e xp r e s se d o r i m pl i e d , w hi c h i s t he real
p re

d ica t e g e. ” n
i “
l l aUl m m
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m er c ifl u a nd
g ra ci ous ( )
i s J e o va h
h
1
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Ps . c ii i 8 , &c
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. v. 6 , &c i s g i v e n m m
.
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2 It Is O b i fr o m t he fi r s t Of t he s e e lxe s, t h
am at bo t hm n l '
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pp o sit io n w i t h 7 7 3 , wh i ch is
t he r e i mp l ie d , b u t i s
p h e l a st e x a m pl e
ex r esse d In t he se c on d . In t

th r e d ic a t e is e x r e s s e d 25W w i t hw h c h h
a lso e r eal
, p p ( ) i t e fo ll o w i n g ,

I n l ik e m a n n e r i n t h
3
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w o r d P 3} i s i n i m m e d i a t e a p p o s i t i o n e .
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ti - l ll, is p u t fo r j 25 l}l Al l Go d (is ) a bou n t ifu l G OD .

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n e
g a t iv e d, m u st n e ce s sa r il y b e a
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9M

the Eu r ope a n l a n g u a ge s ? H e n c e ; b il l JULll Al l (a s t o ) Go d “

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ther e i s n o t a G OD bes i de s h i m &c I n a l l s u c hc a s e s a s t h e a bo v e , .

,

we h a v e a N o m in a t i ve a bso l u t e
( Ar t 2 1 6 1 0 o r a Su b j e ct a t t e n d e d . . .

b y i t s p r e d ic a t e : e g a s t o J e h o va h h
( e is
) a m er c u l a n d
if
. .
g r a c i o us ,

Go d : a n d s o o f t h e r e s t : in wh i ch t h e s u b s e qu e n t w o r ds m a
y
a l so be c ons id e r e d as s c
p ifi (c A et 2 1 7 r . .

3 . In all c a se s , in whi c hb t ht h bj c t o e su e an d p r e di c a te a r e m a de

de fi n ha v e n o t hin g m o r e t ha n n o u n s p l a c e d i n im m e d ia t e
it e , w e
o s i t io n ; w h re th fo l l o w in o n es m a b c id e d c i
a
pp e e g y e o n s r e a s s
p e

fi ca t i v e s a s b e fo r e an d h en ce t h e r u l e s r e l a t in t t h c c d c
g o e o n o r a n e,

Of t h e s u bj e c t w i t h t he r e d i c a t e w il l h l d go o d i n t h is p o in t O f
p o

v ie w a l s o .

4 . The c o n str u cti on f ap p a r e n t

o n om i n a t iv e s w it h t he ir ver b s

ha s b he w n t o b e
een s th a n n o u n s &c n o thin g m o re
i n i m m e d ia t e .
, ,

a o s i t i o n w i t ht h e r e a l n o m i n a t iv e s d w hi c hm u s t al w a ys a gr e e
pp a n

w it ht h em e it he r in a l o g i ca l o r
, f orm a l o i
p n t o f v ie w .

We s a yi n En gl ish,
No o n e ca m e ; n o t so , in t he He b rew , 850 . H ere w e

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y i n de fi n i t e w o r d,
,
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whet he r i t b e s i n gl e o r re
p e a te d .
AR T . ON T HE S . Y NTA X .

Of W o r ds in I m m e di a t e A pp o s i t i o n w i t h o n e a no ther .

21 9 . Wh en t wo or m o r e s u b s t a n t i v e s, or a t t r ib u t i ve s
u se d a s s u b s t a n t iv e s , i n Ap p o s i t i o n , o n e Of t h
are em at

le a s t m ay be co n si d e r e d a s o cc u y i n
p g t he
p l a ce Of

e ct i v e s in th Ex a m p l e s Ofi m m e di a t e
916
ad j o er la n u a es
g g .

a F EW, i e
Q yQ 0 223 13 m e n ,
app o s i t i o n : . . a
f ew m en ,

N e h i i 1 2 ; NQ § 0 n . w o r ds , T R U TH, l e . . t r u e w o r ds ,
P r o v xxii . fi g} a s h
. e ep , F A T NES S , i . e .
f a t s he ep ,

Eze k . xxxiv 20 . .

2 . Ex a m p l e s in hi ch t he l a t t e r
w d e si g n a t e s t he m at e

ri a l s, m e t a l, &c . o u t o f wh i ch t h e fi r s t is m a de : 13 37
-
3 3

No u n s p u t i n a
p po si t i o n , m a y, a s a l re a d y O b se rv ed , be c o n s id e r e d in
tw o p o i n ts O f Vi e w : the one m ay b e t e r m e d I d e n t i ty, as in t he p hra se

Us o v a hEl o h
i ng ”in : J e h im ; the o t he r , Sp e cifica t io n , as in t he in st a n c es a b o ve .
9 O /

This l ast is t e rm e d by t he A ra i a n b G ra m m a ria n s

M I s e ci
p fi ca t i o n ,

a nd is h
t us e xpl ain ed in the H id ciya t oon Na h
ve , p ic k
b K o-
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T I ON is a l w ays i n d efi n i t e , and is p l a ce d aft e r a n o u n f

o
U MB RN M U R E , EA S E,

WEI G H T, D I S TA N C E, &c .
,
in wh ich t h e s i n i ca t i o n
g fi is i
va dg u e, n or er to

r e n de r it S P EC l F I C : a s, t w en ty M EN , t w o m e as u r es
( t e rm ed
W ) (o f) WH EAT,
Tw o p o u n ds Of
( ) P AT, Tw o m eas u r es
( t e rm ed U
fi ) (o f) C OT T ON
a t. P

or, h spe a k i n g ofa s in gle da t e (fr u i t , sayi n g ) LN) T H E C R EA M I t is a ls o

w en .

use d w h e n q u a n t it i s n o t m e a n t ; as , a r i n
(o f) I R ON a br a ce le t f G L D
y g ( )
O O , .

I t so m e t i m es co m es (J t e r a se n t en ce i n o r de r t o m a r k t h e th in g r efe r r e d
,
 294 L ECTU R E x v. C AR T. 2 1 9 2 . .

g
l Q Q t w o t a l en t s (Of) S I L V ER , 2 Ki n g s v .
T T '

n wn i rj t h
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e o x en , TH E B R AS S , i e br a z e n , 2 K i n g s . .

to w it h th
e g r ea t e r
p r e cis io n ; a s, Za id (i s) f o r t u n a te ( i n) P E SON,R or,

LE R A NI N G ,
or
( i n his ) FA T H ER . Th o l l o w i n g is t h
e f e a cc oun t gi ve n Of i t i n

WW
9 I t ? 5
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in t h
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xpl
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or

the s ak e o f sp ecifica t io n i n j u xt a - po s it i o n w i t h t he w o rd so rest ri ct ed : a s, a

s an
p ( o f) EA R HT a m eas u r e
( t e r m ed
i s
f ) QfWH EAT ; t w o p o u n ds q ON EY , o r

i f D AT E F R U I T.

A cc o rd i n g to the Op i n i o n of E1 Akht ash, U

ri a h , an d So he i li

as c
r e o r d ed by El Az he ri
( S chn a b e l l
’
s Co m . on t he Agr um ia , p N .
‘
—a n d
c d e m n e d b yh
on i m , —t h i s o n s t ru t i o n c c m ay b e c o n s id e r e d a s a s e i e s
p c o f the

Iz cifa t , o r defi n it e s t a t e of co n s t r u ct io n .

it We ha ve a c o n st ru cti on
p e r f
e ctl y p a ra ll e l to this, w hi ch M d e Sa y . c
ha s p u t d o w n in hi s G ra m . A ra b e, ( vo l . ii .
p . as a n o m al o u s ; i t is
[ y o

h x i
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e
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1 4 , I «n o 1
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w l, an d

I 1 0 0 P w /

Li v er s
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' J S
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u g J

p ,
t“ , an d h
w it o u t the a rt i l e c W 0

p The re is n o r e a so n

ho w e v e r fo r su
pp o sin g , as M d S cy d . e a o es, t ha t t his c o n stru ct i on is m o de m ,

fo r i t a l so o cc u rs i n the Ko r a n ; n o r, ha t t he s e a r e t o
t be c o n s id e r e d a s n o u n s

in the d fin i t e
e st a te o f c o n st ru ct i on . Thi s c o n s t r u c t io n m ay a l so be e xp l a in ed ,

e it he r b y s u pp o s i n g t he p r e o s it i o n
p 01
° t o b e o m i t t e d , as d o n e by I b n Mal i k
a b o v e, or b y El A z he ri , fil
(g a / s l b in hi s C o m m e n t a ry on the Ag r um ia ,

p u bl is he d byS ch b na e l ], p M
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; or b y s u pp o s in e l l i ps i s o f th fi rs t w o rd
g
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9

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in ea chc ase : e. g . w a s ”
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ART . 21 9 . 3 3] 0 11 T HE S Y NTA X .

'

-
x vi . 17 2
13 5 c
ar
1 19
1 or de r s ( r o w s ) S TONE, i . e. qf s t o n e,

Ex o d . xxv iii . 17
3 . SO l
a so , w he n the la t t er Wo r d p o in ts out on l yt he

p e r so n , thi n g , &c . num b e r e d, m e a s u r e d, or w e ig he d ; t he

p r e ce di n g o n e, the n am e of the m e a su r e , &c ; . e.
g .

D ‘
Q: m re
o } y Y S i e t wo
t h e s a ce of t w o
p ea r s, DA ,
. .

h h
“

y ea r s G en x li
, 1 ; D ’
Q e
: r aa
r t . w e e s D A Y S . i e t e , , . .

s a ce
p of ce r t a i n w e e k s D an x 3 ; 13 ‘
l t an , . .

e h
p a h (o f ) B A R, L E Y R u t hii 1 7 ; n h
ig se ri a s e a h ( )
o f , .
-

F I NE F L OU R 2 Ki n g s v ii 1 , . .

S ee a l Ge l N m i so 1 9 2 0 x x v i ii 2 3 1 K i gs
n . x v. 17 , u . x .
, ,
.
, n x x u .
,

P xx ii 2 1 I x 1 9 xxx 2 0 3 3 &
ro v. .
, s. .
, .
, , c.

4 Ap p o si t io n m a ya l s o t a k e p l a ce m e d i a t e l y i a w h
. en , . .

o n e o r m o r e w o r ds i n t e r ve n e b e t w e e n t h e n o u n s t o be

th u s co n s t r u e d .

U d th i l e m y be p l c e d l l t h se e x m pl s i
n er s ru wh ic h a a a o a e , n

S ch ha s s a id Em p h & ( S yn
”
r oe d e r u s a t ica e s t co n s t r u en di r a t io
, , c .

R . wh i ch h o we ver a re n o t h in g m o r e t h
, a n w o r d s pu t , in
m e d ia t e a p po s it i o n w i t h o t h e rs i e h a v in a n i n t e r v e n in
g p a r t i cl e
g ,
. .

e x r e ssed : wh
p i c h a
pp e ars to h a v e b e e n a dd e d r a the r f o r t h e ,

u r o s e Of m o d if in t h i i fic t i f t h r e c e d in w o rd th
p p y g e s
g n a o n o e p g an ,

fo r a dd i n g e m p h a s is t o t h e co n t e x t e
g
N il ” 3 7 ?
2 f or h e is I N . .

ev il , i . e. in a c a la m it o u s s it u a t io n , Ex o d . xxx ii . 22 ;

IN h o l in es s
( ) y y
i s t h w a P s lx x v 11 1 4 ; ,
. .
” n
i ”
o va h
J eh
S H A LL B E I N ( o r f or
) y fi
t h c o n de n c e P ro v i i i 26 ; ,
. .
”
$ l

th A M ON G t h
e L or d
( i s
) e s us t a in e r s
of,
m y so u l , PS l iv 6 . . .

b y su p p o s i n g ea ch o f the se c o n s t ru ct i o n s as p r e se n c
t i n g i n s t a n e s Of i m m ed ia t e
a
pp o s i t io n . Se e a l so J o sh i ii 1 4 , 2 K i n gs i x 4 , 1 Ch
. . ro n . . x v. 27 , 2 C hro n . x v. 8,
PS l ix . . 6, J er . xxx v iii . 6 he r e t he r e s e e m s t o b e a n e xc e ss o f t he d e fi n it e
: w

a rt i cl hic hm a y b e
e; w a cc o u n t e d f
o r w it hout h a v i n g r e c o u r se t o t he e l l i psi s as
'
,

S chr oe d e r u s h
’
as d o n e . S yn t R I I I . . . Se e a l so Fr e yt a g s Ha m asa, v o l . i p 3
. . .

W
4 z 9

”t M . de Sa cy r e m a r ks o n the e xp r e ss io n , M U
K L o ckma n wa s

4 z

w ise G r a m Ar a b vo l . 1 1 .
“
en fin
b i g”
a (m a n ) , . .
, p . 74 . sa
g e est nu
 L EC T U R E EAR T
r

x v. .

Se e a l so PS l . xxx ix . 1 4, c x v i ii . 7 , P ro v . x v i. 6, I s . x l . 1 0 , Ho s .

x iii . 9 .

5 . W o r ds a r e so m e t im e s
p ut in t h
e m ed ia t e st a t e Of

pp
a o si t i o n b y m e a n s Of a co n j u n ct i o n . This i s g e n e
r all y t e r m e d H e n di a d y s . Ex a m p l e s : Q 81 a ci t y

A ND m ot er h ,
i . e. a m o t er h ci t y o r m e t r op o l i s , 2 Sa m .

xx . 19 ; 1 1
'
W3 1 HQ ); in Ra m a h,
AND in h
is o wn c i t y,

i . e . in hi s ci t
y R amah, 1 Sa m . xx viii . 3 ; 1
53 21
in t h h th
‘
ep h e ba ,
’
Q 1 P7 13 1 e r ds l, AND in
e s ves se
g
I h x v ii 4 0
. . .

See a l so Is . x x x vn . 1 8 , 2 Chro n . x v i 1 4 , PS l
. . x v i 20 , l
. xx i v. 1 6,
Dan . i ii 5 ,
. v ii i . 1 0 , &c . An d i n t he Ne w Tes t .
, M ar k x v i. 7, Ac t s
x iv 1 3 ,
. xx iii . 6, Eph ii 3 , &c . . .

On th
e No u n s f
o Ti m e an d P l a ce .

2 20 . Un d e r t his he a d m a yb e p l a ce d w o r d s , i m l i n
p y g
t he t im e, or
pin wh
l i ch a n y t h
a ce , in g i s d o n e ; t h e

c o n s t r u ct i o n Of w hi ch i n t h e Ar a b i c i s co n s i d e r e d as

a bs o l u t e .
ar
e
The se w o r d s m a y, t he r e fo re , be co n st r u e d as

t e rm e ci rco n s t a n t i e l o u m o d i fi ca t if
, n u su r a t t ri
b u t . . ex p r i m e so u s u n e f
o rm e

W
I ,

bi q g P)
a d ve r al e, e q u i é u iv a u t a
fi ,
ou a . An d in a n o te ,

[ 5 0 1 I I C ~O I

i t i i; ”U
L 04 L w
i l l-0 N QK
’ ’
C est a i n si
qu e l on p eu t d ir e -
)
0 on ou
U
" 3

a l a l e t t re , n on Ze idu s m e n d a ce m , ou in m e n d a ci , on ex m e n d a ci bu s . So
S o pho cl ( Ed i
p Rex . . . l 28 7
.
,
0 6K i n dpyo i s
'
. S chl o . T ) i b
’
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’ ,

p p
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np
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aros
"

o JKi dpyéi g
‘

. Wh c e en i t wi l l b e se e n ,
ho w e a si l y n o u n s t hu s s it u a t e d a ss u m e the

c
fu n t i o n s o f a dver b s.

”
?
The se a re t e r m ed U
L u
KN l u
p } , co n t a i n er s o
f me
t i and
p l a ce ,

4 5
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,
1

e. 8
goj m um f
a st
ye
( f
o r) d a s
y n um be r e d M l Lo ‘
f
b efo r e t he m o s q u e, G r a m A ra . b M . . d e S a y, c v o l . 1 i.
p.5 9 , 6 0 ,
& c .
 A R T. 2 2 0
_ . a ] ON T H E S Y NTA X . 97

i f in t h bj e ct i ve d st a n din g i n n e ed of n o
‘

e o ca s e , an as

i n t e rv e n i n g p a r t icl e : e g D Q 0 17 1 3 11?t w o ye a r s (a s t o ) . .
1 1 1

D AY S , t h e s a ce o f t w o e a r s, G e n x li 1 : 1w1
p y ; . .

ah s n 11 1 1 21 a n d h e s t a n di n
g ( i n
) T H E OP E N I N G of t h
e

Gen d it sto od
"
t en t, . x vm . 1 ; 11 10 ; 17911 1 an
( ) at

th Ex o d 1 1 11Q 0 7 231!
'
T HE OP EN I NG o
f e te n t, . x xxiii . 9
‘
1

‘
D Q Z s t a n d in g
B l ( ) at TH E EAST E N R PA RT o
f t h
e a lta r ,

2 C hr o n V . . 12 .

As t e h c o n stru he n u m e r a l s w il l o cc a s io n a l l y r e q u ir e t he
c t io n Oft , ,

l i c a t io n o f the o ther r in c i l e w h i c h w e h a v e t er m e d t h a t O f
a
pp p p ,

defi n i t e co n stru ct i
c id e t i w il l b e p t p e d t il l w e on ,
”
it s ons ra on os on

c m t t t t h t bj e c t
o e o rea on a su .

Th e
p pr e o si t i o n ho w e ve r i s s o m e t i m e s u se d : e , g , . .

1 1 1 1 11 111 3 1 3 3 1 11
1 1
the y s t o o d B EN EAT H th e moun t
1
,
,

Ex o d x i x 1 8 . . .

2 I n all t h . e s e ca s e s a s t h e q u a l if i
y g n w o r d a
pp ears t o ,

ha v e n o fo r m a l co n n e x io n w it ht he w o r d q u a l i fie d ; i t s '

o sit io n m b t r m e d a bs o l u t e : a n d i n t h i i t f
p a
y e e s
p o n o ,

Vi e w i t m a y b e s a i d t o ha v e t he s a m e r e l a t io n t o t he
,

w o r d q u a l ifi e d t h at an a dve r b h a s wh , en u se d f or th e

p ur
p o se o f q u a l if i
y g n a verb .

.
3 . W e s o m e t i m e s, ho w e v e r ,
fin d p j o in e d
a ro n o un

w it h t h o f s u ch n o u n s : 1 3 1 1 Q H I S G A R M ENT
'
e fir st
“

as -
,

( f) l i n e n , Le v vi. 3 ; 10 ?l M Y R EF U G E (o f) s t r e n g t h
“

o .
, ,

P S l xxi 7 S e e Ar t
. . .
( . 1 75 . 12 .

Se e a l so 1 Sa m . x x n . 1 3 , IS . xxx i . 7 , La m . i v 1 7 , Ez e k
. . x v i. 27 ,
85 0 3 “

4 . A t t r ibu t i ve s b e i n g , co n s i d e r e d in t he H e br e w as in
c l u d in g so m e s u b s t a n t iv e i n t heir si
g i fi ca t io n
n ( se e Ar t .

1"
E x am l es o f thi s d e s r i t io n h c
n im r o e rl y l a id d o w n b y Schr oe b
p p a ve e e p p
d e r u s,
x as b e in g in th e d efi n i t e s t a t e o f o n st r u t io n S yu t R 1 0 c c . . . .
 L ECTUR E xv .
[AR T. 2 20 . 5 .

21 7 . n eed n o t, when
p t i n au
pp o si t i o n w i t o t he r h
t ive s, b e m a de a r ee w i t ht h o r m a ll , i
s u b st a n to g e m f y e . .

in t he sa m e g en de r an d num ber : e.
g . 5 5;
1
an
' '

ofi e r in g , a CO M P L ETE ON E, 1. e; a p l
co m e t e ofi e r i n
g,
e s hi n t h
'
1 Sa m ’
fl ef i e ld , TORN
“
. V1 1 . 9; 1 !l n lg
t a ;

( fl e sh) i . e. fl es ht o r n .
in the fie l d , Ex o d . xxii . 3 0 ; D1] ?
13 11
f 15 ? p p l e,
f o r T H E D ES E R T ON ES , i e
or a eo
fo r th ose -
. .

a bi t i n g t h
in h e d e s e r t , P s l xx iv 1 4 , &c ( S e e Art . . . .

5 . W
he n , ho w e v e r , a t t r i bu t i ve s a r e p u t i n a p p o si t i o n
w i t hs u b s t a n t i v e s, t hey m u st a
g r ee w it ht he m in a l o g i ca l
p o in
f t o vie w l e a st ; i
at . e. if t he su b s t a n t iv e i s e it he r
d e fin it e, o r i n de fi n it e , i n g i fi si
ca t i o n , t h
ne a t t r ib u t i v e

m u st be m a d e e it he r d e fi n i t e , o r i n d e fi n i t e l ik e w i s e AS .

to n um d g e n de r h t h
ber e a r e e m en t is t ha t Of a r e di
an
g p
ca t e w i t h i t s s u bj e ct (s e e Ar t 2 1 5 , An d , w i t h .

r es
p e ct to the o r de r , i t w il l b e t he sa m e a s b e fo r e (Art .

212 . e .
g . Q QQ 12 1 28 a man, W I SE 2 , Sa m . x i ii . 3
”12 1 n W?a d i t ch,
NE D EEP , Pr o v . xxiii 2 7 . D 1
7 1} D 31
! 1
“

)
M A NY hu n t e r s J e r
, ,
. x vi . 1 6 ; HSRD th
e w o r ds ,

T H ES E G e n xl v iii , . . 1 ; H IS I h V3 ? 1
t he la n d ,1 T ,
.

v 4 ; 0 12
.
1
21 3 1 3 1 1 3 t hy s o n s 1 T H E B O R N
1
O N E S I h V 5 , ,
. . .

6 Pr o n o u n s h
. a ve t h e p r o p e r t y Of m a ki n g t h e w o r ds

t o wh i ch t h e
y ar e a t t a ch ed d ef i n ite ; an d h e n ce i n ,

th e l a st e x a m l e
p t he a r t i cl e i s n e ce s s a r il
, y af fi x e d t o th e

a t t r i bu t i ve 0 1 2
1 7 13 H e n ce a l so i t i s o n l y w h
, en th e ,

a n t e ce d e n t i s d n ite h at t h r el a t iv e r o n o u n fl it/ 1
efi t e p , 5 or ,

an
y q e u iv a l e n t t e r m be i n
g a l s o d e fin it e o u
g h t i n a n
y cas e ,

to b e i n t r o d u ce d : e.
g .
1
71 .
T '
T
‘
W
I R fi ni n g! TH E

woma n , WH OM t ho u ha s t p l a ce d w i t h m e , G e n . iii . 12
ln 1 12215 ho (i s) T H I S s h e h er d W
“

1 ni
“

Q
'
1
w p HO

s ta n d e t h? J e r . xl i x . 19; 3 5h?
) m in
-
1 W 1
S Q 1
Q w h o i
( )s
'
ART . 220 . ON THE S NTA X Y . 2 99

T HI S M AN, TH E
( on e ) walhin g , G en . xx iv . 65 . B u t this
ru le is no t r i i dl y
g ad he r e d t o in t he H e b re w .

7 . In so m e in s t a n c hwe s, o e ver , t he a t t r i bu t i ve ap
pe a rs to be
m ade de fi n it e , w hen t he p r e ce di n g s u b s ta n t iv e is no t s o : a s, 7 2?
D W
SQ T
J e h
by t h and o
f m e ssen g er s , T H E co m i n
g o n es , J er .

xx v ii . 3 9 3 1
23 3 73 73 s er va n t s , TH E ru na wa ys , 1 Sa m .

x x v. 10 . B u t in t he se ca s e s, we see m to ha v e an Ep a n o r t ho s is ;
hu s — I m ea n t h os e w ho a r e c o m in
t , g & c ( s e e Ar t 2 1 6 a n d , . . .

he n c e i n a l l s u c h t he D e fi n i t e Ar t i c l e m a y b e t a k e n a s e q u iv al e n t
, ,

t o l ill li
'
Ar t 1 7 9 3 , . . .

8 I n o th e r ca s e s
. the l a t t e r is w it ho u t th e a r t i cl e w h
, en t h e fi rst

is no t ; a s,
"
WW TH E ba s k e t, o n e, J er . xx iv 2 : .

in t h y
e e es o
f TH E n a t ion s, m a n y, Ez e k . xxx ix 2 7 . ” PB Q
Q T ‘Q
”
d
E i t?t h
e ca r t , n ew o n e , 2 Sam . v i. 3 . B u t in t he s e i n s t a n ce s , w e
ha v e p ro b ab lya n e ll i
p s is Of o n e o f the w o r ds so c onne cted : e. g .

"
Wm 7 “ as to the ba s ke t , on e ba s ke t , & c .
( A rt . o r, t he
la t t er wo r d m ay b e p c o n s id e r e d a s s h e a r t ic l e e c ifi c in w hi h c c ase t

i s n e c e s s a r il yo m i t t e d ; a n d S O Oft h e re st ( Ar t 2 1 9 w it ht he n o t e ) . . . .

9 P r o p e r n a m e s a r e t o a c e r t a in d e gr e e d e fi n it e i n t h
. , e ir o wn ,

ri h t t h d t t h re f o r e r e c e i ve t h t i c l N w il l t w
g ; e
y o n o e e , a r e o r o .

n o u n s in t h e s t a t e Ofd e fi n i t e co n s t r u ct io n a d m i t o f t h e a r t icl e b e in
g
p r e fix e d t o t h e first : a s 71
1 71 “
o r B E Q U ,
7 3 3 0 : b e c a u se
"

in al l t h e se ca se s the l a st w o r d (wh e ther it be a ro er n am e a n d

, p p
th ere f o r e d e fi n it e i n i t s e l f o r a n a p p e l l a t iv e w i t h a n a r t i c l e ) i s
, ,

a dd e d f o r th e p u r p o s e o f d e fi n in g t h e fi rst ; w h i chw i l l n o t t h en

a d m i t o f b e i n g m a d e s t ill m o r e s o by t h e f u rth e r a d di t io n o f t h e ,

a r ti cl e .

10 . There a r e, ho w e v e r , e x a m pl e s in whi ch t his d o c

t r in e , abo u t the f
o r ce o fthe a r t i cl e , se e m s t o be co n tra
ven e d ; an d in o r de r to be a bl e to a c co u n t fo r t he se ,

it w b e co m n e ce s s a r y t o co n si d e r m o re a r t i cu l a r l y
no es p
the
p r in ci l e s b
p y w hi cht he u se Oft he a r t icl e is re
g u l a t e d.

On t he Us e
qf t he D e n i t e Ar t i cle
fi .

22 1 The Ar t icl e i s u se d fo r t w o p u r p o se s, g e n e ra l l y
’

( A t 1 80 fir s t , t o i n t o u t a n y p e r so n , o r t h i n
r . .
p o
g,
3 00 L ECTUR E x v.
C AR T . 22 1 ;

al rea d i o n ed o r w e l l kn o wn ; g?
) th th
y m e n t a s,
fi e ea r ,

Gen . i 2,
. whi ch ha d j u st b e e n m en t io n e d ; o r, WDWU
h
t e su n S e co n dl y t o r e st r ict t he fo r ce o f a n y g e n e r ic
. , ,

a b s t r a ct o r o th t o th e cu li a r r o er t
er
,
n oun e
p p p , y ,

u a l i t y &c e x p r e s s e d b y su chw o r d ; e G x v i ii 25
q g en

" ye a or was w a s ) ”30 w s: W e a7 ”7 9

. . .
, . .
,
“
10
‘
mt
-

a
W
.

P E Q f a r be i t f r o m t he e t o d o a
f t e r t hi s m a n n e r ‘ ,

t o p u t t o d e a t h R I G H T EOU S a n d E V I L ; s o ( t h at
) T H E

R I G H T EOU S be co m e a s T H E W I C K ED o r a n d th u s th e man ,

ch a r a ct er i z e d a s R I G H T EOU S sh a ll be (co n si d e r e d a n d
t r e a t e d) a s t h e m a n d es i n a t e d a s W I C K ED
g S o I b x i ii 7 . . .
,

V 3;
1 2 l g) "
as
”
3 11 3 9 0 1 a n d T H E C A N A A N I TE a n d
'

T H E P ER I ZZI TE d w el t t h en i n t h ,e la n d S O a l s o w it h .

r es
p e ct to a b s t r a ct n oun s : 1 Ki n g s VI I . 1 4,

m e w
s m a y?n u n m gr m u m m p magma m g -

,
-

,
-

so, he i s fi l l e d w i t h T H E W I SD OM a n d I NT ELL I ,

G ENC E, a n d K N OW L ED G E (n e ce ssa r y) fo r , ma hi n g a ll w ork

in br a s s , * &c S O a l s o G e n xx iii D en t
.
, . . 1 7, Ye ; .

x x x ii . 4, a w n ; 2 Sam . x ii . 7, WS fi ‘
&c . SO a l so ,

The f
o ll o w m g a cc oun t, o f the fo r c e of t he bcd fi
Ar a i e n ite a rti cl e, is t a ke n

fr o m a t r e a t ise o n t he A ra i bc S yn t a x , p ri n t ed at Md a ra s I n 1 8 20 , p .
” V " '

e 54-Ml
J a
w L
. t. n
,
m; u
} : L
.
ar .
g a r
w M n s s
W e se , a . s t u t d 6I m . .

“ fié l l
v z ”
L an l l L l l l
’
i
o
J w ts
(
xi s
ow
)
i ? r
m
j
s
fl /Os k "
f

“ “ 53“ ts ”
w ?e
L A M
B) 00
.
00
4 M F fi us
’

w ?ni LJ F ” ml l
.

“l d) u ”
é w .
C.
 Y X 3 01
“

A R T. ON TH E S NTA .

” i a n ‘J i tt Ar t 1 66 in
K l
i ,
se e . .

th
e da , t o d a , 1 S a m
y
-
y i 4 Se e m y n ote on J ob
;
.

i
.

SO the Ar a b DEED , Gen . Ex o d i x 2 7 . .

-

37 551 0 , Gen . 4, co m
p . ve r . 35 . In the sa m e w a y,

5A” l: l la l ” Lo «D: W mAll id il

’
"
9 u -
5 "
’ J
s - a
u ms 3 u fi
W
t-

Bi l l l K
M l : lAm)
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g
ib All A
wl b
w )

J l me ‘

m ' lAi m &c sj w u lm ll l

j j r
. .
0.

j
et s-
g
n u h
u l l
u l 1
5
4
e
j ll l
t
kA a
W d
a isof j d l d
m o ll

That hic hi s m a d e d e fi n i t e b yt he a r t i c l e (J l) i s o f fo u r s o r t s The fi rs t i s

w .

th at in wh i c h i n t i m a t i o n i s m a d e Of t h e ch a ra c t e r o f a t h i n g a s i t e x is t s ,

w it h o u t re f e r e n c e t o i n d i v i d u a l o r i n d i v i d u a l s ; as , Th e man is be t t e r t h an th e

wo m a n ; w h e n c e i s a l l o w abl e Th e r ed d i n a i a n d th e wh i t e d ir h em (i e i n t i
'
. .
, ,

m a t in g i n t h , e o n e , g o l d b y Th e r ed ; a n d s il ve r i n t h e o th e r , b y Th e wh i t e) .

Th is i s t e r m e d Th h h e se c o n d i s t h at, in w h i ch n t i m a t io n
e a r t icl e o
f an d T . i
i s m a d e o f a n i n d iv i d u a l n o t i o n c o n v e n t i o n a l l y a l l o w e d b e t w e e n t h
,
e s e a ker
p
and th e e r s o n s o ke n t o t o e x t e r n a l s : a s Th e m a l e is n o t a s t h e f em a le
p p a s , ,
.

Th is i s t e r m e d Th , e e x t e r n a l co n v e n t io n B u t th is r e q u i r es i t s b e i n g p r e v i o u s l y
.

ex pr e s s e d ; a n d he n c e i t i s k n o w n t ha t w he n a n i n d e fi n i t e w o r d i s m a d e
, ,

d e fi n ite b y t h e a r t i c l e ( i e o n i t s s e c o n d o cc u r r e n c e ) s u c hse c o n d w o r d m e a n s
. .
,

th e s a m e ( pe r s o n o r t h i n g) w i t h t h e fi rs t : e g Ev e n as w e se n t p r o h ets t o
.
p.

Ph a r a oh ,
and h e r e be l l ed ag a i n s t th e (i e th e s e ) pr op h .e ts . Th e p r e vi o u s .

m e n t i o n o f s u ch w o r d m a y, m o r e o v e r b e d i s p e n se d w i t h w h
, en o th e r w ise ,

a t t e n d ed : a s Th
, e G en e r a l w e n t o u t : w h en t h e r e i s o n l y o n e G e n e ra l i n t h e

d is t ric t . Th e th i rd i s t h at , in wh ic h i n t i m a t i o n i s m a d e o f t h e ch ara cte r

e n t e r t ai n e d i n t h e m i n d Ofs o m e i n d i v i d u a l ; a s , I f sa r t h e w o lfw i l l de vo u r h im ,

Th i s i s t e r m e d Th e m e n t a l co n v e n t i o n ; a n d i s a s t o s e n se i n defi n i t e ; b u t a s t o
, , ,

re s s i o n , i s s u bj e c t t o t h e go v e r n m e n t o f t h r t i cl e , f ro m it s h
ex
p e a a
p p e n ing t o
st an d a s t h e s u bj e c t ( o fa p r o p o s it io n ) Th e f o u r t hi s t h
. a t in w h ichi n t i m a t i o n ,

is m a d e Of t h e exi s t i n g c h a r a ct e r e n t e r t a in ed o f al l t h e i n d i v i d u a l s : a s Th e ,

m a n (a l l m e n ) is ce r t a i n ly i mp lica t ed i n sor r o w : i n o r d e r t h e m o r e c l e a rl y t o

i m p re s s t h e e xc e t i o n f o l l o w i n g : v iz Ex cep t t h o se w h o be l ie v e Th is i s t e r m e d
p . .

Th e a r t i cl e o
f i m m e r si o n — S o m e o ft h e s e d i s t i n c t i o n s a r e p e r ha
p s u n n e c e s sa r il
y , ,

n ic e . Th ey h a ve , h o w e v e r, th is t o r ec o m m e n d t h e m : Th ey u n f ol d t o u s
th e
g e n u i n e n o t i o n s o f t h e O r ie n t a l s o n t h i s v e ry i m p o r t a n t a n d d e l ic a t e
q u es t io n .
3 02 L ECTUR E x v .
E A RT . 22 1 . 2 .

too, th e p r e fi x i n g o ft he a r t i cl e h a s b e en o se d to f
”

o rm
su
pp
(
a so r t o f v o ca t i v e ca s e , as i n 731 3 73 , 0 B aal ( Ar t .

1 80 . an d 6 9z i q, H e b . i . 8 , &c . B u t , in a ll h
su c

ca se s,
p h er ha p s
a ve s o m e S uch e x cl a m a t i o n a s , we , The

G o d &c a s s u ch; t he a r t i cl e b e i n
.
g i n t e n de d t o m a r k

th r ath er t h h
' ’
e r o er t y
p p egx n p an an
y t ,i n
g e l se
x ar o ,
.

On it s a
pp l i ca t i o n to w o r ds in a
pp o si t i o n , se e Ar t .

2 20 . 5 .

2 . The r e a so n o f the r u l e see m s to be t his . Th e se

g e n e r i c, o r

abst ra ct , n oun s m ay be c o n s id e r e d as n a m es fo r t h e id e a s fo r
wh cht hy s he r e fo r e a s d e fi n i t e w i t hin t he m
"
i e e v e r a l ly s t a n d; an d, t ,

s e l v e s t o a ce r t a i n d e g r e e B u t a s th e
y m a
y s tan d f o r a n y i n di
. ,

v id u a l Of t h e s e c ie s t o w h i c h t h b l n d l i ke w i s e f
p e
y e o n
g a o r e ve r
y , , ,

i n d iv i d u a l t he
y m a
y t h eref
, o re r e r e se n t w h
p o l e cl a s s e s
,
I n th i s ,
.

c a s e t he a d di t io n o ft he d e fi n it e a r t icl e ca n a ffe c t t he ir s ign i fic a t io n

,

in n o o th er wa y t h i i i n o t t o s u ch
an b
yg v n
g a s o r t o
f p
, m o r t a n ce ,

cl a s s o r in di v i d u a l b u t t o t he p r op e r t y e x pr e s s e d b y i t s n a m e
, .

A n d a g a i n a n y a t t r ib u t i v e o r s u b s t a n t i v e r e c e i v i n g t h
, , e de fi n it e , ,

a r t i c l e m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s e x p r e s s i v e Oft h e a r t i cu l a r p r o e r t ie s
p
, p ,

&c m e a n t b y s u c hw o r d w i t hj u s t a s m u chp r o pr ie t y, a s i t ca n i t s
.
,

l im it e d, or de t er m i n a t e , i n div id ua l i t y .

3 . H e n ce , we fi n d w o r ds u se d a s
p ro
p e r n a m e s , s o m e t im e s w ith,

an d he r s w it ho u t t he
at o t , de fi n it e a r ti cl e ; e. g 73.
1 373 t h
e J o r da n ,

h h ” NT “ he c
“

(p p y
r o e rl t e R ive r , , or , in t S yr i a , s ig n i fyin g t o ru n ,

fl o w, &c .
) J er . x ii 5 ,
. x l ix . 1 9 ; bu t J o b x l 2 3 , &c i i 32J o r da n
. .
i
-

th
e N i le , i . e. th
e R i ve r : Gen . x li l .
, 2 18 .
“
is "
, I sa . x ix . 7,
xx iii Ze ch x 1 1 l 17 7 t h
. 3, . .
i 3 3
l 1 -e Li ba n us , D e u t . I II. 2 5 , &c ; P S . .

x ix Tni a
'

x . 6 , &c . as a
p ro
p e r n am e ; 1 Sa m . x v. 1 2 , &c .

J o sh x . v. 55 . So i t é fl fi , d 5
72 ;
3 t l Y E
Q
anTJ , an d fi l l 7
- 9 SO
‘ ‘

al s o in t he n a m es o fm en : P21 ? ” Nu m iii 2 2 2 8 ; P22 , D e n t . x . . .

ix . 2 ; ri 1: 12a 2 Sa m . xx i v. 16; fi r st ! Ez e k . xxx v iii . e , &c .

*

S e e No l d Co n co r d P a r t . . . an n o t . a n d v in d. p 8 5 5 .
, &c .

i
In the M l LS
"
M l U “ b y Es so yfi t i , w e ha v e t he fo l l o w i n g

th ct J il l advis e l’ l é sl a wl a ils ii
r e m a rk to is ef
fe :
f
di
a m v
/ v
A RT . ON T H E S Y NTAX . 3 03

4 . This so m e t i m e s t a k es p l a ce al so , w he n a p ro
p e r n a m e , co m

p o un de d o f two i s p u t in t h
w o r ds, e d e n it e s t a t e o f fi c t o n s ru ct io n ;
N e h x i 2 5 , b u t 373 2 13 “ T l? S ci
-
a s, 37 3
-

3 3 57 . .
i G en . xx iii . 2 .

“ Th
-
2 J er . xx v i. 20 , b u t WT” “ I l J o sh i X 1 7
l ?
'
. &c .

-
So 1 Sa m . x vi i 3 4,
.
“ N
E l an d a re
p u t fo r a l io n , an d a be a r ,
th S e e al so
’
n o t e lio n , &c . Mr . d e S a cys G r a m . Ar a b . v o l. i
3 2 6— 8 vo l I I 2 7 6 & c
pp .
, p ,
. . . .

5 S o m e a p p e ll a t iv e s w h
. i ha r e m c u ch i n u se , se e m t o t ake t he
arti cl e by way o f d is t i n t i o n c : a s, “ 13 3 1 7
3 1 t h
e we l l , Ex o d ii 1 5 . .
;
th
e s er va n t, Ge n . x v i ii 7 , & c
. . j u st a s w e u se t he c o r r e s p o n din g
wo rds i n En gl is h,
w it ho u t i n t e n d in g t o m ak e the wo rd d
efi n it e ,

whi chi j u st wha t th Ar a b i a n G r a m m a r ia n ci t ed o n Ar t 2 2 1 , st l

s e , .
y es

the ca se o f m e n t a l “
co n v en t io n .
”
Fo r a s im il a r r e a so n , p er ha p s ,

o the r s o m it i t : a s , “ PD g r ea t kin g , fo r t he
g r ea t hi n
g , PS .

x x i 2,
. x l v 1 6,. xl v iii 3 , . x l ix 7 l x ii l
.
, .
, E hi st . . 9 . i t”, fo r
S O til lf -

Wi n d ?
! Ps . lx x n . 1 7, Jer . xxx i 3 5 & .
, c. S O V 13 , fo r V l N
1
7
1
l
, P S
' -
.

ii . 2, J o b ii i . 1 4, xxx v . 1 1 , &c ; . an d D l
n bfi , fr e q u e n t l y fo r

w us s e ac h an a
,
” a:
g
s
, a, . a n L,
I
. g
g
i s
p m
,

SL ”
i t.
,
i i i l, u
,
L5 l l
) g as J
/ ,lG
s m as s as m
l s

If i t be a s ke d , W h y is E A R i T w i t ht h e a r t i cl e ? a n d w h h
y a s t h e a r t icl e be e n
a dded ? Th at th
e a n s w e r is , t h is is a llo w a bl e i n a l l p r op e r n a m e s t h e o r ig i n
of ,

w hich is RI B U TI V E ; as, l M ll EL - A BB AS wJQ l EL H A R I T H

AN A TT
U ; .

An d , as to EL P A RK i t s s ig n ifica t io n i s, T HE S WEET WA T E
T, R as i t is sa id in t h
e

w ill su r e ly w a t er yo u w i t h sw ee t w a t e r
”
Ko r a n , An d w e .
(Su r . See

We i s he on t he G r e e k P l e o n as m s , p 2 3 , . ed it . 1 813 ; F reyt a g s Ha m as a ’
, p .
l"
l in e 1 6 , & c .

This t he A ra b s t er m M l p r e va e n c , l y i . e . a so rt o f a n t o n o m as i a . SO i n
th F
'
j 3
’ ’
e G re e k , 6 n o rnr r s : o d w, m i 6 7 11
, m i 6 . e d
px p eI/
o s . S ee a l so re
yt a g s
H a m as a , p 1 — B u t t h .e se e a m l e s a r e i d e n t i
p x c al w it h t ho se gi ve n a b o v e , i n
i l l u s t ra t i o n o f t he p ecu l ia r r o er t
p p y, qu a l i ty, &c . 8 0 th e A ra b a d a ge .
,

Ali; Xd llk o
l H ull
o

b w gs
, “ 0
0 T H E l ea r n ed m an in t h
e l a n d of

his n a t iv i ty ( i s) as T H E
g o l d in its m in e . Th is u s e o ft he ar ti cl e— as o f
te n f
o und

a l so w i t ha b st ra c t n o u n s n o u n s si n
, i f
g yi n g m e t a l s, &c ,— t he A ra
. b c
s o c as io n a l l y

term u é l a i ci l
a -
p e c
u lia r i ty .
 L ECT U R E E
"

x v . AR T . 22 1 . , 6:

1
9 71 7 17 73
3 , &c . se e No 3 . . B ut h er e , — a s in No . 4, — th re
e f q u en t
o cc u r r en ce , p e r ha ps , o fs u chw o r ds , a n d he n c e t he ce rta n i t yo ft he ir

m e a n in g, ha s m a d e t he a d di t io n o ft he a r t ic l e u n n e s s a r y ce .

6 ; Wh en t w o n o u n s a r e in t h e sta te o
f c o n s t r u c t io n t he D e fi n i t e ,

A r t i cl e if n e c e s s ar y ca n b e p r e fix e d t o t h
,
e last o n l
y : a s, ,

th e t w o m en J o sh i i 4 ; th e
g r ea t m e n o , f t h e . .

n s x 6 3T] t en de r h h ea r t t h
ci t
y 2 K
,
i g of t e . e. co w a r d De n t . , , .

xx 8 S e e G e n x l i 2 7 xxx v ii 3 23 (Ar t 220

. . . To t h
. e la s t ,
. . . . .

o f t w o in a c o m po u n d ; a s n ? th
"
e B et h le h e m it e 1 Sam , , .

x v ii 5 8 ( Ar t 1 6 6, 71 3 7 3 ” w“ ?t h i l i G e n ix
. .
T .e a
g r cu t u r s t 2 0 , . .
,

&c . Th e r e a r e in s t a n ce s ho w e v e r i n w hic ht hi s r u l e s e e m s t o be , ,

c o n t r a v e n e d : a s “ i l l? 777 13 73 ift?
w l
) J o s h iii 1 4 ;
,
”NW . .

1
Ex o d xxx x 5? P
'
3 7 7 71
1 T
. i . 17 V7 7 D Q 7
Q , Ez e k . x lv . 1 6 , &c .

Co m p G e n . . xxx i 1 3 .
, J u dg . x v i. 4 , 2 K in g s cxx i ii 4 x vi. 1 4, P S . .
,

&c . But a ll ch i su n sta n c es a re e l l ip t i c l : e g J h 1 c ” 2

5 55
a 3 . . os . . .

h h
l

? th h c
-
77 i l l
id e be a r e r s of t k t k f
e t ar t , e ar o e o ven a n .

S e e Ar t 1 8 0 1 5 , . . no t e ; a l so Ex d xxx i ii 2 1 N m b xxx ii
o . v .
, u . .

&c . SO a sol w it ha p ro n o u n a dd e d : a s,
‘ Pfi fifll il ln a J o sh .

v ii. 21 . Co m p L e v . . xx v ii . 2 3 , 2 K i n gs x v. 1 6, M i c a hii . 1 2 , J o sh .

v i ii . 3 3 , Ps . l xxx i . 11 ,
c i ii . 4 , I s ix . . 12 . B u t , in he s e so me Of t

in s t a n c es, p ar t ic l u arl y the l a st , is p r o babl

y t o b e t a ke n in t he

se n se o f 3 3 7 15 . See Ar t . 179 3 . . In o th er s i n t e r r o g a t iv e l y I h
, . .

an d No l d .
, p 2 1 3 . . se
q .
, w it ht he n o t e s, &c .

7 . P r o pe r n am es Of m e n n e v e r t ake he t De fi n ite
Ar t i l e ; c a s,

A br a h l l ? D a v id, &c Th c
- "

o f r iv e r s a n d l
D l
aP S am, . o se
p a es

so m e t im e s do ; a s,
”1 7”
“

T J o sh . v i i. 2 . C o m p Nu m b . . xx iii . 14
,

1 Sa m . v i i. 1 6, &c . In su ch c a se s as ”an ti l , 2 S a m
fi . xx i v. 1 6,

t he 73 p r o ba b l
y s t an d s fo r or m ay be u se d dis t in t i ve l y,c as in
y O 6 ’

‘
QQ Q BH’ y‘t fi hi ’ & c
‘ ‘

Ar a b vi l ” ul i l & ab o ve .
(f f c
s
a
.
- . . , ,
I T T

8 . So m e p e r so n a l p ro n o u n s, w it ht he D e m o n s t r a t i v e s ”I M 47 , , ,

7 173 , an d 7 15 2
73 ho u ghd e fi n i t e
al t in t he m s e l v e s w il l w h en f
o l l o w in
g ,

as q gu a l if
y i n
,
A r t i lt e r m s r e c e iv e t h
e ; a s, e De fi n it e c G en .

x vxii i 1 1 1 9 , &.c ; N‘U

U , E o.d iii 8 , & c ;
71 15 73 3
7 , N um . x . . . b . ix . 7,
.
-

& c ; ” 27J” 1 S a m v ii 2 8 , &c ;

.
Gen viii . x . . . xx . &c ; .

1
fi fiifl ,
G en . x v. 18 ; Ge n . x ix . 8 ; ” 7 15 73 , Ge n . x v. 1 7 , &c .

In all w hich c a se s , it s ee m s ra t he r to b e dis t in t ive , c t ha n defin it e .

S e e No l d p 22 0 , &c . . .
AR T . ON TH E S Y NT A X . 3 05

A d ver b s an d o ther
q u al
if i
y g n Te rm s .

222 . W o r ds g en er all
y co n s t r u e d as A d ve r bs are

n ot hi n g m o re t ha n n o u n s su b st a n t iv e , at t r i bu t i v e s , i n fi n i
t iv e s , a r t icl e s , t i n I m m e d i a t e , o r M e d i a t e , a pp o
or
p p u

si t i o u w i t h t ho se whi ch t h e y a r e i n t e n de d t o q u al if y
ale
.

The o r de r is re
g u lat ed as b e fo r e ( Art . 21 2 . Ex
l h w o r d s i n I m m e d i a t e a p p o si t io n ; l l PD
f
"

am es
p o su c ;
”1
1
3 2 ? v i s i t i n
g fi I h a ve v i s i t e d ( o r w i l l
'
s u r e l y v i s i t ) ; ,

D3 2”) WA“ s o t he P hi l i s t i n e ap p r o a che s

r is i n EA R L Y a n d r e m a i n i n L ATE i e ea r g
g ,
. .

1 S a m x v ii 1 6 . S e e a l so G e n x i x 9 xxxi 1 5 xl v i ; 4
. . . .
,
.
, ,

N u m b x i 1 5 3 2 x v i 1 3 xx iii 1 1 xxiv 1 0 J o sh
. .
, , .
, .
,
.
,
.

xxiv 1 0 &c .
,
I n m a n y ca se s a n o t h
. e r I n fi n i t i ve i s a d d e d ,

as in F 1 3 2) 3 5”
s o h e w e n t o n
p r o ce e d i n
g a n d
w e ep in g , i . e . w e e pin g m o re an d m o r e, 2 Sa m . i ii 1 6
. .

Se e a l so Ge n . vi ii . 7 , J o sh v i . . 1 3 , J u dg . x iv . 9, 1 S a m .

vi . 1 2, 2 Sa m . xv . 3 0 , &c .

2 . Ex a m p l e s o f h w o r d s i n M e d i a t e a p p o s i t io n
su c

w it h o t he r s ,
i . e. w i t h so m e p a r t i cl e o r o t he r wo r d o r

The c o n stru ct i on is he re , as b ef
o re, a bso u l te or i n dep e n de n t w he n im m e
9 /
d ia t e Th . is i s t e r m ed b yt h e A ra i a n G r a m m a ri a n s i e th b
e st a t e ; a n d , (J u l l . .

as i t c o r th
o n s is t s o f o n e o r m o re w o r d s , a d d e d f e u r o s e o f u a l if i n g e i t h
p p q y er

the su
j e t b c
o r O e t o f a v e bj c
r , i t m u s t n e e s s a r il
y b e a n a t t r i u t ibv e M r d e c b . .

c c h t he m hi ch l a t t e r
00

S a y se e m s t o h a ve o nf
oun ded t he w it ,
w is
a l w a s a s u st a n t iv e
y b . The p r in i l e ,
p c ho w e v e r, is t he sa m e in b o th .

4
Oz

f I b n M él rk sa ys, o n th
e u se o ft he In fi n it i ve t hus a d d ed , L53 6 ) ; h-g é u
I

o // y r, of P 9 I V 0 -0

U it j fi
’ ’ w “
00

i “ s 0“
)
l
w L
n : l “
It is s el e ct ed
t ) y
eit he r t o gi v e em
p ha si s, or to s pe c ify , or to i n t im a t e nu m b er ; a s, I wen t t w o
j o u r n eys, SO i n t h
”
j f o bse r v a t io n e G r e e k , 69 Z b
o r, on a o ur ne
y o . ip Ka r a c e
p yw v

Ka i u
-

w cc
’
r o ér o v s . H e ro d o t . iv . 23 . See We i s ke s ’
P l e o n as G ra . m, . Ed .

1 8 1 3 , pp 9 . . 15 . 27 . B o s El l i p s e s G r a
. m, .
p . 3, Ed i t 1 8 1 3
. .

X
 LECT U R E x v
[ AR T . 2 22 . 3:

w o r ds i n t e r ve n i n g :
“

123 2
3 73 t 53 8 1 13 h
e
g i ve t h o o d
f
“
to
a bu n d a n ce , i . e . ab u n d a n t l y, J o b XXXVI 3 1 .
, 1 11 1 3 1

3 3 0 3 th e
yf 0l e d i n be co m i n g h i d de n , i e . . se cr et l y,
Da n x 7 &c . C o m p 1 S a m xx iii 1 3 J e r
.
, . . . .
, . x i 1 1 , Gen :
.

x x v 3 2 x l v ii 2 9
. Ex o d x i v 1 1 &c
, .
, . .
, .

3 . In al l t he s e c a se s, s
p e c ifi ca t io n is O b v i o u sl
y t he p ur
p o se fo r ‘

w hic h s u c hw o r d s ha v e b e en in t r o d u c e d. Wi t h ver b s, t he s e w il l

c h n o u n s a s a dj e c t iv e s
c b
~

e s s a r il b o n str u e d a dve r w it
n e
y e as s ; , ,

a t t ri b u t e s o r th Th e a ddi t i o n o f t h a r t i c l e ca n b a v e n o
'

e l ike e
, p .

o th e r in fl u e n c e th a n th a t o f u n it i n t h e f o r ce o f t h v e r al t e r m s
g , e s e

u se d f or th u r o s e O f i v in e r spi c u i t t o th e wh l
e
p p
, g g p y o e .

4 H e n ce w h
. en i t i s n e ce ss a r y t o e x p r e s s t h
, ,
e co m

m e n ce m e n t , re
p e t it io n , hu r r y , p ro
g r e ss , th
e p o w er
f
o

ef e ct n i g , the i n t e n s i t y, ce r t a i n t y, &c f a n y a ct i o n , p a s
. o ,

sio n , &c t his . m a

y b e do n e , e it he r b y p u t t in g t w o v e r b s
in t he t e n se an d p e r so n s u i t a b l e t o t h e
‘

p a s s a e , w it h
g , o r

W i t ho u t , the c o u l a t i v e co n j u n c t i o n ;
p or, b y o n e verb

on ly In su c ht e n se and p e r so n a n d t h e o th er , he r i n
e it

the I n fi n i t iv e , or in the P a r t i cip i a l , fo rm z

ii
e
g . . W) 573 ?“
1

Th cc th
i s, a o r din g to the M o o ll a J em i , i s d o n e fo r the
p ur
p o s e Ofr o u s i n g e

b ea re r, or to o b i
v a te t he su
pp o s i t io n Of m is take in t he s
p e a ke r (Co m . o n I bn

u i Ha i jb , p .
fr o His w o r ds a re M i l l/3, 6
8 A! Lo l t i ll ,
ra n a i n mi ld a s I am
g e; we
g )
.

p a s t. a s El s i , t
fi—J
j
a L9
1
0
)
l N
) A31
) _
(
r
J
J é
7
S
)
: is d o n e by
“

re
p e a t in
g the w o rd : a s, He s t r u ck ( i . e. ) Za id , Za id . o r, he s t r u ck, h e s t r u ck

(i . e. ) Za id . B u t i t is n o t to the re
p e t i t io n o ft he sa m e wo r d s, t hat this rule is
c fi on ne d; an
y o the r w o r ds m ay be a dded , as t he se n s e m ay r e q u i re . SO

ZiI z e n i on the M o a l l a k ah o f An t a r a , Ed M en il . v. 5 .
J
lsu i l l )
‘
lfi l l

M
y i . e.g The b e co m m vo id an d d e se r t r The se w o rd s a re c j on o in e d fo r
the u r o s e o f s t r e n gt h
p p e n in g t he
p a s sa ge , u st a s t he
p at h
o e t Ta r a f as j s a id ,

W c
he n I o m e n e a r hi m , he w a n der s a n d s ep a r a t e s fr o m m e ”
SO a l so . We i s ke

I s a go ge , 1 6, and Wi n er s
’
G ra m m ar o f the Ne w T e s t a m e n t , p . 9 1 , Ed i t .

A n d o ve r , 1 8 2 5 .
AR T . 22 2 . ON T H E S Y NT AX . 3 07

beg in, p o sses s, i . e . b e g in pto o s s e ss , De u t .

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r ev il e a
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T 73 1 “ so she ha s t e s an d
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i .ha s t e n s t o
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p u t do w n , G e n xxi v . . 18 ;
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5
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,

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p o r p a r t icl e s i s o f t en re , ,

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.

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i t M OR NI NG by M OR N I NG Ex o d x v i 2 1 ”51 1 ; 1 5
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n gtp i S T ON E a n d S T ON E a g r e a t a n d a s m a l l ( o n e ) i e
n , , . .

div e r s e w e igh t s Dc u t x x v 1 3 ; 3 5) 3 53 i n H EA R T
,
. .

x 2
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L ECTUR E xv .
E AR T . 22 2 . 6 .

and H EA R T t h s ea k i e h i l e th ey pr f e ss o n e t h i g
e
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. .
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th m a n o th P i i 3 3 0 3 3 ) U Q Q fi l m :
e
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r i m; i t s h a l l be L I K E p e op l e L I K E p r i e s t L I KE s e r va n t
, ,

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lg
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m y S T R ENG T H w a s ) t h E VEN S O (i s ) m y S T R EN G T H n o w y
( en ,

J o sh x i v l l
. . .

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y d,
e m on s t r a t i v e
p r o n o u n i s S O
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ref to an
or a
g p p ron o u n , g
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i n t e n d e d e g m n ; HI t i s t o t h is , i e o n e t o a n o t h h
‘ -

. .
er, . .

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) a w a ll f rom t hi s ,

an d a
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s ign s w h th
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HIM ,
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. em ,
Deu t x x i 1 0 ; , . .

1 3 5915131 ] D tp gg j Atti m fi
‘
71 121211 so th e wo m a n ta h
'
‘ “ u es

B OT H O F T H E M EN a n d h ide s H IM i e wh o l l y o r e a cho n e ,
. .
,

ofth em J o sh ii 4 , . . .

7 T h c t x t w i ll l w y h w
. e on w ht h w
e t c ida a s s e u s, e er e are o on s er

th i i e m h t ic l d i t ib t i T h h
“

e p se t t re e ons e a w or s r u ve .
p a , re a re , o eve r
,

i t ce
n s an f ep tit i s whic h f l l
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e f th p c di g
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ea s, u c ib d t t he im pl ar d o
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g f e o b l t i q i
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e O f
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v i 22 x i ii 5 6
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v . i ,
.
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Ed 1 8 1 3
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T U RN Y E
f rom y , xxx ii i
our 1 1 ; e vil w a ys , Ez e k . .

C ON T EN D w i t h yo u r m o t h er C ONT EN D Y E , ,

Ho s . may in 5; t n j
m i r n
Sn p min m m T H E
i i
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T EM P L E OF J EH OV A H T H E T EM P L E OF J E H OVA H T H E T EM P L E , ,

OF J EH OV A H ( a r e ) t h es e J e r v ii 4 : i e T h e y i n si s t e d , . . . .

th at th e id o l s w h ich w e r e ca l l e d Te mp l e s ( Ugliv s e e .
, ,

P o co ck e s S pe c H i s t Ar a b p
’
R EALL Y co n t a i n e d t he
. . .
, .

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p r e v a il i n
g i n th e

Ea st Fo r Si m il a r e x p r e ssi o n s s e e I s xxxv ii i 1 9 xl i ii 2 5
.
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,
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,

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ha d s h i in m e e ve n m e i n s t e a d of t h
, ee 2 S a m x ix 1 , . .

1 55 1 13 73 8 Dg j a l a n d Y O U R ca r c a s e s (e v e n ) Y OU s h
'
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all

a ll N u m b x i v 3 S e e Ar t t
f ,
2 . .2 1 9 5 . . . .

S n
a n ni e s
o 739 11
7 79 m c d f m i y p c i Of
, as . an e . . e. ever s e es

t 1 iii 1or S e th C 3 f H i i b S c h let e o n ce s s u s

pp su , . . .
y o ar r u en s ,

p . 3 6, an d t he M o a l l a k a h A n t a r ae b y M e n il ( g
Lu d B at . .

m ht he c h l ia
v. 71,
M y
m w it S o of Zfrz e n i , at
p 1 1.3 .

it Fo r s im il a r e x am
pl e s in the A ra i bc ,
se e M r d e S a cys G r a m
.
’
.
,
vo l . II.

A r t 6 7 1 — 2 — 6 7 6 ; M o o l l a J éi m i
.
’
s C o m m e n t a ry on t he Kafi a , p . And
w i t ht he p ro n o u n s , M r d e Su y s G r a m
. c ’
.
,
vo l . i i p p 3 5 9 , 3 60
. . . Ed 1 8 1 0 . .
 L ECT U R E x v.
[ AR T . 3 .

3 . H e n ce a l so , w o r ds
p t i n th eu
p l u r al n u m b e r , (w h
i
i ch

a cco r d i n to sy st e m , c o n si s t s o f t h e j u xt a
p o si t i o n
g our
-

o ftwo w o r ds ) m ay be co n s id e r e d as em
p ha t i ca l : e .
g .

tbs G o d w as L o r d 1 1 1 7 13 q As h
-
inn ; ; B aa l ;
t a r o th, Ve n u s ; fl l DDT
J r ea l w i s do m , by w a y o f
&c .

em i n e n ce , an d w hi chm a y he n c e be t erm ed th
e
p l f
ura l o

e x ce l l e n ce
* .

On No u n s p u t in the D i
ef n i t e S t a te o f Co n s t r u ct i o n .

2 24 . Of t hi s Co n s t r u c t i o n Re g i m e n , a s i t h
or as b e e n

so m e t im e s ca l l e d , t he r e are t w o ki n d s (se e Ar t t 1 43 . .

217 . The fi rst we ha ve t erm ed the D efi n i t e , t he

s e co n d the D i s t i n ct i ve , s ta te f
o Co n s t r u ct i o n m e rely

to de n o t e t h fe r e n t k i n d s
e di f o f w o r ds t hus u se d .

2 . Of t he de
fi n ite st a t e o f co n s t r u ct i o n , we m a
y r e ck o n

t wo kin d s : v iz . the I m m e d ia t e , an d the M e dia t e . The

I m m e di a t e i s t hat whi chp r e se n t s t w o , or m o r e, su bst a n

t iv e no un s
( n o t be i n g n am es f
o r the sa m e thin g ) so

co n n e ct e d th at the ide a, co n v e
yed by t hem , b e co m es

su ffi ci e n t l y d e fi n e d fo r t h e u r o se s o f t h
p p e s eaker o r
p
w r it e r Th e [Me d i a t e i s t h
. at in w h i cht h is is d o n e b y ,

th e i n t e r v e n t io n o f o n e o r m o r e o f t h a r t i cl e s
L
e
p q

9“
In t he fo r m e r e d i t io n s o fthis wo r k, mung, B ehe m o t hw a s p l a e d c un der
this he a d B u t se e m yTr a n sl a t i o n , &c
. .
, o f J o b x l 1 5 , w i t ht h
. e n o te s .

f The t ru t hi s ho w e v e r t he p a r t icle s the m sel v es a r e r e a l l y n o u n s as a l r e a dy

, , ,

in t im a t ed ; a n d w h en th ,e
y i n te rve n e th e c o n st r u c t i o n i s e i t h
,
er th a t o fa
pp o

s i t to n o r
, o f d e in it e c o n s t r u c t io n
, f o r b o t h We ha v e a d o p t e d t he t e r m
, .

hi e d io t e b o rhhe r e a n d i n A r t 2 1 7 5 , i n o r d e r t o c o n fo r m t o t he u s u a l m o d e o f
, . .

c o n s i d e ri n g t he s e s ke l e t o n s o f w o r d s H e r e a ft e r p er ha ps w e m a y ge t r id o f
.
, ,

th i s d is t i n c t i o n —A c c o r d i n
.
g to th e d o c t r in e o f t h e A ra bi a n G r a m m a r ia n s ,

e ve r
y e x am
p l e o f I m m e d ia t e co n s t r u c t io n t h a t c a n o cc u r , m a b re so l ve d b
y e y
(a 9/
. 9

an e q u iv a l e n t d i ed w t e one : e tr Alf; t he sl a ve o
f Zaid i s a cc o rd i n g
(
.
, ,
.
D
AR T . ON TH E S Y NTAX . 3 11

3 . Ex a m p l e s o f n ouns
f in the d efi n i t e s ta te o co n

s t r u ct i o n t e r m e d I m m e d i a t e : i n gs wig ) ca p t a i n ( o f) h is
-

ho s t 1 S a m xx v i 5 ; m a g i n u : h e w ives
-

f
r
, . . o t
o f th o f th h e ts 2 Ki n
( ) ( ) fl ta T J J
‘

1
‘

e s ons e
p p ro
g s l v , .

th e r i ve r ( )o f Eu
p h r a t es G en xv fi l l? t h e ,
. .
‘

t o w n ( o f) K h a n o t h N u m b xx ii 3 9 ;
”
73 17 7 1 ; 11 51 1 1 2
,
1 th e . .

o f th e da u h e r ( o f m yp e o le J e r x i v 1 7
vi r
g in
( g t p ,
. .

4 I th . d l l i m il
n e se anp g t h i j x
a t p i t is f w d
ar a ss a es, s u a- os on o or s

h t h p p t y f d fi i g t h id
as e ro er p o t d b y t he fi t
n n j t e ea re se n e e rs ,
us

ast ht ki d af pp it i n d to wh ich w a h os g i on t h o es, o e ave ve n e

t m Id
er t ity B t en h ld it b . c yu f t,h t
s d fi ou c h e n e e ssa r u r er o e ne su

c m b i t i t hi i d
o na on i t hr b y p fi i g t h defi i t
, s s one e t ic l e re x n e n e ar e, o r

by fii i g a
p x n t t h l
a t f t h
r on o un t h c mo
y q ei ; as o e se, as e a se a re u re

i 1 S m xx i 5
as n a d 2 Ki g i . 1 v b . I , t h f ll w i g
an n s v. , a o ve . n e o o n ,

t h id e
p t ead b y t h fi t
r e se n f t h w e d p l c d i m
e d rs o e or s so a e , s a e

m d i t i ct
o re
p sc i
fi n j t i t
o r i b y tsh t e t t f c,
pp i t i us as s a s a e o a os on ,

wh ic h w h t m d p c ific
e ave I t w il l er d il y b e e t ht t h
s e . rea e se n , a e

d i t i ct i
s n h m ti ons d i
er e ly f m t h ch ct
en one f, ca n a r se on ro e ara er o

th q e l i fyi g t m ua i ch c
n Ex m p l : 3 5i
er s, n ea a se. a es

g m t
ar
( ) f h
en s l i i oh l y c od g m
n e ss, t E x d xx
. i
e.x $2 9 o o r sa re ar en s, o . .

P7 3 73 5 t w ig h t ( f) j a t ic
s on e, i j t w
o r i h t e o us e, e. a us e
.
g .
,

“ m i"?a w e ou t h
De u t . x x v. 15 if ( ’) y
fo , i e a
y oun
g . . w if e,

o u th s a i a hl i v 6
o r, it m a y s ig n if
y, a w if e m a r r ie d in one s
y , I . . Se e
l
a so Gen . x li . 4 2, Ex o d . x i . 2, J u dg . v i ii . 13 , 1 Sa m . i . 1 1,
Jer . x i 20 , & c
. .

(, z 9 1 ? 9 1 z c
,

he m e q u i va l e n t t o N J M“ So -l b M b
to t
P to
fi
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r
, ,
v o ~ o 7 c
. x cl

ll l
q[ ( o r ou t o f) s il v e r , an d
(”
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t i} H
f i . e . a st r o he
bl o w f hpp e n i n Se e t h Shu rh
or o t o d a y, to a s t r o ke or bl o w a t o do y e o
g
-
.

M o o l la J a m i , p
" 0 . &c Th i s p ro
. c e ss , a cc o r d in
g t o m
y n o t io n s, i s m a ki n
g
t he c o c
n s t r u t io n l e s s si m pl e t h an it s to o d o ri
g in a l ly; i n o t he r w o rd s , i t is
m a ki n g a p l a in m at te r d i tfi cu l t , b y p l a i n g c a gr e a t e r n u m b er o f w o rd s in co n

s t ru cti on tha n i n t he o ri i n a l e a m
g l
pe It x . s he w s ho w e ve r ,,
that b o t h s ig n i fy
t he sa m e thin g . Se e A r t 2 1 9 4 . . . n o te .
 L ECT U R E xv .
E AR T . 2 2 4 . 5 .

5 T
. he c a se w ill be t he sa m e , s ho u l d a sen ten c e st an d in t he
p l a c e o f the q u a l if i
y g n w o rd : *
e. g . Y é tll fi " m " ”5 7 3 a l ip

h c h h e a r d P s l xxx i 6
kn ew 7 3 2737 “ WV
or la n g u a g e Qfw i ) I n o t, I ,
. .
7 7

3 th cq o f that wh c h h h h
“ 25 e a u is i t io n ( i ) e m a de t e
y a ve l o s t J er , ,
.

1
xl mp 3 in t o t h h o f th
”T
7 3 o se) I
i ii 3 6 ;
v . e a n ds
( am n ot

a ble t o r is e a
g a in s t , La m . i . 14 . S e e P s l x v 5 cxxi x . .
,
. 6, J e r .

ii 8 , & c
. .

6 . This c o n st r u cti on , ho w e v e r , w ill a dm it o f m o re t ha n one

s o l u t io n . Fo r , fi he p a r t i cl e s & c a s n o u n s
rs t ; I f we c o n s id e r t ,
.
,

wh i ch I b e l ie v e w e o u ght t o d o w e s h al l h a v e n o th in g m o r e t h an ,

a n i m m e dia t e s t a t e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t ht h e
p r e c e d in
g w o r d in t h e ,

r s u c ha s t a t e
p p
ro er f o rm f o ( A rt A n d 2d l
y I f w e s u
pp o se .
, ,

th 458 w h o wh i c h c to h a v e b e e n o m it t e d b
"

e r e l a t ive
p ro n o u n & y , ,
.

th e e l li p s i s wh ic hh a s b e e n pr e f
,
-
err e d b
y S c h r oe d e r u s — th e co n ,

st ru ct i on w il l a l s o be e x pl a in e d .

7 . In so m e c a se s, ho w e v e r , t he o r der i s in v e r t e d , an d has he n c e
l ? “
l
bee n t e rm e d H yp a l l a ge ; e. a ar en t um s co r a r u m i
g .
g ,

fo r s c o r iae a r
g en t i, Pro v . x x vi . 23 ; o bla t io l ig n o r u m ,
fo r l ig n a o b l a t io n u m Se e . a lso Le v . v . 1 5, v i i. 21 , xx ii . 4, De n t .

x ii 3 , J o s h i i 6 , 1 Ki n s x v ii . 1 4 , Ez e k i 3 0 , Es t h ix 19
.
g . . . x x . . . .

8 . As t his co m b i n a t io n t a ke s p l a ce , on l y fo r the

f r e se n t i n s o m e o n e d e n i t e id e a t o t h
p p ur
p o se o
g fi e m i n d ,

sho u l d i t b e n e ce ss a r fu r the r t o de fin e o r l if t h
y q u a
y e

t erm s u se d byt h e a d di t i o n of an
y p ro n o u n , the de fin it e

a r t i cl e , &c ; su ch p r o n o u n
.
, &c . w il l
g e n e r a ll
y b e ad de d
t o the l a st 10 th m o u n t a in ( h l i f
)
“

e .
g . e o n e s s o my ,

ho l y m o u n t a i n P s ii 6 “T OE t h
i . e . my , . .
; ago ; ? e ima
g es

o f t h s il v e r
( ) y i e t h
y s i l ve r , . . i m a g e s I s a i a hxxx 22 ; , .

A si m il a r p ra t i c c xi t e e s s in t he P e r s i a n , w i t h r e s pe t t o t he c v o w el s w hic h
c. f or o r

m a rk t he st a te o f c o n s t ru ct i on : e g
1 5 L39 5) the t im e o
f i &c So
. .
L4 ) g o n
g, .

0 9

? th
e w il l o h
f( m
i w ho i s) w i t h
ou t a h
w en , i e . is e t er n a l .
5 5 .

B u t in th c b th U ” d u) ?m c
e se a ses o
) an
? a
y a l so be o n si d er e d a s n o u n s .
AR T . 2 24 . ON T H E S Y NTA X . 3 13

2
7 1 28 13 N i ght ! the p eo
p l es ( o f) a bo m i n a t io n s, t h
es e,

i . e. th
ese a bo m i n a bl e p e op le , Ez r a ix 1 4 . .

Se e a l so Ex o d . xx v i ii . 3 8 , Ne h i x . . 1 4, Ps . i v 2, l ix
. . 1 8, ex . 2,
cx ix 1 2 3 .
, I S ii 2 0 ,
. . xxx . 2 2, x xx i . 7 , Dan . ix . 24 . Fo r sim il a r
c t ct i
on s ru ons in t he Ne w Te s t a m e n t , see Ro m . v ii . 2 4 , Co l i 1 3 . .
,

&c .

9 . In t he p r e ce din g e x a m pl e t he q l ifi s, ua e d, a n d q u a lif i n
y g , n o un

ha v e b e e n c o n s id e r e d n u a s on w it ho n e a n o t h
as i j x t po i t i
e r ; s t il l -

th is i s n e i t he r n e ce s sar n o r is it a l w a s f o un d ; f i so m e
y y or n , ,

in s ta n ce s w e h a ve t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n Of p a r t i c l e s s u c ha s t h e de n i t e
, fi ,

a r t ic l e Ar t 2 2 1 6 & c in o t h er s wh o le wo rds o r
p hr a se s : e
, . .
,
.
g , . .

D tg i l V H 12”?l n r l ‘ I l l Wy T H E LOR D G OD S m a ki n
i o f th
' ’
j
t
‘ ‘

j g ( ) e

ea r t h and h
ea ve n s , Gen . ii . 4 3 53 5 13 3 ? DEE D? T H E

S EN D I N G G I F T S o
f ea chm an to his fr ie n d , Es t h i x . . 19 i n “ 0 3 3 53
l id l? I N S A R G ON hi m I s
- ’
S s e n di n g ,
. xx . 1 .

See a l so Gen . v ii. 6, J o s h xx 3 . .

, Is . v. 24, xx . 1 , Pro v . x x v. 8,
&c . S to rr t hin k s t he s e e x am
p l es a re not to be co ns id e r e d as

in he s t a t e o f c o n s t r u c t io n b u t t o b e a cc o u n t e d fo r i n s o m e
t ,

o th er wa ( O b I b e l ie v e it is o f l it t l e im t c
y s e r v
p .
, .
p o r a n e

wh eth e r w e c o n si d e r t h e m in t h i s p o i n t o f v i e w o r a s i n a p p o s i t io n ,

w i t ht h e p r e c e din g n o u n o r o th e r w is e q u a l i f in
y g i t t
, h e e n d a r r i ve d ,

a t i s p r e c is e l y t h e sa m e in o i n t o f v ie w : t h l q u e s t io n
e ver
yp e o n
y
he r e b e i n g w he t he r o n e o r m o r e w o r d s d o n o t p a r e n t he t ic a lly
,

i n t e r v e n e b e t w e e n s u c hq u a l i fi e d a n d q u a l i fyin g t e r m s Th a t s u ch , .

is t h e c a se p e rh a s th e r e ca n b e l i t t l e d o u b t ; a n d a s t h e u sa e o f
p , , g ,

th e l a n u a ge i n t h i a r t i c u l a r is a ll w e w i s h t o a s c e r t a i n w n eed
g s
p ,
e , , ,

n o t b e v e r y a n x io u s a s t o t h e t e rm s u sed
p a r t ic u l a r l
y h w ere n o ,

c ha n ge o f v o w e l s o r c o n s o n a n t s ca n b e a p pe a l e d t o a s d e c is iv e o n
th e s u bj e c t Th a r a l l e l is m o f th e f o l l o w in s s a e r e q u ir e s
e
p g p a
g
W
.

th at th e c o n s t r u c t io n b e c o n s id e r e d a s defi n i t e : D EW N N “in
“

O h h r th d r : e ve n t h
12 i a A f
.
"
3 3 7 I3 3 l n o m e r od
s s a e r
o y an
g e ,

is h r th e ir s a ke o r i n t h e ir h an d l x
—
f OP m
y s 5 -
e o , , , , . . .

/ CJ ’

So i n t he A ra i bc La ) h- Qv o L
D l" g j u s t th
e bo o k
y I
as

was w r it t e n by t h
e han d , o ne day, of a J ew . S e e G r a m A ra . b M . . d e Sa y, c
vo l i i p 1 25 — 6
. . . .
3 14 L ECT U R E x v .
E AR T . 224 . 10 .

Gre a t c are s ho u l d b e t a ke n i n t r a n s l a t i n g p a s sa
g e s fo u n d in
this s t a t e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n i e i n c o n s i d e r i n g in he t he r t he l a s t o f ,
. .

s u c h w o r d s i s t o b e t a k e n i n a n a c t iv e o r a s s i ve se n se : e g
p , , . .

43 3 3 ” t h e r e r o a ch M Z e h 1 1 8 is n o t t o b e u n d e r
p of o a b p ,
. .
,

s to o d a s t h e r e ro a ch a f f l i c t i M b b t t h at wh i c h t h i n fl ic t
p n
g o a u e
y ,

o n o th So “ 9 3 ” P s l xxx i x bl th e r e r o a chof t h
ers .
p y . .
,

s e r va n t s is t h at wh
, i ch t h e
y su f fer no t t h a t wh i c h t h e
y i n fl ic t ,
.

I n l ik e m a n n e r CP D th
, . e v io le n c e
( e x e r c is e d b
y t he)

in h a bit a n t s Ez e k x i i 1 9 ; b u t
, . .
OP Q t h e v io l e n c e .

1
h h
-

( su f fered b
y t e
) c i ld r en o
f J e r u bba a l J ud
g i x 2 4 7 7 33 7
1 1 9 7
,
. . . .

th h ro v x x i 1 3 : bu t 3 3 3 ?
” il l ! t h
e cr
y of t e
p oo r P ,
e c.r
y( ex .

c i t e d b y t he o pp r e s s io n ) of S o do m G e n x v i ii 2 0 T he s a m e ho ld s ,
. . .

o o d w i t hr e f e r en ce t o t h ro n o u n s S e Gen x vi 1 5 L 4 Jer
g e
p e . . .
,
.
, .

11 3 5 , 2 S a m
. . x v i. 1 2, Is . x x i 2, P S
. . xc v iii . 8 , l vi . 13 , &c . S ee
a sol Ar t . 1 46 8 . . n o te .

11 . Th o l l o w in
e f
g are e x a m pl e s o f what ha s been
t e rm ed the
“
M e d ia t e st a t e o f co n s t r u ct io n , i . e . w he n
the co n n e xio n o f n o un s thus si t u a t e d i s, i n on e w ayo r

o ther, d e fin e d o r m o d ifie d by t he i n t e r v e n t io n Of o n e o r

f th th
?
”
a r t i cl e s IE b of
“
m o re e
p o T a oa r ou t e

fo r es t, i e t h e
f o r est,
. . o r, a
f o r es t bo a r , P s l xxx 1 4 . .

pi n t; DYE
) p e op l e of, or
f rom a d i s t a n ce , i . e . d is t a n t ,
Is . xli x . 1 .

See a ls o Ed . i 1 4, PS
. . xc . 4, Ca n t i i i 8 , J e r
. . . v. 6 , &c . Of
t his k in d are t he p a ssa
g es
"
l
l D I D— Fl
Qfib l a
p sa l m o f D a vi d,

—
f
O A s a h
p ;
fi fi b w ? 3 3 75
"
hic h( i s ) S o l o m o n
w
’
s, i . e. b e lo n i
g g
n to

S o l o m o n , Ca n t i 1 , & c whe re t h
p p
ro r ie t o r aut ho r o sse sso r ,
. . .
, e , , p
o r t he l i k e , i s d e s ig n a t e d .
‘

If we c o n s id e r t he s e p a rt i cl es as n oun s
,
-
w hi chw e m ay do , —a l l these

c a ses m a
y b e r e s o l ve d i n t o t ho se o f I m m e d ia t e c o n s t r u ct i o n
pp or a o s i t io n ,
as

b ef
o re . Ne w Te s t , J o hn i ii 3 1 ,
-
. . vi. 3 1 , Ro m . i i i 2 6, i v
. . 1 6 , G a l i i i 7 , 8 , &c . . .

1 It has a l re a d
y b een r e m a rk e d (A r t . 2 24 . t ha t t he Ar a ia n b G ra m
m a r ia n s c o n sid e r e v e ry c o n st r u c ti on o f this k i n d , as e u
q i v a l e n t in s i gn fic
i a tio n

to t ho se ,
in whi cht h e
p a rt i cl e is n o t i n t ro d u cd
e . In m o st c a s e s, ho w e v e r , t he
p a r t i cl e s t en d to d fi e ne the rel a t io n m o re s
p e ci fic all
y .
AR T . ON TH E S Y NT AX . 3 15

12 . This r u le , ho w e v e r , w it hi t s ex em p l ifi ca t i o n s , c o i n c id es w it h
t he c o rr e s
p on di n g o ne g i v en u n de r t he arti cl e o f M e dia t e a
pp o s it ion

th c '

( A rt 21 9 . . i . e. e
p re
g e d in w o rd g en er a l ly s u fl e r s n o a bbre

v i a t io n , e it he r in t he q u a n t it
y o fi t s v o w el s, or in t he n um b er o fi t s
c o n so n a n t s . The wo rds so c on ne ct ed m a
y y b t a k in
, g t h e p a r t i le c
as a n o un , a ll cbe o n s id e r e d as in I m m e d ia t e a pp o s i t io n In t h e .

fo l l o w i n g c as e s th fi e rst , so c onne ct e d, is p u t in t he d efi n i t e st ate o f

c o n stru
g cti on ,
m
e. t h
o s e a r is in
.
g
”
Q ‘3

ea r l i t h afl e r t h e t w il i h t I 1 1
y n e
g sa v ; , . .

m ph
.

}; VH S : E dw e l le r s i n t h
U“
e la n d o
f t h e sh a do w of de a t h ,

I h ix 1 al t h o u ha a r t i cl e fo ll o w s 1 n e a c hc a s e
.
g p.
, .

See a l so 2 Sa m . i . 21 , PS . ii . 1 2, l xxx i v. 4, I sa . x iv . 1 9,
xx v i ii 9 , J e r
. . xx ii i . 23 , Ez e k . x ii i . 2, So a l so w it h
t he
c j cti on un on a s, ” D 3 ” w is do m an d kn o w l e dg e , I s a .

xxx iii 6 Wi t h 1 33 . . : a s, l3 i ”?l ’l‘l

P
'
l b t e r e zs n o
h de l i ve r e r ( o f)

f rom th
eir h
a n ds , La m . v. 8 .

13 . It m u s t a pp e a r fr o m t he s e p a s sa
g e s, t ha t , e it he r t he p ar ti cl e

s in l
g y, he r e fo u n d so in fl u en ci n
g t he p re c e d in g w o r d, m u st ha v e
b een c o n s id e r e d as a n o un , or e lse t he fo l l o w i n g c on te xt as a

ho l e m u s t ha v e b e e n s u p po se d t o e x e r c is e
w n u e n ce w hic h the i fl ,

the s e co n d o f t he n o u n s in c o n s t r u c t io n u s u al ly d o e s S e e A r t . .

21 7 . 5 .

14 . Ca s e s w il l o cc ur, m o r e o ve r , in w hic h e it he r a n oun , a l r ea dy

defi n i t e , o r t wo n o u n s, a l r e a dy i n c o n s tr u ct i on ,
w il l r e q u ir e t o b e

p l a c e d b e fo r e an o t he r , or m o re n o u n s, in a s m i il a r re
g i m en . In
a ll su ch c a se s , a
p re
p o s i t io n w il l p r e c e de t he l a st o f the se : e.
g .

"
h "
35‘ “7 l l
j l’
m
y l o ve
( )
i s MI N E, an d I ( am
) 11 18, Ca n t . 11. 16 ;
l l — L i
fi 7? PN ?D Dlfi hig h
'
1 33 3 A br a m ( )
i s bl e s s e d o r G OD m o st

w he r e t he w ho l e p ro
p o s i t io n , ren de r e d pa r t i u la r b y t h e ro
p p er c
n am e Ab r a m , is in a st a t e e q u i va l e n t t o tha t o f o n s t r u t io n w it h c c
1 1
7 11 3 ?f it m Th th
-
o ll o w in n a r it s
g fl
e Go d o
f e s
p i
o r A LL F LE H S , Nu m b . x v i. 22 . c om
p . Le v . x iv . 2 Sam . 1 i.

Hag i l . . Gen . v ii . 11 se e m L
y e xc i on, p 3 17 .
—1 K in g s x v. 23 .

I n Gen l v i 26 , w e x ha v e TNETl wi g”
“

. . a t r a n s p o s i t io n , v iz .
T T
" .

'T — 1
DPY ’ f o r ”N 3 ” m5 C OB
'

f
33 4 l 73 , Eve r ys o u l (p e r s o n ) or JA ,
T T .

0 / 9 0 9 /

he A r a b 93)
1 0

hic h c a m e so So M l l m Za id s
’
w , . t . e.
g .
ge
s e r va n t .
— In m a n y s u ch c a s e s E
U or , w il l be in t r o du c ed, a s
L
m
y vi n e
y ard wm cn ( ) 1s M I NE : i . e. m
y o wn vi n e
y a r d,
 LEC T URE x v .
[ Ai m 2 25 .

Ca n t i 6 ; fi fi b WB 9 im The
g so n
of so n
g s,
. .

WH I CH i s S
’
( ) O OM ON S , l b 1 L . . c om
p . Ib . i ii . 7 ; 1 K in gs v i. 22 ;
2 Chro n . i 6 ; Gen
. . x l i 43
. .

On t he D I S T I N C T I VE S t a t e o
f Co n s t r u ct i o n fi “

2 25 . It ha s . b ee n r e m a r ke d
( Ar t 2 1 7 . . 7 tha t in ca s e s

o f this so r t , th e
p r e ced i n
g w o rd t o b e
q u a l ifi e d m u st

alw a
y b e an s a t t r i bu t i v e Th e effe ct h e re
p r o d u ce d i s ,
.

tha t o fr e n d e r i n d i s t i n ct , h e r so n o r t h
i
g or s
p ifi t e
p
ec c, n
g
d e sig n a t e d b y su ch a t t r i bu t e ; the
q u a l ifi e d w o r d b e i n
g
alwa s
y an a t t r i bu t i v e , i n v o l v i n
gg tihfi
e ca t i o n of a si n
L
su b st a n t i v e ( I h fi B 1 r e a t (o f ) sel,
‘
e
g LJ U 7 1 1 g co u n . . . .

i e a g r e a t be i n g &c (o f) co u n s e l , o r co u n s e l l i n g be in g ,
. .
, .

J e r xxx ii 1 9 ; 58 1 5
. 3 1
W1 1 1? t he ho l y (o n e o f) I s r a e l ,
.
"

I sa . 1 . 4 °
th
o se
p e rfe c t
( o f) w a y, 1 . e. m en of
p f er e ct w a y, PS . cx 1 x .1 ; 11 1 1 5 02 l o w (o f)
“

5 s
p i r it i , . e

an h u m bl e m a n ,
Pr o v . xx i x . 23 fl fl i j
[1 1
2 73
7 the a n o in t e d

o
f t he Lord 2 , Sa m . 1 14. .

it Thi s ki n d o f c o n st r u ct i on is term ed by t he b
A r a ia n G ra m m a r ia n s
-
9 5 (J 50
o I

n /
1 . e . v er ba l co n s t r u ct i o n , in o rde r to d i s t i n gu ish i t fr o m t hat,
7 6 f o /g a o 7 /

whi ch w e h a ve t erm e d
“
the de fi n ite, ”
h
w ic h t he y y
s t l e 3r
n £3 l
the l o g ica l , or s ig n ifi ca n t, co n s t r u ct i o n . I t is c u ri o u s en oug h to o b se rv e,

x e m ph h c cti th hic h
'

that th f
y t i s s o rt o f o n s t ru on in re e d l fl e re n t w a ys ; w
e
y e

m ay s e r ve to s he w ,
t ha t , in fct a ,
they a l l am o u n t to h
t e sa m e t hi n g in
s o 9

m ea n i n g : e .
g .
3L
? ) u
w é ha n ds o m e ( o f) fa ce ,
in i m m e d ia t e a
pp o s it i o n
1

9
) U
r“ : ha n ds o m e (o f) fa ce , in the sta t e o f defi n i t e c o n str u cti on ; an d

LP
; u
m} id w hen t h
. e l a t t e r, or de fi n in
g, w o rd 18
p u t a bso l u t e ly, a n d co n

b
00

s t r u ed as a n oun o f sp e cifica t i o n ,
J
'

Se e M . d e S a cys A r a
’
. G ra m .
,

vol . ii .
p . 1 61 ,
&c . SO Rev . x ii. 1 .
7 11 W) 77 6 5
1 43 6 t 11 61 ?) r bu fiht o y .

( p at i t
a l .
A R T. 2 2 5 . ON TH E S YNTA X . 317

Se e a l so Gen . x xx v
'

. 2 9, Ex o d . xxx v . 2 2, P S . xx i v. 4 , I sa i . . 21 ,

&c .

2 . his g e n e r a l he a d m a y b e pl a c e d c e r t a in idio m a t i c a l
Un d e r t ,

u sa e s w ith w h c h h h
'

g i t e L e a rn er w i ll o ft e n m e e t i n i s
p g
ro r ess .

e se a r e p h
1
Th r a se s h a v in 15 8 m a n e a c h 1 ; s o n 7 323 Lo r d
1 ‘

g ,
p o s , , , ,

0 2?m e n , & c he
1
s es s o r , 13 25 ,
1
. fo r t fi rst m em b e r , fo l l o w e d b y
c e r t a in ot he r s , in t he de fi n it e s t a t e o f c o n st r u
g cti on e. .
125 5 1

7 11 5 t h ea th 1 e de se r vin g de a t h
3 o u
o f d art a man , . .
, 1 K in gs i i 2 6 .

13 5 3 1 3 3 55 1 71 :
373 5 57 3 t he chi l d of s e ven ye a r s ( w a s ) J o a s h .

wh en h is r e ig n (be g a n ) i e h e was seven e a r s Ol d 2 K in s x i i l

y g ,
. .
, .

5 1 71 e a t h is h e i e h h xx
a so n o
f d ( ) e s a l l d i e 1 S a m 3 1 , ,
. .
,
. .

251 5 a m a n o th l i s, i q ci I51 5
o
f( b ) p . e. lo ua o u s, Jo b x i 2 .

a ma n of w o r ds , i . e . a s p e a k e r, Ex o d i v 1 0 . .
; n § 5 125 5 1
a man o f
tr u th, i . e. a tru e m an , Ne h . v ii. 2; Did” m en f c n a m e,

i . e. fa m o u s, Gen . v i . 4 5 E
1w 1
3 5 m en o
f gm i h
'
t i e , . . m ightym e n ,

Gen . x l v ii 6 .
“ PUD “
OD m e n of n u m ber i e fe w G e n ,
. .
, . xxx i v. 30
“

W?
” b y; il l “ ?a man p o s se s s e d o
f h
a i r , i . e. ha i r y , 2 K in g s i 8 ; .

fig? ever
y( one
) p o s se sse d o f w in g , i . e . w in ge d b ir d , P r o v .

i 17. .

SO B SD “ 53 5 m en o
f S o do m , G e n . x ix . 4, f
o r S o do m i t es . Se e G e n .

xx iii . 3 ,
xx i v. 13 , Nu m b . x x i 28 , J o s h
. . xx i v. 1 1, J ud
g i x 2 .
, . x . 1 ,

J er . 1 1. 1 6, Ez e k . x v i. 2 6, P S . cx l ix . 2, Ca n t i . . 5, &c To . t his
cl a ss m a y b e f
r e er re d, f G o d, i
son s o
p ous
p er so n s ; a n d

U7 N” { 1 1 3 3
TT T da u g h
t e r s of m e n , lo w, i mp io u s w o m en , G e n v i 2, &c . . .

On the Co n s t r u c t i o n o
f the N u m e r a ls .

226 . The n u m er als i n He b r e w b e i n g all s u b st a n t i ve s ,

a re t
p , u e it he r in a
pp o s i t io n , or in the d efi n i t e st a t e

o f co n s t r u c t i o n ,
w it h t he w o rd d e n o t in g t he thin g
num be red : e .
g . In pp a o s it i on : 71 15791 i fl g;
n one

thou sa n d an d one h
u n dr e d (p i e ce s o f) s il ve r , my? 58
O 1

t w o , Hit/
1 1
i D ”115 7 0!
"

t w o , D Dttf D ci t i e s 32
1
ram s
‘
2
11
72 , or
i
D 331
, son s th
r ee , o r th r e e s o n s 13 3 3
1
,
7 50 t hi r t y 8 0 77 8
/ S h
'

In co n s t r u ct i o n : D tt glj n e
‘ f )
t t r i a d , ofm
g r r ee , o r, a en

D );1
t wo so n s ; t w o da u g hter s .
 LECT U RE x v .
E AR T . 2 26 2 ; .

2 . The du a l an d d e ci m a l n u m e r a l sf hé w e v e r , si
g if
y n

in g n um be r s a b o ve t en , ha s D t ll t w e n t y;
su c 1
'
f
, _0 11 3 7;
1 2

two hu n d r e d , &c p r e fe r
. the st a t e o f a
pp o si t io n .

On t he Co n co r d a n ce
f
o the N u m er a l s w ti h t he Thi n g, &c , .

num ber e d .

3 . The n u m er al s fr o m t hr ee to t e n , i n cl u si ve l y, are

m o stl y in the
g en fe r e n t fr o m
d e r d if that o f the thin g
n um b e r e d , fo r t he sake
p h a s o f va r i e t
p y
er : in t hi s ca s e

the w o r d, de n o t in g the th i n g &c n u m b e r e d i s p u t i n

,
.
, ,

th l u r al ber W E/J D o r 13 0 3 3 T W I N )
1
e
p n um . e
g . I . !
s e ve n m a le l a m bs , 11 1 5
47 3 3 11 3 142 s eve n
f em a le la m h s .

The n u m er al i s, he r e ,
t ak en as a co l l e c t iv e n oun , an d
st a n d s, e it he r in a
pp o si t i o n , or in t he st a t e o f d e fi n it e
c o n s t r u ct i o n , w itht he t hi n g n u m be r e d .

4 . In l ik e m an n er wh en , the n u m er a l
g ifi
sies anny
n u m x ce e di n g t e n
be r e , it m a y lik e w i s e di s a g r e e i n g e n d e r
w i t ht he thi n g &c t o , . be n um be r e d w hil e t he t hi n g ,
&c .

n umb e r e d , w i ll b e p u t i n t h e S in
g u l ar n u m ber : e g . .

22 8 H DW! D3 22 ? ) a n d s e ve n m e n , fl j fl )
' ’
1
Q s e ve n t
y tg var
s e ve n t e e n ye a r s mw wz ufi ve ye a r s
g
,

an d a hu n d r e d y ea r ,
Gen . v . 6 .

Th hi n g p e c u l ia r i n t he co n s t r u ct io n o f s u chn u m e
‘

5 . e r e is no t
1
r a ls a s h d d d i1 7 “ a t h d h l b i
T a n
, u n r e a n o u sa n ; ,
o t e r n u m e r a s e n
g
m a d e t o a gr e e w i t h t h em o r n o t a cc o r din t o th e r e c e d in r u les
g p g , ,

wh il e t he
y w i l l b e
p ut e i t h e r in a
pp o s i t i o n o r c o n s t r u c t io n
,
i n th e ,

s in u la r o r l u ral n u m ber a cc o r d in t o th o se r u l e s : e “ 55
g p g , g . .
,

hi m ‘ h z tvi aE
i b
‘

37 m m tz51 n g
1fi tzf hu n d r e d t h
-
D1 Q
QN
s n
s
g
‘

g a n o u sa n d
.

an d e ig ht
y t ho u s a n d a n d s ix t h o u s a n ds , a n d
four hu n d r e ds Nu m b,
.

1 1. 9 . See Ge n v w h e r e a l a r ge n u m
. . er o f e am
p l es b x o cc u rs.

Ot her m o d es o
f Co n s t r u ct i o n .

22 7 . In m an y ca se s , t o o , when the n u m eral e x ce e d s

the n u m ber o n e, the thi n g , &c . n um be r e d is p u t in t h e
AR T . ON T H E S Y NTA X . 3 19

l u r al, w hether t h n u m e r al r e ce d e fo l l o w i t ; t h '

or
p e p e

U DW
.

g en de r is re
g u lat ed as b e fo r e : e .
g . WEQ ? 53
D T
‘
1

rams t w e l ve ; Nu m b . v ii 8 7 . fl i !
p } 0 17“;i . DW
I/$ 3 l a m bs .

ma le t w e lv e , I h .
1 1
? / “

15 j
; g D 1
3} ? t we l ve b u l l o
chs ,

Ih; . D1 1
9 7 111 3 1 8 13
1 11
i t w en ty a n d f our bu ll o ch
s Ih ,
.

v; 88 .

See al so Gen . x vu . 20 , x x v. 1 6, xx vi. 1 2, xxx ii . 1 5, 23 , J o sh .

i v 2, . x x i 1 9, 2 Sa m
. . x ix . 1 8, 1 K in g s i v . 13 , J er . xxx v i ii . 1 0,

c é ” 3 15 ri l l-D
Ez r a v i i i. 3 5 , &c . A n d, v i e ver s , Ufive y ea r , 2 K in gs
xx i i . l ,
&c .

2 . The in t e r m e d ia t e n u m b ers bet ween t en an d t w e n t y, t w e n t y

an d thi r t y, & c . are g l re d b y t he
p rin i l e s al rea d
u ate
p y l a i d d o w n c
t ha t is , e it he r b y a pp o s it io n , o r defi n it e , o n s t r u t i o n , I m m e di a t e o r c c
M e dia t e ; e.
g .
“
Q?
7 s e ve n t e e n , in I m m e dia t e a p po s i t io n ;
w r a ith 1 7 2 i ? s e ve n an d s e ve n t y, M e di a t e a
pp o s i t i o n :

1
.

7 37 “ 12 ei h d e fi n it e cti
2 2 7
"

t w e l ve 1 3 t een co n s t r u on
1 g ,

8 . In m an y c a se s, w he n t he n u m eral is i n
pp a o sm o n , i t is to be
5 th
2? 3 2 e o r t ie t h e a r , D e u t i 3
1
71 1 5 7 3 7
t ake n a s a n o r d in a l e .
g .
f y . .

i t a ki n g it in he de r f c t a t io n th f
. e. t o r o o m
p u , e
y ea r or t y, or
f o rt
y
th fi
'
7 1 5 t -11 1 da y,
( y) y
b ea r . So G en i 5 . . .
5 o n e, i . e. e rst . See
a l so E od x . x ii . 6, Nu m b x iii 2 . .
,
De n t . x v. 9, 1 Ki n g s x v i 1 0,
.

2 K i n gs v ii i 1 6,
. x ii. 2, E k xx i x
z e . . 1 7 , Da n . i l .
, 21 , v ii. 1 , ix . 1 ,

x i 1 .
, &c .

4 . Wh en i t is n e ce s s a r y to q u a l if
y t he thi n
g , &c . n um

b e r e d by so m e a t t r ib u t ive , t his a t t r ibu t i v e w i ll a

g ree w it h
i t , e it he r in a
f or m a l, or l o g i ca l , p o in t o f v ie w , at the

p l e asu re o f the w r it e r : e .
g . in the fir st ca s e , 1: 1
;s
Nit) : g yht a n dfi Wis HWDD I
ve m e n
( e a ch o r t h e ei , ,

wh o le
) b e a r i n
g ( S i n
g ) a n e
p h o d 1 S a m x x i i 1 8 — I n .

D 3 2 M N DVW
.
, .

the s e co n d
1
Q D fift y m e n r u n n in
,
g
1 Ki n g s 1 . 5 .

5 . The thin g n um b e r e d, m e a s u r e d, &c . m a y a l so be

id e r e d p y
p
co n s as a s i
y gn tec
e r m ( A r t 2 1 9 n o t e ) , a n d . .

co n s t r u e d as a bs o l u t e , w i t h r e fe r e n ce t o t h r e ce din
e
p g
th
l
D 3; ir ty s o n s ; fim th
1
no u n a s,
at) ; a o u sa n d
 L ECTU R E x v r.
ER TA . 22 7 . 6 .

( o f) s i lv e r , &c . W e n e ve r t he l e ss ha ve , o cca si o n a l l
y ,
the
st a t e o f co n st r u ct i o n a s, t wo (p i e c e s, & c . o f)
br e a d , 1 S a m . x . 4 , &c 11 2
.
3; 7 ”i t ? ( Ar t 2 2 6 . .

6 As i t i s t l ce r t a i n f w e ight d
‘

n am es o
. eas
y o su
pp y an

m e a su r e , on a cco u n f the ir f r e u en t
q t o . o ccu r r e n ce ; t he y
of o m it t e d b y t he e l l i sis : e 1 22
1 fl 15
1 ‘

are t en p g . .

3 2751 1
? so th
e
y w e i hm
g yp i
r ce thi r t y ( she ke l s o f)
s i l ve r , Ze ch x i 1 2 ; { 3 7 11 5222 2222
. .
1
so he m e a s u r e s s ix

(m e a su r e s o f ) ba r l e y R u t hi i i 1 5 1 7
, . . Win j ' '
7 13 8 3 i n
th e fi rst ( y) f
d a o t h e m o n t h De u t i 3 ; 1 5
2/1s , . .

fi sts g
;
-
a n d t h e
p a s s o v e r i n t h e fi r st

( m o n t h ) N u m b i x
, 5 1 032 3 . . i n t h e fi r s t
"

( m o n t h ) i n t h e
fi r s t ( y) of
d a t he m o n t h E z e k xx i x 1 7 , . . .

S e al o Ge e xx 1 6 l 22 Le xx iii 1 7 1 S a m x 4 E k
s n . .
, x v. , v. .
, ,
. .
, z e .

x lv 21 . . An d , w here so m e o f the se e lli

p se s are su
ppl i e d, G e n .

xx i ii . 1 5 , Le v . xx v i i. 3 , 6 , R u t hi i 1 7 , & c . . S ee a l so B o s o n t h e

G r e ek e l li
p ses,
p 4 , Ed
. . 1 81 3 .

The o r d i n a l s a r e co n s t r u e d l ik e o ther a t t r ib u t iv e s .

L EC T UR E XVI .

O N TH E CO M P L E M EN T S OF WOR D S G EN E RA L L Y , A ND OF VE RB S
IN PA RTI C ULAR .

228 I T w il l p e r h
. a s
p r e a dil
y b e
g r a n t e d , t h a t th e

ch a r a ct e r o ft h e W o r d o r w o r d s n e ce s sa r t o co m l e t e a n
y p y ,

s e n t e n ce , m u s t v e r m u ch d e e n d o n t h e s i n i fi ca t i o n f
y p g o

th e
p r e ce di n
g o n es ; o r w h i ch i s t he s a m e t hi n o n th
g , e ,

s i n i fi ca t i o n
g i n t e n d e d t o b e co n v e e d i n
y t he m b y t h e

W r it e r I m a y s a y, fo r e x a m p l e I a m n o w r i d i n g e q u i
.
, ,

t a n s eg o o r , a m a r id i n B t it m a l so be
g . u a
y n e ce ss a r
y
t o st a t e , w h eth er t his b e o n a ho r se , in a ca r r i a g e , &c . as
:
AR T . 2 28 . ON T H E S Y N TA X . 3 21

a l so to, or fr o m , w ha t p l a ce I am th us
p r o ce e d i n
g ; o r ,

fo r w hat u r o s e , &c
p p . The sam e w ill hold
g o o d o f al l

A m an m a ybe s a i d t o be sw
if g
t e n e r a l l y,
o r s w if
t on fo o t , sw ift in t he c ha se ,
— in t he
p u r su i t o f a n

en em y ,
— to r even
g e, —t o d o g o o d o r e v il , o r a t h o u sa n d

ot he r t hi ng s , whic hi t m a
y b e n e ce s s a r y fo r a r i t e r o W r

S pe a k e r t o st a t e .

2 Al l v e r b s a r e n e ce s sa r i l y attr ib u t i v e i n si infica t io n ;
.
g
an d , fr o m w hat we ha v e se e n , as to the ir e t m o lo
y g y,
'

ther e i s st r o n
g r e a so n to su s
p e ct , that they a r e co m
p o se d

o fn o t hin g ha n n o u n s p u t i n a s t a t e o fco n j u g a t io n
m o re t ,

o r co m b i n a t i o n w i t ho n e o r o t h er o ft h
, e
p ro n o u n s I f .
,

th en a t t r i b u t i v e n o u n s w il l o cca si o n a ll y s t a n d i n n e e d o f
,

s u ch co m l e m e n t a r y w o r d s i n o r d e r t o co m l e t e o r m o d if
p p y , , ,

th e s e n t e n ce s i n w h i ch t h a re fo un d ; th e s a m e m u st
e
y
n e ce ssa r il b e t ru e o f th e s am e w o r d s w h en f o u n d in t h
'

y e ,

fo r m o f v e r b s U su a ll y h o wever . th is h as be e n s t a t e d , ,

b y s a yin g t h at n o u ns d e r i ve d fr o m v e r b s a r e s u bj e c t t o
, , ,

th e sa m e m o d e o f co n s t ru ct i o n as th e v e r bs a r e f ro m .

wh i ch t h e
y d e sce n d I p r efer t he co n t r a r y m e t h
. od

b e ca u s e w e ca n s e e w h n o u n s a s su ch r e q u i r e t h i s ki n d
, y , ,

o f co n s t r u ct io n o f ve r b s w e kn o w n o t h in g o n t h e oth er ,

o s it i o n
su
pp .

3 . W e ha ve se e n that n o u n s, e i t he r s u bst a n t i ve , o r at t ri
b u t iv e , m a y be q u al i fie d by t he a dd i t i o n o fo the r w o r ds ,

p t i
u n the st a t e o f a pp o s i t io n ,
o f defi n i t e co n s t r u ct io n ,

i m m e di a t e , or m e dia te , or a bs o lu t e l y, j u s t as t he s ig n ifi
ca t i o n o f su chw o r d m a y r e qu ire, or as th
, e in t e n t io n o f

the W it r er m a y be . The sa m e is t he ca s e w i t h v e r b s ,

whether a ct i ve , p a s s i ve , t r a n s i t i ve , i n t r a n s i t ive , or

So in I s . xiii . 1 9, an d A m o s iv 1 1 , . we ha ve TDQ
UD c o n s t ru e d as a ve r b;
and i n I n fimt i ve s an d Pa r t ici p i a l noun s this is d o n e of
te n a n d r e gu l a r l
y
.
 LECTURE x v1 . 228 . 4 .

n eu ter : hi cha r e w ,
di s t i n ct io n s ar s n i i g p ur l
gy out oft he
s i n i fi c a t io n o f t h r im it i ve wo rd
*
or n oun
g e
p .

4 . In t r e a t in g on the co m
p l em en t s, or
q u a l if in
y g
w o rd s, f s u b s t a n t i ve s d a t t r ib u t iv e s, w e a do t ed t he
o an
p
t e rm s Im m e d ia t e , an d M e dia t e, as bes t su it e d to our

th W ha l l th
“

at o cca si o n sam e n o w,
p p ur o se on . e s u se e

b e ca u se t he
y are su fi ci e n t l y
f eas
y an d i n t e l lig i bl e , an d
b e c au se i t w il l b e i n t e r e st i n g t o fin d t he sa m e
p r i n ci
p l es

p r e v a il in
g t hro u
g hout e ve r y p ar t o f t hi s La n g u a g e .

5 The i n fl u e n ce , t h o fan verb ( a r si n

i
. en ,
y n oun or g
ou t o f it s s ig n i fi ca t i o n , or the in t e n t io n o fthe W it r e r, )
m ay ex t en d to o n e o r m o r e s u b se
q u en t w o r d s , w i t hs o m e

v a r i a t io n o ft he se n se in e ac h e
g I
. m a
y y
sa .a s be f o re , ,

ho r se Here I wo u l d t e rm t he i n fl u e n ce
”
I am r id in
g a .

o f the verb r i d i n g , S i mp l e ; b e ca u se i t a f
fe ct s o n e o b e ct j
o n l y, wh
he r e a ho r se
i chi s But .
, if I sa
y, I ro de a

ho r s e t o w a r d s t he ci t y a t fu l l sp e e d ,
”
thho u l d t e r m
en I s

the i n fl u e n ce o f t h e v e rb Va r i o u s ; , b e ca u s e t he su b se

q u en t term y s are v a r i o u sl af
fe ct e d by it I p r e fe r t h
. is
m e tho d o fco n si d e r i n
g t he i n fl u e n ce o fve r b s, &c , b e ca u se .

the L a t i n ca s e s o f n o m i n a t i v e , g e n i t i v e , a ccu s a t i v e , &c , .

as t a k e n b y S chr oe d e r u s an d o the r s, ar e il l ca l cu l a t e d to
co n ve y an
yj u st n o t io n s on this su bj e c t ; an d, b e ca u s e t he se

d i s t i n ct i o n s a re alt o
g et her fo r e ig n t o t his l a n g u a g e . The

t ru t hi s , the w o r ds a dd e d he r e , as in t he r u les al r e a d
y
g i ven , are n o t hi n g m o re t ha n t er m s a dd e d fo r t h e
p pu r o se

o f d e fi n i n g , &c . , t he si
g i fi ca t i o n
n o f s u chv e r b , a n d m a
y
be r e s o l ve d b y r e cu r r i n g t o on e or o ther of t ho se r u l es.

Le t i t b e rem e m b e red , ho w e v e r, so m e v er b s w hi c ha r e at one t im e tra n

s i t iv e , w il l at an o t he r he i n t r a n s it i ve , i n t h e s e l a n g u a ge s ; s o , u
f
é he

s t r u ck w i t hhis fo o t , or kicke d ; w h i h , i n icn n u m e r a l e i n st a n b c es, i s t r a n sm ve .

S e e Lu d o l f G ra m . . Et l1 .
, p 3 2
. . ed . 1 7 02 . F re
yt a g
’
s H a m a sa , p .
l t
AR T . ON THE SY NTA X . 3 23

2 29 H a v in g d e t e r m i n e d , the n , whether t he Si i fi
.
g n ca

t io n yo f an v e r b o r ve rb a l n o u n ,
is t o b e t a k e n a c t i ve l
y ,

or
p a s s i ve l
y ( Art . 1 46 . 8 . n o te) ; the in flu en ce o f it s
a ct i o n or p a s si o n , c o n si d e r e d w it hr e fe r e n ce he su b s e
to t

q u en t t erm s, he r
e it in I m m e d ia t e , or M e d i a t e co n n e x i o n
,

w i t hi t , w i l l he r S i mp l e al w a ys be e it , o r Va r i o u s j u st a s ,

th e s i n i fi ca t i o n o f s u chv e r b sh a ll r e u ir e t h
g q or a s , e ,

i n t e n t io n o f t he Wr i t e r o r S p e a k e r m a y b e E a: a m
— l es
.
p
f
o a c t i ve ve r bs , an d Ve r ba l n o un s, in I m me dia t e co n

n e x io n ht he w it fo l l o w i n g t e r m , an d where t he i n fl u e n ce

is , c o n se u e n t l y
q ,
s i mp le ; D3 2
5 may: le t us ma h
e M AN,

Gen i . . 26 N3 3 11 7 } s e e d i n g
, ,
or
p ro d u ci n g , S EED , I h2 9 . .

2 .
— n I M e d ia t e co n n e xio n , a n d where t he i n fl u e n ce i s

a l so i p le : s m 1 1 15 W]; Go d cr e a ted THE

H EAV ENs, G e n . i 1 ; 3 1 3 1]
. ms N7 “ and he s a w .
g

wh
he m
‘

1b 4 ; o nsg
‘

TH E m a m , . 1 . an d
d i v i de d B E TW E E N t he l ig ht a n d B E TWE E N t he d a r h
?
‘
n e s s I h; 8 3 f 1 1 3 n d h h
"

2, 3 g n 7 . 1 a e ca l l e d t e

L IGHT a n d T H E D AR K N E SS h e ca l l e d Ih 5 ; .

my ; p ; 51
1 9 7
; ( a t h i n
g ) d i v i d i n
g B E TW E E N t he w a t e r s ,

lb 6 . .

3 .
-
B o t h i n I m m e d ia t e , an d M e d ia t e , co n n e xio n , an d
where t he i n fl u e n ce is va r i o u s : 13 95 7
7 11
5 ”i?
” (a t ree)

p r o d u ci n g FR U IT , ACC OR D I NG To I TS K I ND , Gen . i . 1 1 ;
1 11 1 79 1
? 11 3 79
1
( herb
) p r o d u ci n
g S EED , A TEF R its
K I ND, Ih 1 2 . .

No t e Th ro er o f fi ce o f t h t i l h i to
e
p p . e
p a r c e s e r e s,

o in t o u t t h r e ci se ch a r act e r o f t h i s i n fl u e n ce
p e
p .

Th e verb T 1 7 1 ’ c o n s t r u e d w i t h 7 w i ll s i n if e i t h
1 1
er t o h
T T g y a ve or , ,

t o be c o m e a cc o r d in g t o t h e co n t ext
,
e
g 7
5 3 th e r ic h . .

man h
ad
fl o ch
s, 2 Sa m . Xi l 2 ; D ) ”E “ so t h
, ?
e
y s ha l l be co m e bl oo d,

i . e. th
e w a t er s , Ex o d iv . . 9 S e e m y L e ico n u n d e r
. x
4 . Wh er e the co n n e x io n i s M e di a t e , an d the i n fl u en ce .

Y 2
 LECTURE x v r.
[ AR T . 2 2 9 . 5 .

W 5 ' 1
‘

va r i o u s S S U 8 D7 0 Q QJ U 11 3 3 1 71 3 1 8 73 7 1 121 1
'
1 1 31
1 1
1
1

13 1
fl 1
1 d h t h ll be l ig hts IN th e fi r m a men t
’

F OR
an e
y s a

th he a ve n s i v in l i h P ON t he ea r th a n d it
of e ,
F OR
g g g t U ,

‘ '

wa s so, mu g g p a
n r1 7 s a m : 171 1
1 1

1 1m 1 311
‘1
7 f 7
1g r1
y
‘
g 1 71 511 3 1
n g 1
D1 3 1
z ws
- ‘

2 1 19 ; 0 3 9133 221 21 1 12 27 1 3 a n d G o d p l a ce d T H E M I N
-
1 1 1 1
1

th he h h P ON t h
“

e fi r m a m en t
gf t e a v e n s F OR
g i v in
g g l i t U e

e a r t h a n d F OR r u l i n OV E R t h e d a y a n d OV E R t h e ni h t
, g g ,

a n d F OR d i v i di n B ET W E EN t h e li h t a n d B ET W EEN t h e
g g
da r h n ess A n d G o d s a w T H AT (it w a s ) g o o d I b
. , .

5 I n ca u s a t i ve a n d o t h
. e r d o u bl
y t r a n sit i v e v e r b s t h
, e , ,

mfl u e n ce w il l n e ce s s a r il y b e v a r i o u s : e g 1 71 3 371 1 7 1
. .

1 23 731 3 a n d I ca u s e d H ER t o w a l l : T H E D ES ER T H o s
“
1 .
,

i i 6 ; 7 73 21
. 1 3 1m m w h
1 1
o ca u s e s TH E S OL I TA R Y o n e s

t o p o s s e s s A H OU S E P s l x v iii 7 In th e se i n s t a n ce s t h
, . e . .

co n n e x i o n is I m m e d ia t e ; i n t h fo l l o w in g i t i s b o t h
‘

e ,

I m m e d i a t e a n d M e d i a t e : e g 1 21 1 3 573 21 7 1 15
“

1
, . .

and h e c a u s e d W OR D t o be r e t u r n e d T O T H E K I N G 1 K i n s
g ,

ii 3 0 ; Dgg fl tjs 7117 1 he t a u g ht K N OW L ED G E T o t he

'

p pe o l e Eccl x ii 9 ,
1
7
2 121 1 1
31 . . l e t t
. h e m c a us e

M Y P EOP L E t o he a r M Y W OR D S J e r : xx iii 2 2 , . .

6 In th e
. fo l l o w i n g t h e co n n e x i o n i s m i s ce ll a n e o u s ,

a n d so m e o f t h
‘
e ve rbs a r e l
'
a s si v e : 1 1 1 D
2 1
p
1
7 7 3 ,
1

ng 173 15 mpg bg
-
er n 71 12 111 1 m y m m
'
“ -

s a ; 7 1 o a
g n
r

s o Go d s a s L e t t h e w a t e r s be a th e r e d F R OM
1 7 1 1
1
y g ,

B EN EA T H t h e h e a v e n s T o o n e p l a ce a n d le t t h e dr l d
y a n ,

a
pp e a r a n d i t be co m e s s o
, G e n i 9 ; 1 7 1 5 73 3 1 75 3 1 1 1 7 1 1 ,
“
. . 1 1
3

th e n le t i t be s h e w n T O TH E
p r ie s t L e v x iii 4 9 ; , . .

171 3 71 2 3 71 w h i cht h o u w a s t sh e wn I N t h e m o u n t Ex o d
”
1 ,
.
h ‘
f f
‘

Th e
p a r t i cl e s m o s t l
y u s e d w it h p a s s i v e v e r s ,
ho w e v e r ,
a r e 5 a n d 75 S e e b .

x
h h
i

Gen x i v 1 9 , I s i 2 6 l ii 4 Ez e k x i v 3 N C O &
‘

. .
,
.
,
.
, e v i .1 ,
1 r n
. v 2 0 ,. c . . . . .
 Y NT A X 3 25
‘

A RT . 22 9 . ON TH E S .

L
th ha l t
'
x xvi . 3 0 ; D j glglj 8 ) ou s n o t ca u s e TH E M t o be

wo r s hip p e d Ex o d x x ,
. . 5, xx iii 24 ; 71 121 3 1
.11 1
1

l e t i t be g i v e n i e ) th i s l a n d To t h
( . .
y ser va n t s ,

Nu m . xxx ii 5 . .

Se e a l so Gen . x x vu . 4 2, 2 S a m . x x i 6, J e r
. . xxx v. 1 4, &c .
.

R em ar hs .

7 . A l it t l e he w t ha t t he co n st r u c t io n m u s t
c o n s id e r a t i o n w ill s ,

i n a ll c a s e s v e r y m u c h d e p e n d o n t h, e i n t e n t io n o f th e Wr i t e r