DomesdayBook 10206280

B o mwh ap afi o o k
A P O P U LA R A C C O U NT
‘
O F TH E
EXCHEQUER MANUSCRIPT SO CALLED,

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W A L TE R D E G R A Y
E TC. E TC .
PU BL I S H E D U N DER
D RE T N O T HE I C IO F
T HE C O M M TTEE
I OF G E NERA
TERAT RE N E D UC AT O N L LI U A D I
A PPO NTED
I H OC ET
BY T O PR O M O T N
E S I Y F R I G
H R T A N K N W ED E
C IS I O L G .
L O ND O N
SO C I ET Y F O R PR O M O T I NG C H R I ST I A N K NO W L E DG E
NORT H U M BE RL AND AVE NU E C H AR I NG C R O S S , , W C ;
. .
4 3 Q EE N
,
U T R A TREET
VIC O I S ,
E c . .
BR I G H T O N 3 5 N RT H TREET
: 1 , O S .
NE W Y K : E 8 J B Y O U NG 8 C O
OR . : . . : .
1 887.
C O NT E NT S .
C H A PTE R I .
I NTR O DUCT O RY NO T I C E OF D IVI SI O N OF LAND IN
E NG LAND p ag e
C H A PTER I I .
THE MANUSC R I P T SU RV E Y OF ANC I ENT I

T E R R T O R ES I .
T H E BEA D D I NC T U N C HA RT E R n o
C H A PTER I I I .
C I P TI ON M ANU SC R I P TS
-
D ES R OF T HE OF T HE D OMES
D AY BOO K AT T H E E XC H E Q U E R
C H A PTER I V .
C IP T I O N
D ES R OF T HE A NU SC R I P T K NO W N
M AS THE
A BBR E V I A T I O A ND T H E BRE VI AT E I N T H E C
R E O RD
O FFI C E
DO M E SD AY BO O K .
C HA PTER V .
D ES C RI PT I O N O F THE AR U ND E L A ND C OTT O NI AN
M A NU SCR I P TS I N T H E BR I T I SH M U SE U M p ag e 37
C H A PTER VI .
C I I
D E S R PT O N O F T HE I NQU E ST O F TH E COU NT Y O F
CA M BR I D G E , OR THE I NQ U I SI T I O C O MI T AT US
C A NT A BR I G I E NS I S, I N T H E BR I T I SH M U SE U M
C H A PTER VI I .
C IP T I O N O F
D ES R TH E
“
E X ETE R BO O K , OR
“
E XON
”
D O M E S D AY ,
I
I N PO S S E SS O N O F THE DE AN A ND
CH A PT E R O F
C H A PTER VI I I .
T HE DO M E SD AY BO O K : I T S O R I G I N D AT E , , C
O BJ E T ,
F O R M AT I O N A ND M O D E O F E X E CU T I O N
, , A U T HO
R I T Y A ND C U ST O D Y I N E A R LY T IM E S
C H A PTER I X .
P E R SO NAG E S — T H E R E M A I NS OF T HE S AX O N FAMI L I E S
R E M A R KA BL E NA M E S OF P E RSO NS —T I TUL AR
D E S I G NAT I O NS p ag e 91
C HA PTER X .
LAND — CLASSIFI CAT I O N A ND CO ND I T I O NS O F

COU NT Y P O PULAT I O N—
T HE TH E
C I T I E S A ND T O W NS
C H A PTER X I .
M EA SU R E S O F LAND D E NO M I N AT I O Ns— JU R I SD I CT I O NS
F RANC H I SE S—T E NU R E S—
-
S E R VI C E S
C H A PTER X II .
THE C H U R C H—ANG LO SAX O N C H UR C H E S

-
ST I LL E XTANT
-
B H 0 P A ND C L E RG Y
I .>
C H APTER X II I .
M ET ALS—M O NE Y —P R O D U C E MI SC E LLANE O US T ERM S
A ND W O R D S
v iii DO M E SD AY BO O K .
C H A PTER X IV .
I
H ST O R I CAL E V E NT S — T H E PE NE ND E N SU I T — T H E E LY
S U I T— T H E W O R C E ST E R SU I T S—F O R E I G N T E NANT S
A ND M O NASTE R I E S .
C H APTER X V .
L I T E RATU RE I LLUST RAT IV E M ANU SC R I P T S A ND
P R I NT E D \VO R K S
DOMES DAY BO O K .
C H A PTE R I .
I NTR OD U C TO R Y NO T I C E OF DI V I SI O N OF LA ND I N '
E NG LAND .
T H E divisio n of land i nto allotments or distr i cts t h e ,
profits and produce O f wh ic h were recog n ised as

proper t o i ndividuals subj ect to the paramount rig h ts
o f the sovereig n u n doubtedly reaches bac k into
,
'
remote antiqu ity an d i t is probable that at first

, , ,
very similar conditio n s existed over t h e whole C IVII

ised world The title to the land lay solely in th e
.
fa c t of the presence of the occupier by whose

prowess inimical entry was resisted R eprisals .
,
probably common enough at first soon taught ,
m u tual forbearance a n d thus was started the grou n d

,
work of a system which has b een elab orated without

ceasi ng until the present day .
O f the laws written or unwr i tte n wh i ch affected

, ,
the occupation of land in E ngland much is know n ,
e ither positively or by i n duction fro m a n exami n atio n

,
O f the phraseology of Charters conveyi n g la n d from
the ki n g or the gover n i n g body to private i n di v iduals

, ,
or corporatio n s ; a n d much may be gathered fro m

B
2 DO M E SD AY BO O K .
th e wr i ti n gs of th ose w h o have made A n glo Saxon -
history a n especial O bj ect of research I n the .
seve n th ce n t u ry grants relating to the transfer of

lan d were vagu e irregular and O ften amb i guous or
, ,
1
apparently inco n s i ste n t .
The person to whom th e drawing up o f t h e

deed w a s entrusted appears to h a v e considered ,
h is duty well performed if h e succeeded in string

ing togeth er foreig n words w i th little apparen t
utility and in m any i n stanc es producing a text
,
wh i ch i t would b e di ffi cult t o translate according

to the recognised m ile s of grammar and syntax .
Gra d u ally t o this epoch of vagueness succeeded that

,
of order a n d method th e eight h and n i nth centur i es

are fou n d to be p eriods O f transit i on wh en th e ,
archaic form der i ved from type s of transfer d eeds

,
current at a m ore remote period in sout h ern and

ce n tral Europe exists side by sid e with th e c o nv e n
,
t io na l form adopted b uilt up o n m odels almost

,
classical i n their antiquity an d systemat i sed for l ocal ,
requ i rements by A nglo Saxon n otaries In th e tenth -

.
century we find that th e form h as become w ith few

exception s fixed , and after a preamble or proem o f
greater or less length as th e caprice of th e scr i b e or
,
draughtsman i nclined the employment of th e im ,
porta n t term s i n which th e legal tran sfer was conta i ned

follows with certain u n important var i ations This .
was th e usual form O f t i tle deed carry ing w i th i t th e -
possess i on o f landed property which O btain ed in ,
1
Texts o f t h e se m ay be c o n su l te d fi rst vo l um e o f m y
in t h e
”
C a rt ula rium S a x o n ic u m , w h ic h e m bra c e s a ll k n o w n fro m
l
t h e e a r ie st t im e s t o A D 83 7
. . .
DI VI S I O N OF LAND I N EN
G LA ND .
3
E n gla nd at the clo se of the t enth and b eg i n n i ng of

the eleventh ce n tury a n d those w h o held th e land ,
whether ki n g religious or secular corp oration or

, ,
pr i vate i n dividual and whether t h e la n d so h eld was

,
by a lease for life or for a ser i es of lives or for ever

, , ,
” “ ”
im p e rp et u u m held it by v irt u e of a éo c or charter
, ,
setti n g forth the ma n ner in whic h they had b ecom e

s o possessed a n d the terms under wh i ch i t wa s
henceforth to b e h e ld .
It would be pro bably imp ossible to state t h e

, ,
proportion of lands falli n g i nto th e four classes of

() folk or peoples comm on lands () ki ng s or
’ ’
1 2 ,
crown la n ds (3 ) m onastic a n d religious holdings

, ,
() private owners la n ds The seco nd of these

’
4 .
roughly di v ided classe s grew out of the first (but yet

in some cases it would seem that th e whole domai n
belo n ged to the king a pri n ciple wh i ch is comm o n l y
,
fo u n d curre n t am o n g savage trib es O f the present

day ) ; and the third a n d fourth were in the mai n
derived from the second Nevertheless the Churc h .
o wed much to th e m u n ifi c e n c e of pri v ate owners ,
wh o n o t unfreq u ently b equeathed la n d in revers i on

to ecclesiastical a n d religious b odies in return for t h e
expressly stipulated support of those on whose i nter
cession they looked with so much con fidence A c t u al .
exte n t or area was appare n tly seco n dary to productiv e

capability ; every foot of arable or pasture require d?
to b e reclaimed from forest and woodlan d ; a nd
from the fact that i n the earliest cases the gran t
u s u ally sets forth the n umb er of families s ettled o n
the estate it is tolerably evident that lan d considere d ’
merely as land w i thout res i de n t husbandmen or

,
B 2
4 DO M E SD A Y BO O K .
agricultural occupiers was a worthless and u ndesirable

,
possession .
S imple an d unassuming as they doubtless were in

the earliest days O f Christia n ity in E ngland episcopal ,
a n d m onastic i n stitutio n s gradually acquired vast

landed p ossessio n s in proportion as their moral
influe n ce teachi n g a n d exampl e m ade themselves
, ,
felt a n d respected It was but n atural after all

.
, ,
that to th e Ch u rch to which as t o a ce n tral p oint of

, ,
light religion science literature education sa n ctuary

, , , , , ,
h ospita l a n d ma n y other h u manising eleme n ts

,
n aturally a n d necessarily grav i tate d a gradual co n trol ,
over the land s in the vici n ity of her p recincts shoul d

accrue whether as the result of gratitude for spiritual
,
m i n istrations a n d moral el evatio n an d for services ,
growing out of the superior opportunit i es they

possessed (wh ich n on e b ut th e Ch u rch could s o
aptly co n fer o n those wh o sought h er ass i sta n ce ) or ,
as th e result of a dread a n d awful veneration of th e

unseen power which sh e claimed t o wiel d at will .
The terrible de n unciations a n d imprecations which

for m th e customary exord i u m O f th e A n gl o Saxon -
Charter directed against those wh o i n terfere with

,
the provisions expressed in the gra n t were undoub t ,
e dly ,
sufficiently powerfu l t o deter a ny on e fro m
endeavouring to a n nul or di v ert th e possessi on of
the property th ereby con v eyed .
1
In another place I have record ed a l ist o f n o l ess
t h an t wo hundred and forty religious establishme n ts
“
F a st i M o n a s t ic i A e v i S a x o n ic i,
_
or a L is t o f H ea ds Of
R e l i g i o u s H o use s in E ng l a n d p rev io us t o t h e No rm a n Co n
”
q u e st . 1 8 72 .
DI VI SION OF LA ND I N EN G LAND .
5
wh i ch originated in Englan d b efore the com i n g o f

the Normans S everal of these institut i ons were .
,
i t i s true p oor and i n sig n ificant but t h e greater

, ,
number grew apace and if we may take th e extant ,

1 2 3
C h artularies of Worcester Bath Glastonbury , , ,
C anterbury an d W i n chester or th e I nquest o r

4
,
5
,
Ely as fairly i ndicating the exte n t O f land in the

6
,
power of these respecti v e foundations at the clos e of

the Saxon and Danish dynasties i t will b e O bvious ,
that a very large proportion i n deed of th e area of

the realm was thus bestowed .
7
It has b een shown by a learned writer o n Saxon
history h ow th e early Churc h was planted and
,
propagated in E ngla n d O ne great cau se of the .
multipl i cation of the s acred ed i fices lay i n th e fact

that i n all likelihood every m a rk or district had i ts , , ,
religious establishment its fa n u m delu é ru m Sd f d lll m , , , ,
o r z emjfilu m (accordi n g to the copiou s phraseology of

‘
the L atin auth ors) or its lz ea r/z as the A n glo Saxo n s, ,

-
in on e i n stance quoted 8 desig n ated it ; and that the

priest or body of priests servi n g these a n c i ent centres
, ,
of local d i vine worsh i p had land s w h ic h had been ,
gradually ac quired by purchase g i ft or bequest an d , , ,
perhaps also drew support from t h e freew i ll obla
C o t to n M S .
,
T ibe rius, A X I I I . .
2
C o rp u s C h rist i C o ll , C a m b r , NO . . . CXI .
3
Bo dl e y L ibr , O x fo rd, W o o d M S . . I .
C o tt o n M S .
, C l a udius, D X . .
5
A dd M S . .
,
6
Co t t o n M S . T ibe ri us, A V I . .
7
J . M . K e m bl e , S a x o n s in E ngl a n d, v o l. I I .
, ch a p . ix .
8
K e m bl e , C o dex s lo m .
”
NO . D CC C CX C I V . A D . .
(6 DO M E SD AY BO O K .
t i ons of t h e i r c ongregations A well grounded plan

.
-
a ccord i ng to th i s writer of turni n g the relzgz o lo ci or

'
, ,
l ocal relig i ou s b i as to account was acted on by all

,
a n ci ent missionar i es and wherever a sub stantial

,
b uilding was found to be i n existence as at St , .
Pancras Churc h Canterbu ry , for example it wa s

, ,
t aken p ossession of for th e b enefit of t h e n e w rel i g i on .
This subj ect will b e fou n d treated wit h greater deta i l

i n a subsequent part of this work .
A s for the land held by pri v ate owners h owever ,
a bsolutely it was held in the first case when para ,
m oun t power fell i n to the hands o f a ruler who had

s u ffic i ent support t o enabl e him to en force obed i enc e
i n h i s own locality th e private own er would only

,
have held peaceable p ossess i on of h is fi elds on

c ond i t i on of g i ving something in return for guaranteed
s ecur i ty
. This in the days of old da y s of unrest
, ,
and constant watchfulness at b est days of anxious ,
dread and unceas i ng precaution of sudden invas i on, ,
o f cruel a n d overpowering i ncursion of merciless ,
e xterm i n ation rap i n e a n d m assacre c o ul d bu t be a

, , ,
military serv i ce that i s a compact of mutual assistance

, ,
defence and protect i on wh i ch h owever rude irre

, , , ,
gular and uncertai n at the begi n ning was n ot lo n g

, ,
in developi n g i nto a m ore regular system in England ,
long b e fore t h e com i n g of t h e Normans .

DO M E SD AY BOO K .
7
C H A PTER I I .
THE M A NU SC R I PT S U R V E Y O F A NC I E NT T E R R IT O R I E S .
T HE BE A D D I NC T U N C H A R T E R .
T HE d i v i s i on O f England into counties and h u n

dreds as we know them to d ay, or even as they
,
1
were known in the elevent h century h as been a t t ri ,
buted by many arch aeologists t o King A lfred For .
example i t has been recently s h own by Mr H E

, . . .
Malden that there was n o southern b oundary of

Surrey except th e undefined track of t h e v i rgin forest
of the vast An dre de s weald In th e sam e way the
.
,
contigu ous cou n ty of Sussex had but a doubtful boun

dary o n the north a n d these facts led to some curious
,
results in t h e work o f the commis sioners Dr Pauli . .

,
”
the author of th e excellent L i fe of A lfred the Great ,
h owever cons i derably qualifies the general i dea in

,
“
stating that it may be supposed that A lfred after ,
the spol i at i on of publ i c and pri v ate property duri ng ,
t h e Dan i s h i ncursions re arra nged th e boundaries

,
-
alt h oug h th e assertion that h e caused a formal survey

and measurement o f the land s to b e made seems t o ,
have been taken fro m t h e H i story O f th e Domesday

?”
Book Kemble , in like manner in h i s masterly ,
No t q e
u i t t h e sa m e th ing fo r b o unda ries in m a ny insta n c e s
,
c o ul d n o t h a v e b ee n so w e ll de fi n e d a s th e y n o w a re .
3
T ra n sl a t io n by Th o rp e (Ro h n s S e ries) p 1 20
’
. .
,
8 DO M E S D AY BO O K .
“
w ork on t h e Saxons in E ng land i n a ch apter ,
w hic h treats O f the territorial organisation in m a rks ,
and in the g ez or st ir b ased upon the natural c o n

,
formation of th e country of th e soil and usufruct o f ,
its produce with their separate j urisdictio n s and

,
executi v e officers Sh ows the gradua l d evelopment of

,
a real dist i nction to have been of far higher antiquity .
1 “
H e says ,
L ooki n g t o th e p erma n ent character of
lan d div i sions and assum i ng that our present hun
,
dreds n early represent th e orig i n al in number and

exte n t we might conclud e that i f i n the year 4 0 0
,
Ke n t was first di v ided Thanet then co n ta i ned only ,
o n e hundred heads of houses or izy a es upon t h ree ,

.
’
,
thou sand acres of cultivated land wh ile i n th e time ,
O f B eda t h ree cen tur ie s later it compr i sed six h u n

, ,
dred fam i l i es or lzz a es Ip on eighteen thousan d acres

’
'
.
,
I t i s a com m o n sayi n g that we owe t h e i nst i tution of

sh i re tithi ng a n d hundred di vi s i ons to ZEIfre d Stated
, , , .
in so b road a m a n n er a s th i s I am comp elled to d e n y ,
th e assertion . Not one word in corrob ora

tion O f i t i s t o b e found in A sser or a ny other contem
o ra n eo us authority a n d there i s abu n da n t ev i dence
p ,
that t h e system existed long before he was born not ,
only i n other G erman la n ds but eve n am ong our ,

”
selves . Kemble contin u es h owever to show t h at , ,
h e i s unw illi n g to d eclare th e tradit i on to be a bso

lu t e ly w i thout fou n datio n a n d thi n ks it prob able t h at
, ,
after the confusion a n d devastation wh i ch were t h e

n a tural outcome O f the D anish wars th e king was ,
compelled to m ake a n ew muster or regulat i on O f
Edit
1 ’
Birc h s .
, v o l. i
.
, p . 24 7 .
M ANU SC R I PT SU R V E Y OF A NC I E NT T E R R ITOR I E S .
9
the tit h ings and even in som e cases to cause a fresh

,
territorial division t o b e establishe d o n the n e w

pri n ciple But the stro ngest argume n t agai n st a ll
.
this i s the total sile n ce of all contemporary writers

,
.
1
It has h owe v er bee n long well kn own that previou s
, ,
to the erection O f counties or even of co nglomera ,
tio n s of co n tiguou s hundreds there were territorial ,
di v isio n s of large or small areas withi n the great ,
ki n gdoms n either well known by name nor well

,
defi n ed by strict b oundaries a n d probably for the ,
most part isolated from each other by th e n eutral

forest lan ds which allowed them thereafter that elas
t ic it y whic h enabled them to subsist for a time at ,
least unaltered These were so to speak o a ses of

, .
, ,
prim aeval ci v ili satio n a n d h u man habitation under ,

’
the shadow O f the almost u n iversal forest w i th which

pre historic E ngla n d was clad How th ese territories
-
.
first spra n g into bei n g it i s di fficult at this dista n t;

period to decide Nor is it n ecessary for the scope
.
of th e present work to enqu ire too deeply ;

NO doubt various causes operated in ma n y wa y s
towards th e clustering of individual families Inter .
marriages th e attraction of a heroic nam e t h e

, ,
subj ugation of the weak by th e stro n g and many ,
other ways readily suggest them selves to our c o n

siderat i on as a n ciently operating in this way To .
~
them succeeds the transitional or secondary period ,

.
wh en the gro u ps of h omesteads and v i llages thu s ,
united each to other by friendship kinship or acc i den t , ,
o u rn a l of t ire B rit t s/r A rcfi a o log ra l A sso c a lio z z v o l xl

' ' '
j
’
z z , . .
,
1 884 . A n U n p ubl ish e d M S L ist o f so m e e a rly T e rrit o ria L

“
.
Na m es in E ngl a n d by W de G Birc h , . . .
I O DO M E SD AY BO O K .
o flocality made t hem selves feared a n d recogn ised

,
a broad and for co n venience s sake received peculiar

’
, ,
and appropriate d esignat i ons by wh i c h each gro u p

t h us constituted was kn own to those w h o had need
of i ts i ntercourse availed themselves of i ts protection
, ,
o r dreaded i ts ravages W e m ay by means of a record

.
,
wh ich was acc i dently discovered only two years ago ,
t race even in present names t h e echoes of the early

names of some at least of t h ese prim aeval areas .
Th e m an uscript t o which I refer i s of th e late tenth

o r early ele v enth century wr i tten o n a fly leaf in a ,
“ ”
copy of [E lfric s L atin Grammar for th e use O f
’
,
A nglo Saxon students

-
Spelman Kemble G al e.
, , ,
Pearso n and ot h er wr i ters have pr i nted somewhat

, ,
s i m i lar lists of territorial names from late a n d faulty

L atin translations of this A nglo Saxon text but of all -
t h e manuscr i pts which I have b een able to trace th e ,
one h ere referred t o in the British Museum Harley

MS . foli o 6 o is th e oldest an d best text and
, ,
i ndeed th e o n ly A n glo Saxon c o p y F o m certa i n -

.
r
i n dicatio n s which tell their own tal e suc h a s, for

, ,
e xampl e the d ivision O f words at t h e wrong p l ac e

, ,
t h ere can be little doubt that this M S i s a copy o f a n .
O lder on e now lost I t appears to represe n t in it s

.
,
first place a memorandu m written down ab out t h e

, ,
s eventh or e i g h t h century by a n early surveyor or ,
c ommiss i oner of th ose tribes a n d the i r territor i al

,
or polit i cal areas by n o m eans all in existence in h i s

,
day w i t h w hi c h h e was m ore or les s p ersonally

,
acqua i nted In the Ven edotian C ode (pr i nted among

.
the anc i en t laws of Wales in t h e Record Com miss i on , ,
1 84 1 , p 1 8 5 8 VO J
. a manuscript wr i tten after
,
Table cont i nued

8 North Gy rwa
. 60 0 h ide s .
9 East
.
30 0
10 West W ix n a
.
30 0
11 . S p a lda 60 0
12 . W ige st a 90 0
1
3 . H e re fi n na 1 20 0
14 . Swe o rdo ra
15 . G ifi a
1 6 . H ic c a
1 7 . W ih t gara
18 . Nox gaga
19 . O h t gaga
20 . H w in c a
21 . C ilt e rn sae t n a
22 . H e n dric a
23 . U n e c u n g ga
24 . A ro sae t n a
2
5 . F aerp inga
26 . Bilm iga
27 . W ide rigga
28 . East willa
29 . West w i lla
3 0 . East Engle .
3 1 . East Se xe na
3 2 . C a n t wa re n a
33 . S uth S e x e n a
34 . West Se x e n a
Oft h es e we may fa i rly conj ecture t he followi ng

localities
1 Mercia or t h e e i g h t count i es of Gloucester
.
, ,
M A NU SC R I PT S U R V E Y O F A NC I E NT T E R R IT O R I E S . 13
Worcester Herefor d Warwick O xford Ches hi re

, , , , ,
Stafford a n d Salop , .
2 The Hu n dred of Woki n g

. The paris h of .
Woking the pri n cipal and epo n y mic place wa s in

, ,
Saxon times part O f the royal demes n e .
3 W. e s t e rn a I ca n n ot l ocalise .
4 The Settlers in the Peak la n d of D erbyshire

.
,
.
5 The
. regio n of R lm e t t near L eeds There is ,
.
”
still a village of B arwick in Elm e t t .
“ “
6 L i n dsey or the Parts of L i n dsey the L indo
.
, ,
O f th e A n to n ine It i nerary with Hatfield in the West , ,
Riding of Yorks hi re .
7 8 ,
The . F e n distr i cts of L i n colnshire Cambr i dge ,
shire and Hu n tingdonshire

,
.
”
9 1 0
,
The . Wee k s, now scattered thro u ghout
Han ts a n d Somerset o r—if o n e may follow the lat e

Mr J B Da v idso n —W eek St Germ a n s a n d Week
,
,
. . . .
S t Pa n cras in Devo n shire

.
,
.
1 1 Spaldi n g and its n eighbourhood

.
, .
12 W igest a I ca n not localise

. .
13 Perhaps the district of Har v i n gton in Wor

.
,
c e st e rsh ire a place sig n alised by the recent discovery

,
of Celtic a n d A n glo Saxon remai n s .
14 Perhaps Swerford in O xfordshire

. .
1
5 The Y eo v il district in D orsetshire
. .
16 Worcestershire the terr i tory of th e H uuic c a s

.
,
or H u ic c ii .
1 The Isl e of Wight

7 . .
”
18 Knook I n W iltshire
. Knoo k Castle th e .
,
ce n tre of th e area i s a n a n cie n t and very exten ,
si v e earthwor k O f great m ilitary strengt h an d im

p orta n ce .
1 4 D O M E SD AY BO O K .
19 . Ot
M oor a marshy tract of con siderable ex,
te n t in O xfordshire .
20 Wincanto n in S om erset sh i re with R oman

.
, ,
remains a nd the British fort of “

K e n n e w ilk in s .
”
Castle Th e first par t O f this word i s apparently
.
conn ected with the C a a o of Briti sh names ; the

latter with the territor i al nam e of H win c a
, .
21 The Chiltern range of chalk hills extending

.
,
across Eng land fro m Wiltsh i re t h rough the counti es ,
of B erkshire O xfordsh i re and B uc k ingham s hi re t o

, , ,
Suffolk i s probably too extens i ve a tract for these

,
settlers ; but th ere are two parish es of Chiltern or ‘
Ch i tter n in Wi ltshire which m ay b e identical with it

, ,
.
That of Chiltern A ll Sai n ts i s situated n ear th e River

Wiley a n d in t h e v i ci n ity of K n ook Castle referred
, ,
to at N o 1 8 ab ove . .
22 H e n dric a i s O f d i fficult ide n tification bu t i f it

.
,
”
may b e referred to He n dre that form enters i nt o ,
the composit i on of ma n y places in th e West O n th e .
oth er ha n d Henbury near Bristol m ay satisfy t h e

, , ,
conditio n s The u nion O f the British /z erz or izea rz

.
old with th e axon a rg or oy rzg is a n alogou s t o

( ) ,
S a ,
that foun d in other nam es as for example in Glas ‘
, , ,
t o n bu ry .
23 . may b e the g a or district ab ou t

U ne c u n g ga -
, ,
t h e River O n ny which i s a small stream in Sh ro p ,
shire runni n g i n to th e River Tem e

,
.
24 The A ro sae t n a point to th e lands on the con

.
-
fines of the River A rrow in Warwick .
25 For F aE r in a I cannot suggest any explana

.
p g
tion .
26 Bilm iga of which a varian t Birm in ga i s foun d

.
,
M A NU SC R I PT SU R V E Y OF A NC IE NT T E R R IT O R I E S . 1 5
.
in the British Museum Hargrave M S 3 1 3 f 1 5 b

,
.
, , . .
( a late copy of this early list of territories ) may ,
p ossibly refer to B i rmingham th e oldest seat of t h e ,
i ron manufacture in England alth ough u n noticed in

our a n ci e n t records but I am u n willi n g t o speak
“ ”
positi v el y as to its ide n tity The Billi ngs on t h e .
,
“
other hand like the Weeks n ow represent a dis
, ,
integrated o r never unified clan wh o have left

, , ,
traces of their eponymic h ero am o n g the place names

of many midla n d towns and villages scattered over
th e realm from Y orkshire a n d L i n col n shire to Sussex
, ,
from Salop t o Ke n t Far away t o the north th e

.
parish of Belli ngham in Northumberland O f the

, ,
enormous extent of upwards of twent y thousan d two

hu n dred acres chiefly moorland o n th e River Ty n e
, , ,
with n u merous remai n s of ancient c i rcular earth

works a n d fortification s in i ts vicinage o ffers itself t o ,
reaso n ab l e co n sideration in respect of this ancie n t

place n am e .
27 . W it h eridge Hundred in Devo n shire full o f ,
ancient vestiges m ay be conj ectured, .
28 29
,
T h e neighb ourh ood O f th e River Wylye
.
,
or W ily a n affluent O f th e great River A von and

, ,
eponymic of th e county of W i lts is probably that ,
here i n d i cated by East and West Wi lla Th e exten .

‘
s i ve district watered by th i s anc i ent r i ver glitters w i th

d i verse eviden ces of early settlement .
3 0 The rema i ni n g territories of th e East Saxons

.
3 1 The East Saxons ; 3 2 The m e n of Kent ; 3 3

. . .
The S outh Saxon ; a n d 3 4 The West S axons pre , ,
sent no difficulty ; b ut we cannot say that their early

extent given in the manuscript i s i n agreement with
, ,
1 6 DO M E SD AY BO O K .
th e sites ascr i b ed in later tim es to these respecti v e

desig n ations It is n ot u n likely t h at these e n tries
.
h ave b een interpolated by th e scr i b e wh o copied the

original list i n to th e bla n k page O f fElfriC s Grammar ’
,
with a vie w of bri n gi n g a l ist wh ich h e knew t o b e ,
a n tiquated u p t o th e sta n dard of his o wn tim es

,
.
A mo n g th e earliest forms of survey of indiv i dual

h oldi n gs w hich appear t o foreshadow th e compre
,
h e n s iv e work of th e D omesday is that of the land ,
o f Be a ddin c t u n ( w hi ch Kemble a n d Thorpe follow ,
ing h im i dent i fy w i t h B edhampto n in Hampshire

, , ,
called Be t a m e t o n e in Domesday but I se e no reason ,
w h y it should n ot be B eddi n gton in Surrey ) 1

con ,
t a in e d in a letter of D e n e wu lf Bishop of W inchester , ,
to K i n g Edward ab out A D 9 0 1 9 0 8 The L atin

,
. .
-
.
text is a faulty translatio n of th e A nglo Saxon origi n al -
b oth copied i n to the celebrated “

Codex W int o ~
”
n ie n sis or A n glo Saxon chartulary of Winchester
,
-
Cathedral Brit i sh Museum additional M S

, , .
f 96 b
. The A n glo Saxo n text is as follows
.
-
I c D E NE W U L F bis c e o p k yt Sae E A D W A R D E k y n inge

“ ’
m i n um h la fu rdae y m b paet land o n BE A D D I NC T U NE

Ou m fi rm dig to p ae t ae a t fc ae le n dae o n n ae
p ae ae p p
m in leof h aebbe ic m i ae t 6 a m h ip u m fun daen o n Illin t ae
c e a s t rae gae ae t gie ldra n gae ae t g ie n gra n aet hi e m ae

p
m id e a lrae ae st ae u n n u n h is m ae Eae t to bo c iu n nae pinn ae
de g e to bruc a nn ae Sp uISu m
Spa to lae na nn ae a pae
le o fu st bits .
onne his es lon a s h und f n t ig hi da and i s

p pa s eo o
1
Bo t h t h e se t
si e s a re in t h e dio c ese o f W in c h e st er .
”
2
C a rt u la riu m S a x o n ic u m , NO 6 1 8, 6 1 9. .
M A NU S C R I PT S U R V E Y OF A NC I E NT T E R R IT O R I E S . I 7
nu e a ll g e p ae re d a n d Ou hit aest min laford m ae to l aet

p u p es hit
a ie rfaelaea s an d m iO aetSn u m folce a bu ro d
A n d iC nu sae lf
p et
to ge
a ie rfae st rin dae paet a r m o n
S itSiSu n bi paes
’
A nd pae his pae n t r Sp ya e a dm o d
lic ae u nn o n p onn ae m in le of s io n do n bi yun nu fi rm

d ige pe t hit aeft e r pinu m de gae to pae rae st Opae aeft
D o nn ae i s paer n u irfae s p aes paes st ra nga
’
a gy fae n s ie
in t ae r lae fae d h ae fi S nigo n e a ltSh riiSru and fe Op e r an d

p
hund ae ndlae ft ig e a ldra Sp ina and fi ft ig p aepaera
butan parn sc ip ae and Spin u m pae 5 a h irda s habban
’
sc u lo n tiara 1s t pae n t ig e a ldra A nd paer is hun d .
e n dlae ft ig e a ldra s c e a p a j se o faen peO ae m aen

.
p A n d
t p ae n t ig fl ic c a a n d n aes pae r c o rn aes mare
p o n n e
paer p aes bisc e o p aes fae rm gae ge a rp o du a n d paer
hund n io go n t ig gae sa p enra aec aera .
p o n n e b iddaetS
pae b isc e o p
3 p a h i p an o n w i n t a n
c e a st rae tSae t t o aelm ae ssa n for G o dae s lufan and for
Sac rae h a liga n c iric e a n paet tiu pae re st 0 p ae lo n daes

,
maree n n e p illn fe for 6am pe h im Sy nc ti y nbae dune

h aes p aet n a tSaer n e pae n e t is God n e purfa o n c u nn a n
fo r pae rze p a n iungae on u rum daege for pa m pe a r ae p aes
Sp itS ae m ic e l Godes baebo dd pa m aen pa lond to peere
”
st o iSae e s e a ldae
g .
“
Thorpe s translat i on is as follows
’
I bish op 1
D e n e wu lf announce t o K i ng E a dwa rd my L ord con

cer n i ng the la n d at B edhampton whi ch thou wast ,
desirous that I should lease to t h ee Now then .

,
my beloved I have settled w i t h the convent at W in

,
chester both with Old and w i t h young that t h ey with

, , ,
all good will have granted m e to charter i t t o thee

‘
, ,
for thy day whet h er to enj oy i t or t o lease it as to

,
“
D ip lo m a t a rium , p . 1 62 .
th ee Sh all b e m os t d esirable Now of th is land there

.
a re seventy h i des a n d i t i s n o w all stocked ; an d

,
wh en my lord first let i t t o m e it was unprov i ded ,
w i th cattle a n d la i d waste by h eathen folk ; an d I

mysel f then prov i ded th e cattle a n d t h ere peopl e ,
w ere afterwards A n d we n ow very hu mbly grant it

.
t o thee N ow my b eloved t h e convent are desirous

.
,
that after thy day i t b e again given up t o t h e place .
Now of cattl e wh i c h the severe w i nter h as left there

, ,
are ni n e O ld oxen and a h undred an d fourteen O ld

,
s wi ne and fi fty wet h ers b eside s t h e sheep a n d sw i n e

, ,
w hich th e herds are t o have of w hi c h th ere are

,
twenty O ld a n d t h ere are a hun dred a n d t e n O ld

,
s heep an d s even serf men a n d t we n ty fl it c h e s

, ,
and
there was n o m ore corn there than was p ro vi ded
for t h e b ishop s sustenance A n d there are ninety
’
.
s own acres Now th e bishop a n d th e convent at

.
Winchester pray thee in charity for love of God and , ,
for th e holy church that t h ou w i lt not des i re m ore

,
l an d of that place b ecaus e i t seems t o them w i t h

, ,
reference t o thy b e h est that God s h ould have n o

,
n ee d t o accuse e i ther thee or u s fo r its diminut i on

in our day because of that th e comm an d of God
was very strong w h en thos e lands were g i ven t o th e
”
p lace .
the m ost part arranged in quatern i on s of four double ,
or eight leaves alth o u g h this arra n gem ent i s no t

, ,
invar i able The r ubbed a n d worn loo k of th e first

.
and last leaves o f the p ortion containi n g each county

a pp ears to i n d i cate that th e return s for th e several
counties were kept separate for some t i m e before

b e i ng b ou n d together in a volume as t h ey are now .
A ll the cou n ties however do not beg i n a separate

, ,
s h eet Cheshire for example a fford i ng an i nstance to

,
t h e contrary There are three lea v es smaller than

.
t h e others v iz : folios 4 2 7 6 and 8 1 There are

, .
, ,
.
also p i eces of p archment added to complete an entry

whi c h could not b e co n ta i n ed in th e space allowed
for i t O n e is a scrap cut O ff a page already u sed
.
and r u led w ith the li n es v ertical A n oth er folio 8 1 .

, ,
has been inserted in the wrong place for i t s h ould ,
com e between folios 8 2 and 8 3 .
T h e lines are ruled on t h e pages w i th what i s

called a dry po i nt an d on th e m argin as in many
, ,
other manuscripts of th i s and other periods m ay b e ,
O bser v ed minute holes made by a little p ric k w h ee l ,
or other instrument whic h was u sed as a guide t o

,
th e ruler The numbe r Of l i nes t o th e pages i s n o t

uniform but var i es from fi fty to fi ft y —
.
,
nine but t h e ,
wri ting does not always corresp ond w i th the line and ,
sometimes exceeds the number of th e lines ruled a ,
practice which has be e n t h 0 u gh t t o have been ,
followed in order to rectify any miscalculation of the

space allotted for th e e n tr i es .
The pages O f the m a n uscr i pt are d i v i ded i nto t wo

columns a n d perpendicular lines are ruled t o m ark
,
th e margi n s a n d central space b etween th e columns .

M A NU SC R I PTS OF T HE DO M ESD AY BO O K . 2 I
Bla nk pages s u ch as folio 1 2 6 clearly show t h e

, ,
method O f ruli n g which follows the usual st y le

,
employed by writers for a do uble column manuscript -

.
I n volume I I which is O f smaller dime n sio n s t h e

.
, ,
dry poi n t used fo r th e ruli n g has sometimes cut

through the vellum or ca u sed i t to crack
, .
The writ i n g i s very clear a n d beautiful the letters ,
bei n g all distinctly a n d separately formed th e o nly ,
diflic ult y which is experienced in readi n g would arise

from the co n tinual abbreviation s wh ich although very ,
numerou s indeed are very simple in character a n d

, , ,
except in rare instan ces n o a mbiguity could aris e

,
1
eve n o n this score I n a n other place will be fou n d a
.
list of the pri n cipal abb reviations a n d contractions .
There i s n o orna m entation or or n amental initial

letter and in this respect the Domesday B ook differs
,
from the great maj ority of m anuscripts ; but t h e

n ame of the county u n der description is written at
the head of each page in red ink an d a dash or ,
stroke of t h e same c ol oured in k is employed to

disti n guish cap ital letters in the text The n am es o f .
places are also distinguished by a red lin e ru n ni n g

throug h the m i ddle of th e letters which must not be ,
considered as ca n celling these words .
In several places addition s have been wr i tten o n

th e side and bottom margin s th e place at whic h they ,
are to b e i n serted being i n dicated by marks and ,
there are erasio n s a n d alterat i ons as for example at ,
folios 63 64 6 7 9 1
, , , .
Th e account of D omesday Boo k i ssued by th e

Royal H i stor i cal Society from which the foregoing
,
Se e p .
3 25 .
remark s are mainly derived states that t h e same ,

‘
scrib e was not employed throughout th e sur v e y s o f

“
D erbysh i re and Y orkshire an d t h e Feodu m R o t be rt i
,
”
d e Bru i s in foli o 3 3 2 b b eing n ot i ceably in a
, ,
di fferent h andwriting A t th e C ounty o f L incoln

.
,
h owever t h e or i ginal hand recurs

, .
T h e very character of th e handwriting which i s ,

“
techn ically called set m i nuscules has b een sa i d to ,
b ear but l i ttl e resemblance t o e i t h er t h e bo o k h a n d

or t h e C h ancery c h arter han d of the p eriod and m ay ,
with great probab i l i ty h ave b een introduced b y some

of the fore i gn ecclesiast i cs for writi n g was like other
,
ac q u i rements almost exclus i vely con fi ned t o the

,
c h urc h men w h o figured in th e court o f W i lliam the

C onqu eror . Som e h ave t h oug h t that t h e hand
wr i ting resembles a n Ital i an h and ; an d if thi s c o n
je c t u re b e correct that th
,
e scribes were i ndeed of , ,
that country i t i s quite p os s i ble t h at L anfranc t h e

, ,
L ombard A rc h b i s h op o f Canterbury w h om Will i am ,
of Malmesbury designated with th e compl i m ent o f

”
“
literatura p e rin sign is had superv i s i on o f th e work
,
of transcription an d employed sc r i b e s of his own

,
country t o execute it .
The fly leaves of t h e volume conta i n mem oran d a

of var i ous k ind s and dates made by th e o fficers of ,
the Exc h e quer ; and an extent of lands an d a n ,
inqui s i t i on (bot h original docum e n ts of t h e thirteenth

century) have be en inlaid o n on e lea f
,
.
Th e second volume of the Dom esday B oo k i s of

smaller si z e and contains fu ll reports for the three
,
extens i ve counties of Essex N orfolk and Su ffol k , ,

.
T hi s contain s four h undred and fi fty leaves of vellum ,

M A NU SC R I PT S O F T HE DO M E SD AY BO O K . 2 3;
m easuri n g betwee n 1 0 % an d 1 0 5 i n c h es on e wa y a n d ,
73 t o 6 § i nches the other The parchm

. ent i s mostl y
of a coarser Character an d t h e writing which i s b y
, ,
several hands a n d m ore cursive i s ge n erally large r ,
than that O f volume I The l ines are m arked in t h e

.
same way bu t are farther apart th e nu mber in 81

,
)
page varyi n g from twenty t o t w enty eight except in -
th e case of two leaves (folios 2 2 9 2 3 0 ) insert ed in ,
the middle of th e Norfolk survey wh ich have forty .
lines I n thi s volume the double column has bee n

.
aban don ed for th e s i ngle column The varyin g

quality of th e parchm ent a nd t h e freque n t change s
of the hand writi n g suggest t o th e describer of t h e
-
b ook for th e commemoration that the volu m e is ,
comp osed by bindi n g t ogether a quantity of separately

prepared return s rather than transcribing th em Ju st
, .
such a method would seem to have been acted up o n

in th e case of th e Exon D omesday which will be
described further The red coloured ink employed
is of a different kind from that i n the first volu m e and ,
is much m ore spari n gl y u sed There are also one or

.
two clum sy attempts at ornamental cap i tals but they ,
are of n o art i st i c value .
Th e date of the complet i on of t h e survey is g i ven

in the colop h on to this volum e as follows
A nno millesimo o c t o ge sim o sexto ab in c a rn a t io n e
domi n i v ic e sim o vero reg n i W ille lm i facta est ista
descriptio n o n solum per hos tres com i tatus sed etiam
”
per alios .
That is
I n th e one t h ousand and eighty sixth year from -
’
our L ord s I n car n atio n but th e twe n tieth of th e
,
Se e p .
54 .
24 DO M E SD AY BOO K .
re i gn o f King William this de sc cip t io n was made

, ,
n ot only th rough out th e t h r e e count i es but al so

throughout th e others .
The survey was p robably comm e n ce d in t h e y ear

10 8
5 a n
, d completed in 1 0 86 .
1
The whole that is the original work on the
, ,
sur vey the transcr i ption or fa ir copy a n d th e codi

, ,
fi ca t io n were completed in less than eight m o n ths

, ,
and t h ree of th ese e i ght were winter m o n ths .
Th e commiss i on ers appointed to make the survey

were to i n quire the following poin s t
The nam e O f eac h place ?

Wh o held i t in t h e ti me of King Edward t h e
Co n fessor ?
The present p ossessor ?
How m any hi des were in th e manor P
How many pl ough s were I n th e demesne P
H ow m any h omagers
How many v i llei n s ?
H o w many cottars P
H ow many free tenants ?
How m any tena n ts in socage ?
H ow much wood m eado w a n d pasture ?
, ,
Th e numb er of mills and fi sh p o n ds

Wh at h ad been added or taken away from th e
place ?
W h at was th e gross value in th e tim e O f King
Edward the Co n fessor ?
The prese n t value ?
1
E y t o n, re fe rre d t o by t h e R e c o rd O ffi c e desc ibe r o f th e
D o m e sda y Bo o k fo r t h e Ro y a l H ist o ric a l S o c ie t y
’
s co m
m e m o ra t io n .
M A NU S C R I PT S O F T HE DO M E SD AY BO O K . 25
An d how much eac h freeman or socman had and ,
whether a n y advance coul d b e mad e in the

value ?
A ll th is was to b e triply estimated —First as the ,
estate was h eld in the time of Edward th e Co n fessor .
S eco n dly as i t was b estowed by King William

, .
Thirdly as its value stood at th e format i on of the

,
surv e y a n d it was to b e stated if any increase could

,
be mad e in the value .
The i nquisitions of eac h cou n ty ha v i n g b een

severally taken th ey were sent to W i nch ester then ,
the capital city of the realm a n d were t h ere method ,
ised and enrolled as we now see them The .
codificat i on of the origi n al return s resulted i n the

formation of th e two volumes .
The first volu m e in folio co n tai n s the followi n g

counties
.1 Ke n t . Worcestershire .
2
. Sussex . Herefordshire .
3 Surrey
. . Cambridgeshire .
4
. Hampshire Hunti n gdo n shire
. .
5
. Berkshire . B edfordsh i re .
6 W i ltshire
. . Northampton sh ire .
7 Dorsetshire
. L eicestersh i re
. .
8 S omersetshire
. Warwickshire. .
Devo shire St a flo rdsh ire

’
9
. n . .
I O
. Cornwall . Shropshire .
1 1
. Middlesex Cheshire
. .
12. Hertfordsh i re Derbys h ire. .
13. Bucki n gham shire Nottinghamsh i re . .
I4. O xfordshire Y orksh ire

. .
1
5
. Gloucestershire L i n col n shire . .
In th e second volum e
Essex ; Norfol k ; Suffol k .
1
T h e b oo k covers in whic h the D omesday wa s
,
boun d wh en i t w a s deposited at t h e Ch apter H ouse ,
Westm i nster are still in existence a nd are carefully

, ,
preserved I n that depository Ru ss i an leather cov ers

.
were recently (perhap s i t m ay b e sa i d i ll advisedly ,
becau se th e old covers are part of th e l i fe and h i story

of th e b ook ) sub stituted for t h e O ld on es A fter th e .
tra n s fer t o the Public Record O ffi ce th e t wo volum es

were taken t o p i eces for th e purp os e of facil i tating
th e p h otographer wh o had b een entrusted w i th t h e
facsim ile reproduction of th e t ext by th e ph oto z inco
graphic process a process recom m e n ded only for it s
cheapness but completely unsu i ted for the accurate
,
reproduction of such a manusc ript as i ndeed all ,
processes must b e wh i ch re quire s ubs e quent m anu al

assistance by way of fi n i shing and correct i ng failure s
in th e action o f th e chemical s employed dur i ng t h e
progress of reproductio n .
Th e celebrated C odex A lexandrin u s in t h e O ld ,
royal collect i on of M SS in th e B ritish Museum

—
.
, ,
N O . 1 D V VI I I a copy of the fifth century of t h e

. . .
,
O ld and New Testam ents in G re e k p re se n t e d by C yril , ,
the p atr i arc h of C onstant i n ople as a right royal gift t o ,
K i ng Charles I in 1 6 2 8 was in like man n er taken

.
, ,
t o pieces by th e order of th e kee p er of th e ma n u

scr i pts w h en that preciou s work was photograph ed
,
through out u nder th e direct i on of the trustees o f th e

British M useum .
1
Ro y . H ist So c C o m m em
. . o ra t io n .
loc k s which was p laced in a large c h est

i n th e Great Treasu ry at We stm inster, also lo cked
w ith t h ree locks .
“
The external m easurement of th e Do mesday
”
C hest are lengt h 3 ft 2 5
, . 2 ft 1 in . .
,
h eight 2 ft 3 in
. The massive lid m easures 3 ft
. .
in by 2 ft 3 in
. . It was form erly secured by
.
three locks and a sm all compartm en t i nside h as an

,
a dditio n al loc k Th is c h est was b rought fro m th e

.
C hapter Hous e with D om esday Book itself t o t h e

Publ i c R e c ord O ffi c e .
DO M E S DAY BO O K . 2
9
C H A PTER IV .
C
D ES R I PT I O N OF T HE M A NU SC R I PT K NOW N A S T H E
A BBR E V I AT I O A ND T H E BR EVI A T E I N T H E R E C O R D
O FF I C E .
TH E A B E R E VI A TI O .
T HE as i t i s styled of D omesda y ,
Book i s also preserved among the Treasury M SS in .

,
the Record O ffice It i s as i t s nam e implies a n

’
.
, ,
abridgment apparently compiled early in the reig n

,
of Edward I .
The h and writing o f th i s manuscr i pt i s a fi n e

example of native ca i graphy
l
The capital letter s .
are i lluminated I n the margi ns of some of the

.
pages are circlets of gold i n w hi c h are co n ta i ned ,
heads or half lengt h convent i onal p ortraits an d

,
-
b u sts of t h e ch i ef tenants w h ose lands form t h e

,
subj ect of the pages t h us illustrated Pre fi x e d to

’
the text are leaves of vellum w i th six i llum i n at i ons ,
or pictures of inc i dents which occ u r in the l egendary

,
l ife of Edward th e Co n fe ssor These ha ve b een .
executed i n a somew h at r u de b ut s i n g u larly attractive

st y le of art possibly we are told not later than t h e
, , ,
2
reign of Henry I .
R o y H ist S o c C o
“
. . . mm .
T h e s i x i llum i nation s represent t h e followi n g

i n c i dents in t h e life O f t h e S a i nted Edward king ,
a n d confessor
Edward th e Co n fessor chargi n g Earl Godwin e

1 .
1
w i th causing th e death of A lfred th e k ing s brother ’
, .
2 Earl Godwine O ffers to prove his inn ocence by

.
o rdeal of eating a piece o f bread which has been

2
b lessed by th e ki n g .
Th e v i s i o n of the K ing of th e Dan es dro wne d

3 .
3
w h i le pass i ng from a boat o n b oard a s hi p .
4 Th e vis i on of th e S even S l eepers o f Eph esu s

.
t ur n i n g from their r i ght to t h e i r left sides thereby

“
p ortendi g war fam i ne a n d p estilence

n 4
, , .
5
5 Th e m
. iracle of th e Eucharist .
6 Th e legend of th e r i ng gi v en b y Ed ward th e
.
6
C onfessor t o St J ohn the Evangelist . .
T h e reprod u ct i on of t h ese i llu strations would b e

interest i ng not only for t h e hi story O f th e Sa i nt a s
d ep i cted in med i aeval ca lm s but also as a valuabl e ,
c o n tribut i on to the art wor k o f th e period of wh i ch ,
there i s yet much to learn .
“
L iv es Of Edwa rd t h e C o n fe sso r, Ed . H . R . L u a rd,
R o l ls S e rie s, p . 27 1 .
3
2
I b , p 2 72
. . . Ib .
, p . 2 15 . Ih .
, p . 2 73 .
5
Ib .
, p . 250 .
6
Ib .
p 2 76
, . . In t h e m a nu sc rip t m a rgi n a l re fe re n c es h a ve
b e en a dde d, by a near ly m o de rn h a n d , t o t h e p a ges o f t h e H is
”
t o riae A n glic a n ae D e c e m S e rip t o re s . E d T wy sde n , L o ndo n ,
.
f o l io ,
. 1 65 2 , wh e re so m e o f t h e in c ide n ts de p ic t e d a re a ll ude d t o .
3 1
TH E B E E VI A TE .
s o called B a i 1 anot h er abridged C opy o f

T HE
’
re a z e ,
th e D omesday B ook or i ginally was i n the o ffice o f

,
the Remembrancer of the Exchequer This the .

,
e arliest record we are told as regards subj ect matter

, ,
-
t ho ugh perhaps n ot compilatio n was removed from ,
this o ffi ce to the Record O ffice at the tim e of t h e

reconstruction of th e l a tter and i s th e subj ect of ,
t h e present notice It is in th e for m of a small

.
folio volume a n d still reta i n s i ts original oake n bind

,
'
ing w i th metal bosses A careful compar i son of th i s

.
text wit h th e printed copy of th e Exchequer

D omesday B ook in th e Public Record O ffice and ,
the Exo n D omesday reveal s th e fact that this i s a

,
v ery partial ab ridgme n t I n it we are told th e .

, ,
z iZ
’
/a n i the bo ra a rii a n d t h e stock of a nim a ls etc
,
’
, , .
,
a re om i tted The obj ect for which i t was comp i led

.
fo r th e u se of th e treasury of the E xch equ er is n o t

v ery apparent and i t cannot b e stated with certa i nty
,
t o what extent this reduction of th e text has been

carr i ed until a precise i n vestigation has been made
between the several records S ome idea however .
, ,
of the extensive abridgments and variation s m ay b e

gathered from extracts of th e beg i nning parts of each
1
D esc rip tio n in a n u n p ubl ish e d “ C a t a l o g ue o f R e c o rds
re m a in in
g in t h e O ffi c e o f t h e K ing s R em e m b ra n c e r o f t h e
’
”
E x c h e que r, p rint e d u n ifo rm w ith o th e r R e c o rd C o m m issio n
l
p ub ic a t io n s, bu t w it h dra wn . A co p y is p re se rve d in t h e M S .
d ep a rt m e n t of t h e Brit ish M useum .

volum e wh i c h have been pub l i s h ed i n t h e jo u rna l

,
of the Br i tish A rch aeolog i cal A ssoc i ation for th e ,
year 1 8 8 5 .
T h e manuscrip t u n der our n otice appears from ,
the character of the handwr i ting t o have b een mad e ,
ab out t h e twelft h ce n tury b ut there i s not s u fficien t

i nternal e vi dence t o determin e th e actual period of
th e preparation of the volum e I t d oes not appear .
t h at either th e A bbrevia z io or t h e B rea ia t e were ‘

,
noticed by Sir Henry Ellis w h en h e wrote hi s Intro

”
duction to D om esday B ook i n 1 8 3 3 T h e volum e , .
probably at s om e early p er i od of its fortunes formed

, ,
one of the literary treasures o f a Welsh rel i g i o us

establ i s h ment an d we h ave been t old in o ffic i al
,
places t h at there are reason s wh i ch sat i sfactorily

account for i t s appearance in i ts present place of
depos i t It i s cur i ou s to n ot i ce that anoth er D omes
.
day manuscript th e A ru ndel M S w hi c h i s describe d

,
.
,
in a sub sequent part of th i s work com es from t h e ,
celebrated C i sterc i an A bb ey of Margam in S ou t h ,
Wales .
A m i scellaneous collecti o n o f other s ubjects in

handwr i ti ngs of various dates i s scattered t h rough ou t
the v olum e A mong ot h ers t h e following
.
1 . th e fl y l eaf attached to t h e cover are t wo

On -
short prophecies by M erlin th e far fam ed A rt h ur i a n ,

-
Wi z ard t o w h om as i s only natural a vast n u mber

, , ,
of pseudo prophecies have been im p ro p erly a t t ribu t e d

-
.
2 A chronicle i n twenty fi ve pages especially

.
,
-
treati n g of Wales and Wels h m en It begins seezm a u m .

,
’
a rt em w ith the creation after th e m an n er O f a great

, ,
T HE BR E V I AT E .
33
m a n y medical histories an d co n cludes with these,
n otices of the year 1 2 8 3

David W a le n sis cum du o bus fi ln s u x o re e t
” “
fi lia bu s capt i sunt fraude n e p o t u m a nd 1 2 8 6 Com ,
b u stio do m o rum apud St ra t a m Flo rida m or St ra t fle u r

’
in Glam orga n sh ire .
3. Prognostications depende n t up on the day of th e
week o n w h ich th e rst of January falls in a n y year

a fa v ourite augury in E n gland .
4. A prophecy for th e year 1 30 2 .
5. A chro nicl e in seve n pages embracing th e ,
period between A D 6 0 0 a n d 1 2 9 8 Th ere are e n tries

relati n g also to Wales —as for example th e b uildi n g of
. . .
Cardiff u n der W illiam th e First u n der A D 1 1 8 1 ,

. . .
E difi c a t a est K e rdiv ia (Cardiff) sub rege Willelmo

”
primo . A D 1 298
. . D e sp o n sa t a fu it do m p n a A li n a
,
fi lia W ille lm i de Bre w e s J oha n n i de M o u bra y in villa

”
d e Swe y ne se etas p u e ri viii a n n o ru m The lady .
A li na daughter of W illiam de Bre w e s was betrothed

, ,
to J ohn d e M o ubra y at Swansea his age bei n g eight

, ,
years .
6 O n the fl y leaf before the text of th e D omesday

.
-
, ,
a pedigree of the Duchy O f Normandy from Richard ,

“ ”
san z pe u r to William the Co n queror a n d other
, ,
n otes . This appears to b e in the handwr i ting of the

scrib e who has written the b ody of the abridged
Domesday which fol lows
,
7 The n follows the ab ridged Domesday wh i c h i s

.
,
comprised in two hundred a n d fifteen lea v es or four ,
hu n dred and twenty n i ne pages The si z e of th e page

-
.
is t welve i n ches and a half by eight i n ches and a half ;

,
a nd the text occupies eight inches by four a n d a hal f
D
T h e returns or su rveys are made in t h e follow i ng

, ,
ord er of counties (which m ay b e compared wit h the

order ex hi bited b y t h e Exch equer D omesday)
-
Kent . H u n t in do n sh ire vel ,
S u dse x e . H u n t e do n e sh ire .
Sude re iae . Be de fo rdsh ire .
H a n t e sc h ire . N o rt h a m p t o n sh ire .
Be rc sh ire . L e de c e st re sh ire , e el
W ilt e sh ire . Le ic est re sh ire .
D o rse t e . W a re wic sh ire .
Su m e rse t e . St a dfo rdsc ire .
D e v e n e sc h ire . S c iro p e sc ire .
C o rn wa ille . C e st re sc ire .
M idde lse x e . D e rby sc ire .
H e rt fo rdsc h ire . Sn o t in ge h a sc ire .
Buc k inge h a m sc h ire , R o t ela n d .
a el Bo k inge h a m sc h ire . E o re wic sc ire .
O x e n e fo rdsc h ire . Lin c o le sc ire et Linde s e ie .
Glo uc e st re sc h ire . C lamores de E v erwic sh ire .
W ire c e st resc h ire . i n No rt re ding .
H erefordsh i re . E ss e x e .
G re n t e brige sh ire , e el N o rdfo lk e ,

e el No rt fo lc .
G ra n t ebrige sh ire . Su dfo lk e , a el Su dfo lc .
8 To th i s D omesday succeed sundry abridged

.
l
m e m o ra n da of the pedigree and possess i ons of th e
powerful fam i ly of Bre use or Bra o se and of the , ,
1
T h e se m isc e ll a ne o us m e m o ra nda w e ll w o rt h y o f p ubl i
a re
c a t io n ; t h e y w o u l d p ro b a bly t h ro w so m e n ew g l e a m s o f l igh t
u p o n t h e h ist o ry o f S o u t h W a l e s o f w h ic h t h is p erio d re q uire s

,
a ll t h e e nl ig h t e nm e n t th a t c a n b e bro ugh t t o b e a r o n it .
The bur i al p laces of t h e celeb rated sa i nts in England

-
h ave fre quently formed th e subject of early a nd

m edi aeval tracts There i s a n interest i ng tract of t h is
.
nature in the Walt h am A bb ey manuscript in t h e

British Museum , Harley, wi t h w hi c h t hi s may
be compare d .
37
C H A PTER V .
D ES R I T IO N O F
C P T H E A R U ND E L A ND C O T T O NI A N
M ANU SC R I PT S I N T H E BR I T I SH M U SE U M .
TH E A R UND E L MS .
T H E A rundel Domesday Ma n usc ript in the British

Museum Manuscript D epartm ent follows in order
, , ,
of classification after t h e A lbrem a z io and the B rem a z e

' '
’ ‘
.
,
L ike thes e this copy is abbre vi ated but not in t h e

, ,
sam e way It is a foli o volume (NO

. of the .
begi n n i n g of th e twelfth ce n t u ry co n sisti n g of ,
eighty— fi v e lea v es O f vell u m n icel y writte n in a n

,
elegan t style of n ative han dwriti ng It contai n s the .
ret u r n s for only twenty four co u n ties a n d is otherwis e

-
imperfect the abbreviation consi sti n g in the ma i n o r

,
th e omission O f notices of payments du e t o t h e ki n g .
But it has great value as an a n c i e n t text a n d should ,
be carefu lly collated with the Exchequer D omesday

in any future edition of t h at book I t has never .
been pri n ted The order of the count i es here i s the

.
same as that O f the B rea ia ze but t h e followi n g ‘

,
cou n ties are want i ng :

Ke n t Su ssex Surrey Hamps h ire B erkshire D erby
, , , , ,
' ‘
shire and after Rutlandshire follows only th e C im z a s

ez C o m iz a lus E bo ra ei A leaf is wanting b etween
‘ ‘
.
folios 4 7 and 4 8 a n d another between foli os 7 7 and

,
3 8 DO M E SD AY BOO K .
78 . The i llustr i ou s editor Gale,h as wr i tten som e ,
mem oranda concern i ng the su rvey at the beg i nn i n g

of the volume H e cons i ders the m anuscript i s a
.
copy of the A bbrevia t io or abridged D omesday B ook ,
of the Exch equer This A ru n del Manuscript formerly

.
b elo n ged t o the C istercian A bb ey of Marga m in

Glamorga n shire a m onastery wh ich has by i ts
, ,
e n forced d i ssol u tio n u nw i ll i ngly contributed many

,
oth er valuable h i stor i cal manuscripts and charters to

o u r natio n al collections in the M useum It is curiou s .
t o remember that th e B rem a t e as i s m e n tion ed in

'
t h e accou nt of t h at b ook al so com es apparently ,
from the southern part o f Wales ; A parallel edit i on

O f th e texts O f the A ll rem a t io B revia fe an d this
'
, ,
Manuscript would b e a v aluable appendix to the

Record C o m m i ss i on Ed i tion of t h e D omesday B ook
'
TH E C O T T ONI A N M S .
T h ere i s a very nicely written and nearly c ontem -
,
“
abr i dged copy of t h D m d S urvey of '
o r r e
1
p a y o e s a y .
the Coun ty o f Kent in the Brit ish M u se u m C otton i a n ~

’
M S Vitell i us C VI I I folios 14 3 —
.
,
. 1 6
5 T.he volum e
,
‘
.
‘
co n tain s as well a number of m i scellaneou s h i stor i cal

, ,
a n d literary pieces b ound up in th e same covers bu t

, ,
hav i n g little or n o connexion wit h one another I t .
w a s exh i bited t o the m embers of the D om esday

‘
C om m em oratio n a n d has been d escribed in th e

,
1 aeological A ssoc i at i on
j o urn a l of the B ri t ish A rch '
.
1
V o l 1 x li p 2 59
’
. . . .
T HE C O TT O NI A N MS .
39
This small a n d ha n dy roll was probably carried ab o u t

in th e pocket of an early p ossessor for it is m uch ,
worn at th e b egin n i n g an d has a few deficiencies

, .
A t first i t was in form of a roll but when i t passed

,
i n to the h ands of the collector of the Cotto n ian

L ibrary i t was cut u p i nto leaves or pages a n d i s n ow ,
i nlaid i n to fourteen leaves of whic h th e second page

,
or verse in each leaf is bla nk as would naturally b e the

,
case with a roll . The handwriti n g appears to be of

the e a rly p a rt of the twelfth century a n d not very
’
u nl ik e the small neat hand of the scribes who wrote
the Exchequer Dom esday The text agrees pretty

.
closely w i th that of the Domesday Book b ut i s ,
deservi n g hereafter of a careful collati on if ever t h e ,
Domesday B ook is pu blished with variorum n otes .
O f the late pap er copies manuscript extracts and

, ,
fragme n tar y portio n s of D omesday which occur in ,
manuscripts s u ch as chartularies registers a n d c o w c h e r

, ,
b ooks of religious houses I t I S n ot necessary here to

,
say a n ythi n g ; but there are several u n p u blished

docu ments of th e highes t importance in co n nexion
with the Domesday Book a n d contemporar y with its
,
era among the man u scripts in the British Museum

, .
This is rendered abu n da n tly e v ident from th e fact

that with i n a very short time a n origi n al record has
bee n fou n d of th e famou s Plea or L a w s u it which was
tried at Pe n e n de n Heath in Ke n t where i n is gi v e n a
,
s u mmary of the e v ide n ce taken in the year 1 0 7 2 re ,
ferred to in th e D omesday B ook concerni n g the la n ds

,
reclaimed from O do th e powerful bishop of B ayeux

, ,
by L a n fra n c A rchbishop of Ca n terb u ry o n b ehalf

, ,
of h i s see and of the m onasteries of S t A u gustine .

and C h ristchurch Th e early chron i cler Radm er o f

.
,
Canterbury a n d ot h er historian s d own t o a n d

, ,
1
incl u di n g th e Rev M r L B L arking th e latest . . . .
,
expou n der O f Kent i sh D omesday history have given ,
n otices of this great suit which also attracted th e ,
attention O f Spelma n a n d Wilkin s ; a n d W i ll i am

2
of Malmesbu ry p oints out the b en efic i al effects of
the decis i on arr i ved at on that o ccasion up on th e
Englis h Churc h B ut t o on e a n d all of t h ese wr i ters
.
th i s documen t n ow preserved among t h e Cottonian

,
M anu scri pts in th e Britis h Mu seum was u n ,
kn own The text an d som e further remarks o n

.
,
thi s relic will be fou n d in a s u bsequen t chapter 3

,
whic h deals with the historical poi n ts illu strated by

th e D om esday B ook O ther similar doc u me n t s .
doubtless will h ereafter com e to light t o reward

patie n t searches n ow that p ublic attention has been
so strongly d i rected t o the D omesday B ook an d ,
th ese records wh en recov e red and arra n ged in proper

,
order will form new and pec u liarly valuabl e illustra

,
t ion s of th e D omesday in th e ha n ds o f future

editors .
1 “
Th e D o m e sda y Bo o k o f K e nt (a fa c sim il e ) , w it h t ra n sla
t io n , n o t es, a n d a p p e ndi x . L o n do n , 1 869 , fo l io .
G e st a Po n t ifi c u m (R o ll s
’
se rie s )
2
, p .
70 .
Se e p . 29 3 .
C H A PTER VI .
“
D E S R I TI O N O F T H E
C P I NQ U E ST O F THE C O U NT Y O F
” “
C A M BR I D G E ,
OR TH E I NQU I S I T I O C O M IT A T U S
”
C A NT A BR I G I E NS I S, I N T HE BR I T I S H M U SE U M .
F I R ST am o n g the few manuscripts whic h b elong to

th e class O f pre Domesday surveys we must take
-
,
“
cogni z a n ce of the I n q u isit io Comitatu s Cantabri
” “ ”
g ie n sis or
,
Inq u est Of th e Cou n ty of Cambrid g e ,
which was published by Mr N E S A Hamilto n . . . . .

,
of the British Museum in the y ear 1 8 7 6 and u n der , ,
the auspice s of th e Royal Society of L iterature who ,
generously found th e means for defraying th e cost of

its publicatio n This is the origi n al retur n made by
.
the ju ra t o res or sw o rn s u rvey o rs of th e co u nty of

, ,
’
Cambridge in obedie n ce t o the king s ma n dat e
, ,
from which the Exchequer Domesday Book for

that county was afterwards compiled by the royal
secretar i es It i s much t o b e regretted as Ham ilto n
.
,
states that th e o n ly m a nu sc rip t l (British Museum

, ,
Cotton M S Tib erius A vi ) in wh ich thi s i mportant

. .
,
. .
docu ment i s k n own to exist has been i njured b y ,
t ime and n eglect a n d above all has lost several

, , ,
1
E x h ibit e d in t h e K ing s ’
L ibra ry on th e o c c a sio n o f the
Do m e sda y Co m m e m o ra t io n .
of i ts leaves T h e return is consequently defecti v e

.
a t i ts e n d T h e greater part ho wever has fortunately

.
, ,
come down to u s a n d th e text printed by the ab ove

, ,
m ent i oned editor w i t h great care for the first tim e , ,
an d in parallel columns with th e correspondi n g

e n tr i es extracted from the Exc h equ er Domesday
B ook contains abunda n t ev i dence that we have
,
in this very prec i ou s Cotton i an M S t /z e o rigi n a l .
so u rce from whic h the Exc h equer Dom esday of

”
C ambridges hi re was compile d “
I t i s singular .
,
“
wr i tes Ham ilton that s o i mportant a d ocu ment
,
s hould h ave been extant only in a s olitary m anu scr i pt
unpublished and exposed in consequence t o many

,
risks of bei n g lost or destroyed D oubtless numerou s .

,
h i storical and l i terary treasures still exist among our

a nc i ent m anuscr i pts whic h are unknown to stud en t s
and antiquaries But in regard to th i s particular

.
manuscript th e stra n ge part is that from the days

of Selden to thos e of Ellis—t h at is for a p eri od of
, ,
about two hun dred a nd fifty years —i ts ex i stence had

,
been known a n d i ts i mportance as eluc i dating D omes

,
day history unde rstood and i n part at l east ackno w

, , ,
”
ledged . Even t h e indefatigable Sir Thomas D uffus
Hardy late de p u t y k e e p er of the publ i c record s
,
~
,
has omitted all n otice of th i s ma n uscript from his

account o f t h e Exc h e q uer Domesday B ook th e ,
“
I n q u isit io E lie nsis and th e Exon Domesday
,
B ook whic h w i ll b e presently described i n h is ,
Descript i ve C atalogu e of Manuscr i pts Relat i ng to

”
th e History of Great Britain and Irela n d Vol I I ,
. .
Thus Mr Ham i lton although by no m eans pretendi n g

.
,
to h ave d iscovered th i s i mp ortant frag m ent, was the

wh o collected u seful mater i al s for a b i bl i ography o f

“ ”
th e D omesday B ook in 1 7 5 6 and R Kelham in 1
, , .
1 78 8 all well known a n d co n scient i ou s writers o n

,
th e D om esday B ook appear t o have b e e n stra n gely ,
i gnorant of th e tr u e and i mportant nat ure of this

manuscript E v en th e illustrious author and antiquary
.
,
Sir H e n ry Ellis whose indispe n sable I n troduction

,
”
t o D omesday B ook in two vol umes 8 vo 1 8 3 3 , , ,
( now ripe for rev i sion and republication n o t w it h ,
standing the unw i lli n gness of Canon Isaac Taylor

t o accept some p ortions of it ) and folio edition ,
“ ” ”
of Indices and “
A ddit a m e n t a 1816 forming , ,
Vols I I I a n d IV of th e Record Comm i ssioners

. . .
’
ed i tion of Exch e q uer Dom esday B ook connect ,
h i s n am e for ever w i t h th e great survey simply ,
pr i nts i n credible as i t may seem that portion of th e

, ,
Cotto n ian Man u script which relates t o th e m o n astic

land s of Ely a n d omits without even refere n ce or
, ,
m ent i on th e m ore valuable p ortion which M r

, , .
Ham i lton detected and fi rst ga v e t o th e world .
Even among modern a n d more critically disp osed -
writers M r Stu art A M oore wh o has worked at

,
.
2
.
,
the D omesday Book of N o rt h a m p t o n sh ire h as failed ,
t o d i stingu i s h these difference s .
p riva te h a n ds . W e bb wa s a sol th o r o f A Sh o rt
th e au A c c o un t
o f D a n eg e l d, w ith so m e fu rt h e r p a rt ic u l a rs re l a t ing t o W ill ia m
qu e ro r s S u rve y ,
’
t he Co n 1 75 6 .
1
Do m y Bo o k ill u st ra t e d c o n t a in in g a n a c c o un t o f t h a t
e sda , ,
a n c ie n t re c o rd a s a l so o f t h e t e n a n t s in c a it e o r se r e a n t ry
, p j
t h e re in m e n t io n e d a n d a t ra n sl a t io n O f t h e diffi c u l t
p a ss a g e s ,
”
w ith o c c a sio n a l n o t e s By R K e l h a m . L o n do n 1 78 8 8 vo
. .
, , .
2
I n A t /z en a u m 2 5 t h Ap ril 1 8 8 5 , , .
I NQ U E SI
' ‘
O F THE C O U NT Y OF C A M BR I D G E .
4 5
The manuscript from which Ham ilto n s text i s ’
taken a n d which so far as is still kn ow n is th e

, , ,
only remaini n g exemplar i s n u mbered Tib er i u s ,
A VI am o n g th e Cotto n ian Manuscripts in th e

British Museum Its contents are —1 A n early copy
,
. .
. .
“ ”
of the A n glo Saxon C h ronicle down to the year
-
“
9 77 . 2 A memora
. n dum entitl ed De p o rt io ne
,
” “
crucis reperta a Sergio Papa etc Notice O f a , .
,
”
portio n of the Cros s fo u nd by Pop e Serg i us 3 . .
Names o f the Popes who sent th e pal l to th e

A rchbishops of Ca n terbury from A ugustin e to ,
“
A nselm 4. The . I n qu isit io E lie n sis 5 The . .
”
I n qu isit io Comitat u s C a n t a brigie n sis which forms ,
the s u bject of these prese n t remarks 6 A v aluable . .
collection of copies of charters a n d early documents

relati n g to the mo n astery at Ely and a later chro n i cle ,
of E ngla n d from the rei gn of H a rda c n u t t o the

twe n tieth year of Ki n g Edward I I I A D 1 3 4 6 .
, . .
,
“
writte n in Fre n ch This I n quest of the C ounty
.
”
of Cam brid g e is co n tai n ed between fol ios 7 6 a n d
1 1 3 one leaf b ei n g lost between folios 1 1 1 a n d 1 1 2
, .
It is writte n o n vellum in double columns ab out , ,
thirt y o n e li n es to a page and in a fine b old book

-
ha n d of the co n cl u di n g years of th e twelfth century ,
ab o u t the year 1 1 8 0 Its pages are embellished w i th

.
elega n t capital letters in blue and red colours and ,
some O f the initials ha v e been occasionally or n amented

with the incip i ent fl o ria t io n which is a character i stic
”
of the man u scr i pts of that per i od Th e Ely Inquest .
,
or I n quisit io E lie n sis is in the same ma nuscript

,
a n d in the sam e handwriti n g b ut it has b ee n placed ,

“
before t h e Inquest of the County of Cambridge ,
4 6 DO M ESD AY BO O K .
an d t h us out of i ts true chronological order by ,
those w h o arra n ged the M S for b i nd i ng probably .

,
w h en it first passed i nto the p ossessi on of th e nobl e

founder of the Cottonian L ibrary T h is n ow occup i es
folios 3 8 —
.
7 0 of th e manuscript volum e .
“ ”
This Inquest i s i n dispen sabl e for the study of
the Cambr i dgesh ire D om esday an d i ts publ i cation ,
con st i tutes as Ham i lton truly states a real contri

, ,
bu t io n to h i stor i cal kn owledge He gives numerou s .
examples s h owin g how far the facts recorded in

,
the Domesday B ook at the Exch equer have b een

t h erein abridged or extended somet i mes imperfectly , ,
from th e or i ginal return .
We may h ere conveniently give a few ex amples

from t h e parallel column s of th e b ook t o explain the ,
“ ”
value of th e Inquest more clearly
[S T A PL E H O M H U ND R E D ]
MS . Co t fo n . Tiberi u s A . VI . D o m esday B o o k, v o l. I .
,
cf .
79 .
p . 1 g5 a , c o l . 2.
I n h o c h u n dr . E n isa m m u I n C h a uela i t e fi E n isa n t

s a rdu s I c a u e le io de co m it e l
a a no de ii
co r 1 b id 7 difr
r 7 XX
’
una m . Ii 7 dim i 7
‘
. . . XX . aE t ene t a c s.
’
P
ra é 7 ibi
. III .
1’1 .E ibi é P
. ra . .
7 . II . E ibi
. . su n t in dfi i0 . 11
. b o rd
sa t in do m in io u illa n 9 . 1111 . Ch . I . cai . I bi . I . se ru 9
Sil u a S il ua P a st a
’
bo r . unu s se r . . XI I .
por . . XI I .
p o rE . ad
P a stura ad p e c uii u ille . LX . o .

p eé
'
u illae . Va l 7 u a lu it s ép
. 111 . m in 9 . XL .
por u n 9 ru n c 9 . XL . so l . Ha n c ’
t ra t e n u i t
9
I n ? t o t um ua l XL 5 0 1 7 qfi H e ru lf h O E ddeue da re 7
'
. . . re c e p
”
'
XL . so t . T R E
. . . . XL . so l H a nc u e n de p o t uit .
9
Pra m t e nui t h e rulf hom o aedin e
p u l c re p o t uit da r
e u e n de c ui
”1
v o luit .
1
Ha m il t o n , p . 11.
I NQ U E ST O F T HE C O U NT Y OF C A M BR I D G E .
4 7
It wi ll be seen that the D omesday Boo k in this pas

sage leaves out t h e in t e re st ing names an d the qua n tities
of sheep pigs and t h e h orse (ruu eiu us) Throughout
, ,
.
the manuscript names appellat i on s a n d quas i sur , , ,

-
n ames are frequently found which have been omitted , .
by the comp i lers of the Exc h equer Domesday Book ,
either for the sake of brevity or because they wer e ,
indi ffere n t to recording them not h av i ng been e n ,
j oi n ed to do so .
The follow i ng shows that the vaguel y ment i oned -
six so e/z em a u u i and one of them a lzo m o reg is of th e , ,
Exchequer D omesday B ook were entered in the ,
origi nal return as belo n gi n g to the i r respect i ve lords ,

“ ”
the Queen Ediva the fair A rchbishop Stigand , ,
Rob ert fi liu s W im a rc i Ki ng Edward th e Co n fessor , ,
and Earl A lgar The curiou s error i n th e Domesday .
value v iz 1 for L is also worthy of n o t i ce .

, .
, .
LE I A , ar w E RL A I H U ND R E D ]
Ia .
, fo l . 10 8 a . Ia .
, p . 19 3 a
I n h h u ndr O re uuella p 1111 I n O rdu u e lle t e ii R

‘
’
. . .
°
h se de t re 7m E t de h is . . . . c o m es . I . h id 7 1 . u irg 7
t en e t c o m es R o g g
'
u n i9
C 111
t
"
. 1111 . h . . u na m h 111 p ar n ir . T ia
7 Pc ia m p a rt e m u n ius I 7 t h in I n dfi io
'
7 i . n ir é ca f .
”
i c a rf 7 dirir é ibi fra difii h ida 7 ibi dirn c a i 7
’ ’
u irge
'
. . . . .
11 mi l l 7 I I I b o rd C B 1 c a f
-
'
D im id 8 7 dim idia h in do m i . . . . .
9
I bi u m se ru us 7 p m . 1 .
1 1 9 ad e
b o r q sq de v
. . . ac s . u n u s se r . Pra ca ? 7 nem s p e s re fi c i
t u rn 1 c a r? Sil ua a d se p es re fi c i . e n da s Va l xx so l Qdo
“
. . . . . .
I n f t o tu m ua I . Xx . so t 7 qfi re c e p re c e
p XXX . so l T .R E . 1 .
t effi iieiTv r
1
xxx H a ne H a n e i ra
‘
. so t t . r e
g u
l so l . so fid .
-
.
P t e n u eruiil V I : SOaI e m . a nn i 7 o
s ch i 7 da re 7 u e n de h a
9
ist o ru m fue i t h o m in e s e din o su it o t ue f. V 11 co x hO
-
.
p
t reg is. E fuit

7 inu ua rdir
‘
H a bue run t . 11 .
p a r e s u irg e . Et .
”
so c h e ho m o s t ig a n di a r in u e n it uic e c o m it i .
c h ie pi Ha bu it u na u ir 7
p a r. u n iu s u irg e . Et 111 1 9 ;hom o
R o h t i fi lii W im a rc i t e nu it . I . u ir
7 Pc ia m p a r u ni
9
u irg e Et q
’
n P
9
hom o r e
. . t e nu it .
p a rt e s u n i
11 .
u irg e 7 una m inu ua rdu m in u e

9
n it ist e . Et . v1 . hom o co m it is
a l g a ri t e nu it u n a m n ir 7Pc ia p a r .
fii s ist i p o t ue f t
'
u n iu s u irg e Et o
re c e de T re s ist o rum so c h e T i e s ist o t; so c h o a a c c 6

m a nno
p p die t o rir
’
a c o m o da u it m o da u it p ci o t 9 R o ge rio
u iEe c o rir R o g e rio c o fii pp P p l a c ita
’ ’
p ic o tus . co m it i p pi su a
p l a c it a sua t e n e n da P o st o cc u t e n e nda s ; p o st e a o ccu
s e ru ie n t e s e uis it a at h o es it is 7
p a u e ru n t q, p a ue f e o s co m
re t inu e ru n t e o s Sin e liba t o re re t in u e P

ris su is sin e
'
c um f c
P
ris su is
q d re x i n de
°
n ic h lib a t o re .
7 re x in de se ruit ifr
9 ne 9
h a b u it .
q h a b e t sic u t ip p ic o t
e . h a buit ne e hf s iC ip s e
”1 ”
t est a t u r . u ic e c o m es dic it .
t hi s extract t h e con cluding paragraph i s a good

In
e xample of the reduct i on of words a nd convers i on o f
phrase s e mploye d by t h e drafters of the fi nal for m
O f th e su rvey , as seen i n t h e Exch equer D omesday
B ook .
I n th e spell i ng of the names of p erson s and places

t h ere i s a remarkable d i fference b etween th e In qu est
of t h e Cou nty of Cambridge an d th e Exchequer
D omesday B ook of t h e sam e county T hi s i s shown .
m ore at lengt h i n t h e follow i ng list T h e referen c e .
1
H a m il t o n, p 77 . .
“
I NQ U E ST O F T HE C O U NT Y OF C A M BR I D G E .
4 9
numbers correspond with the pages of Ham i lton s ’
edition
I NQ U I S I T I O N O F T HE C OU NT Y E XC I I EQ U E R D O M E S D A Y
OF C A M BR I D GE . BO O K .
A bb e ric us , 1 5, 1 6 . A lb e ric us .
A e h illus , 74 , 7 9 . A ch i.
fE diu a , 2 , 4 , & c ; E a diua , 1 4 ; . E dde u a AZide ua .
E diu a s 2 7 1 3 4 1 3 7: 85 0
A ibric u s, 16 .
A ldre dus, 7 3 .
Alg a rus, 5 9 .
A lg a rus C a p p e , 88 .
A lm a rus, 3 2 .
A l si sq uit re b il, 4 1 .
A lst a n u s, 7 .
A lure dus, 5 5 .
A lu ric us C a m p e , 3 9 , 4 3 .
A lu ric u s C e m p , 3 7 .
A n s c h illu s, 5 7 .
A sc e lin a , 5 3 .
Bo n dus , 4 7 .
Brie n t , 3 5 .
C o lsu e n u s, 63 , 67 ; C o lsue inu s, 63 .
E dric us , 3 7 .
E n isa m M usa rdus, II .
E rc h in g a rus, 8 7 .
E sga ru s S t a lru s, 2 6, 72 .
E t h s i, 7 5 .
E ue ra rdus , 9 , 10 .
F re de b e rt u s, 4 6 .
Fu lc o8 3 ; F u lc uinu s, 82
, .
G a lfridus, 8 .
C a l t e ra s, 14 .
G a ufridus, 5 , 13 , &c .
G e ra rdus, 3 9 .
'
G o dla m h , 5 1 , 7 1 . G o ll a m , Go ll a n .
G o dwin u s W a m b est ra ng , 54 . G o du in .
Go l d, 93 . G o ldus .
G urd, 5 5, 5 8 ; G u rdu s, 4 8 , 3 7 . G u e rd, G ue rt .
H a la rdu s , 4 8 . H e ra ldus .
H a ra ldu s, 2 2 , 1 9 ; H a ro ldus , 1 1.
'
H a ro ldus , H e ra ldus .
H o ru lfus , 5 0 . O rulfus .
H ug o de Bo le be c , 1 2 1 4 , . H ugo .
H u g o Pe de u o lt , 6 6, 77 . H ugo .
H ug o P in c e rna , 60 . H ug o .
L e fsi, 29 . L e p si .
L eo fll e d, 25 . L e fle t .
L esh usa , 8 3 . L e u e ne .
L im a ra s, 3 0 . L e dm a rus .
Nich o la u s I , . Nic o l .
O t o , 59 . O th o .
Pic o t us, I , 3 6, &c . P ic o t , Piro t us .
S a n ia , 62 . S a g e na .
S e ga ru s, 25 S iga ru s, 4 4
; . S ig a r .
S n e lling u s, 38 . S n e llin c .
T h o billu s, I . T o c h il .
T h o o ns, 2 2, 2 4 . To ch i .
T h urga rus, 22 . T u rg a r .
T o c h illus, 5 0 ; T o k illus, 3 2 . To chi .
T u rb e rt u s, 7 8 . T u rb u rn us .
T u rb e rt us, 8 6 . T u rb e rt us G o ding t '

s .
T urk illus , 5 3 . T o rc h il .
V lfu s, 4 2 ; V lfus fe n esc e, 90 . V lf .
U n fridus, 5 6 . H u n fridus .
VVa lde uu s, 5 8 ; W a lle u u s, 5 1 . W a lle f .
W a lleu u s, 8 3 . W a lle t e r .
W ic h o m a rus , 21 W ih e m a rus, 22 . W ih o m a rc .
VVig o nu s de M a ra , IO . W igh e n .
hVit h g a ri, 23 . W ig a r .
Thi s list s h ows caprice and i n attention w h ic h i s

n o t eas i ly to be explained All t h e var i at i ons are of .
the fore i gn scr i be of the E xch equ er M S who de .

,
p ended ev i dently to som e m easurable extent upon

, ,
his own peculiar phonetic di fferentiat i on It would.
almost seem as if he h ad wr i tten from dic t at iom

not from actu al inspecti on of t h e m ater i al w h ich h e
was conden sing Thi s ph onetic factor seriou sly in
.
t e rfe re s i n m any i nsta n ces with th e true etym ology

of place n ames ; and thi s to so great a n extent that
-
we cannot accept Dom esday forms of n am es of

place s as evidence of th e ancie n t form of th e words
unless they are supported by ot h er c ontemporary
examples of use .
DO M E SD AY BOO K .
53
C H APTER V I I .
“
D E S R I T ON O F T H E
C P I E X ET E R BO O K OR E XO N
”
D O M E S D AY ,
IN P O SS E SS I O N O F T H E DE AN A ND
C H A PT E R O F E X E T E R .
T H I S m agnifice n t manuscript which approaches ,
very nearly t o the Domesday B ook i ts elf in th e

pal aeography which its pages e x hibi t a n d which n ext , ,
to the D omesday B ook i s the m ost comprehe n si v e o f

,
“
all th e S upple m entar y records is called the Exo n ,
Domesday b ecau se it is preser v ed amo ng th e

,
’
m u n ime n ts charters a n d other m a n uscripts b elong

, ,
ing t o the D ean a n d Chapter of Exeter Cathedral .
I t was exhibited b y their permissio n in th e K i ng s ’
L ibrary at th e British M u se u m during th e rece n t ,
Domesday Commemoration a n d the peculiarly free , ,
bold Italian character of the ha n dwriting sh ows a

, ,
considerable resembla n c e to the writi n g o f th e

Domesday B ook in the Exchequer Sir Henry Ellis .
,
who printed the w h ole text as a n appendix to th e

1
Domesday Book has given a very exhausti v e notice
,
of this manuscript a n d e v idently exami n ed it with

,
the greatest atte n tion It has also formed the subj ect
.
of m u ch careful i n v estigation at th e ha n ds of the late

1
In t ro duc t io n to vo l . iv . L il/er Cerz s u a lis (Re c o rd C o m
m issio n ) .
Rev Robert W Eyto n M A R ector of Ryto n

. .
,
. .
, ,
Salop o n e of the m ost profou n d Do mesday sch olars

,
O f th is ce n tury In th e mai n body th e manu script

.
,
presents a survey of th e fi v e south western counties -
of Wiltshire D orsetshire S omersetshire D evo n shire

, , , ,
a n d Cor n wall It is supposed to co n tain so far as

.
,
it extends an exact tra n script of the o rigin a l refu rns

,
made by th e c omm issioners at the ti m e of prepari ng

t h e general survey from whic h the Exchequer D om es
,
day itself was afterwards digested an d com piled It .
i s curious that the arrangement of the counti e s in

Domesday B ook appears to b e sig n ifican t The .
fi n i sh ed work b egin s at the s outh east ern corner of -
England and works along towards th e sout h western

,
-
corner in a l i n e of what m ay b e termed the south

,
coast counties Thu s we have 1 Ke n t 2 Sussex ;

.
, ,
3
,
S urrey ;4 Ha m p shire ; 5 B erk shire
,
These fi v e ,
.
counties w e m ay fairly surm ise had a book re

, ,
sembl i ng in som e ge n eral characteristics th e Exon

, ,
D om esday which represented the i r group The next

,
.
five counties follow in th e order wh i ch th ey exhibit

as above in this Exeter m anu script Th e Exch eq u er .
D omesday arrangeme n t th en goes back to th e east

and comm ence s a fresh b elt or z o n e beginni n g with ,
M i ddlesex a n d H ertfordshire a n d embraci n g seven ,
cou n ties as i t run s along t h e m ap to Herefordshire

o n the west The remai n ing counties carry on th e
.
system of arra n gem e nt as will be shown in th e list o f

counties m entio n ed further o n in the chapter devoted
to th e hi story an d d escription of the D om es day
B ook .
The Exon Domesday i s a vell u m ma n uscript o f

“ ”
THE E X ET E R BO O K .
55
smal l foli o si z e and conta i n s fi v e hundred and thirty

,
t w o folio leaves or double pages Th e ski n s of which

.
:
it is composed vary in th e n u mber of leaves from on e

t o twe n ty The landed prop erty of each of the more
.
co n siderable te n ants b egins a new sheet a nd those of ,
almost every tenant a new page Ellis finds that the .
lands held by the same tenant in the three m ost

westerly cou n ties of these fi v e are gro u ped togeth er ,
the cou n ties follow i n g each other ge n erally b ut n o t ,
always in the same order I n like ma n n er the sum

.
maries O f la n ded prop erty in th e two contiguo u s

co u nties of W ilts a n d D orset are classed together .
A s in th e Exchequer Dom esday B ook a n d i n dee d ,
in most manuscript s of a n y great dime n sio n s of a .
character such as th e D omesday so also in thi s ,
i n stance di fferent transcribers ha v e evide n tly bee n

,
employed i n the executio n of th e di ffere n t parts of

which it co n si sts Ellis fo u n d a proof of this in th e
.
m ode of writi n g th e marks a n d abbreviat i o n s a n d ,
m ore particularl y in the contraction u sed for o f ,
which disti n g u ishes two i f n o t three ha n ds in a

, ,
remarkable ma n n er There i s also O ccasio n al

.
, ,
evidence in the m anuscr i pt itsel f that differe n t per

so n s Were at work o n the copying For e x ample at .
,
the b ottom of folio 3 1 6 are the words lzo e serzjosit

.
’
R iea ra us ; in folio 4 1 4 a n i n terp olation i n to the
t ext of t h e words u sgu e lz ue serip sit R
, The hand .
writ i ng and t h e colour of the ink o n fol i os 1 5 3 e a n d ,
4 3 6 e are di fferent from the rest of the m anuscript

,
.
T h ree leaves wh i ch contain entries relati n g to W ilt

s h ire hundreds are written u pon vell u m of a much
smaller si z e than th e other leaves o f the work and in ,
5 6 D O M E SD AY BOO K .
a h andwriting proport i onately smaller W h en the text .
of th e Exon D omesday was so opportunely pr i nted

b y Ell i s in 1 8 1 6 folio 3 4 7 was m issing an d there
, ,
w a s little expectation of e v er recover i n g the leaf

which had evidently been cut out of the book Th e .
recovery of i t is due to Mr W C Trevelyan who o n

. . .
, ,
the occasi on of arrangi n g som e ancient documents

am ong th e arch i ves b elong i n g to h is gra n dfather Sir ,
Joh n Trevelyan Baron et fortunately came upon t h e

, ,
1
missing leaf a n d promptly transmitted it to Mr R
,
. .
Barnes Chapter Clerk of Exeter w h o thus wa s as

, ,
fortunately as unexpectedly enabled t o restore i t to i ts

proper place in the m a n uscript From c i rcumstances .
(com mu nicated at th e time by M r Trevelyan ) w h ich .

,
atten ded th e d i scovery there i s reason t o b elieve that

,
th e leaf had b een in p ossession of his family at least

as far back as th e year I 65 6 but n o reason i s assig n ed
,
for the rem oval of th e leaf in th e first in stan ce .
The sheets or qu ires of which the Exon D omes

da y B ook con sists were b ound up in two volumes ,
ab out the e n d of th e fourteenth or begi n n ing o f th e

fiftee n th ce n tury and numbered bu t appare n tly ,
with out a ny particular system of arrangement a n d in ,
s o careless a m ann er w e are told that th e leaves

, ,
contain i ng th e description of la n ds of the sam e

t enants were freq u ently placed in differen t parts o f
th e work This defect was however remedied b efore
.
, ,
the pr i n ting of th e R ecord C om m ission edition by ,
Ellis by separati n g th e qu i res a n d r e arrangi n g th e

, ,
conte n ts in t h e order as th ey are n ow pr i nted follow ,
1
R e c o rd E ditio n, p .
“ ”
T HE E X ET E R BOO K .
57
ing as near as the matter would perm i t the plan of

, ,
the Excheq u er Domesday B ook and the whole was ,
re boun d in o n e volume as it n o w stands

-
, .
Fro m the exhaust i ve d escription t o wh i c h we ha v e

referred m a n y importa n t facts m ay be gathered
,
.
The co n te n ts incl u de n o less than three copies of

the I n qu isit io Geldi or Ta x atio n of the Hundreds
,
”
for the Da n egel d a tax originally i n stituted with a
,
v ie w of buyi n g O ff th e Da n es a n d not as K e lh a m l
, ,
declares t o defray the expenses th e king had bee n

,
at in compiling the sur v ey This idea is su fficie n tly .
refu ted b y the a m ount which th e tax prod u ced a n y ,
o n e cou n ty y ieldi n g m ore tha n su fficie n t t o m eet th e
e ntire costs of the s urvey Y e t it i s clear that th e .
tax was r a ised at the time of the s u r v ey a n d c o n

”
n e c t e d with it a n d that at least in these fi v e co u n ties

, ,
of the so u th west it was collected by the sam e

-
commissio n ers .
O f the three C opies of th is taxation th e last two ,

’
exhibi t o c c a sio n a l v a ria t io ns in substance in m ode ,
of expression in the names a n d order of the hu n dreds

, ,
.
The seco n d copy which w e may call B contains

, ,
n early all the matter of the first or A with som e , ,
margi n al or i n terlinear additio n s These additions .
a re incorporated i n to th e text of the th ird or C copy , ,
which in this respect appears t o b e a corrected ed i tio n

of the other two Th e subj oined is a specime n o f
.
this part of the work th e parts in square brackets,
being additions
1 “
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volum e i n d i cates th e order in whic h the content s

,
wer e arranged at th e t i me of ma k i n g
Q op in ic a t us S Regis
.
.
l
.
Terrae Regin ae M a t i dis

. h l 2 .
3
Terra Bo lo n ie nsis c o m it issae .
4
H ugo n is C o m it is .
C o m it is d e M o rit o n io 5
.
Terr ae ae c c le sia ru m in C or n ubia .
Terr ee episcopi C o n st a n t ie n sis .
G
Terrae O sm u n di episcopi I n S o m m e rse t a . .
Terra A bb a t issa Sa n ct i E du ua rdi 7 I n So m e

.
m e rse t a .
Terra G iso n is episcopi 8

.
Terra W a lc h e lin i episcop i

9 . I n So m m e rs e t a .
Terra Exonie n sis episcopi .
I n q u isit io G h e ldi . I n D e u e n e sira .
In Cor n ub ia . I n So m m e rse t a .
I n D o rse t a .
Terrae e le m o sin a ru m . I n D e u e n e sira et So m

m e rse t a .
Terra A bbati s H o rt o n e n sis .
T err ae C e rn e lie n sis A bba t iae .
P S c il ic e t .
2
M a u d w ife o f K in g W ill ia m I
,
.
3
I da t h e w ife o f E us t a c e E o f Bo l o gn e
, , .
, w h o die d a bo u t
A D 10 80
—
. . .
H ug h E . o f C h e st e r, A D . . 10 70 1 10 1 .
5
R o bert , E , o f M o re t a in e , in No rm a n dy , h a l f bro th e r
-
o f
W ill ia m I
—
.
5
O s m u n d, Bish o p o f S a l isbu ry , A D . . 10 78 10 99 .
7
S h a ft e sb u ry , D o rse t
—
.
8
G is o , Bish o p o f W e ll s, A D 10 61 10 88
—
. . .
9
W a lc h elin e, Bish o p o f W in c h e st e r, A . D . 10 70 10 98 .
“ ”
T HE E X ET E R BOO K . 61
Terrae M ide lt o n e n sis Abba t iae .
Terrae A bb o de sbe rie n sis A bba t iae .
Ade lin ie n sis Abba t iae In D o rse t a

1 . et So m e rse t a .
2
Terra A bba t iae de Bada .
T a u e st o c h e n sis A bba t iae 3

.
Bu lfe st re n sis A bba t iae 4

.
G la st in ie n sis 5
A bba t iae .
M ic h e le n ie n sis A bba t iae 6

.
A mo n g th e i n teresting p ecul i arities of t hi s text

must be noticed the frequent mention of the money
which was retained by the collectors (C o l/ealdra or ,
Co ng reg a fo res) in Wiltshire for their o wn u se These .
sum s vary in am ount ; such as for example t e n , ,

”
shilli n gs twopence l ess than twel v e s h illings four
, ,
pence etc but th e scale upon wh ich the remun era

, .
,
tio n was calculated i s n ot recorded I n th e Dorset .
shire i n quest these officers are m entioned three t imes ,
twice in cases of overcharge a nd once a s i mproperly ,
retaini n g the proceeds of the tax, as much as fort y

p oun ds out of a total county result of £ 4 1 5 8 5 9 5d . . .
In Devonshire the mo n ey which the co llectors re

,
t a in e d or received for emolume n t is more sy s t e m a t i

cally noticed Here the collectors styled fi g xza rz
’
’
.
, ,
or H u fl a rem a r mz seem in twe n ty four ou t of th i rty

'
’
~
, ,
o n e h u ndreds to have retained by custom th e tax

,
of one hide respectively t o their o w n use A t the .
end of the D evonshire Inquest the n ame s of th e ,
A th e l n e y, S o m e rs.
2
Ba th , S o m e rs.
3
T a vis t o c k , D e v .
Buc k fa stl e ig h o r Buc fe st re , ,

D ev .
5
G l a st o n bu ry S o m e rs , .
3
M uch e l ne y, S o m ers .
persons wh o t ra n sm it t e d t h e su ms wh i c h th e tax
'
'
realised to th e royal treasury at W i nch ester a re m e n

t io n e d
. They were W illiam H o st iu s and Ralph ’
de Pomario I n Cornwall o n the other hand there

.
, ,
is n o mention of th e tax collectors an d in S omerset -
shire two entries relate to t h ese o fficers .
The G h e ld i nqu est for Somersetshire i s of interest

for th e details which it contai n s respecti ng th e ex
penses of collecting and transporti ng the total sum
of 95 5 0 9 : v iz 4 0 3 for t h e carr i ers ; gs 8 d for hire
.
, . . .
o f animals th e wri ter m endi n g the bags a n d wax ;

, , ,
5 1 5
.
3 d not. accounted for by th e carriers .
A t the end of t h e account says Ellis is an abstract , ,
of the landed property of the powerful Benedict i ne

abb ey of Glastonbury in the four counties of Wilts ,
D orset D evon and S omerset ; a summ ary of th e

, ,
property of St Pe t ro c k s A bb ey in the cou nty o f

.
’
,
Cornwa ll a n enumeration of th e lands of Ralp h d e

'
M o rt uo mari and M i lo Cr i spin in W i lts ; a tw i ce

-
repeated account of th e lands of Robert fi lius G iro ldi ,
in Wilts D orset an d Som erset ; a n d th e Norman

, ,
Earl of M o re t a in e s land in Wilts D orset Devon , ’

-
, ,
a n d Cornwall .
It i s sat i s facto ry for t h e accuracy of th i s manuscr i pt

t o n ot i ce t h at up on collat i on of th e return s of th e
,
lands wh i c h form t h e great bul k of th e Exon survey

w i th t h e correspon di n g entr i es in th e Exchequer
.
D om esday B o ok Ellis found th at w i th a few tr i fling

, ,
‘
var i at i on s they coinc i ded He found indeed on e

, .
, ,
entry only in t h e Exon manuscript wh i c h has been

omitted in the Exchequer B ook ; this relates t o
th e manor of So t re bro c in D evonshire T h e Exeter .
“ ”
T HE E X ET E R BO O K . 63
boo k, h owever does not pro v e to b e complete in

, -
its contents ; o n ly o n e manor in W iltshire a very ,
imperfect series of manors in Dorsetshire o ne omis ,
s i on in Somersetshire n umero u s omissio n s in Devon

,
shire are poi n ted out by that indefatigable scholar

, .
I n Cornwall however every manor mentio n ed in th e

, ,
Exchequer Domesday Boo k finds a corresp ondi n g

entry in the Exon D omesday .
The names of the tenants in th e time of Ki n g

Edward the Co n fessor are far more frequently pre
Se rved in the Exon tha n in the Domesday B ook .
But in the systematic arrangement of the subj ects

, ,
the Ex c hequer Book i nd i cates a dec i ded preference

o v e r t h e D omesday Book of Exeter which g i ves
'
many proofs of its be in g the original from wh ich th e

former was compiled .
Two remarkable features of the ma n uscrip t still

remai n to b e described They are the li v e stock a n d
.
the nam es The Ex o n Book uniformly s u pplies u s

.
w ith additional k n owled ge t o that gi v en in th e

Exchequer B ook I n th i s respect it resembles th e
.
“ ”
Inquest of the C o u n t y o f Cambr i dge descr i bed
'
already in a n o ther part of the work Thus b oth th e .
'
E x o n a n d the Cambri dge County D omesdays bear

i ndepende n t testim ony as to the proper interpretation
to be placed o n the statement (in th e A n glo Saxon -
Chronicle in the Bodleian L ibrary at O xford but not ,
in any other copy of t h e Chronicle) that th ere was ,

“ ”
n Ot a n ox n or a cow nor a swine le ft that was
'
, ,
“ ”1
not set dow n in his writi n g Th i s wa s o n l y tru e.
”
A n g l o Sa x o n C h ro n ic l e .
-
A- D ° I O85 °
of th e man ors but incorrect of th e prop erty o f th e

,
p easa n try with whom o f co u rse th e ki ng had n o

, , ,
i mmediat e c oncern th ey bei n g dire c t lv respo n sible

,
only to their sup erior lord s The Exon manuscript .

,
then en u m erates th e li v e stock upon every estate

,
.
A n account i s rendered m ore or less accurately of , ,
th e n u mb er of oxen sheep goats horses and pigs ex

, , , , ,
a c t ly in th e sam e m anner as it is given i n t h e second
volum e of t h e Exc h equer Dom esday which contain s ,
only th e surveys of t h e three important an d exten s i v e

co u nties of Essex N orfolk an d S u ffolk The reason
, , .
for om itt i ng this enum erat i on in the sh ortened entries

of th e first volum e of th e Exch equer Domesday
B ook i s considered by Ellis t o b e that t h e live stock ,
was con stantly liabl e t o fluctuatio n da y by day and

year by year and therefore an en u m eration would
, , ,
be pract i cally u seless very soon after th e time w h en

th e survey was m ad e Inc i dentally t h es e facts t en d
.
,
to sh ow that the surveys of t h e three eastern count i e s

ab ove m ent i on ed (wh i c h s h ow also a m ar k ed var i a
tion i n d iction from that of th e fi rst volum e ) were
transcribed z fz f ull from th e original return s and thus
'
th e second volum e of th e Exch equ er D omesday

represents the unabridged condit i on o f t h e first stat e
’
of th e c omm iss i oners wor k .
Ell is w i th that accustomed i ndefatigable spir i t

,
wh ich ch aracterises h i s works h as tabulated a ser i es ,
of var i ant synonymou s express i ons i n th e Exon and

Exchequer D om esdays of w h ic h t h e follow i ng are
,
the most i mp ortant

“ ”
T HE E X ET E R BO O K . 65
E rro r: D O M E SDAY BO O K . E XC H E Q U E R D O M E SDAY BO O K .
A g ra . A c ra .
G a bl a t o re s . C e n so re s .
Sa c e rdo t e s . C le ric i .
re ddidit G ildu m .
g e lda ba t .
L e u ga . L e uc a .
M a n sio . M a n e rium .
M o lin u s . M o le n din u m .
D e n a rii . Num m i .
P a sc u a . P a st ura .
Ne m u sc ulu m . S ylva .
D ie q ua re x E dw a rdus T . R . E .
(t e m p o re re gis
fu it v ivus e t m o rt uu s . E dw a rdi) .
T a g nu s . T a in us .
D o m in ic a t u s R e gis . T e rra R eg is .
The second important peculiarity of th e Exo n

Domesda y is in the spelling of the proper n ames o f
perso n s and places Su ch for example are .
, ,
E x o x D O M E SD A Y BO O K . E X C H E Q U E R D O M ESD A Y BO O K .
Perso n s
U lw a rdu s W it e . V lw a rdus A bus l .
A bb a s de P re l io . A bba s de L a b a t a ilge .
A bb a s de A lie n n a . A bb a t ia de A de ling i .
Adre t . l
E dre d, E dre d .
Brist e c us . Bric t ric .
W i llie lm u s C a p ra . VVi llie lm us C h ievre .
R ilc h e t o na . C h ilc h e t o n e .
Bi ll a n da . W e ll a n d .
’
Pe dic c h esw e lla . W e dic h esw e lle .
I lleb e ra . L ilebe re .
Pa de n a b ia ’
. W a de n eb e ri e .
l i
G u na uit
“
. C lu n e w ic .
Th is a nd t h e fo ll o wing w o rd a re e x a m p l e s o f t h e c o n fusio n
o f t h e A n g l o Sa x o n b a nd P , by sc rib e s .
F
66 D O M ES D AY BO O K .
E xo n D O M ESDA Y BO O K . E XC H E QU E R D O M E SDAY BO OK .
In t h e last fol i o of t h e Exon D omesday B oo k are

t i tles of lands s i milar to t h ose which in most of th e
cou n t i es in t h e Exch e q uer D omesday B oo k preced e
t h e text of t he Survey .
T h e term D o m esday h as b een of som e difficult y

in respect of i ts sign ifi c a t io n 1
T h e A nglo Saxon .
-
D o m a s were la w s, or (lo o m s an d th e D o m oo e of 2
,
King A lfred w a s i f it actually existed a code o f , ,
laws It h as b een already sh own th at a Survey o f

.
th e eight h century exists rude and i ncomplete as i t ,
was A ccording to I ngulph A l fred had an In qui

.
,
sit io n an d Regi ster m ad e at th e t i m e of h is d i vi s i on 3
of t h e ki ngdo m i nt o county hundred s and t i t h i n gs ,
“
which was called from i ts place of dep os i t t h e R oll
, ,
” “ ”
of Winch ester Th e term D o o m sday
. m ay n o ,
doubt owe som et hi ng t o t h e D o s/z oo : for th e c o n

,
struct i on of th e nam e b ut we must rem emb er that ,
i t b ears in i ts coloph on th e titl e of D eserzp fz o I

'
have foun d am o n g t h e ori gi n al c h arters of W il

4
l iam th e Conqu eror in possession of th e dean a n d ,
chapter of Westmi n ster on e with a fr a gm e n tary seal ,
( No xx i v granting to th e abb ot of S Peter s ’

. . t .
,
We stminster eight hides of t h e manor of Pirifo rd

, ,
i n th e Crown d emesn e of th e Forest of Wi n dsor ,
free from soo t and o usfo m and th e cens us p eo w z zoz

'
, , ,
”
qu ae g eld v o c a t u r a n glice attested by William bisho p , ,
“
of Durham (A D 1 0 8 6 p ost
. . t o t ius
T h e A ng l o S a x o n G o sp e l s u se t h e w o rds do m es d eg ,
-
t ” x
d in Ma t t x i 2 2 , 24 C d o ne da g , in
j g
u d m e n a ,
y 1 5 , . . . . .
-
t h e E c c l e sia st ic a l L a w s O f C a n u t e , c a p 2 5 , a n d in C m dm o n , .
10 4 12 .
2
D o m oo o -
o c c u rs in t h e l a w s o f K ing E t h e l st a n, ca p .
5, a n d
l esia st ic L a ws o f K ing E dg a r c a p 9
t h e Ecc , . .
3
But re a lly l o n g a n t e rio r t o A l fre d .
Birc h “
S e a l s o f W ill ia m t h e C o n q u e ro r
, ,
in Tra n s R o y . .
So c L it era tu re v o l x (n e w se rie s)
.
, . . .
ORI G IN OF T HE DO M E SD AY BO O K . 69
A ngl i ae . names by whic h the book appears

O ther
t o have bee n known are recorded by Ellis such ,
” ”
a s -
“
Rotulus W int o n ie or the Win chester Roll
“
,
”
S c rip t u ra Thesauri Regis or th e W riti ng of the
“
,
” ”
ki ng s Treas u ry L iber de W in t o n ia “
the Book
’
,
” ”
of W inch ester ; L i ber Regis th e king s book“
,
’
,
a n d so o n .Som e se e in th e word D o m esday a

m etaph orical D z es or j u dg m ea ! D ay others
'
a fi ber or B o o k of j u dg m en t s b eca u s e ,
it spares no o n e a s the great day of j u dgme n t a n d its

, ,
decision must be fi n al a n d w itho u t co n troversy .
The ter m is not m oreover restricted to this ma n u

, ,
script alo n e There were local surveys a n d recor ds

.
,
“
k n own in the early m edi ae v al days as the D omes
”
da y s o i Chester Y ork Norwich Ipswic h E v esham
, , , ,
W i n chester b etwee n A D
, 1 10 7 a n d 1 1 2 8 ; th e
. .
“
Domesday of th e n u n s of Haliwell ; the Domes
”
da y of Ralph de D ic e t o dean of St Pa u l s other ,
.
’
,
wise called the Domesday O f St Paul s A D 1 1 8 1 ; .

’
,
. .
a n d the B oldon BOO k of Survey of the Palatinate of
th e Bishops of Durham A D 1 1 8 3 , . . .
It has n o t been ascertai n ed at what p eri od th e

”
term D omesday was first applie d t o the sur v ey
“
,
which i s now u n iversally kn own by that n ame I .
hav e however fou n d among th e manu scripts in th e

, ,
British Museum a n early n otice of the M S un der .
that ide n tical designation a n d possibly there may b e

,
other n otices even older tha n thi s in wh ich thi s titl e

is u sed bu t they have escaped the close scruti n y of
,
Ellis a n d other writers on the Domesday Book .
Ellis i n deed declares that the book was always

, ,
disti n guished by this n am e .

7 o DO M E SD AY BO O K .
Int h e Royal L ibrary of Ma n uscripts in t h e B r i t i s h

Museum the folio M S 6 c xi a c o p y of the Ep z slo lee
’
. . .
,
of St J erom e which at one time belo nged to Thomas

.
,
Wolsey the u n fortunate archbish op of Canterbury

, ,
as i s attested by hi s sig n ature o n th e first page I ,
find a letter written by a certain William de Po t e rn a ,
or W illiam of P ottern a village near D ev i z es in , ,
W i ltshire t o R (probably R obert ) Pr i or of Bath

, .
, ,
”
sending hi m an extract from t h e L z oer de do m esda i
'
relating to Bath The date of th i s i s about A D 1 1 9 8

. . . .
Perhap s the wr i ter following th e pern i ciou s pract i ce

,
of his times had intended to cut th e part conta i n i ng

,
t h e letter only five l i nes out of t h e leaf for vellu m

, , ,
wa s scarce in som e places i n t h e twelft h century ,
and M SS as we know from m any i n stances were

.
, ,
often mutilated for th e sak e of blank pie c es of

vellum for th eir leaves I f h e had done so h e woul d .
,
h ave mutilated that part of th e text o f th e manu

s crip t which i s contai n ed o n th e other side It i s t o .
th i s compunction of the writer w h o i n tended to ,
wr i te lower down where t h e leaf i s blank on b oth

s i des but did not cut th e letter out w h en h e saw hi s
,
m i stak e that we owe th e preservation of this i nterest

,
i ng a n d early specimen of private correspon dence .
The text of this letter i s worthy of reproduction

9
K rii o D fio R Prior i Ba ifh
' '
. W i ll d e P ot n a sal t
. . .
'
I nu e n i i n libro d e do m e sda i q d v i lla d e Ba fh cum

e st o n a so le ba t g e lda re cum S ira de Su m e rset t
’
p x x . . .
hi d i s Sunt 7 in e a dé u illa xl m e sua gi a q re ddunt 1)

.
’
.
9 9 ’
vacu e 7 vn a dom .
9
i so l
’
quid a n t pres t enet duob B arones
' '
a
q m .
p ; 7 .
u in c ie h n t l n e a d villa L so l val t
p . . . .
O R I G IN O F T HE DO M E SD AY BO O K .
7 :
The passage referred to here by Wi lliam de Poterne

i s that which i s found on folio 8 7 a c o l 2 of . .
Dom esday Book .
Rex te ii E ST O NE Ibi si 11 h idae 7 gel d p una

'
. . . .
9 '
h i da T ra 6 x c a i I n dfi io E i cair 7 ii serui 7
.
‘
. . . . . . . . . .
vii c o libt i 7 xiii u illi 7 iii bor d 7 iii co t a r cu v

. . . . . . .
"
c a f Ibi ii m olini red d c de n ai
' ‘
L a é p ti ii a
. . .
7 7 . . . . . .
le il silu ae m in u t ae i n lg 7 la t Hae ii h idae fuer . . . .
7 s t d e d fiic a fi rm a burg i BA D E R E X te ii B A D E . .
'
T R E ge ldb 9 xx h id g do sc ira ge ldb I bi h f rex

. . . . . . .
lxiiii bu rgse s re ddt e s ii i i lib 7 q i?xx i 7 x bu rgse s

.
t
. . . .
a
.
al i o ;h du m r o d dt ibi lx sol i d Ibi h f rex vi u a st a s

'
. . . . .
9
d0 m I st u d burg u c u pdic t a E ST O NE red d lx lib ad
. . . .
n um e ru
7 u n a mark auri
. Fter hoc re ddt monet a .
E duua rd red d x i lib de B

9
.c . soli d . o io de n a rio . .
9 9
huj burg i D e ipso burgo e una dom a bla t a
. .
''
Hugo in t p re s t e n 7 u a l i i sol i d . . . .
It i s curious too that the precise time of m aki n g , ,
th e survey has been the subj ect O f great d i versity of

“
O pin i on Som e h ave quoted t h e
. Red Book of t h e
”
Exchequer in support of the date of A D l o 8 o , . .
,
wh ereas this valuable manuscript m erely states 1 that

the work of th e Dom esday was u ndertaken at a tim e
subsequent t o th e total reduction of t h is i slan d t o
the Norman aut h ority Matthew Pari s Robert of .
,
Gloucester the annals of Wa v erley a nd th e chro n icl e

, ,
of Bermondsey date th e record in A D 1 0 8 3 Henry

T h e A nglo —
, . .
“
of Huntingdo n i n A D 1 0 8 4 Saxo n , . . .
”
C h ronicle in a passage w h ich h as been quoted i n
,
another place attributes t h e order to commence the ,
t
A C E wa l d, ”
. . s v . .
“
Do m e sda y Bo o k , in E n c y c lo p Brit a n .
nic a , n e w e di t . vo l . vn .
p .
3 50 .
survey i n A D 1 0 8 5 Sim eon of Dur h am Florence of

. .
,
W orcester Roger de H o v e de n and Hemingford in A D

, , ,
. .
1 0 86 . Th i s year l0 8 6 tall i es wit h t h e m emorand u m

of th e complet i on of th e survey at th e end of th e
“
seco n d volum e A n no m illes im o o ct og es im o sex t o .
ab in c a rn a t io n e do mi n i v i ges i m o v ero reg n i W ille lm i

facta est i sta d escr i pt i o n o n solus per h os tres com i
” “
tatus sed et i am pe r alios T h e Yp o digm a Neu s
.
”
t riae an d Ralph de D ic e t o give the date of A D . .
1o 87 . It is u nfortunate that W illiam of Malmesbury

o mitted to g iv e a precise date t o h is otherwise v alu
able and critical accou n t of the tak i ng of the surv ey
“
Por v in c ia le sl adeo n u t ui suo subst ra v e ra t u t sin e ,
ulla c o n t ra dic t io n e primu s c e n su m omn ium c a p it u m

a g e re t , omnium p raedio ru m re ddit u s in tota A n glia
n ot i t i ae s u ae
p e r s erzp l u m a djic e re t ,
om nes libero s
h omines c uju sc u n qu e e sse n t su ee fi delit a t i sacra

, ,
”
mento a dige re t .
Ell i s h as arrayed several proofs that th e years

10 8
5 6 have b een correctly chron i cled as the tim e
-
when the wor k was carr i ed out and w e can n ot but ,
believe that b y th e multiplicatio n of subordi n ate

i n quests taken perhaps by the sheriffs of counties or
, , ,
other local officers previous t o and in ant i cipatio n of

th e comi n g o f the Royal Comm i ssion ers th e work ,
must have been completed i n a rem arkably short

space of tim e ; and that from a tran script or abridge
ment of t h e returns se n t in from t h e different
counties t h e great register wa s afterwards forme d
,
w h ich h as so long b een known by t h e nam e of

D omesday .
G e sta R egum e d H a rdy v o l 11 p

1
, .
4 34
, . . .
O R I GIN O F T H E DO M E SD AY BO O K .
73
Asfor the ori gin and obj ect of th e Domesday it ,
is not at all unlikely that W illiam th e Conqueror a n d

his adv i sers had in their minds some older pri n cipl e
of survey although that ascribed to Ki n g A lfred
,
was hypothetical notwith standi n g that o n e wr i ter

,
“
laments that the D o m e bo o k of A lfred so much ,
respecte d in Westmi n ster Hal l to th e time of

”
Edward IV has since bee n lost
.
,
The A n glo .
S axo n Chronicle gi v es the fu llest accou n t of the

proceedings o f the ki n g on the occasion at the com
m e n c e m e n t of the year 1 0 8 5 when the formation
,
of the sur v ey assum ed a practical commenceme n t .
Th e ano n ymous writer of that sole copy of the

Chronicle which is preser v ed among th e M SS of .
A rchbishop L aud in t h e B odleian L ibrary at O xford ,
records in simple and vigorou s la n guage the plain

fa cts which ha v e n ever been dispro v ed and allowi n g
,
somethi n g perhaps for the writer s evident dis

, ,
’
a pprobatio n of the king s proceeding we may ’

,
take it as presenti n g a very faithfu l n arrative of th e

wa y in w hich the work was first set o n foot He .
writes
1
Da to pa m m ide pint re paes se c y ng on Gle a p e
c e a st re m i d his p itan h e o ld ee r his hired v dagas
7 p
. . .
7 si d d an pe a rc e b isc o p
7 g e h a do de m e n h ae fde n
s in o d preo dagas D ee r paes M a u ric iu s g e c o re n to
.
b isc o p o n L u n de n e 7 W ille lm to No rdfo lc 7 Rod

. .
beard to C e a st e rsc ire hi paero n e a lle paes c y n ge s

.
c le re c a s A fter pisum h aefde s e c y n g m y c e l ge de a h t

.
1
A n g l o S a x o n C h ro n ic l e ,
-
ed . Th o rp e (R o ll s S e n ) ,
vo l i . .
p .
3 53 . F ro m t h e L a ud M S in t h e Bo dl e ia n L ibra ry ,
. NO . 63 6 .
and S pi de de O p e sp eece pid his p itan ymb e pis lan d

h u hit paere g e se t t o dde m id h pilc o n mann on Sen d e
. .
a ofer e a ll E n gla la n d i n to aelc e re scire his m e n

p 7 .
lett agan u t h u fela hundred h y da p aeron in n o n paere

scire o dde h p et se c y n g hi m sylf h ae fde landes 7 orfes
.
inna n pa m lande o dde h pilc e ge rih t ae h e a h t e to

.
h a bba n n e to xii m o n du m of peere sc i re E a c h e lett .
it n h u m c e l landes hi s a rc e b is c o p a s h ae fdo n
g pe r a y 7 .
his le o dbisc o p a s 7 his a bb o t a s 7 h i s e o rla s 7 peah

. . .
ic hit le ngre t elle h pze t o dde h u m y c e l aelc mann

.
h ae fde pe la n dsit t e n de p aes i nnan E n gla la n de on

. .
land e o dde o n orfe 7 h u m y c e l feos hit pae re p ur d

. .
Spa S py de n e a rp elic e he hit lett u t a sp y ria n p n aes an

’
.
aelp ig hid e n e an gy rde landes n e furdo n hit i s . .
sc e a m e to t e lla n n e ac hit n e pu h t e h i m n a n sc e a m e
.
t o don n e a n oxe n e an c u n e an Spi n n aes bely fo n

. . . .
n a s g e saet on h is ge rit e rit a

’
p ll aeron
p 7 e a e pa g e p p
.
”
b ro h t to h i m s dda n
g e y .
I n English t hi s m ay b e read as below

“ 1
A n M LXXXV T h e n at m id w i n t er t h e -
ki ng was at Gloucester wit h h i s w zfa rz and there

’
held his court five days and afterwards th e

archbishop a n d clergy h a d a syn od three days .
T h ere were Maur i ce chosen B ishop of L ondon and ,
William t o N orfolk and Rob ert to Ch eshire T h ey

, .
were all th e king s cler k s ’

A fter t hi s th e k i ng had
.
a great council and very deep speech wit h his z o z z a n

'
‘
,
about th i s land h ow it was p eopled or by what m en

, ,
t h en sent h i s m e n over all England into every s h ire , ,
an d cau sed t o b e ascerta i ned h o w m any hundred
(R o ll s
1 B T h o rp e
. . vo l. 11. p . 1 86 .
For example in th e Manor of Be rc h e h a m t h e

, ,
“
o riginal Inquest r e cords v i animai o o i xxxvi o . . . .
”
1 x 111 por
. XL VI I I capre that i s six b easts u m
. . . .
, ,
e mpl oyed thirty sh eep sixty four pigs forty eight

, ,
-
,
-
she goats no n e of wh ich fi n d a n y m ention in the

-
corresp onding passage in the Exch equer D omesday .
Th e original inquest and th e Ely i n quest contain in ,
like m ann er conti n ually entries purp ort i ng t o show ,

“
' ' '
the number o f a m m a lz a o oz o sa ; a sz fl a eu m p zello a sh e

'
“
ass wit h a foal a sz m
' '
ass es oa ves bullocks cap ree , , ,
sh e go a ts ; oozed mares som e ca m p ullz s with their

'
, , ,
colts ;og iz a ela zeda a lam e mare eo u z,stallions m a k es

, ,
l
a mule ; o ves sheep ; p o rea a s ow ; ra fl ez zz us a
'
, ,
“ ” “ ”
rosin a row n ey or pack or draught horse ;
, ,
p a l/i foals or colts ; w eed cows som e c u m

, , ,
with cal v es an d so o n .
Blacksto n e sees i n this record th e formal intro

d uction of legal feudal tenures a n ew policy n o t as , ,
s om e would ha v e i t i mposed upon a n u nw i lling ,
nation by the hars h ness of the Co n queror s m ethod ’
o f government but n at i o n ally a n d freely adopted b y

,
the general assembly of th e whole realm in t h e sam e

manner as other n ations o f Europ e had pre v iou sly
adopted i t upon the sam e principles of self security
,
-
.
O n th e clos e O f t h e survey which was brought to a n , ,
e n d the following year A D 1 0 8 6 t h e ki n g at S ar u m ,

. .
,
received the sub mission of all th e principal land

ow n ers t o the y oke of m ilitary t enure thereb y ,
b ecomi n g th e k ing s vassals a n d do i ng h omage and ’
1
R u n c ilus , in t h e E sse x D o m e sda y q uo te d
, b y Sp e l m a n ,
glo ss p
!
. .
4 93 .
O RI GIN OF THE DO M E SD AY BO O K .
77
‘
1 “
fe a lt y t oh i m a ffi rming as freemen liberi homines
, , , ,
“
by compact and oath that they were will i ng to b e
faithful to Ki ng W illiam their lord both with i n a n d ,
w ithout th e whole realm of E n gla n d Thus wa s .
acc omplished at once all over E ngland b y comm on

, ,
consen t of the responsible person s of th e ki n gdom a ,
p olitical chan ge which had rece n tly in France only

g rad u ally been bro u ght a b out by th e surrender of
allodial or free lan ds to th e k ing who restored them ,
to their owners in fee to be held by them a n d their

,
n ominees as crown vassals S ome con sider that th e

.
al most general conse n sus of historia n s in unify ing

the n otices of the survey and of the h omage per ,
formed to the ki n g i n dicates th e close relation which

,
th e two facts bear to On e another W hile others on .

,
th e other hand are of opinion that te n ures were in

,
u s e before the Norma n ad v ent an d that the evide n ce ,
afforded by the Domesday Book bears n o re fere n ce

to any simultaneous surre n der and feudal re grant in -
th e man n er alrea dy descri bed .
The appoi n tment of Commissioners (or L eg a t e as

'
th e Domesday Book calls these O fficers ) was the

n atural sequence of the royal order to prepare the
s u rveys .
For th e m idland count i es they were Remigius ,
Bishop of L incoln ; W alter Giffard Earl of B uck ,
i ngham ; Henry de Ferrers a n d A dam brother of ,
Eudo dapifer ; these probably associated t o their

side som e principal p erso n in each sh ire O ur .
1
T h is is b o rn e ”
o ut by t h e p a ssa g e in t h e G e st a R e g u m o f
\Villia m o f Ma lm e sb ury, w h ic h h a s j ust b e e n q u o t e d .
ac q ua i ntance w i t h t hi s pro c edure rests upon t h e state

ment in th e C otton i an M anuscript T i ber i us A X I I I .
t h e chartulary of Worcester M onastery comp i led by ,
Hem i ng the Worcester m onk in th e twelfth century

, , .
The antiquary Hearn e pr i nts this passage and als o ,
an other from th e sam e M S conta i ning t h e list of

j urors —local personages for t h e most part —fo r t h e
.
,
Hundred of O swa lde sla w in Worcestersh i re The , .
“ ”
I n qu isit io Com i tatus C a n t a brigie n sis ed i ted by ,
Hamilto n from another Cotton ian M S to which we

, .
,
have already drawn attention in a previous chapter ,
in l ik e manner records t h e names of t h e j urors for

t h e follow i ng h undreds in C ambridgesh i re : Stapleton ,
C a u ele ie St ane R a de sfe lda

, , Fla m e n c dic Ch i lde , ,
fo rda , W it lesfo rda , T rip e la ue , H ern in g e fo rda , W e rle ia ,

St o uu e, a nd No rdst o u ua
T h e several j ur i es c o n
.
s i sted of ab out eig h t or nine prom i nent local tenants ,

m ent i oned by name and i ncluded als o ,
probably ,
only as a matter of form omnes ali i franc i e t angl i

, .
So too th e
, ,
E lien sis after t h e preambl e ,
sett i ng forth t h e obj ect of th e Inquest tabulated the

j urors accord i n g t o the h un dreds o f z—St a p le h o u
,
Canelai St a n a s E rninge fo rd T re p e sla u R a de felde

, , , , ,
Fla m m ige dic W it ele sfo rda W e de rla i S tou n Pampe

, , , ,
w o rda No rdst o uue C e st re t o na Ely (two h undreds)

, , , ,
W e dwine s treu and Bra de uu a t re (t wo h undreds ), a n d

-
O de se ia i n Hertfordsh i re .
The i nquiries t o w hi c h t h e C om m i ss i oners were

ordered t o d i rect t h e i r attention h ave b een already
m ent i oned in Chapter I I I derived from t h e Opening
_
.
,
words of the E liensis [ 6 i t} .
T h e obj ect of th i s survey ostens i bly, ,

O R I GI N O F T H E D O M ESD AY BO O K .
79
that every m a n s h ould k n ow a n d b e satisfied w i t h , ,
his rightful possess i ons and not with i mpun i ty usurp,
the property of others But bes i des th i s t h ose who

.
1
, ,
possessed lands had t h e i r exact political p osition and

liabil i ties in t h e state more clearly defined T h ey .
became the k i ng s subj ects or vassals pay i ng a yearly

’
,
tax by way O f fee h omage or land tax in proportion

, , ,
to th e amount and fertility of the lands th ey held .
By m eans of th i s sur v ey the king acquired an

accurate or tolerably accurate knowledge of the
, ,
possessions and revenues (as far as land went ) of t h e

Crown He obta i n ed also a very useful roll of the
.
names of th e respons i ble tenants ; ample means of

ascertaining t h e m i litary strength an d civil p o p u
lat i on o f the country, a bas i s for readj ust i ng the
incidence of taxation and a reg i ster to which those
,
whose titles had been u njustly w i thheld or might in ,
future b e called in question could appeal without ,
cavil at its test i mony .
Th e schedule of i n qu i r i es which were to form th e

bas i s of t h e task set before the Comm i ssioners was ,
o n the w h ole carefully ad h ered to by t h e p erso n s

, ,
w h oever they were who actually prepared t h e roug h

,
mater i als How these o ffi cers became possessed o t

.
t h e i mmense amount of i nformation w hi c h is so

closely digested in t h e Exc h equer Domesday B oo k
in so s h ort a t i me as we k now i t was acqu i red i t i s
impossib le to co nj ecture except o n t h e suppos i tion ,
tha t they accepted written ev i dence prepared by the

sheriffs bailiffs a n d other agents of th e great tenants
, ,
especially with a Vi ew to s i mplifying their labour .
B ut i t i s cur i ous t h at no evid e nce of t hi s nature h as

c om e down t o u s A n d i f t hi s h ypot h es i s b e n ot
.
,
accepted the only on e that remain s i s that a general

,
convention of the te n ants in chief h olding large or - -
small areas of land took place at which they all , ,
rendered oral testim ony o n oath before the Com , ,
m issioners w h o could not have personally exami n e d

, ,
even had they des i red t o d o so m ore than a very ,
small proport i on of t h e estates w h ich th ey describ e

an d estimat e .
The arrangement of th e contents of t h e b ook i s ,
generally speak i ng in th i s way Eac h shire is treate d

, .
separately w i t h the except i on t o b e n oticed prese n tly

, .
B efore th e t ext i s placed a numbered list of th e

principal landowners in the county —T he king first
in order ; following h im th e great church and lay ,
tenants ; th ese i n turn , followed in many cases by

,
s maller proprietors group ed i n classes as se rvie n t e s

,
” “ ”
regis,
tain i reg i s or e le m o sy n a rii regis
,
the ,
King s serj eants the K ing s Th eg n s th e K i ng s

’
,
’
,
’
”
almsmen & c , .
This ten ant roll i s followed by the Cla m o res and

-
or accounts of lands alleged t o b e h el d

u nj ustly an d claimed by others Th e man ors and .
“ ”
lands are arranged under t h e hundreds or corres ,
p onding county sub div i s i on s in wh i ch th ey lie and

-
th e particulars i n answer to t h e sch edul e of en quiries ,
o f wh i ch th e record was t o be a reply are set down ,
under each manor .
We may take for example th e prel i m i nary list pre

, ,
fixed to the Domesday Book for Norfolk as a very ,
good i llustration of th e system followed in prepari ng

th e syn ops i s of t h e contents It is as follows .
C O NT E NT S O F T H E DO M E SD AY BOO K . 81
I . W ille lm u s1
Rex .
II . E p isc o p us b a io c e n sis .
III Comes d e m a urit o n io

. .
I III C omes A la n u s
. .
v C omes Eustach i us
. .
VI Comes H u go
. .
VII R o be rt us Malet
. .
V I I I W ille lm u s d e W a re n a
. .
VI I I I Roger b igot
. .
X W ille lm u s E p isc o p u s
. .
XI . O sbe rt us E p isc o p u s .
XII . G o dric u s d apifer

X I I I H e rm e rus de fe re i
.
.
‘
.
é
XIII I Abbas de Sa n c t o Edmundo
. .
X V A bbas de eli
. .
XVI A bbas Sa n cti Be n e dic t i de ra m e sio

. .
X VI I Abbas de H ulm o
. .
X VI I I San ctus S tepha n us d e c a do m o

. .
X VI I I I W ille lm u s de e sc o is
. .
XX R a du lfu s d e be llo fa go
. .
XX I . R a in a ldu s fi liu s I u o n is .
X X I I R a du lfu s de T o e n io
.
XX I I I Hugo d e mo n te forti
. .
XX I I I I E u do da p ifer f
. a .
XX V W a lt e ru s G iffa rt
. .
XX VI Roger p ic t a u ie n sis
. .
XX VI I o .
XX VI I I R a du lfu s de L im e sio
. .
X X VI I I I Eudo fi lius Sp iruwic

. .
1
Th e c o n t ra c t io n s a re fi ll e d o ut in ex fe n s o in th is l ist , fo r t h e
sa ke o f g rea t e r c l e a rn ess .
XXX Drogo deb e ura ria

. .
XXX I R a du lfu s ba in a rdu s

. .
XXX I I R a n n u lfus p ip e re llus

. .
XXX I I I R o b e rt u s gren on
. .
X XX I I I I Petr u s V a lo n ie n sis
. .
XXX V R o b e rt u s fi lius C o rbut io nis

. .
XXX V I R a n nulfu s frater ilg e ri

.
XXX V I I T e h e llus br i tto

. .
XXX V I I I R o be rt us de u e rli
. .
H u n fridus fi liu s a lbe ric i

XX X V I I I I . .
XL H u n fridus de bo h un WLu
. .
X LI . R a du lfu s de fe lge re s .
XL I I . G isle b e rt u s fi liu s R ic h e ri .
XL I II . R o ge ru s de ram i s .
X LIIII . I u ik e llu s p re sbit e r .
XL V . C o le be rt us p re sbit e r .
XL V I E dm u n du s fi liu s pagan i
. .
XL V I I Isaac
. .
XL V I I I T o u uu s
. .
X L V I I I I J ohannes n epos W a le ra n i
. .
L R o g e rus fi lius re n a rdi

. .
LI . Be rn e ru s a rba list a rius .
LII . G isle be rt u s a rba lis t a riu s .
LI I I . R a dulfu s a rba list a riu s .
L III I . R o be rt u s a rba list a riu s .
l
LV . R a dbe re llu s art i fex .
LV I . Hago .
LV II . R a du lfu s fi lius Ha go n is .
LVI I I . V lc h e t e llus .
L VI I I I . Alure du s .
1 R a be llus, in t h e tex t .
The fact t h at the survey i s n either qu i te complete

’
in its n ot i ce of all te n ures liable to th e ki n g s tax ,
n or correct in always omitti n g the lands which did

n ot pay this geld h as been often me n t i oned Th e,
.
names an d exte n t of th e hundreds have u ndergon e

s ome changes which Ellis th inks great b ut they are
, ,
hardly g reater tha n the place nam es of the parish es

an d m a n ors themselves The works of the lat e Rev . .
R W Eyto n relati ng to th e Domesdays of S omerset

. .
,
sh ire D orsetshire a n d Staffordshire ; of the late Rev

, ,
.
W H R J ones for W iltsh i re n o t t o m e n tion others

. . .
, ,
equally valua ble as m odern treatises on this Re cord ,
will b e found to i n dicate cha n ges in the n am es of places

qu ite a s remarkable for th eir v ariety as are the nam es ,
of the hu n dreds through out th e book S ome m a n ors .
have b ee n tran sferred from on e h u ndred to a n other ,
or at any rate are n ow and for l ong time past ha v e

, , ,
b een thus dislocated O r p erhaps the case m ay b e

.
, ,
stated differen tly thus that th e places are entered ,
under a wrong hundred in th e manuscript A com .
p le t e li st of h u n dreds wap e n takes

(which take th,
e
place of hundreds in L i n col n shire Notti n gham shire ,
a n d Y ork as local sub di v ision s )

, rapes (in Su ssex ) -
, ,
an d last s (in Ke n t ) would b e a valuable a n d a welcom e

record of th e p olitical orga n isatio n o f th e land courts ,
but th is i s a work wh ich still remai n s to b e u nder

taken by a D omesday s tud ent Thes e areas take .
thei r n am e frequently from a tree a th or n a fo rd a , , ,
stone a di tch or dyke a lz/a w or lo w

, a m ound
, ,
o r tum ulus o r som e such natural feature but n ot to

, ,
th e exclusion of oth er promine n t or wid ely known

spots where t h e members of the hundred th e
, ,
C O NT E NT S O F TH E DO M E SD AY BO O K .
tax payi n g tena n ts could conveniently assemble t o

-
transact the matters wh i ch came w i thin their duty t o

determi n e .
Th e omission of th e four n orthernmost cou n ties

has b een frequently n oticed by writers Northum .
b erla n d Cumb erland Westmoreland a n d D urham

, , ,
have n o s u rvey recorded in the D omesday B ook .
L a n cashire does n ot appear under its proper n ame ,
b u t F u r n ess a n d the northern part of this co u nty ,
th e so u th of W estmoreland an d a part of Cum b er

land app ear in th e W est Riding of Y orkshire Th e
,
.
extensive part of L an ca sh i re which i s b ounded be

twee n the ri v ers Ribble and Mersey amo u n ti n g to Six
hundred a n d eighty—
,
eigh t manors goes with the sur ,

“ ”
v ey of Cheshire as Terra inter Ripam e t Mersham .
Part of Rutla n d i s described in the surveys of North

a m p t o n sh ire a n d L i n colnshire There are also other .
sim ilar changes in Cheshire .
The reason for the o m l SSl o n of the northern

co u nties is probably du e t o th e fact that Durham
a n d Northumberla n d had been laid waste and offered ,
little profitable attractions to the Royal Commis

sio n e rs The death in 1 0 8 0 by murder of W a lc h ere
.
, , ,
b ishop of Durham had been followed by a n exten

,
si v e vengeance taken for the ki ng by O do the p ower ,

1
ful brother of the Conqueror L a n cashire w a s n ot .
a separate county in the Domesday period Cum .
b erla n d a n d Westmorelan d were n o t as yet under
1 “
O c c a sio n e m de dit re gi u t
p ro v in t iae ill ins re l iquia s , q u ze
”
a liqu a n t u lum resp ira ve ra n t , fun dit us e x t e rm in a re t . W ill .
”
M a lm .
,
“
G esta R e gu m , p . 27 1 .
Engl i s h rul e ; t h e i r sout h ern parts t h en formed p a rt s

o f Y ork sh i re and h en ce t h ese parts are properly
,
i ncl uded in t h at w i de reach i n g county It w a s not

-
.
u nt i l t h e t i me of W i ll i am I I that they b ecam e subj ect

.
t h e English rule for accord i ng to M r E ald 1

’
to , , w .
,
t hese were h eld _ by the S cottish k i ngs as a fi e f o n

the final overthro w of t h e old k i ngdom of Strat h clyde .
“
The fact i s as we read in the Introduction to t h e
,
Pipe Rolls of C umb erla n d Westmoreland a n d D ur , ,

”
ham p i v t h at t h e u n descr i bed d i strict comprise d
,
. .
,
t h e earldoms of Northumberland a n d C u mberland ,
b oth depe n denc i es of the E n glis h Crown bu t n either ,
o f t h em merged in the general pol i ty of E n gland ,
w h ose kings did n ot i n terfere w i t h th e i n ternal c o n

cern s of either pro v i n ce .
N otw i t h standing th ese om i ss i ons t h e survey was ,
carried out wit h as m uc h care and exact ness as t h e

t i m es perm i tted an d h ence t h e great value of t h e
,
record fro m top ograph i cal an d terr i tor i al points o f

v i ew O f manors m entioned in the D omesday m a ny
.
,
have s i nce disapp eare d o n account of dep opulat i on

or absorption Manors we k now were created un t il
.
, ,
the statute of the eighteenth year of Edward I kn own .

,
from th e word s with wh ich i t

'
a s Q u z a E mp z o res
‘
—
,
com mences S om etim es n e w t h at i s p ost D om es

day —manors were formed by b e i ng taken ou t o f
-
.
,
others which were in existence in t h e Domesday -
B ook a n d st i ll p ossess m anorial character L o c al .
k nowledge and i n quiry will (as Ell i s correctly s h ows)

frequen t ly a n d m aterially ass i st researc h in t hi s par
(l
1
E nc y c l Brit . . M m e
. I.
)
I1T) “
D AT E OF THE D O M E SD AY BO O K . 87
t ic u la r I f t h e names of Roman cities in B r i ta i n

.
(as for
,
exampl e ,
V in o v iu m or V in o v ia in the
, ne i gh ,
bo urh o o d of B i s h op A uc k la n d co Durham , n o w ,
.
B i nchester Farm ) are t o b e sought a n d fo un d i n t h e

names of mere farm s , i t i s not to b e wondered at
that the nam es of D omesday man ors in so m e c a ses
have s h runk d own from human memory i nto t h e
fai n tly recogn i sable names of very small a n d insig
n ifi c a n t port i ons of land ; and the clipped an d d i s
guised appellation of a country lane a homestead o r , ,
a fi eld m ay n ot unfrequently perp et u ate the forgott en

,
nomenclature of a Domesday m a n or (itself in turn .
often named from a still more ancient property ) now

at le n gth shor n by t h e ruthless h and of tim e of i ts
, ,
pride its power and its political p osition

, , .
The early c u stody of this manuscript has recently

formed the s u bj ect of critical i n v estigation by Mr .
H Hall of the Record O ffice He fi n ds that t h e

.
, .
uncertainty which has always prevailed as to t h e

matter is a n excelle n t exampl e of the a lmost in
sup erable di ffic u lties encountered in pursuit of an
appare n tly simple piece of information co n n ecte d
with the practice of antiqu ity A y lo ffe Palgrave .
, ,
a n d Madox were unable to form any defi n ite o pinion

,
a n d the evidence which they were in possession o f
has been m erely repeated by later writers Mr Hal l . .
d iscusses three theories wh i ch he finds in vogu e '
among moder n scholars

1 That the manuscript was preserved in th e W in
.
chester treasury from A D 1 0 8 6 the completio n o f

, . .
,
the survey to a n i n defi n ite date n o t earlier than t h e

,
close of the twelfth century or eve n later , .

88 D O M E SD AY BO O K .
2 T h e statement s of Ingulph a n d t h e annalists o f

.
Burto n upon Trent an d B erm ondsey tending t o sh o w

- -
that the b ook was preserved continuously at W est

m in ster A n d .
3 That
. it was rem oved from W inchester t o W est
m inster at a comparatively early date probably ab ou t ,
t h e b eginning of t h e reign of He n ry I I .
Rej ecti n g th ese in tur n Mr Hall propounds a ,

.
fourth t h eory follow i n g th e actual practice of th e

,
Exchequer of Receipt as exem plified by existi n g ,
co n temporary records as the o nly cl u e to th e solutio n ,
of t h e di ffi culty The city of Winchester as h e j ustly

.
,
o b serves was th e capital of th e West Saxon ki ngdom

,
a n d o ffi cial seat of th e Court H ere were deposited .
“
the ki n g s h oard regalia plate a n d official records
’
, , , .
A m o n g the latter would b e th e standard work of

A lfred k n ow n as the,
“ —
D om bo o ”
a nd p erhaps , , ,
counterparts of certai n charters (which are express ly

stated t o have b een m ade in duplicate ) W il liam
1
.
th e Co n queror s mai n tena n ce of S axon l aws a n d regal

’
custom s j ustifies u s in b elieving that at any rat e ,
duri n g th e early Norman p eriod while the Royal ,
Treasury a n d official imp ortance of W i n chester c o n

t in u e d the D omesday B ook was n aturally deposit ed
,
i n t h e treasury th ere This h owever i n v olves con .

, ,
1
F o r e x a m p l e , in C o t t o n C h a rt e r, 11 2 1, a c h a rt e r re c o rdin g .
t h e a c t s o f t h e C o u n c il a t K in g st o n , A D 8 3 8, t h e fo ll o w in g . .
“
h o c c u rs D ua s u e s c rip t u ra s p e r o m n ia c o n sim ile s
p ra se q .
h ujus re c o n c ilia t io n is c o n sc rib e re s t a t u im u s, a l t e ra m h a bea t

a rc h ie p isc o p us cum t e llig ra p h is e c c e siae l C h ris t i, a lfe ra m E rg
A el/z e lw u lf iz e redz z a lz s scr ip t u ras
' '
lrer/z t
‘
et f eg es cu m e o rzz m .
“
F a c sim il e s o f A n c ie n tC h a rt e rs in t h e Brit ish M u se um ,
t ii la te 2 6, a n d A u g u st u s ii 3 7 z bz d p l a t e 2 7
’ ’
p ar . , p . , . .
C U ST O D Y OF THE DO M E SD AY BO O K . 89
siderat i on of the following points which oppose it .
Ing u lph implies (1 ) that there was a D omesday of

King A lfred preser v ed at W i n ch ester called Rotul u s ,
”
“
W in t o n iae ; (2 ) that the origi n al of the s u rv ey of
W illiam the Co n q u eror was pre served in the sam e
city a n d b ore a similar desig n ation a n d (3 ) that h e
co n sulted the Register o f Dom esday in L o n don .
Mr Hall belie v es that I n gulph sa w th e Domesday

.
Register as i t n o w exists at W estm i n ster whither

, , ,
it had migrated not so much beca u se W inchester

,
had at that tim e been displaced as a fina n cial ce n tre

in fa v o u r of the more co n venie n t S ite at W estmi n ster ,
but that th e Domesday followed the peregri n atio n s

of the Co urt whe n ever important bu siness was to
b e transacted th e original ro t ule t s usually remai n i n g
,
in th e W i n chester treasur y Thus W inchester still

.
remai n ed the headq u arters of the Treas u ry a n d th e ,
n ormal depositor y of the three record s m e n tio n ed
by I ngu lph Thus too D omesday Book would b e

.
, ,
frequentl y found at W estm inster a n d o n one of ,
th ese occasio n s I n gulph co n sulted its pages the ,
book itself afterwards retur n i n g t o its resti ng place -
at Wi n chester The Domesday M S has travelled

. .
,
Mr Hall states alo n g with the Exchequ er through

.
, ,
t h e eastern counties t o Y ork where it rested for ,
seven years .
Twe n ty years ago it was rem oved temporarily

t o Southampto n for the purpose of bei n g ph oto
graphed and o n that occasion it su ffered the in
,
calculable inj ury of b ei n g taken out of its c o vers

for conve n ie n ce of a second rate photographi c pro -
cess and reb o un d in a new fa n gled styl e Th e ol d

, .
bindi n g is part of i ts li fe history a n d certai n ly shoul d

,
90 D O M E SD AY BOO K .
never h av e be en p e rman en tly d i ssoc i ated fro m t h e

’
text I f we may accept M r Hall s conclus i ons as t o
. .
t h e practice of t h e Exc h equer c h a m bers (v iz t h e .

,
Exchequer prop er and t h e Exc h e q uer of th e B arons)

, ,
w h ich was elab orated i n i ts full perfection in the

reign of Henry I at i ts new h eadquarters of West
.
m ister and n ot Winc h ester (w hi ch ho wever still was

, , ,
u sed as a p erman ent place of dep os i t for treasure ,
regal i a an d records) th e k i ng s seal th e Domesday

, ,
’
,
Boo k (w hi c h was t h e constant compan ion of the

seal ) an d ot h er records passed from th e latter city
, ,
t o the former during the reign of He n ry I O n the .
“ ”
authority of the D ia lo gu s de Sc a c c a rio a n early ,
contem porary o ffi cial record i t appears that th e E X

,
ch equer was revived at Westminster duri n g the reign

of He n ry I I (after suspens i on SI n c e
. under t h e
auspices of N i gel bishop of Ely t he ex treasurer
, ,
-
o f King H enry I Th e o rig ina l _R_Q lls 0_f_ D omesday

.
_
were prob ably destroyed with other records when th e

c i ty was occupied and burn ed a n d th e royal treasury ,
d oubtless sacked d uri n g th e vary i n g fortun es of th e

c i v il war b etween th e Empress Matilda a n d Ki n g
S tephen in the eve ntful year 1 1 4 1 M r Hall would . .
sub mit that we m ay fairly accept t h e d efi n i te date

o f A D 1 1 0 8 or th ere ab outs for th e removal of t h e
'
. .
, ,
D omesday Boo k t o th e W estm i n ster Exchequer ,
where wit h probably rare exception s it passe d a n

, ,
u n event fu l career between the Thesaurus a n d t h e

Scriptor i um from t h at early year in the twelfth cen
“
tury dow n t o the time of M adox th e first a n d last
,
”
h istorian of t h e Exc h equer of the kings of England .
9 2 DO M ES D AY BOO K .
m arr i ed th e countess of Chester n i ece and h e i ress of ,
Th orold of Buge n h a le 7 1
11 W ‘ "
Th e forfeitures of a later day may b

.
e occas i o n ally
detected — ,in th e lan ds for exampl e — taken from , ,
G a m e lba r M e rle su a in and other Saxon chieftai n s of

, ,
th e N orth after the i r u n successful rising in A D 1 0 6 9

, . . .
Th e fate of W a lt h e o f earl of Huntingdon a n d

2
,
N orthampt on i s a well kn own i n sta n ce Many re

,
-
.
re se n t a t iv e s of t h e S axon families took s h elter

p
3—
alm ost th e only shelter a v ailabl e in th e clo i ster ,
wh ich was then as i n m a ny succeed i n g ce n t u ries th e

, ,
centre of all real progress a n d c u lture —the free

library th e public hospital the ever op e n refuge a n d
, ,
-
ready sa n ctuary th e school of art a n d desig n th e

, ,
4
bank th e baz aar the college a n d th e club
, , ,
.
S om e of th ese do u btless reappear as monks an d, ,
h ead s of religiou s establishme n ts ; for example ,
L e u ric abbot of P eterb orough w a s th e n ephew of

, ,
th e b enevolent an d i n telligent L eofr i c earl of Mercia ,
W a lt h e o f son of C o sp a t ric earl of Northumberlan d

, , ,
w a s abb ot o f the r i ch and fam o u s abbey of St .
G u t h la c at Croyla n d in th e fen cou n try Elsi abb ot , ,
of th e n eighb ouri n g m o n astery of Ram sey had b ee n ,
a favourite in th e courts of Edward th e Confessor ,
1
See so m e a c c o u n t o f th is p e rso na ge in I ngu l p h ’
s C h ro n ic l e ,
(E d Bir
.c h , W isb e c h ,
1883, a d fi u em
pp , . 1 1 2, 1 52 .
2 “
T h e L ife a nd T im es o f W a lt h e o f , by E dw . L ev ie n , in
J o urn . Brit . A rc h . v o l. xxx 3 87
.
p . .
3
Ne c ja m v ix a liqu is p rin c e p s de p ro g e n ie A ng lo ru m e sse t
in A ng l ia , se d o m n e s a d se rv it u t e m e t a d m o rt e m e ss e n t re da c t i,
”
it a e t ia m v o c a ri t Jo h n
'
ut A ug lz eu s e sse op p ro b riu m , o f
O x e n e de s, p 3 3 Th is is p ro b a b ly
. . so m e w h a t e x a g g e ra t e d .
B u ilder, v o l li p 65 3 . . . .
P E R SO NA GE S I N T HE BO O K .
93
K i ng Harold and Ki ng W illiam ; E t h e lw o ld abbot

, ,
of S t Be n et s Hulm e in Norfolk accordi n g t o J ohn

.
’
, ,
1 ’
of O x e n e de s had been Ki n g Harold s admiral ,
.
Thu s th e monasteries b ecam e the refuge of those

who represe n ted the i n telligence both political a n d ,
scientific of the Saxons at t h e tim e of their fall a n d

, ,
offere d a co ngenial place of sa n ctuary to those wh o

carried with them the b est remembra n ce a n d relics
of th e history of their co u n try .
A mo n g th e te n ants in the tim e of W illiam th e

Conqueror wh o h eld their land immediately from th e
ki n g a n d are ordi n arily k n own as z eu a u t s eu cap it e
'
‘
, ,
or chief te n ants there are many names of S axons , ,
a n d perhap s in some cases Da n es or A n glo Danes -
w h o had ma n aged t o bear the bru n t of th e cha n ge

witho u t total effacem e n t S uch for example amo n g .
, ,
“
those w h o held T R E in the tim e of Ed w ard . . .
,
th e Co n fessor are i , n
A iu lf th e C hamberlai n iri D orsetshire who had

, , ,
been uiceco m es or sheriff in th e tim e of Edward th e , ,
Co n fessor .
“
fE lde u a a free woman in B erkshire held in
, , ,
the ti me of Edward the Co n fessor .
Age m u n d in Hampshire T R E , , . . .
A ldred in W iltshire T R E , ,
. . .
A ldv i in S om ersetshire T R E
, ,
. . .
Al fhilla in Devo n shire T R E , , . . .
A lfi ldis her husband had held land in Wiltshire ,
T R E . . .
A lgar a n d A lric in Devo n shire T R E , , . . .
A lric in Staffordsh ire T R E

, ,
. . .
”
1
C h ro n ic l e , Ed E ll is (R o ll s ) q uo t e d in E ll is s
“ ’
.
,
p . x vn .
A lr i c , i n B edfordshire T R E ,
. . .
Alu e ua i n D evonshire T R E
, , . . .
A luric i n W i ltsh i re anoth er A luric in D orsetsh ire

, , ,
and a third in D evon shire T R E and so on through , . . .

,
the alphabet Th e t otal nu mber O f Saxon s of high

.
degree wh o are stated to h ave held lan d in the tim e

of the survey an d in t h e tim e of Edward t h e C o n
fe sso r eit h er of t h em selves by th e h usbands or in
, , ,
descent from t h e fathers or i n some ot h er mann er i s ,
n ot very great and probably falls far sh ort of th e

,
very small number of five hundred A m ong them

are z—Cri sti n a one of the s i sters of Edgar A th el i n g
.
s h e h eld la nd in O xfordsh i re a n d occurs twice as a ,
t enant in cap it e in Warw i cks h ire Crist i na w a s th e .
grandmot h er of Mat i lda t h e queen of K i n g Step h en , .
"
Sh e built a c h urc h i n the town of Hertford and
'
,
2
e ven tually becam e a nun in the fam ou s B enedicti n e
A bbey of Rom sey in Hants in A D 1 0 8 5 ,
D erma n ,
. . .
L un do nie n sis wh o was tenant in cap ez e i n M i ddlesex

'
‘
, ,
may h ave b een a Saxon W i lliam th e C on queror s .

’
ch arter grant i ng a hi de of land at G y ddesdun in

, ,
Essex t o h i m now preserved am o n g an d as o n e of

, , , ,
th e Corporat i on chart ers i n t h e Guildhall h as been ,
3
pr i nted . It i s a cur i ou s example of a c h ief tenant s ’
t i tl e t o h i s land .
Edgar A del i ng or A t h el i ng h eld land also in , ,
H ertfordsh i re b ut probably not earl i er t h a n th e

,
re i gn of W i ll i am as t h e h old i ng i s very small Elli s

,
.
’
t hi nks t h e C on queror s forbearance towards thi s
”
1
C h a u nc y H ist o ry o f H e rt fo rdsh ire p 2 5 6
, ,
. .
2
Ch ro n S ax a d a n m lxxxv
. .
,
. .
”
2 “
Th e H ist o ric a l C h a rte rs o f L o ndo n 4 to 1 8 84 No 2 , .
, , . .
W a lt h e o f, of Si ward t h e earl wh o h ad m arried

so n , ,
J udith n i ece o f W i lliam th e Conqueror an d suc

, ,
c e e de d to th e earldom of North u mberla n d .
Harold son of Ralph earl of Hereford h eld lands

, , ,
in ch i ef in the counties of Gloucester Worcester an d , ,
Warwick H i s father had marr i ed Goda or G e t h e

.
, ,
th e sister of Edward the C onfessor .
J udith ,the coun tess w i fe of W a lt h eo f betrayed h er

, ,
hu sband t o t h e ki ng in 1 0 74 Sh e held in oap z fe many

'
lands in many count i es ch i efly i n the eastern m idlands ,

.
O sbern b i sh op of Exeter held la n ds as te n ant

, ,
in eap z fe in th e count i es of Sussex S urrey Hants

'
, , ,
B erk s Gloucester a n d Norfolk

,
A cc ording t o
, .
Kelham h e was a ki n sman of K ing Ed ward the C o n

,
fe sso r and related also to Ki n g W illiam

,
H e suc .
c e e de d t o th e see of Exeter Marc h 2 8 1 0 74 an d , , ,
d ied in A D 1 1 0 3 I t i s interesting to n ote t h at

. . .
B i shop O sbe rn i s stated in th e D omesday account ,
of Crediton in D evon shire t o h a v e produced b efore

, ,
th e C omm i ss i on ers certa i n charters to sub stantiate

th e r i ghts of t h e Church S om e early c h arters re .
lati n g to th i s see ha v e b een publ i shed by th e lat e

Mr J B Dav i dson from a Cotton i an Roll i n the
. . .
,
Br i tish Museum .
O sbe rn s on of R i chard w h o h eld lands in eap z fe

'
, ,
I n Herefordshire B edfordshire W arwicksh i re S alop

, , , ,
a n d N ottinghamshire was an other of th e imp orta n t ,
survi vi n g tenants of the Saxon da y s H e i s identifi ed .
wit h O sbe rn so n of Richard S c ru p e a n d his pri n

, ,
c ip a l s eat was at R i chards C astle Herefords hi re a , ,
s tro nghold named after hi s fath er who had erecte d it , .
O sw a rd h eld lands in Wiltshire which h i s father

PE R SO NA G ES I N T HE BO O K .
97
before h im h a d h eld in ca p it e The sam e i s e n tered .
am o n g th e chief tena nts in Gloucestershire of the tim e

o f King Edward and in Y orksh ire he had held land
previousl y to the taking of t h e D omesday Survey .
O sw o ld a Surrey theg n held in cap it e in the t i me

, ,
of Edward the Co n fessor a n d retai n ed it , .
Ra v elin held o n e m a n or in th e time of Ki ng

Edward in Y orkshire which be retained at the time
, ,
o f the s u rvey .
S aiet held one manor in the time of K i n g Edward

in Bedfordsh i re which h e also retained
,
.
Siward the huntsman h eld land in O xfordshire in

, , ,
th e time of Ki n g Edward wh ic h h e i s also credited ,
with in Domesday B ook .
S t a rc o lf a Da n e was a pre D om esday tenant in

, ,
-
eap z fe in N orfolk w h o m aintained h is position in the

'
ti m e of King W ill i am .
S va in prob ably also a Dane held lands in Wiltshire

, ,
a n d Dorsetshire in the tim e of th e D omesday w hic h ,
i s e x pressly stated to h ave been held by his father

in the time of Ki n g Edward He also held landed .
property in Northamptonsh ire for h imself .
The Dane Sueno also called Sua n us Sue n us and, , ,
Sva n u s held as te n an t in eap z le in the cou n ties o f

’
1
Essex and Su ffolk Morant co n siders him (and is
.
prob ably correct ) t o ha v e been of Danis h origi n .
Ellis records the nam e of his father Robert which ,
occurs in 2
another place of the Domesday Survey ,
a n d Morant gives his grandfather s name W im a rc

3 fi ’
1 “
H ist o ry o f E sse x , vo l . i p . . 2 73 .
Vo l .
3
Vo l i p
. . . 15 5 .
S e e in de x o f H a m il t o n ’
s
“
I nq u is C o m . .
p . 2 20 .
H
S uen o had his castle at R a ge n e ia or R a ylegh in th e , ,
h u n dred of Rochford in the south ern part of Essex ,

.
The lands which h e held in the time of K i n g Ed ward ,
a n d reta i n ed u n der th e Norman go v er n ment passed ,
to his son Robert of Essex an d afterwards t o hi s ,
gra n dso n He n ry of Essex h ereditary standard b earer

, ,
-
t o Ki n g H e n ry I I This te n a n t in an exped i tion

.
,
a gai n st the Wels h about A D 1 1 63 abando n ed his . .

,
sta n dard a n d thereby contri buted towards the d efeat

,
of the king for which offence he was charged with

,
treaso n a n d being va n quish ed in a solemn trial by

,
b attle had his life spared but becam e a monk by

‘
, ,
royal command in t h e abbey of Readi n g .
A n other so n of Sue i n of Essex called Edwar d , ,
and hi s wi fe E de u a b oth occur in a n other part of

,
the D omesday Book .
I v o T a illge bo sc or T a ilbo is lord of Hoyland or

, , ,
i nh erited th e great possessio n s

of th e Saxon earls M orcar of Y ork and Edwin of
,
Warwick sons of Earl A lgar by his m arr i age w i th

, ,
1
their Sister L ucia I n th e chro n icle of I n gulph
.
,
th at chro n icler g i ves a lo n g a n d c i rcum sta n tial account

of his quarrels w i th the abbey of Cro y la n d L ucy .
,
the countess who had inh erited the possessions of

,
h er brot hers after the i r death wh i ch had bee n com ,
passed by t h e treachery of t h eir own m e n marr i ed , ,
after th e death of her first hu sb and Ivo Roger son , ,
of Gerold R o m a ra i n th e time of He n ry I a n d h ad
,
.
,
1
Ed W
. . de G Birc h in
. 1 883 , fro m t h e A ru nde l M S . 1 78 ,
in t h e Brit ish M useum th e l a t e r p a rt in the Sc rip t o re s p o st

”
Be da m , p 5 1 3 . .
I OO DO M E SD AY BO O K .
T urc h il s
’
brother G u dm u n d was under tenant t o ,
-
hi m for four h i des in Warwickshire .
Turgot and h i s mo ther held in cap ez o in B edford

'
‘
,
s hi re th e l a nd of the father wh o wa s a ki n g s thegn

, ,
’
.
T u rst in h eld land in cap it e in S omersetshire whic h

hi s fath er had h eld in th e tim e o f Ki n g Edward .
S iward t h e h untsman (another i mporta n t and u sefu l

,
occupation ) reta i ned in the D om esday Survey th e

,
land in O xfordshire w hi c h h e had held freely under

King Edward .
W lw i the h u n st m a n d i d the same in Surrey

, , .
V lc h e t e ll of Norfolk an d V lc h il of Y orkshire , ,
b elo n g also to th e class of sur vi vor tenants in ch ief -

.
So also must b e reckoned Vlf in Som erset sh i re an d

Vlf in D evonshire Y lga r in Hampshire ; V lm a r ,
a burgess of B edford U lsi in Hampshire ; V luie t

in D orsets h ire (perhaps t w o p erson s so named )
V lu u a rd an d Bric t ric in S om ersetsh i re W ado in
W iltshire ; A lwin e Wit in Ha m pshire W luin e in
S ta ffordsh i re a n d oth ers .
A mong t h e tenants in chief who are ment i on ed in

- -
D omesday B ook as havi n g succeeded t o property

h eld by th e i r fathers dur i n g the ti me of King Edward ,
n otice must also be taken o f V lu ric of Hampsh i re ;

'
V lu ric of W i lts (a large propr i etor ) ; V lu ric of D or

s e t sh ire ; V lu ric th e huntsm an of Hamps hi re and
, , ,
a n other huntsman of th e sam e nam e in D orsetshire ;

u nless indeed som e of t h ese entries relate to th e
, ,
sam e person w h i c h i s di fficult to b e dec i ded

, .
Ha v ing now gon e summarily throug h the names of

t h e p ro p rie t o rs o f land i n t h e time of the comp i lation
'
of the Domesday Book w h ose h oldings can b e shown ,

P E R SO NA G E S I N THE BO O K . 10 1
to have been held by themselves or their fam i lies in

the tim e of Ki n g Edward we may conve n iently exa ,
1
mi n e the equally important index o f persons who
are e n tered in the pages of t h e Domesday as holding
la n ds in the time of King Edward the Co n fessor a n d ,
through later years a n terior to th e formation of the

survey This i n dex i s reall y a list of th e Saxon land
.
'
holders of E n gla n d for we may assume that few

,
n a mes a n d those n o t important for their political

,
position or for the extent of their te n ures ha v e been ,
omitted by th e Commissioners who had it specially ,
in comma n d from th e ki n g to declare after stating ,

“
the name of the place who held i t in th e tim e of
,
”
Ed ward the Confessor Ell i s s exhau stive i n dex
.
’
occ u pies no les s tha n t wo hundred and seve n ty three -
octavo pages a n d probably th e total n u mb er of

,
e n tries allowi n g for th e combin i n g of differe n t

,
holders in th e sam e or different counties but having

the sam e n am e and allowi n g also for the probabl e
,
ide ntity of persons e n tered under nam es of varia n t

form wo u ld n o t fall far sh ort of eight thousa n d
, ,
whereas the same writer puts the total of Domesday

te n a n ts in cap it e i n cludi ng ecclesiastical corporations
, ,
as amou n ti n g scarcely to
A mo n g th e n ames which are co n spicu ou s in this
class of desp oil ed native landowners we m ay notice
the followi n g
A delric brother O f Bric t re c the b i sh op of Worcester
, , ,
A D 1 0 3 3—
. . 10 38 H e h eld in Herefordshire
. .
fE re fa st u s a Norfolk holder b etter known as

, ,
1
E ll is, I n t ro duc tio n , v o l. 11.
H e rfa st or A rfa st , b i shop of Elmham , in A D . . 10 70 ,
from w h i ch
place he rem oved th e se e to Thetford in ,
A D 1 0 7 5 a n d died nine years afterwards in 1 0 8 4

. .
,
.
A ilric a n Essex te n a n t wh o gave his manor o f

, ,
’
Kelvedo n to St Peter s A bbey Westminster This .
,
.
A ilric went to sea to fight Ki n g Will i am a n d o n re , ,
tur n ing to his o w n place fell ill whereupon he made , ,
t h e best of hi s necessity and gra n ted his land to the ,
a bbey ; an d t h e Dom esday expressly states that the

represe n tati v e s of th e abb ey h ave no charter to c o n
firm their right to the property El lis wh o fi n ds King .
,
W illiam s charter con firm ing the manor of Kelvedon

’
to Westminster A bb ey in the chartulary of that

monastic institut i on among the Cotto n ian man u
scr i pts i h the Brit i s h M useu m (Fausti n a A I I I , . .
,
f . wh erein it i s recited that A ilric s do n at i on of ’
the manor wa s co n firm ed by Ki n g Edward th e C on

fesso r considers that t h e trad i tional e v ide n ce recorded
,
by t h e Domesday B oo k i s refuted in thi s particular

as t h e chartulary goes It i s far m ore li k e ly how .
,
ever t h at t h e ch arter in t h e Cottonian manu script

, ,
like t h ose of Edward th e C on fess or and W i lliam th e

C onqueror still preserved in charter form am ong
1
,
-
th e archi v es of the abbey I s a forgery ,

.
A iulf of D orsetshire held land in th i s manor in

, ,
th e tim e of Ki ng Edward and conti n ued to hold the ,
same as u n der tenan t at th e t i m e of th e survey -

.
1
VV . de G . Birc h , “
Se a ls o f Edw a rd t h e C o n fe ss o r, in
”
T ra n sa c t io n s o f th e Ro ya l S o c ie t y , “
L it e ra t ure , vo l . x .
”
(se c o nd se ries) p , . 14 1, a nd
“
Sea ls o f W ill ia m t h e C o n q ue ro r,
z bad, v o
' '
l
. x .
, p . 1 6 1 , e t seq .
macy . was h owever depri v ed in A D

S tigand , , . .
1 0 70 b y th e sy n od h eld at W inchester H e held .
la n d pre v ious to the sur v ey J ohn of O x e n e de s .
states that Stigan d in va ded succe ssively the bishopric

of Winchester a n d th e arch b ish opric of Ca n terbury .
A ln o d Gild or C ilt an other h older of lan d before

, ,
th e s u r vey i s ide n t i fied wit h U ln o t h fourth so n of

, ,
earl Godwi n e an d younger broth er to King Harol d ,
whence the appellation of Cilt a n equivalent o f ,

'
C /z t o a word i n dicating th e royal blood of th e per

,
s o n a g e wh o b ore it
1
K elham finds that h e was se n t
2
.
’
i n to Normandy as a hostage upon God wine s re st o ra
tion from b anishment O n th e change in the go v ern .
m ent A ln o d was brough t back to E n gla n d an d kept

, ,
in confi n ement at Salisbury unt i l his death H is .
la n d at A lsist o n e c o Su ssex w a s gi v e n by the ki n g

,
.
,
t o B attle A bbey He h el d lands before th e C o n .
quest in B uckingham Ken t Sussex Surrey an d , , , ,
I la n t s Th e under te n ant A ln o d of Kent at th e

.
-
, , ,
tim e of th e survey m ay p erhap s b e this A ln o d c ilt ,

.
A lric another S axon h older o f lan d pre v iou s

,
t o th e survey was a large p ropri etor in many ,
cou n ties H e was in all prob ability a te n a n t in cap it e

.
, ,
of s om e p ort i on o f th e land a t th e per i od of D omes

day Perhap s t h e A lu ric and A lu ric u s whom Elli s
.
,
sep arates from t h isA lric were really the sam e pers on , .
1
Am o ng th e n a m es to wh o m t h is a p p e ll a t io n
Gil t is a dde d
a re Brix e or Brix i, E duu a rd, Eduin , E l m e r, G o du in us L e u ric ,
L e u u in , L e u uin us ; S u e in , S ua n , o r S u en ; V lfric ,
or a nd V luu i .
Th e w o rd Clz t o is c o n n e c te d w ith t h e L a t z n ely t u s Sp el m a n

' '
. .
c o n side rs it t o si n if
g y t h e e l de st so n , bu t D u c a n g e a ny o f the
so n s o f a k ing . Cf . r é g , re n o
xk rr wne d .
2
Pa g e 1 74 .
P
DES O I ED L LA ND O WNE R S . 10
5
A luu a rd a nd have their land separately

A luu a rdus
scheduled by Ellis but these two great proprietors
,
of la n d b efore the Domesday Survey are probably

ide n tical This separation of names form s one o f
.
the chief difficulties of studying the personal a nd

biographical aspects of Domesday Book .
Th e sam e respective ide n tity may b e co nj ectured

of A luni A lnui n a n d A luu in u s unless these proper
, , ,
ties are to be broken up i n to separate possessors of

ma n ors who had th e same nam e in each case
, .
A rchil appears as th e n am e o f a large proprietor

of la n d (or of several separate holders ) in ma n y
cou n ties chie fly in Y orkshire previous to th e Domes
, ,
da y Sur v ey .
A sgar or E sga r the S fa lre or S fa lru s

,
Master ,
”
of the Horse or C o nst a bu la rz us h eld land s in
'
, ,
B u cki n ghamshire Hertfordshire Cambridgeshire

, , ,
Warwickshire M iddlesex a n d other co u n ties He

’
.
, ,
1
w a s the s o n o f A de lst a n a n d gra n dson of To v i , ,
o n e of the fou n ders a n d benefactors of the great
abbey o f W altham by G lit h a daughter of O sego d

, ,
Scalp . The la n ds which h e held by virt u e of his

office fe ll t o the hands of Geo ffrey de Mande v ille ,
,
oth erwise called G o isfridus de M a n n e v ile in

Domesday and their descent is n ot i n frequently re
,
corded in the description of the ma n ors in the b ook .
A z or in the same way was either the n am e of o n e

, ,
larg e h older of lands in various counties previous to

the taki ng of th e surv ey or there were many holders,
w h o possessed this peculiar name From some of .
1
H a rl e y M S . f 50. H isto ry o f W a l t h a m A bbe y .
10 6 DO M E SDAY BO O K .
the entr i es it i s cl ear tha t it was n ot a n uncom mon

one Bric t ric i s an ot h er name w hi ch i s credite d with
. .
a large number O f m a n o rs in var i ous count i es prev i ou s

to th e taking of th e survey I t would b e i mpossible .
t o assign all t h e entr i es wh i c h Ell i s h as tabulated

to the sam e p erso n age T h e Bric t ric wh o h eld in .
1
Gloucestersh i re h ad t h e Honour of Glouces t er ,
wh i c h was a noble lords hi p and many ot h er great ,
estates by i n h er i tance from his grand father H a ilwa rd ,
Sn ow He i ncurred t h e d i spleasure O f Queen Maud

.
(
’
th e Conqueror s consort daughter o f Baldwi n earl , ,
of Flanders ) w h o in vai n desired t o m arry hi m when

,
h e w a s amb assador at th e court of h er father T h e .
lady pr o bably o nly followed th e example of her day

w hen she took her re v enge for the slight by procuri n g
h is imprisonment at Winchester and the confiscation
o f all h i s p ossessions S om e of Bric t ric s manors in.
’
C ornwall and Gloucestersh i re afterwards belonged t o

Queen Maud at the tim e of th e survey ; others went
t o Robert Fit z H a im o n in th e tim e of William I I .
Brix i t h e Saxon tenan t o f the ma n or of H atcham

, ,
in Camberwell co S urrey in the tim e of Ki n g

,
.
,
Edward is supposed to have given his na me t o th e

,
Hundred o f Brixton anciently called Brix ist a n If ,

.
t h i s b e so i t i s a remarkable i n stan ce of t h e late for

,
m ation of t h e n om enclature 2 of p ol i t i cal subd i visions

o f counties i llustrated in a som ewhat parallel manner
,
1
K el h a m , p . 1 65, fro m R u dde r, “
H ist o ry o f G l o u c e st e r, p .
7 39
2
Th e No rm a n so na l y c a ses t o
su rna m e s su ffi x e d in m an
— p e r
S a x o n p l a c e a e s a s St a n t o n L a c y St o k e M a nde vill e a n d
n m - -
,
-
,
s o fo rt h a re o f c o u rse st ill l a t e r Th e t ra n s fe re n c e o f O ld E n gl i h
, , , . s
by h i s own people in con sequence of hi s attach ment

t o the n e w ki n g .
E dde u a called also E ddid E ddida a n d Edd i ed

, , ,
R egina the queen of King Edward th e C on

,
fe sso r h eld many manors prev i ou s to th e D omesday

, ,
S urvey in the Cou n ties of K ent Sussex Hants

, , , ,
W ilts D evon Cor n wall Bucks Surrey B erks D orset

, , , , , , ,
M i ddlesex Gloucester Northampto n Rutla n d Devon

, , , , ,
O xford Hereford Cambridge L i n col n S uffolk Somer

, , , , ,
set and others

, Sh e was th e daughter of earl
.
“ ”
Godwi n e and is called th e s i ster of O do t h e Earl
,
in th e Herefordshire S urvey 1 Her b eauty i s re .
cord ed in a n epigram quoted by Ellis from th e ,
Harley M S a Co n su el udz na ry or C ustomary

'
, ,
.
of the A bb ey of B ury St Edmund s .

’
S ie ut Sp in a ro sa m g e n u it G o dwy n us E dit h a m .
Th i s beautiful lady m ust not b e confused w i th

E dde u a p u lchra or dives t h e m i stress of Harold
, , ,
whose lands are dist i n guished through out th e Domes

day B ook with a care and accuracy wh i ch Ellis regard s
as evide n tly n ot u n intent i onal Th e p erson al charm s .
of this E dde u a are i ndicated by her sur n am e or appel

“ ” ”2 ’
latio n Swa n n e h a ls or Swan s n eck qu od gall i c e ’

-
g
'
so n a t oo llu zn ez nz .
It i s thi s personage w h o i s alluded to i n th e

L i fe of Ki n g Harold fou n d in ,
the C otto n M S . . ,
Juli u s D vi in which i s narrated

. .
,
the accou n t of two
m onks w h o watch ed the B attle of Hast i ngs and ,
1
Fo l . 1 86 .
2
E dgyu e S ua n ne sh a ls, C o tt o n M S . Ne ro D 1 1, fo l . 20 4 .
P L
D ES O I E D LAND O W NE R S .
9
o btained t h e permissio n of W illiam the Conqueror to

bri n g away Harold s body and afterwards carried th e ’
,
m i stress to aid their search The Romance of th e .
L ife of King Harold in the Harley M S . .
however relates th e carrying away of H a ro ld s b o dy

,
’
,
w i thout a ny me n tion of this lady and converts the ,

2
t w o monks into two hinds a n d speaks of his cure ,
3
by a certain woman a Sarace n who was very p ro fi , ,
cient in the art of surgery .
Ellis h owever rej ects this accepted not i ce o f

, ,
Edde u a and believes her t o ha v e been Editha

,
daughter of earl A lgar the sister of earls Ed win e ,
a n d Morcar the widow of Gri ffi n or G rit h frid pri n ce

, , ,
of the Welsh a n d the queen of Harold H e adduces

,
.
a passage in Duchesne s Serzip t o res in support of ’

,
this view He con siders A ldit h Editha A lgiva or

.
, , ,
E dde u a syno n ymous term s for the nam e of Harold s

’
seco n d wi fe wh o was n o t likely to be desig n ated as a

,
quee n in a Record which studiously avoided attaching ,
e v e n by implicatio n the dig n ity of King t o Harold s ,

’
name Florence of W orcester clearly states that

.
4
,
”
“
A lg it h a the Queen wa s th e sister of Edwin e and
Morcar The lands of E dde u a pulchra were of very
.
great exte n t am ounti n g in the different counties t o

,
1
E dit e d by W de G Birc h in . . 1 885 , p . 136 .
2 “
I n de a du o b us, ut fe rt u r, m e dio c ribu s v iris, qu o s fra n c
l
a a no s si ev l
a g ric o a s v o c a n t , a g n it us, et ca ll ide o c c u lt a t us ,
a d W in t o n ie n se m de du c it u r c iv it a t e m . 11n d, p .
34 .
3
A qu a da m m u l ie re , g e ne re S a ra c e n a , a rt is c iru rg ic e
”
p e rit issim a , p 3 5 , bu t . co m p a re ch a p . xvii
p .1 8 7,
, .
w h e re sh e is n a m ed E dit h ,
“
a wo m an o f sh re w d in t e ll ig e nc e ,
”
s a g a c is a n im i fe m in a . P a ge 63 4 .
I 10 D O M E SD AY BO O K .
two hundred and thirty hides or perh ap s about ,
a cres accord i n g to our system o f c o m t u t a t io n I n

, p .
.
Cambridgesh i re al one she held more than a hundred

,
and fi ft y eight hide s which subseque n tly formed part

-
of t h e Conqueror s reward t o A lan earl of Bretagn e

’
, .
It i s scarcely likely (as Ellis ob serv e s ) that a m istress

of Harold should h ave h eld such v a st t ra c t s of la n d ‘
or that she Should h ave held as a n u n der tenant w h o -
could n o t alienate h imself for her serv i ce n o less

i mportant a person t h an G o duinu s e i lt whose appel ,
lation shows that h e was a scion of the royal family,

at Fulbour n e in Cambridgeshire
,
.
E dm e r atre i s another Saxon tena n t previ ous to

the Domesday Survey H e and O rdulf a n other of.
, ,
m ore notable Saxon s are th ought t o have bee n ,
partisans O f G it h a the m other of Harold when she

, ,
instigated th e p eople of E xeter in 1 0 68 to brea k ou t

into reb ellion The lands of th es e two holders were
.
con ferred upon th e earl of Moretaine H is nam e .
has g i ven r i se t o a strange error in th e Exo n D omes

day w h ere it appears as E dm e ra t o riu s l an d in th e
, ,
sam e record at a n other place A ilm a rus ater or 2

,
A ilm e r the Black .
E dno d the dapifer

,
is perhap s th e sam e as
,
E dno d S t a lre H e is called E a dn o t h St a lle re in the

.
A nglo Saxon Chronicle

-
Harold made him master
.
“
of the horse or con stable as St a lle re , sign i fies ;
but he mad e peace with the Co n queror a n d was ,
ki lled i n 1 0 68 in oppos i n g H arold s son s G odwi n e ’

,
1
Pa ges 1 90 , 19 1.
2
P a ge 4 8 7“
I I 2 DO M E SD AY BO O K .
Godr i c or G o dric u s G o du in a nd G o du i n us also

, , , ,
are entered as great t enants but it i s i mp ossible to ,
attribute all th e entries to th e sam e p ersonages .
G o du in u s t h e so n of King Harold held la n d in

, ,
S omersetshire G o sp a t ric of Y orkshire is another

.
great nam e : h e cont i nue d t o h ol d lands e i ther in ,
ca p it e or as u nder t enant o f ear l A lan at th e tim e

-
o f th e sur v ey .
Guert Gurt or G uerd h eld land in Sussex Cam

, , , ,
br i dge B edford Norfolk and Suffolk He was on e

, , , .
of the brothers of Harold an d his death 15 dep i cted ,
in th e Bayeu x Tap estry ; an d Ellis declares th e

1
death of this pr i nce at the battle of Hasti ngs to b e

on e of th e settled events of h i story A t the sam e .
“ ”2
t im e th e
,
R omance of th e L i fe of Harold wh ich ,
has been already alluded to m ore than once contains ,
an allu sion to Gurth w hi c h m ay b e quoted h ere for,
wh at it i s wort h
“
I n th e days o f King Henry I I there was seen .
by that k i ng h i m sel f as well as t h e n oble s and ,
pe ople of t h e land a brother of Harold named , ,
Gurth at th e tim e of t h e arri v al of the

Norman l i ttle m ore than a b oy but in wisdom an d ,
u pright n ess of m i nd alm ost a man B ut he was at

, .
t h e period we speak of of a great age and a s we , , ,
h eard from m any w h o sa w hi m at that tim e beautiful ,

”
t o look upon n oble in m i en a n d very tall in figure
, ,
.
Gurth according to t hi s m anu script Sp oke m y st e

, ,
1
Se e t h e x c e ll e nt de sc rip tio n a n d fa c sim il es
e , in M r F . . R .
F o wk e w o rk p ubl ish e d by t h e A run de l So c ie t y 1 8 75 ,

’
s , , 4 to .
2
E d Birc h , p
. . 1 19.
D ES O I E D P L LAND O W NE R S . 1 13
rio u sly respecting Harold and declared that the body ,
of that pri n ce was n o t at W altham NO doubt a story .
was pre v ale n t which s upplied the material ground

,
“ ”
work for the Roma n ce of th e L ife of Harold ,
that he had escaped fro m Hasti ngs It i s curiou s .
that G ira ldus C a m bre n sis who wrote indepe n de n tly ,
of the fi c t io n lo v i ng Canon of Waltham A bbey who

-
i s accredited with the authorship of the Romance ,
1
should also a ssert that Harold fled from battle ,
wo u n ded his left eye destroyed a n d ended his days

, ,
in a holy a n d virt u ou s man n er as an anch oret at , ,
Chester j ust as i s set forth

,
in the Romance o n2
,
which so much obloquy has been bestowed ,
G u n h ild daughter of the powerfu l earl Godwin e

, ,
was a n other te n a n t of noble Saxon b irth Ellis gives .
a n i n teresting n ote of the discovery of her sep u lchre
in the Church of St D o n at at Br u ges with the .

,
i n scriptio n o n a leaden plate recordi ng h er deat h

in 10 87 .
There was another G u n n ilda or G u n ilda half , ,

‘
sister of King Edward the Con fessor a n d wife o f ,
He nry the Black Emperor of Germa ny daughter of , ,
Ca n u te Ki n g of E n gland ; sh e died in 1 0 4 2 a n d
, ,
was buried in the same church A third G u n n ilda .
i s m e n tio n ed in the A nglo Saxon Chro n icle under -
the year 1 0 4 5 Ellis fi n ds that she is a disti n ct

.
personage from th e two above m e n tio n ed .
Harol d son O f Ralph earl of Hereford a n d a

, , ,
te n a n t in Warwickshire was a n other n oble Saxon or , ,
1 “
I t in e ra ri um , ed . F ra n c o f ,. 1 603 , p 8 74 S e e a l so G ira ldi
. .
C a m br . o p e ra , e d .
J . F D im o c k ,
. vo l vi , p
. 1 4 0 (R o ll s S e rie s )
. . .
2
Pa ges 96 , 97 .
“
Anglo D a ne , wh o h eld lands before the D omesday

-
.
Su rvey .
By Harold t h e Earl as h e i s usually styled in the ,
S urvey w h ich would naturally with h old the title of

,
king t o on e wh o m it considered a n u surper was held ,
a vast territory in many coun ties Ell i s expla i n s th e .
”
or usurpations of H a ro ld wh ic h are
“
, ,
'
continually compla i ned of in the Domesday B o ok an d ,
h i s alleged v i olations of t h e prop erty of t h e Church ,
as forcible entr i es upon lands or oth er p ossess i ons ,
made not only in Saxon bu t in Norman t imes ,
by t h e ministers or baili ffs o f the great te n ants in .
the nam e b u t w i t h out the knowledge of the i r

, ,
m asters T hi s i llustrious writer quote s in full a

.
c h a rt e r
‘
a m o n g t h e Cottonian Collection s in th e
_Br i t i s h Museum to Show that t h is certainly was t h e ,
c ase at Sandw i ch where t h e toll of the port b elong , ,
ing t o Chr i stc h urch Canterbu ry h ad been i nvaded , ,
by ZElfst a n abbot of St A ugust i n e s Canterbury in

, .
’
, ,
the k i n g s name b ut aga i nst h i s wish or consent in

’
, ,
A D 1 0 3 8 duri n g th e reign of Harold Harefoot

. .
, . .
T h e nobly b orn He re uua rd appears amo n g th e

.
2 -
celebrated p ersons h olding lands previou s to the

D om esday Survey H e i s also calle d Heward and .
H e rwa rd H e was t h e younger so n of L eofri c earl

.
,
O f M ercia a n d was elected by the prelates a n d

, .
nobility who took refuge aga i nst th e Norman rule

1
A ugust us n. 90 . Se e “
F a c s im il e s of A n c ie n t C h a rt e rs,
pub l ish e d u n de r dire c t io n o f t h e T ru st e es p a rt iv p l a t e 20 , . .
T h is m a n is t h e h e ro o f m a ny a t a l e S ee C a m p o f R e fug e
2 “
.
,
b y C h M a c F a rla n e C f a l so t h e a c c o u nt o f H e w a rd o r H e re
. . . ,
”
w a rd in I ng ul p h s C h ro n ic l e p p 1 1 6 1 2 1 et seq
,
“ ’
, .
, , .
The latter h o we v er included L e u ric of D evonshire

, , ,
wh o i s said to have bee n n eph ew of L eofri c earl of ,
M erc i a a n d related to the royal family as th e

, ,
appellation d ie in th e L i n coln D omesda y testifies .
H e too, exchan ged th e ploughsh are and the s w ord

,
1
for t h e pastoral staff of a n abbot in the p owerful ,
A bbey of Peter b oro u gh in 1 0 5 7 His procli vi ties , .
h owever carried h im into the army again in A D

, . .
10 66 .
Pass i n g by with out n otice the nam es of ma n y

Saxon tenants of la n ds eith er in th e time of King
Edward or before the D o m esday Book w a s compiled ,
mention may b e made o f M e rle s ua in M e rle su a n or , ,
M e rlo su e n vicecom es a n illustr i ous te n a n t in S omer

,
s e t sh ire D e v o n shi re
,
Cor n wall Y orkshire , a nd , ,
2
L i ncol n shire H e attests charters of Ki n g Ed ward
.
the Co n fes sor and Willia m th e C o n q u eror which ,
S h ows that for a time at least Ellis th i n ks that i t was

, , ,
”’
in his capacity of o z eeeo nz e s or sheriff of L i ncoln , , ,
that Wace sings of M e rle su a in as o n e of th ose wh o

h ad engaged to forward force s to th e south in aid of
Harold wh en th e i ll fated pri n ce m arched after th e
,
-
b attle of Stamford Bridge against th e Norma n s .
I n A D 1 0 6 7 M e rle s ua n accompan i ed
. .
,
3
Edgar th e
A th eli n g t o the Scottish court .
O f M orcar or M orcar the Earl som e part i culars

, ,
h ave already b een gi v en H e is recorded as a n .
extens i ve holder in many counties before th e survey .
“
A n gl o Sa x o n C h ro n ic l e , d a a n n u nz
’
1
Cf .
-
.
t h e L ibe r Niger o f P e te rb o ro u g h , M S 60 , S o c ie t y Of
2
In .
A n t iq u a rie s, L o n do n .
11
A n g l o S a x o n C h ro n ic l e ,
-
a d a nnual .
P L E D LA ND O W NE R S
D ES O I . 1I 7
Th e name only occ u rs in B ucki nghamsh i re as that of

an under te na n t of la n d at the tim e of the comp ilatio n
-
of Domesday B ook a n d does n o t fi n d any place,
among the te n a n ts in cap i te under the new Gover n

m ent .
O sie t a Bedfordshire landholder previou s to th e

,
coming of th e Normans co n ti nued t o hold this a n d ,
other la n ds at the time of th e sur v ey H e is styled .
razfeez us regi s
‘
p .
R the Go nzes Vefu s or the

. O ld Earl ,
a ,
pre Domesda y tena n t in Norfolk i s ide n tified by

-
,
“
Kelham in a n ote q u oted by Ellis as O ld Earl
Ralph the father of Ralph de G u a de r ea rl o f
, ,
N orfolk .
Robert so n of W im a rc th e S ia /lere or Co n stable

, , , ,
appears to have been on e of the Ke ntish thegns o f

Edward th e Co n fessor He was the father of Suei n .
o f Essex .
S eman a tenant in Surrey in th e time of Edward

,
the Co n fessor i s n oteworthy as b ei n g o n e of the few

,
wh o becam e u nder te n a n ts of their o w n lands o n th e

-
political cha n ge under W i lliam taking place Fro m .
th i s tim e forward h e becam e th e sero us of O sw o ld ,
and p aid a rent of t wenty pe n ce for his la n d a n d h e ,
lost the pr i vilege of transferri n g himsel f to any other

lord .
Siu u a rd or S iu u a rdu s i s a n am e co n stantly occur

, ,
ri n g in the list of te n ants before the survey It is .
di ffi cult to say how m a n y of these entries represe n t

th e same perso n s la n d But amo n g th e n obl e
’
.
S iward s is the earl of that n am e w h o held estates in ,
Hunti ngdonshire a n d Y orkshire ; a n other i s t h e

I 18 DO M E SD AY BO O K .
thegn and k i nsman of Ki n g Edward ; a th i rd i s

S iu ua rd th e priest o n e of th e L a ge m e n of L i n col n
,
in th e t i m e of Edward th e Co n fessor wh o had b ee n ,
succe eded in that O ffice at t h e time th e sur v ey wa s

m ade by L e du u m the so n of R e u e w A fo u rth , .
S innard had th e sur n ame or appellation o f B a r or

Bar n He appears among t h e pre Dom esday tenants
.
-
in Gloucestershire Th is great c h i ef t ook part in .
th e rebell i on at Ely descr i bed in th e A nglo Saxon ,

-
Chronicle un der th e year 1 0 7 1 A fifth Sin nard i s .
“
desig n ated as a r i c h Salop i an Saxon di ves h om o de ,
”
Sc ro p sc y re in th e Worcester Chartulary compiled
,
by Hemi n g in th e passage contai n i n g t h e C o m m e

,
Pla ez t z or record of th e lawsuit between

' ' '
nz o ra fz o ,
W ulfstan bishop of W orcester an d Walter bishop

, , ,
of E v es h am .
St a n c h il a tenant i n B erk sh i re before t h e D ome s

,
day Sur v ey is equat ed by Ell i s with T u rk ill of th e

,
1
A bingdon Chron icle w h ere h e too is called “
a ric h , , ,
m an (dives ) H e hel d C h in gst u n e or Ki ngston

.
,
Bagpu z e in th e t ime of King Edward but tra n sferred

, ,
th e superior i ty O ver h i s la n ds t o th e A bb ey of
A bi n gdon a n d this agai n at the time of th e S urvey
,
was h eld by He n ry de F e rra riis .
Stiga n d or St iga n du s th e A rchbishop i s an other

, , ,
te n ant to wh om a large estat e belonged b efore th e

D om esday p eriod S om e facts relating t o h im have .
bee n already m e n t i o n ed Th e n am es Toch i or .
Toche Toli Tor T o rc h il Toret Tosti Tovi T u rc h il

, , , , , , ,
1
Brit ish M use u m , C o tt o n . MS .
, C l a udius C ix f . . . 13 3 . S ee
”
the A bing do n C h ro n ic l e , e d. S t e ve n so n (Ro ll s Se rie s ) .
DO M E S D AY BO O K .
A n V lc h e l,called also V lc h e t e l or W ulk e t ul becam e ,
abbot of C roy land at th e appointm ent of Edward

th e Confessor in 1 0 5 2 H is unfortu n ate career is .
related at le n gth by I n gu lph wh o succeeded him in ,
1
th e A bbacy fro m which it appears that h e gave great
o ffe n ce to Ivo T a ilbo is Norman lord of Holla n d in ,
L incol n shire by publish i ng t h e miracles w h ich were

,
rep orted to have b een performed at the tomb of earl

W a lt h e o f in th e A bb ey
,
For th i s offence h e wa s .
summ oned t o a C ou n cil at L ondon in A D 1 0 7 5 ,

. .
,
d eprived of hi s pos i tio n an d comm i tted to pr i son at ,
Glasto nb ury in Som ersetshire under charge o f

, ,
abb o t Thurstan w h om Ingulp h stigmatises as v ery

,
bloodt hi rsty 2
T h e K ing t ook ad v a n tage of th e
.
opp ortu n ity afforded by th e i mprude n ce of the

a bbot of Croyland to co n fiscate its treasure .
V lfric e ilt i s a tenant in Derbyshire before t h e

D omesday S urvey : H i s name i s n ot found among
t h e under tenants at the Dom esday peri od H e was
-
.
,
n o doub t a scion of the royal family

, .
Th e ill fated W a lle f Comes also called W a lle u u s

-
,
.
or W a lt e f W a lde uu s W a le u u s Consul W a lle t e r and

, , , ,
W a lt h e w s an d by many other s omewhat s i milar

,
names deser v e s a word in pass i ng

,
H e was th e .
younger so n of S i ward the earl of Northumb erland , ,

’
.
one of Edward the C onfessor s adherents who died ,
in 1 0 5 5 His m ot h er was th e da u g h ter a n d h e i r of

.
1 I n gu l p h
’
s
“
C h ro n ic l e , pp . 1 1 3, 1 15 , 126 —
8 .
”
2 “
C ru e n t issim u s . It w as a bb o t T h u rs t a n wh o , in 10 8 1,
p o u re d o u t , o n th e al ta r st e p s t h e b l o o d o f h is m o n k s w h o w o u ld
-
,
”
no t a c ce p t h is n e w reg u l a t io ns “
J o h n o f O x e n e de s p 3 2
.
, . .
D E S OI P L E D LAND O W NE R S . I 2I
A ldred , t h e Saxon earl O f N o rt h u m be rla n d Fifteen .
1
years after his father s death h e obta i n ed th e ’
earldom of Northumberland to which h e was raised ,
by King W illiam upon the flight of C o sp a t ric k th e

, ,
former rebelliou s earl into Scotland Prev i ou s to

,
.
this time b ut the exact date has n o t bee n as o er

,
t a in e d h e had h eld the earldom of Northampton

,
and H u n t ingdo m probably between A D 1 0 66 a nd

2
,
. .
1 0 68 . These earldoms we are i n formed had bee n , ,
at one tim e attached to that of North u m b erla n d ,
a n d were afterwards separate d from it a n d held dis ,
t in c t ly from it by W a lt h e o f I n g ulph wh ose u n sup .

,
ported evide n ce is accordi n g to ma n y writers rarely

, ,
to b e trusted states that W a lt h e o f received these

,
dignities o n th e death of h i s father when Tosti ,
received that of Northumberlan d W hereas the .
Chronicle of J o h n of Peterboro ugh disti n ctly but ,
i ncorrectly records that W a lt h e o f s u cceeded to

,
Northamptonsh i re o n h i s father s death in 1 0 5 5 ’

,
3
y e t i t is k n own from a charter still exta n t that ,
Tost i was then earl o f that shire .
It c a n therefore h ardly be doub ted that th e

, ,
earldom s of Northamptonshire and Hu n ti ngdon sh i re

were obta i ned by W a lt h e o f as a result of th e
Nort h umbrian revolt in 1 0 65 .
I n t h e year after the co n q u est King Will i am took ,
W a lt h e o f with Edgar A th eling Eadwi n e an d M orcar

, , ,
to Normandy o n his return to that country .
T h e Life a nd T im es o f E a rl W a lt h e o f, by E . L e v ie n , in
J o u rn . Brit . A rc h . vo l.
p xxx . .
387 .
2
F re e m a n, H ist o ry o f the No rm a n C o n q u e st , vo l I I.
pp
—
. .
”
5 5 5 5 6 9 .
3
K e m bl e , C o d D ip l . . No . D c c c c iv .
W a lt h e o f ppears i n t h e list of pre D om esday

a -
tenants as holdi n g lands of co n sidera b le extent in

many counties chiefly Surrey Cambridge Hun , , ,
t in gdo n B edford N orthampton L eicester Derby

, , , , ,
R u tland L incol n and Essex T h e revolt in 1 0 6 9

, , .
,
wh e n Y ork Castle was attacked by th e comb i n ed

forces of t h e Northumbrian s an d Dan es j oined b y ,
Edgar A t h eli n g an d th e earl s C o sp a t ric an d

,
W a lt h e o f naturally m ade K i ng W i lliam an i mplacable

,
enemy of W a lt h e o f but the k ing appears t o have at ,
any rate ab sta i n ed at t h e t im e from taki n g retaliat i on

He gave th e earl hi s n i ece J udith —a n om i n ous
.
,
n ame —t o w i fe ; a n d accordi n g t o W ill i am of ,
Ramsey made a free grant of all h is la n d s to him

, ,
a n d furt h er con ferred on h im th e liberties b elo n gi n g

, ,
t o th e h on ours of H u n t i n gdon A t this t i me it .
would appear that W a lt h e o f enj oyed som e share of

royal favour H e was appoi n ted by th e king
.
,
toget h er w i th G o sfrid bi shop of Co n stance Remi , ,
giu s d e F ecamp bishop of L i n col n a n d others a

, , ,
comm i ssioner to in qu ire in t o the alleged u surpat i on

of lands bel onging t o t h e A bbey of Ely The text .
l
of the p la cit a n has been pri n ted and forms with
/ , ,
th e text of records relating t o the trial at Pe n e n de n

H eath and t o th e W orcester [n dz eulu nz a v a luabl e
2
’
, ,
ins i ght i nto t h e j udic i al processes respecti n g th e

settlement of lan d in t h e D omesday per i od W a lt h e o f .
'
1 “
I n qu isit io C o m it a t u s C a n t a br .
, e d. H a m il t o n, p . 19 2,
fro m M S T rin C o ll
. . . C a nt a b . O 2 1 . f 21 0
.
”
H e a rn e “
H e m ing , 28 7, fro m MS C o tt o n
’
2
s vo l . i .
, p . . .
x iii ch a p x iv .
‘
T ibe riu s, A . . f . 13 2 . S e e furt h e r o n , .

1 24 D OM E S D AY BO O K .
t h e countess J ud i th wh o se co n duct in d e n ounci n g

,
h er husba n d t o th e king has b ee n v i ewed in v arious

1
aspects I n gulph bestows o n her the stro n g term
.
”
of j ez eb el while h e looks
, on th e death
of the earl as t h e m artyrdom o f a n i n n oce n t a n d
harmless m an H is body w a s h astily buried ; after
.
a fortnight s lapse th e king allowed W ulk e t u l abbot

’
,
of C royland t o tran slate the rema i n s t o th e chapter

,
house at Croyland and th e subseque n t m iracle s

,
which too k plac e at his tomb co st the ab b ot his

freedom as we have already S hown
, .
W ig o t of W a llin gfo fd i s another great Saxon tena n t

before th e D om esday S u rvey was prepared Ellis .
,
“
uot i n g a passage in Ken n ett s Paroch ial n ti
’
q A
”2
q u it i
,e s states th a t William th e Conq u eror after ,
the battle of Hasti n gs p assed thro u gh Ke n t and by

,
L on do n then hel d by the party O f Edgar A thel i ng

, ,
t o W all i ngford where th e lord of that town W igo d

, ,
d e lVa llingfo rd we n t out t o m eet him del ivered th e

, ,
t own u p to h im and en tertai n ed h im there until

, ,
archb i sh op Stiga n d an d ma n y o f the nobles o f

Edgar s party came in an d tendered their submission
’
.
For this ser v ice th e ki n g with a V ie w of i n gratiati n g

,
h i m self with his newly acquired s u bj ects a n d at th e

-
sam e tim e t o reward h i s Norm an compan i on s ,
bestowed A ldit h t h e only daughter O f W igo d in

, ,
m arriage t o Rob ert d e O ily or O illi wh o afterward s ,
e nj oyed the estate s of h i s Saxon father in law - -

.
The nam es o f places an d persons m e n tioned in

the Record a fford a vast fi eld for the cons i d erat i on
1
E d Birc h , p
. . 1 26 .
2
P a ge 55 .
P L
DES OI ED LA ND O W NE R S . 1 25
of t h e ph i lologist Th e place n am es m ig h t b e
.
'
-
divided i n to separate classes showi ng the pre ,
historic o r Celtic ; th e Roman ; th e A n glo Saxon -
th e Danish ; a n d the Norman origi n of the names .
B ut a mere list would requ i re far more space th a n

c a n h ere b e devoted to i t a n d almost e v ery example
,
would i nvolve controversial a n d philological argu

m ents u n suited for th e popular character of this
w ork. A s a r u le th e appare n t sig n ifica n ce of a
,
place name i s n o t th e real one W h o bu t those wh o

-
.
,
-
study these q u est i ons will believe that Shepherd s

,
’
well in Kent is a corrupt i on of Sibrih t s W eald or ’

,
Sibertswold ; or that Cambr i dge i s not th e Bridge

)
of the River Cam but G ra nt a brige
, .
Ma n y of the names of persons and of places n o ,
do ubt have been written down by the N orman scri bes

,
i n correctly perhaps followi ng a ph onetic a n d ar bitrary

,
7 ,
rather than a ny etymological rdféf m u t even allow

ing for this there are numerous nam es which cannot
,
fail to excite our i nterest Some o f t h e m are in

.
‘
di vi d ual appellations others secondary n am es for th e

, ,
most part descriptive of some perso n al peculiarity

or i n dicating some fact in th e l i fe of the i n di v idual
to whom it was appl i ed These nam es in m a n y ln
.
~
stances passed on in th e fam i ly u n til they b ecam e ,
fi n ally a n d firmly establis h ed as surnames I t wo uld .
be impossible to all ude to or discuss all these p e c u

lia rit ie s of nome n clature within th e scope of the
present work bu t n o accou n t of th e D omesda y
,
B ook would b e compl ete with out som e reference t o

th em The following are of striki n g appearance
.
,
a n d may b e studied w i th advantage by the light o f

.
uc h wor k as Dr Ernest F dr
’
‘
A /t deu t sefzes
'
s a . st e m a nn s
Na /nenoue/z : 1
TE NANT S IN C AP I T E .
Ado be d, R u a ldu s (D en )
Alfh illa (D en )
A lu u a rd c o llin c
A lu ua rd m er t (D en )
A n sc h it il parcher (So m ers ) .
A n sge r F o u u e r (S o m ers ) .
A sin u s or L asne Hugo

, ,
A nlric W a n z (S ufi )
B olle (H a nt s ) .
B ollo (D o rs ) .
Buge
Carbonel (H eref )
Chaua L e u u inu s
,
Croc
D a lfi n (B erk Yo rks ) ,
.
E s n e be rn (Yo rk s )
Forn e Yo rks ) .
Game (Yo rks )

G amel (Yo rfes ,
G e rn io (Oxf )
ss )
t e b e rn us ( E .
H u n fridus Vis de L c w (B erks ) - -
J e a n io (0 xf
) .
I lbo do (E ss ) .
I lbc dus (Oxf )

L a n dri (Yo rks )
L e u u in u s Q aura (B urk )
1
Pub l ish e d a t No rdh a use n in 18 56 .
I 28 DO M E SD AY BO O K .
T EN A NT S I N T HE TI ME OF ED W A R D T H E C O NF E SSO R ,
A ND PR E V I O U S TO T HE D O M E S D AY S U RVE Y
.
A ben (L ina
)
A bet .
A bo ( Yo rks )
’
A ch i C/z es .
, S ufi ,
ele
.
)
Ac um (L ina
)
A o un (Yo rks
)
zE dric u s gri m (S ufi ?)
[E lfa g E lfa g (D erb ) .
fE rgrim (S a lop ) .
A ilm (Co rn ea )
A ilm a ru s m elc (E ss ) .
A k i (S ufi )
A lbus , O sla c
A ldene top e (L ino )
A lgrim Yo rk s ) .
A lli (B urk B edj ) , .
A ln o d G ru t t or Grud (Herfjf)
A lric E duin u s in paragio (D em )
A lric b o le st
A lric de burc h (S ufi )
A lric ga nge m e re
A lric us W in t re m e le (B edfi )
A lsiu s B olla (E ss ) .
A lu re dus biga (Ken t )

A lu ric blac (lf eris ) and ot h er examples
A lu ric busc h (B rnt ) e
A lu ric c a p us (C a m er
a )
TEN ANTS P R E V I O U S TO T HE S U R VE Y
. 1 29
A luric pic (D evo n )

A luric uue lp (Oxf )
A luric u s biga (E ss ) .
A lu ric us camp (E ss ) .
A lu ric u s camp a and capin (S ufi )

,
A lu ric u s sco n a (H err

/ I)
A lu ric u s stari and st ik e st a re (S ufi ?)
,
u uan d
A lu ric u s (
E ss .
)
A lu ua rdu s be lra p (S u ss .
,
B er/a , D em ,
t
A lu u a rdu s Dore (E ss ) .
A luni blac
A lu u i n u s black
A lu u in us Boi (S u m )
Al uu inu s coc
A lu u inu s c u bo ld
A lu u inu s deule (H a n t s ,
Beof )
A lu uinu s dode (H enr i)
A lu u in us forst (H a n t s )
A luu inus sac (B edf ) .
A mod (fem ) (S ufi ?)
A n drae (H a n t s )
A n u n t dacus (E ssex ) .
Ap e (So m ers .
)
Ap p e
A rc h ilba r (L in a )
A rde grip (L inn )
A re grim
A rn e grim (Yo rk
)
A sc h ilb a r (L in en)
A se lo c (No t t ) .
A ut i (S uss G lo ue NW f
.
, .
, ,
A z or ( ) (K )
'
A z or Rot
p a ssz nz en t
K
Az ur (0 xf No rfnf
.
, .
,
Baco (L in a )
Bar (Yo rks S ufi M a d Na if )
, , ,
Basin (Yo rks )

Ber (Yo rks )
Biga (S u rr ) .
Bil (G lo u e ) .
B oda (H a n t s ) Bode Wi lt s ) Bo ddus (E ss ) . .
B o u (No zf ) B u (Yo rks )

B ou i (No rma L eia W a rm No t t ) , , ,
.
Bric s t o u u a rd (So m ers ) .
Bric t u a ru s Bubb a (S ufi )
Brih t u o ldu s m u sla (S ufi ?)
Brod o (B ed No rf ) Bro dus (L in a )
,
B u n da B o n de Bunde B ondi B undi B ondo

, , , , , ,
Bu n do a n d Bo n du s Bundu s (in va r eo u nfies )

, ,
. .
C a du u a le n t (C o rn w )
C a fl o (So m ers ) .
C aua Caue ; Cau o ; C a u u s ( s)

S u s
C e lc o t t (S ufi )
C h e t eb e r (Yo rks
) C h e t e lba r (L in a ) C h e t e lbe r
(H un t , Yo rks ,
Lino ) C h e t e lbe rn
.
No rf )
L in a , .
C lac (L in a )
C ol (L in a ) ; Cola Cole (S u ss ,
Colle (D ero ) C olo (W ilt s So m ers , .

, Co rn ea ,
&c ) .
C o o lle
C outa (S ufi )
C r i n Yo rks ) .
D e do l Dedou
D oda D ode Dodo (Va n )
G lun ie r (Yo rks)

G o dt o v i (S u rr ) .
G o ln il
Gos (H u n t )
G ribo l (L in a )
G rim u lf W a rm ) .
H a lt o r H e lt o r (Yo rk s )
Huna Hunu s (S ufi ) Hune (Yo rks ) ; Hun i
, ,
Hu nni H u nin c Hunn i c H u n n it & c

, , , , .
( p
S a lo .
)
Jalf (L in a )
Jaul (Co rn w )
Juin (D eo ) J uing (S o m ers ) .
Kee (No ff )
K e t e lbe rn , K e t e lbe rt
L a m b e c a rl, L a nb e c a rle (L ina
)
L e swin u s croc (S ufi )
L e u e n o t sterre (D ero ) .
L eur i cu s coccu s (S ufi )
L e u uin us calvus (S ufi )
L u rc (S ufi )
M ab an (Yo rks )
M a n n iu s sw e rt (S ufi ) Magno S uert (S u rr ) .
M o it h a r (ZVo rf ) .
O ffa (S uss S u fi ) ,
O sbe rt u s m a sc u lu s (S ufi )
O sla c albu s
P h in (S ufi E ss ) ;Phin dacu s (E ss ) Pin (Glo u a ) . .
Ram (Yo rks )

Ra m e c h il
(Yo rks
)
Roc (S ufi )
R o z o Wi lt s ) .
Salomon (Yo rks )

TE N A NT S PR E V I O U S TO T HE S U RVE Y . 133
Sa lp us (S ufi )
S aul , Sa ulf, Sa u lfu s (Va n ) Se ulf (S o m ers ) .
Sbe rn (Kent , S uss , C o rnw , L eia , L ina ) Sbe rn e

(H a n t s, W a rm ,
&c .
)
Sb e rn biga (Ken t )
Sbe rn croc (ZVo t t )
Sbe rn, V lm )
er (ZVott
S cheit Sc h e t t (No ef )
,
Sc o t c o l Sc o t e c o l (Yo rks )
,
S eiar, Se ia rdu s, or Si nn ard bar (No rf G t o ua ) ,
Siuua rdba r Yo rks L in a ) S i nnard bar n

,
(W 1Vo t t L in a )
‘
a rm , .
,
S essi ( p
S a lo .
)
Si n di (Yo rks )
Sn e llin c (Ga m bi a
)
S n ode , Sn ot (D em )
S o l (ff erey fi) ‘
Spirites (ffen t , H a n t s, H ere/i ) Sp irt e s (ll/i lls .
fi erefi , Sa lop , S o m ers .

) Sport (Yo rks )
Stam (Yo rk s )
St a nk e r (S ufi )
Ster (L ina ) ; Sterr (Yo rks ) Sterre (Ha n t s ;
Yo rks ) Stur (L ina ) Strui (L in a )

Sua rt c o l Yo rks ) .
S ue n us Su a rt (E ss ) .
Thol Thole Tholi Tol Toli (Va n )

, , , ,
Thor (No rt nt ) Tor (Yo rks L in a No ef )

‘
, , ,
Tou Toul Toui T o u u i T o u iu s (Va n )

, , , ,
T u rlo ga (Yo rks )

V lu u a rd W it (
D o rs
)
a (N
ac o tt )
Wadel (Ken t ,
D er , C o m . m ) ; W a de ls (D en
)
W a dh e l (Co m m ) W a delo (D en )
Welp Yo rks ) U ue lp , Alu ric ( f)

O x
W ile grip (S t afi , S a lop .

)
”
U nit Whit e ) as a secon d name (H a n t s,
B edf Lf eref K en t D o rs 0 xf Al idd )
, , , , .
, .
W luu a rdus L e u e t (B edf ) .
W o rdro u (D en )
There i s not a single exampl e I n the ab ove l i st

w h ic h does not present peculiarities Of great interest .
W e may trace in these names and in ma n y others , ,
wh i c h h ave been om i tted in order to k eep t h e list

within reasonable limits t h e germs of many of our
,
m odern surnames We are also able to see h o w

.
heterogeneou s was th e race of landowners in E n gland

b e fore t h e coming of the Norma n s Celts Da n es .
, ,
N orman s A ngl o Saxo n s J ews and natives o f al m ost

,
-
, ,
e v ery European n ati on are plainly indicated ; and

e v en from among th e undertenants at th e tim e of the
formation of th e D om esday B ook as t h e follow i ng ,
list shows a similar roll of n am es may be gathered

,
.
U ND E R T E NA NT S I N T HE D O M E S DAY BO O K .
A b el (Ken t )
A dam (K en t ,
Lf ertjf, Oxji)
A e lo u s (S ufi )
A lde ( W a rm
)
Alu re du s H isp a n (Glo ua )
A lu ric u s c h a c e p o l (M dd)
'
A lu ric us parvus (H a n t s )
A l n u i n ret (H a n t s )
A mun (D o rs )
A ns egis (W a rren
)
1 36 DO M ES DAY BO O K .
Gunter (PVilts )
Hubb (S ufi )
’
I dh e l (G lo ut )
I sac (No ef S ufi )
,
J acob (Oxfi )
Ja ge lin (
D er
) .
J ames (S ufi )
J a (
rn a c o t u s S ufi
)
J o h a is W a rm ) .
J u d h e llus (D er
) J u dic h e l.
J u h e ll us
(W a rm
)
Juran (H a n t s )
L ofn s (S u rr ) .
L unen (H u n t s )
M aci (sur n am e H a n t s ) , .
Malus V ic in u s (S ufi )
Marend (Ck es ) .
M e c h e ut a (L eia )
M o y ses (So m ers ) .
Nannen (S t afi )
Noui (H eret )
O ddo (S ufi ) ; O do (va n ) ; O t h o (C a nzé r) ; O tto
O ffe ls (Co rn ea
)
Pa p a ldu s (H a n t s )
Parler (surnam e W o re ) , .
Pa ssa q (surnam e B eaf )

'
Ph a n e x o n (No rt )
Pugn a n t Pu ng ia n t (surn ames H a n t s
, , , B erks .
)
R a de m ar
(D eu
) R a de m er (S o m ers .
)
Ratho (No rf )
R a uen e so rt (I Vo tt
)
1
U ND E R T E NA NTS . 13 7
Robert n iger (Kent ) .
Rold (L in a )
Rolla n d (jVo rt k t )
R o ric u s (S ufi )
Salo Wa rw ) .
Sa su ua lo (S us B erks , ,
Sa su u a rde s (S uss )
Sc u de t , Sc u t e t (sur n am es ,
Sin o d (D o rs )
S table (S o m ers .
)
T i rus (N0 7f )
Tor (L in a )
Tuder a W elshman (S a lop )
,
Turmit (s u rname No rf ) , .
U c t e bra n d (D erk )
Ve n ables ,
G isle b e rt u s de
V lt be rt us
V rfe r (W a rm , S t afi )
U t t a lis
Wala (No ijf)
W ast (s u r n am e B u ek ,
.
,
B edj ) .
Wa z o (S u rr B erks ) .
,
.
W e rllc W e re n c (S uss )
W ih u e n e c , W ih u e n e c h (D en )
W ih um a r, W ih u m a re (C o rn w )
B esides th e co n sideration of these p eculiar name s ,
th e titular desig n atio n s an d tit les of persons officers , ,
a n d oth er disti n g u ish i n g appellation s are of co n sider
abl e interest Many o f th e terms employed are di fficul t

.
of interpretatio n a n d e ve n the learned D uc a n ge wh o

, ,
138 DO M E SD AY BO O K
.
h as devoted m ore attention to t h e subj ect t h an any

one since his day is unable to throw light o n ,
som e of th e obscurer names o f o ffi cers and o ffices .
The fol lowing collect i on of t h e principal o f these

terms has b een arra n ged for conven i e n ce of refer ,
e nce in alphab etical order w i th a short account of

, ,
each as far as may b e gath ered from th e explanatio n s

which h ave b een recorded by wri ters o n this b ra n ch
o f Domesday eth i cs .
Th e A BBOT s were t h e h eads o f the abb eys a n d ,
ra n ked n ext to B i shops in t h e i mportance of their

pos i t i on There was n ot a great numb er of th em
.
wh o fi n d place i n t h e Domesday .
A eezj oit ra n i or A n a j
'
o it ra rii O ffi cers appoi n ted to

, ,
attend to th e Lo rd s falcons D u c a nge calls thi s per

’
.
“ ” “
so n a c c ip it ru m curator e t do m it o r th e caretaker ,
”
a n d tamer of the h awks .
A lo a rii A lo da rii or A lo dia rz z were the tenants in

, ,
A l/o diu m or F ee S i mp le that i s of an hereditary an d

, ,
p erpetual e state free to b e d i sposed of by gift or sale

, ,
'
a n d subj ect to the common a n d c o n st a n t la n d tax of -
hidage I n Kent under certain cases all the allodial

.
, ,
tena n ts and t h eir m e n were liable to a fine or tax

, , ,
a n d o n th e deat h of the A lo a riu s the ki n g was e u ,
titled t o a relie f A lthough as a rule the A lo a rii

.
, ,
were freem en there are some instances of a qualified

,
k i nd of allod i um and of u nderte n ants in a llo diu m

, .
I n B erkshire th e A io dia rus still exists at th e tim e ,
o f th e form ation of the survey .
The ki n g was entitled t o a relief when an A lo di

a riu s d i ed in K ent with certa i n exceptions specified
, ,
by Ell i s from th e op ening account of th e survey in

the Domesday B ook .
A rba list a rn , or B a list a rii were cross b ow men ,

-
.
Th i s i mportant sect i on of th e military strength has

b een d i scussed in d etail by J Hewi tt in his valuable .
,
“ ”
work on A ncient A rm our and Weapon s in Europe .
A rt a r u o fficers whose dut i es have n ot been v ery

,
clearly d efined T h ey were probably archers

.
,
sag i ttarii b owm en T h e sam e term i s used anc i ently

, .
t o s i gnify those t o w h om was entrusted th e charge of

the publ i c chest or a rea of the treasury .
A u rifa bri or workers in gold golds m it h s occur

, , ,
among th e various tradesmen and a rt ifi c e rs The .
goldsmit h appears to have been a priv i leged person

in som e cases not only in D om esday but throughout
, ,
the ancient and m ed i aeval world There were three .
tena nts in cap i te a n d three under tenants at th e tim e

,
of the survey and on e held in t h e t i me of K i ng

,
Edward b es i des others

, .
B a ro ns are rarely n oticed They represent in .
’
D om esday th e king s j usticiar i es and t h e term was ,
also applied t o th e tenants in chief generally - -

.
B a t sueins occurs in t h e survey o f Warwick Th e .
burgesses of th e town provided four Ba t su e in s i e ,

. .
,
1
B o t sw a ins or paid four pounds in m oney when th e
a ,
k i ng m ad e war at sea agai n st his enemies .
Th e B ede] or B edeZlus was an under bailiff of a

, ,
-
ma nor Twenty two only are m entioned in all I n

.
-
.
L eomi n ster in Herefordsh i re th e Manor of which

, ,
had S ixt ee n memb ers t h ere were eight p rep o sit i or

,
provo sts an d as many bedels

,
In B edfordsh i re th e .
’
b edels are classed with th e ki n g s prefects and th e ,
a lmoners among th e tenants in chie f Th e bedel had .
1
Ba t u s , a bo a t, soa p I
/ a cy m ba . D u c a n ge .
T IT U LA R D I STI N T I O NS C . 14 1
greater freedom from work than ot h ers because of ,
his frequent interruptions and was favoured with a ,
small patch of land for his own cult i vatio n .
B erea rii or sh eph erds are considered by Ellis t o

, ,
b e equivalent to B erbiea rii a word derived from ,
z ero ex a weather
r
,
O nly ten in all are speci fi ed
. .
B iga Ellis considers this word a title of the

.
officer appoi n ted to provide carri ages for the use of .
the k i n g I t looks howe v er more like a nam e

.
.
, , ,
derived fro m the classical biga a vehicle o n two ,
wheels . D uc a nge insta n ces other sig n ifi c a t io n s of

the word a b eam a table See
, , , .
B o rda rii Th e total number of t h es e am ounts to

.
1 9 according to Ellis s tabulat i on

’
,
This is bet wee n .
a third a n d a fourth of th e total recorded p opulation

of all condition s There are also 4 9 0 bo rda rii p a up eres
.
,
a n d 1 5 dim idii The exact status of the B ordarius has

.
formed the subj ect of much speculat i on a nd Mr , .
S eeb ohm has added maps t o his work show i ng th e ,
comparat iv e aggregati on of th ese persons in certai n

localities by colour deeper or paler in accordance with
their more or less freque n t occurrence .
From the accoun t gi v e n by Mr H E Malden . . .
t hat in som e hu n dreds the bo rda rii predomi n ate t o ,
the exclu sion of t h e co lo rii while in others th e ,
reverse takes place i t is n o t improbable that th e

,
exact disti n ction between these two classes of

peasants was but slight It may b e that di fferent.
custom s obtained in di fferent hundreds a n d that ,
really th e terms are syno n ymous Th i s i s borne ou t .
b y the Sussex Domesday which enumerates bo rda rii

,
from th e commencement t o folio 2 4 col 2 line 4 , .

,
from b ottom ; t h ese then g i ve place to eo t a rii who end ,

w i th fol i o 2 5 b ; and ko rda rii are agai n de n oted do wn

to th e e n d of th e cou n ty survey It is clear from a .
,
1
charter of K i ng Badgar that th e word B o rd sig n ifi ed ,
a cottage perhaps a b oarde d or wooden hut Th e

, .
bo rda rii are considered by Domesday antiquaries to

have been drudges performing i nferior services of a
,
miscella n eou s character such as gri n di ng thrash ing , , ,
drawi n g water cutt i ng wood and the like

,
Ma n y , .
derivation s have h owever b een ha z arded for thei r

, ,
appellation L ord C oke calls t h em bo o rs h olding a

.
,
small hou se larger than a cottage to wh i ch som e

, ,
small p ort i on of land w a s attach ed O th ers consider .
that they l i ved as cottagers on the éo rders of a village

or Manor but in som e cases at least thi s cannot b e
, , ,
correct for th ey are found as dwelli ng near th e a u t o

,
0 1 Manor Hou se and even as residents in t h e tow n s

,
of Huntingdon Norw i c h and Thetford Th e city

, , .
of N orw i ch i ndeed sh eltered n o less t h an fo u r

, ,
h undred and eighty t o rda rii who on account of their , ,
p overty were unabl e t o pay taxes

,
Kennett con .
s i ders t h ese p easants to b e d i st i nct from t h e serz ri a n d

uilla n i an d to belong to a less serv i l e class
, being ,
supplied wit h a bo rd or cottage a n d som e adjace n t

, ,
la n d on conditi on of supply i ng their lord with

,
poultry eggs and ot h er small provi s i ons for h i s oo a rd

, , ,
and entertainment T h is however i s extremely con.

, ,
j e c t u ra l. Elli s i s pract i cally c o rrect in h i s est i mat e
of the p os i tion of t h e b ordar wh o were m erely ,
cottagers and th e I n q uisit io E lie n sis use s t h e ex

,
“
ression bo rda rii where t h e Breviate M S of th e sa m e

p .
1 D ugda l e, “
Mo n . An gl .
( n e w e di t io n ) ,
i . 20 9 .
on e mar i ners For this th e burgesses e nj oyed the

.
pr i vileges of Sa c a nd S o c two very i mportant rights ,
the o n e of determi n ing cau ses and d i sputes executi ng ,
laws an d adm i n ister i ng j ustice within a certai n local

area t h e oth er being th e term for the area in wh i ch
th e Sa c was exerc i sed D over be i ng then as indeed
.
,
it is n ow a p ort of passage it i s n ot strange that

, ,
there were custom s connected wit h th e royal messen

gers T h us th e burgesses paid t h reepen c e in wi n ter
.
,
an d two in summer wh en t h e ki ng s m essenger

,
’
arr i ved for transporting his h orse

, A m ong other .
privileges was th i s t h at wh oever con stantly residi n g

, ,
in the town pa i d his custom ary rent to t h e ki n g

, ,
went free of toll throug h out England Th ese custom s .
were not introduced under t h e N orman rule for it i s ,
expressly stated that th ey were found here at th e

ki ng s coming Th i s i s only one example of many
’
.
,
that the change o f g overnment i nterfered in a very

small degree wit h th e anc i ent and established insti
t u t io n s of t h e Saxons .
L ewe s i s an ot h er to wn of w hi ch t h e peculiar
custom s are set fort h w i t h som e degree of minute
ness T wenty s hi ll i ngs a large sum was collected
.
, ,
from e v ery burgess t o b e pa i d to the naval forces ,
when t h e k i ng sent out a fleet t o guard t h e seas .
Specific payments or toll for s elling saleabl e

,
properties and specific fines for certain o ffences

,
obtained here .
O xford h ad many pecul i ar customs among wh i c h ,
was t hi s t h at wh en t h e king se t ou t on an exped i t i on

, ,
twenty of t h e burgesses went w i t h h i m for the rest ,
or th e burg h paid a fi n e of t wenty p ounds that all

L O C AL C U ST O M S . 14 5
m ight b e excused . T h e tenant s of th e twe n ty

“ ”
mural mans i ons held their habitation s un der th e
liability to repa i r the C ity walls when need required ,
and the king should call upon t h em to d o so .
Th e Hereford burgesses exercised customs and

pri v ileges wh ich are minutely e n umerated A mong .
them m a y b e me n tioned th e right o f sale by a n y

b u rgess leaving th e city to any one who undertook
,
to perform th e proper services due from th e holding ,
provided the parti es obta i n ed leave of th e bailiff ,
1
wh o charged the third pe n ny i e 3 3 1, p er t ent on
, . .
,
-
the tran sfer .
Th e m oneyers in th i s city consisted of s even

’
perso n s who were bound to coin the k i ng s silver
, ,
whe n he visited th e city int o p ennies and for this

, ,
they had the pr i vilege of Sa c an d So c .
Th e Cambridge burgesses lent their plough s to the

sheriff three times every year in th e tim e of Ki n g
Edwar d B ut at the time of the su rvey this deman d
.
h ad been augmented to nine t i mes .
L eicester supplied a conti n ge n t of twe lv e burgesses

t o the royal army wh en th e ki n g march ed t h rough
the la n d a n d a relay of four h orses as far as L o n do n
,
whe n a foreig n expedition was equipped A curi ous .
example of the comparative value of a certain kin d

of property i s seen in the fact that for a hawk th e
ki ng had the alternative of ten p ounds by sale for a ,
1
b a ggage or sumpter horse twenty sh illings A hawk
.
was therefore valued at the worth of t e n pack horses : -
1
T a k in g t h e a v e ra g e m o de rn v a l u e o f a h o rse a t £ 4 0 w e s e e , ,
in c ide n t a lly t h a t m o n e y w a s w o rth fo rt y t im e s m o re t h e n t h a n

,
it is n o w a da y s
- -
.
14 6 D OM E SD A Y BO O K .
This proport i on o f valuatio n i s a lso b o rne o ut by t h e

e nume ration of the Warwick custom s .
War wi c k s e e ms to h ave be en a c entre of t h e h oney

-
d i strict i n t h e t im e of t h e C on fessor part o f the t a x -
,
'
due fro m th e town to t h e k ing c o n sist e d 0 f t h irt y six rw ‘ ‘

-
sex t a ria an i rregular a nd not un iform measure of

, . -
honey In the ti m e o f t h e D o m e sda y r t h e number

.
- .
-
‘
of these m easures and th e ca pac i ty h ad appar ently ,

'
alter e d; but t h e re t u rn w a s stil l mad e i n k in d I h

'
“
w
'
th e c i ty ten burgesse s had to accompany t h e k ing

whe never h e went in person in any la n d exp ed i t i on .
O f th e oa t sueins of War w ic k n otice has b ee n ta k en ,
in a n o t h érp a rt o f t hi s work
'
:
.
T h e Sh rewsb ury custom s are enumerated wit h c o n

side ra ble detail A m ong th e m the m ost i nteresting
.
are that wh e n g t h e king lodged in th e Ci ty h e h ad a -
b od y guard cons i sting o f t welve of the pr i ncipal

-
I n h a bi t ants Wh en t h e k ing h unt e d t h e burgesses

.
a
wh o p o ssesse d h orses attend ed h i m wi t h their arm s ,
and the s h er i ff sent t hi rty s i x men o n foot to the -
deer stand wh i le t h e king was t h ere A n equal body

-
.
o f m e n were supplied for a wee k at the park of

M a rset elie A w ido w o n h e r remarriage paid a tax
.
-
. , .
of t wen t y s hi llin gs to t h e k ing while a ma i den was .

.
,
only charged h alf t h is sum a t her wedd i ng . .
C h ester C ity pos se ssed a la rge code o f local laws s

‘
a nd customs whi ch El li s h as d iscussed at le n gth

,
If .
a n y burges s c ommitted t h e cr i me of h o u sebreaking .
a n d murder h e ~ fo rfe it e d to t h e k i ng t h e w h ole of h is

,
.
property and wa s de clared a n o u t la w T h e tax or

,
.
~
fine o n a w i dow u nde r c e rt a in c i rcum stances here

may be com p ared w i t h t h e Shrewsbury fine , ab ove
th e br i dge t h e re i nforcem ent of the ranks I kid

, . .
N o 5 0 A D 68 0
.
,
. . .
B ut u nder w h atever phraseolo gy i t might b e stated ,
th e duty w hich was spec i fi ed was the same Th e .
p o ns th
,
e a rx or oa st eZ/u nz and the ex edit io
p ca n
,
relate to n oth i ng el se th an th e repair of bridges a ,
term prob ably taken of wide s i g n ificat i on and i n clud ,
i ng th e approach es in the vicinity ; t h e maintenance

of the city walls which were regarded in m any cases
,
as the o u ter wall of a castl e co e xtens i ve with the area

i n cluded by th e city wall : th e castle itself if there ,
were one bei n g so to speak a second or i n n er line of

, , ,
defen ce ; a n d th e co n tribution of m en m one y or , ,
h orses as th e case might b e toward s th e reinforce

, ,
’
m ent of th e king s army wh en it wa s once set in
m ovem e n t aga i n st th e comm on enemy .
N ott i ngham appears t o have been as it were a n , ,
advance guard to Y ork for th e conservation of th e

-
R i ver Tren t and th e way to th e C i ty of Y ork were

in th e cu stody of the burgesses and i f any one ,
hindered the water way or ploug h ed or dug d i tches

-
, ,
within th e d istance O f two perches of th e ki n g s ’
h ighway h e forfeit ed the large sum of eight pou n ds

, .
We m a y gather from this th e relat iv e breadt h of th e

m archi n g front of army along th e h ere p a d or war ,
path which i s syno n ym ous i n pre Norman d ocume n ts

,
-
with our terms of highroad or king s highway ’

.
Derby had two kinds of b urgesses ; th e fu ll bu r

gesses of wh o m th ere were a hundred at the time
,
o f th e D om esday B ook and forty d i sti n gu i sh ed a s

,
m in o res or of l ess i mportance

,
They m ay b e .
compared w i t h th e burgesses m i nut i of T a t e sh a le ,

L O C AL C U ST O M S . 14 9
the m ein burgesses of Norwi ch a n d the poor ,
burgesses of Ipswich .
I n three i n sta n ces at Cambr i dge L i n col n an d , , ,
S tam for d apart from the ordi n ary burgesses we m eet

, ,
w ith th e la g em en la g enz a nn i or lesser t k eg n s ,

These ,
.
w ere in th e two latter of the three cases o n ly twel v e

, ,
in number Ellis compares them with the twel v e

.
city j udges of Chester and th e same n umber o f ,
L a /z nz en sp ecified in th e
,
S e n atus C o n su lt u m de
”
M o n t ic o lis W a lliae The twel v e la ge m e n of Stam
.
ford who are like those of L i n col n recog n ised in

,
’
, ,
the laws of Ki n g ZE t h e lre d and Ki n g Edward th e

Confessor 1 were reduced to the n u mber of n i n e in
,
that town whe n th e D omesday S urvey wa s compiled .
Torksey like Notti n gham was charged with the

, ,
dut y of assisti n g in keepi n g up com mu n icatio n with

the city of Y ork W he n the ki n g s messe n gers
.
’
arrive d at this tow n th e waterme n cond u cted them ,
to the C ity a n d the sheriff was b ou n d to supply pro

,
v isi ons b oth for the messe n gers a n d their guides

,
.
A t Colchester amo n g other d u ties required of the

,
burgesses in retur n for their pri v ileges th e tax for ,
expeditio n s by sea or la n d is specially m entioned

, ,
in the Domesday B ook .
Norwich like War wick paid in honey as well as

, , ,
in cash for its local pri v ileges

, A part from th e .
specified mo n e y payme n ts there were du e to th e ,
ki ng twe n ty one shilli n gs a n d fo u rpence for prove n

-
1
T h o rp e A n c ie n t L a w s
,
“
AZT H E L R E D se c I I I EDW , , . . .
C O NE se c
, xxxviii p 1 9 9 ; c o m p a re a l so p 1 5 1 w h e re
. .
, . .
,
” ”
t w e lve la lz n eu w e re t o e x p l a in t h e la w W e a la s
“ “
z t o th e
a n d E ng l ish .
der six sen t a ria o f h o n ey a b ear an d s i x bear

—
, , ,
hounds presumab ly for the royal and p opular amuse

ment ! of bear ba i t i ng which did n ot b ecom e e xt i nct
-
unt i l t h e year 1 8 3 5 when it was finally proh ib i ted by ,
A c t of Parliament To th e q ueen thi s c i ty gav e a

.
palfrey in addition t o t h e m oney payments due to h er

, .
It must be remembered th a t in some towns b es i de s ,
t h e burgesses w h o were an swerabl e to t h e Crown for

,
their respect i ve s h ares i n th e dut i es already m en

t io n e d t h ere were ot h er burgesses u nder ot h er lords
,
for example in t h e Ci ty of Winc h ester t h e Abbey of

, ,
Rom sey had fourteen burgesses an d in t h e tow n of ,
Gloucester t hi rty b urgesses owed t h e i r alleg i ance to a

fore i gn body t h e famous and wealthy A bbey of St
, .
Denys at Paris The total number of burgesses i s .
estimated at
The B u rs or B u ri of w h om s i xty two are enu ,
-
m e ra t e d in different parts of th e Dom esday Boo k
B erk shire Buc k ingham s hi re Devonsh i re Hereford

, , ,
s hi re O xfordsh i re and Worcestershire

, We are , .
fortunately enabled by mean s o f an anc i ent manu ,

1
script in t h e Br i tis h M useum to est i mate t h e pos i ,
t i on an d dut i es of th e B urs or G eburs Th ei r .
serv i ces var i ed in di fferen t localit i es and cons i sted ,
of a certain n umber of days wor k in t h e fields a nd ’

,
m oney payments at M i c h aelmas and Mart i nmas a s ,
2
well as ot h er charges I n return the g ebu r rece i ved .
,
two oxe n and on e C o w an d se v en oxen and seven acres

s own and t ela for h i s u se and furn i ture (sup ellex ) for
, ,
1
C o tto n . M S T itu s A
. . II
V I .
, p ri n t e d in E ll is
’
s
“
I n t ro d .
n .
4 25 .
2
H u n iga olu nz , m et egzz lrlu nz , o r ea la ga blu nz , a c c o rding t o the
p re va l e nt c us o mt o f th e m a no r .
1 5 2 DO M ESD AY BOO K .
T h e Ca rp ent a rius w a s a n important artisan H is .
ra n ge of work was probably far wider than would

now b e included in th e term of carpenter L ike th e .
goldsmit h a n d the hu n tsman the necessities an d th e ,
customs o f th e D om esday p eriod rendered th e skilled

carpenter a m a n of repute and cons i deratio n I n a c .
c o rda n c e wit h th i s view we find two of the ki n g s car

’
p e n t e rs am ong the tenants in chief in Cambridgeshire - -

.
The Cem en t a rius br i c k layer or stone m ason als o

,
-
occurs A ccord i ng t o D uc a nge t h e word signifies

.
“ ”
qui v ic t u m m a n ibus q uaerit a t h e who earns h is ,
food by handiwork .
T h ere were 1 5 9 Con sa rn Censo res or Cen so rii , ,

.
They were those villains who paid cen su m or a ki n d ,
of rel i ef by which they redeem ed their estate a nd s o ,
obta i ned possess i on of it .
The Cen t en a rius or Hundredor appears in th e

, ,
S urvey as C ust o s Prefect u s or Pro vo st of t k e fl un

, ,
dred Ell i s states that t h e C entenary was a n officer

.
reta i ned amo n g t h e Fran k s L ombards a n d other , ,
continental peoples as well as among th e A n glo

,
Saxons D uc a n ge m e n tions a variety of duties

.
attached t o th i s o ffi ce wh i ch was certai n ly of some

,
l ocal dig n ity and resp ons i b ility .
The Cereo isia rii were employed in the m a n u fa c

ture of eereo isia or beer as the i r name i mpl i es There
, .
are forty of these i n ferior o ffi cers in all m ent i on ed in

t h e D omesday B oo k .
T h e Co ei C o o u i or Ko ei were coo k s and i t has

, , , ,
1
been suggested that T e z e linus t h e cook at A ddi ngto n ,
in Surrey may h ave originated t h e tenure of M a lp y

,
1
L y so n s, E nviro n s .
TIT ULA R D I ST I NCT I O Ns . 153
gurn o n , produced by the owner of that man or at th e

royal coro n ation b anqu ets .
Th e Co lioert i am ou n t in all to eight h u n dred a n d

1
fi ft y eigh t
-
. They are deri v ed from th e Roman ci v il
law O n e writer describes them as Tena n ts in free
.
”
socage by free rent A nother considers the eo lioert us
.
“
as a middle so rt of tenants b etween ser vile a n d ,
free or s u ch as held their freedom of tenure under

,
”
co n ditio n of such works a n d services that they were ,
a class of la n dholders who appear in later times as

2
eo n dit io n a les D uc a n ge disc u sses th e co n dition of
.
The B u res or G eéu res were equivalent t o th e C o lo n i

and Co lioert i a n d o v er the latter word in o n e passage
,
in th e Domesday B ook there is writte n in a C o n tem

”
p o ra ry ha n d th e gloss o el B u res wh ich s u fficiently ,
establishes the equalit y of the two appellatio n s .
The Co m m en da t i a n d dim idii co m m enda t i were a

class of freemen a broad ter m with many local
,
qualificatio n s and restrictio n s b ut either from choice ,
or n ecessity placed (com mended i e j o i n ed ) under ,

. .
,
the protectio n of great lords They were free or .

,
partiall y free as the case might be in person a n d ,
blood their property b eing g u aranteed by the lord or

,
patron to whom they were attached ; a n d for this

protection they pa i d an a n nual stipend or performed ,
some d uty or services required of them by the lord .
I n th i s respect th ey resemble the c o libe rt i a n d like , ,
t hem are a s u rv i v al from th e social classes created by

,
th e p rovisio n s of th e Roman civ i l law They re p re .
1
E ll is, I n t ro d .
, v o l. i
.
p . 85 .
2 “
G l o ss, su b uo a
se n ted , in fact th e client wh ile t h e lord represented

, ,
the i r patron The dim idii of course had two masters

.
, , ,
w h o shared th e respo n s i b i lity and e nj oyed the be n e fits

w h ich their patro n age acquired Ellis thinks that it .
i s n ot unlikely that som e of th e manorial right s at

presen t exist i n g may b e traced for t h eir origin to t h e
commendat i on custom s found i n the D omesday .
T h e Co nst a ble was a n o ffi cer of super i or degree ,
b ut hi s dut i es a n d posit i on are not very clearly la i d

d own Perh aps h e was equal t o th e st a llere of
.
,
whom some account i s g i ven furt h er on .
Th e Co nsul or Co m es for th ere is l i ttle d oub t that

,
the first of these t erm s was only occas i o n ally u sed as

a syn onym for the lat ter will b e referred to under ,
t h e term E a rl .
Co seet s Co t sedd Co seez Coz et s or C o z ez am ount in

, , , , ,
all to for th e wh ol e area covere d by t h e D omes

day B oo k They were apparently the same as th e
.
C o t t a rii and C o t m a nn i b eing simply small cottagers

,
p ayi n g ren t for v ery s mall p i eces of land T h e i r .
dut i es and pr i v i leges are d escribed at lengt h in th e

Cotton i an M S t o wh i c h n ot i ce has been drawn
.
,
u nder a prev i ous titl e Th eir positi on di ffered

.
accordi n g t o local cu stom s in som e places they

were re q uired to work for t h eir lord on every M o n day
t h roug h out t h e year and for t h ree days every week
,
i n th e m o n t h o f A ugust ; in ot h er places they wor k ed

every d ay in thi s m o n t h for the lor d m owi n g an acre ,
o f c a t s for a day s work for wh i ch h e h ad a sheaf

’
and other rewards '
Th e eo seet was free of la n d

.
gable a n d e nt i tled to five acres of land or m ore H e

,
.
”
p a i d h e Ord p enig or hearth penny on H oly T h urs
,
-
,
The word C ust o s warden g u ardian or k eeper , , , ,
occurs with several qual ifyi n g words Th ere were .

,
for exampl e th e bee keepers c ust o des ap iu m two in

,
-
, ,
number The term bo ok er was applied to this person

.
i n later days H e del i vered s i x se x t a ria o f ho n e y or

.
m ore and was liable to b e called up on b y th e lord to

,
perform a variety of agricultural duties .
Th e C ust o s C u n eo ru m or keep er of the dies , ,
superintended the work p erform ed by t h e m o n et a rii o r ,
m oneyers of w h om more will b e said in another place

, .
Th e C ust o s D o m us B eg is in t h e New Forest occurs , ,
in on e passage ; the c ust o s k u n dret in another ; th e

c ust o s m o lin i t h e eust o s silo ee require but little
,
explanatio n .
D ap ifer or steward was an o ffi cer of superior

, ,
d omestic posit i on A s h i s nam e implied h e carried

.
,
the m eals in to the b an quet b ut t h e title soon becam e

purely h o no rifi c .
The D ren e/es or D reng s were a k i n d of allodial

, ,
tenants wh o occur in th e survey of th e lan d b et wee n

,
the Ribble an d the M ersey Rivers in L ancash i re .
They were m ilitary v assals a n d t h e allotme n ts o f ,
la n d w hich th ey owned were held as manors Th e .
pec u liar services rendered by these tenants was kn own

as D reng a g e a n d i t i s found in existence in o n e
, ,
local i ty at least as lat e as th e close of the th i rteenth

,
century Th e D ing es are believed to have been

.
persons o f a s i m i lar class .
D isp en sa t o r was a n offi cer of condition in th e

\
’
lord s dom estic establishment H e may be c o n .
j e c t u re d as
, his nam e signified to have exercise d ,
som e rule over the maintenance of th e pro visio n s in

the house and to have superintend ed th e expe n ses
, .
TIT ULA R D I ST I N T I O NS
C . 1
57
'
The Norman equ i valent was th e m a or j -

do m us or
d lz o t el
‘
’
m a it re .
The E a rl i s of frequent m ent i on t h roughout the

D omesday B ook A t hi s creation by R oyal Charter .
,
“
h e was invested with th e th i rd penny of the
”
co u nty and girded with the sword of th e county or
, ,
”
earldom The earl s . rel i ef cons i sted of eight ’
horses harnessed an d b i tted two breast plate s fo u r ,

-
h elmets a n d as ma n y shields spears a n d swords

, , , ,
ueredi a n d palfreys
,
Thi s m ay b e compared with .
the b equests made by Saxo n s of n oble degree t o

their ki n g s as recorded in s om e of the fe w wills
,
w hich are still extant 1 A m ong t h e earls a n d .
countesses m entio n ed by nam e are
A lber i c, Earl of Northumberlan d a tenant in cap i te , .
A lv e v a Countess ,
B o u logne Countess of (Ida) ,
Eustachius Earl of B oulogn e ,
Goda Countess ,
Godeva C ountess ,
H u go Earl of Chester,
2
() Ju d it a Countess ,
of H u n t ing do n & c , .
L e o f ZEt h e lw o ld t h e a ldo rm a n fo r e x a m p l e in h is w ill p re

1
, , ,
”
se rve d in t h e
“
C o de x W in t o nie nsis Brit M us A dd M S , . .
, . .
“ ”
f 8 7 , p rint e d in Birc h s ’
C a rt ula rium S a x o n ic um ,
—
.
NO 8 19 , v o l 11 p 5 8 3 , A D 94 6 95 5 , be qu e a t h s t o t h e k ing
. . . .
“
. .
m y h e rio t s, fo u r s w o rds a n d fo u r sp e a rs , fo u r sh ie l ds a n d fo u r
rin g s , t w o w o rth a h un dred a n d t w e n t y m a n c u se s, a nd t w o w o rt h
e igh t y m a n c u ses, a nd lve rn v e sse l s

fo u r h o rse s, a nd t wo si ,
“
ba rn c in ge m in n e h ae re g e a t w a fe o w e r s w e o rd a n d fe o w e r .
s p ze ra a n d fe o w e r sc lda s a n d fe o w e r b e a a s t w e e n o n h u n d
.
y g g . .
t w e lft ig u m m a n c o su n a n d t w ege n o n h u n d e a h t a t igu m

.
7
”
fe o rw e r h o rs a n d t w o sylfre n e fa t a See a l so T h o rp e D ip l o .
,
”
m a t a riu m , p .
4 99 .
158 D OM E S D AY BO O K .
Mo rit o n ie nsis R ob ert; Earl o f sM o re t a in e , :a t e nan t

'
in capite .
R a du lfus W a h e r, Earl o f Norfol k and Su ffo lk a -

.
-
-
tenant in capite
- . .
R o ge riu s de M ontgom e ry Earl of Ar undel ,

,
.
,
tenan t in cap i te . .
W Earl h old i ng land in O xfo rdsh ire a tena n t

‘
:
c
, ,
in capite .
Wi lliam Fi t z O sbe rn Earl o f; :He re fo rd a g t e n a n t

-
, .
,
.
in c ap i te
. .
A mong t h e e arls h old i ng la n ds in t h e ti m e o f

K ing Ed ward the Confessor an d pre vious to th e‘
Domesday Survey a re a : ,
z
’
Cou n tess
Edge u a , .
fE lue ua or A lv e va Countess
, , .
A lbe ric us Earl ,

.
A lgar Earl of Merc i a

,
.
Baldu i nus Earl ,

.
E ddu in u s Earl , .
E dga ru s Earl ,
.
Ghida or Gida C ou n tess m other o f Harol d

, , , .
G oda C ountess , s i ster of Ki n g E dward

,
:
C on fessor .
G odeva C ountess ,
.
G o duinu s Earl .
G ue rd or Guert Earl hrO

,
,
t h e r o f Harold ,
.
, .
G u de t a Countess ,
.
Harold H e ra ldu s or Hero ldus Earl

, , , .
L e uric, o r L eur i c u s ”Earl

J
.
L e uu inu s Earl ,
.
m i nt like the Cu stodes or eu n eo ru nz wi th wh om th ey

, , ,
were co n n ected had it in charge t o take care that

,
their coin s answered t o the standard o f weight an d

quality .
Th e f l t er or sm ith wh o could make ironwork an d

i
, ,
sh oe horses was an important personage in the Dom es

,
day social a n d manorial life althoug h Ellis ranks him ,
w ith the trader a n d i nferior o fficer The ter m was .
applied n ot o n ly to the blacksm ith or i ro n worker bu t ,
als o t o th ose employed in worki n g iron ore an d

s melti ng A mo n g the p erso n s wh o h eld land s in th e
.
time of King Edward a n d previ ou s t o th e Domesday ,

” ”
Sur v ey in Essex one smith ,
unus faber occurs , , ,
w h o h ad been put t o death for larceny The n ame s .
of t wo Saxon smith s al so occur in this list they are

B u n da faber in Suffolk an d E duu inu s faber in th e ,
sam e cou n ty A m ong th e under tenants of th e Domes

.
-
day period are the Fabr i of B erksh ire .
Th e ki n g s F a m uli or servants occur in th e seco n d

’
, ,
volum e of the D omesday B ook but their p osition ,
a n d duties h ave n ot been ascertained .
The B guli or p otters are m entio n ed among th e

, ,
i n ferior trades .
The F o rest a rii or foresters were o fficers of superior

, ,
grade ; occas i o n ally th ey occur as te n a n ts in chief ; - -
“ ”
as for example th e F o re st a rii Regis
,
or king s ,
’
foresters in Gra v e linge s Forest I/Vilt slz ire ; Peret the , ,
Forester H a nt s ; Richard the Forester W a rw ick

, , ,
sk ire . The k nowledge of forestry th e laws of the ,
forest and the chace would make them of value t o ,
the king or the lord whom th ey served Thre e without .

,
nam es given hel d lan ds in the time of Edward the

,
T IT ULA R D I STI N T I O NS
C . 61
C on fessor in So m erset s/zire Bundi t h e Forester , , ,
Oxfo rds/ are ; and L e uu in u s in H a n t s also occur i n thi s ,
category Herbert the Forester of H a n t s wa s a n

.
, ,
u ndertenant at th e t i m e the su rvey was made .
Kelham states that the king appo i nted a forester t o

take care of h i s forests in every county who answered ,
for such a part of the Crown reve n ue as was under hi s

care But if so they were n o t entered in the D omes
.
,
da y unless t h ey held lands .
O n e f ossa rius occurs also a fo ssa t o r H e rebe rd i n

, , ,
Norfolk h e was perhaps an artisan employed about

, ,
the ditc h es The fo ssa rius was also a grave digger

.
-
t h e word fo ssa be i ng a n c ie n t lye m p lo ye d i n t h at sense ,
as in the celebrated ep i tap h of th e Venerable B ede ,
sculptured on his tomb ston e in th e Galilee of t h e

Cathedral at Durh am .
F i fty Franc i or Fran k s are t h e total of these but

, , ,
the F ra n cigen a and F ra nco n es are di ffi cult t o b e

d i stingu ished ; t h ere were two hundred and n i nety
six of the form er and but three of the latter in t h e
,
S urvey .The F ra nc igen a has been cons i dered to be

a general term for any one who could n ot prove h i m
s elf to b e Engl i sh Th e F ra n c o n e s held freely
.
,
libere in t h e time of Edward t h e C o nfe sso r but

, _ ,
their cond i t i on appears to have altered for t h e worse

under t h e new govern ment for they re appear on the ,
-
same manor as i f attached t o th e m anor along w i t h

t h e villani and bo rda rii .
”
The H o m o or Man was a term w hi c h appears
“
, ,
t o have had a spec i fic signi ficat i on i n England at this

time The word occurs in alm ost every page of the
.
.
Survey and i ncluded in a very comprehensive

, ,
M
62 DO M ESD AY BO O K
.
mann er all kin ds O f feudatory te nants O n e of t h eir

’
.
,
m ost important priv i leges was t ha t t h e i r causes an d ,
persons could b e tr i ed only in t h e court of th eir own

l o rd to whom th ey were b ound by sum SSI o n an d
,
depe n dance Hence th e term k o m a g e which apart

.
, ,
from it s sentimental mean i ng of spir i tu a l submission ,

i ndicated in the m iddle ages t h e duty, right a n d ,
claim of appearing at the court w i t h the lord s ’
”
lzo m in es or
,
men t h e word som e t im es bei n g used
,
to d e n ote t h e b ody of p ersons thus as se mbled .
It w as p o ss i ble b ut prob ably i t did n ot often

,
happen t h at a k o m o m ight h old a ma nor in h i s own

,
possess i on The half lzo m o or dim idius was the man

. ,
, ,
w h o h eld part of his lan d un der o n e lord a n d part

under anoth er There are . homines a n d 1 1 ,
dim idn hom i nes in the D om esday B ook .
S even t een ko sp it es occur D uc a ng e con siders th

. e
k o sp es a n in hab i tan t of a v i ll or village and equivalen t ,
to t h e m a nsio na rius paying a yearly rent l ike oth er

, ,
inferior tenants but n ot a sero us

, .
H o st za rius a n i nferior o ffi cer prob a bly t h e sam e

, ,
as u sk er k u sker lz uissier ap p a rit o r or s o m n er

, , , Th e , .
ko st ia riu s i n som e ca ses would a nswer t o our p o rt er

'
. .
The H usca rli were dom est i c servants an d also ,
m ilitary retainers sometimes of th e king or a n ear]

, , .
A m ong t h em Thanes and higher ten ant s occur The .
H u sc a rle wh o was a tenant in cap i te in S omersetshire

m a y have had the nam e only but n ot a n o ffice
y , .
S everal occur by nam e as I ngu lfus L e u ric or with , , ,
o u t name in S om erset S urrey an d Gloucesters hi re , , ,
in the t i me of Ed ward t h e Con fessor

_ .
1 64 DO M E S D AY BO O K .
L a o a lo res —L au ndr y men (P)

or fullers ,
.
L eg a t i a term applied to som e o ffi cers of un k nown

,
capac i ty ; was also used w i t h the word R eg is t o

denote R oyal C ommissioners to wh o m th e format i on ,
o f th e Domesday B ook was i ntrusted .
O f the L ibera t o res n ot m uc h i s kn own .
”
O f the L iberi or free men a great n umber are
, ,
recorded Ell i s g i ve s t h e follow i ng tabl e

.
L ibera fe m inae su bc o m m e nda t a
L iberae fe m inae
L ibera femina comm en data
L i ber i hom i n es
commendat i
fa ldae
D im idI I
liber i h om i nes
D im lib. h om o c o m m e n da t io n e
.
tantu m
“
T h e freeman was a term of con siderabl e lat i
tude —freem en or freeholders of a m anor holders of ,
land for military servi ce tenants in capite T h e , .
h alf freeman w i t h eo m m en da t io only probably h eld

-
h alf h i s land as free t enant a nd th e other half under ,
protection of a lord .
L o riea t i ; two are m ent i oned in W i ndsor ward .
Probably breast plate m akers i f so th e word would

-
b e equivalent t o L o ric a rii B ut certa i n m onks were

.
called lo rica t i w h o put on an i ron lorica or breast

,
plate next th e sk i n for m o rt ifi c a t io n sake and

, ,
rem oved it on n o account D uc a nge ment i on s .
s everal remarkable i n sta n ces a n d a parallel case i s ,
d escr i be d by William of Malm esbury .

T I TU LA R D I ST I N T I O NS
C . 1 65
L o rim a ru , or L o rim ers, mak ers of small i ron and

brass fittings .
L o rioes a term fo r one wh o h ad a tw i sted foot

, ,
perhap s used as a name in D omesday .
T wo hundred a n d seven m a nen t s at S t Edmund s .
bu ry are entered among the Domesday cl ass list of

population They are resident burgesses
. .
M a t rz eula rii o fficers of ecclesiast i cal d uty at St

’
.
,
J oh n s Church Chester
’
, .
M ellit a rius perhaps t he sam e as m ellit o r whom

, ,
D uc a nge n otices as occurr i n g elsewhere A honey .
a nd wax manufacturer .
M erea t o res merchants Twenty four occur There

, .
-
.
were forty eight mercha n ts hou ses in the town of

-
’
Nottingham held by W illiam Peverell , .
M reenn a rius a hired serva n t perhaps , B ut .
D uc a n ge attri butes to m eroen a rius th e sig n ificatio n of

merchant of small wa res a mercer another m e rc e n ,
ar i us was a pr i est who recei v ed a stipend for his

duties co n nected with a ch u rch .
ll/ iles a soldier ; only 1 3 7 in the total with two

, ,
A n glici a n d as m a n y F ra n c ige n ae are mentio n ed

, ,
.
There does n ot see m to have bee n any very precise

mea n i n g attached to the word The m iles may h ave .
been a high commander in s ome cases a n d a n in fe ,
rior in a n oth er case S ome of them h eld large areas .
of land The soldiers of W estmi n ster A bbe y held 3 0

.
h ouses A salary appears to have bee n paid to th e

.
milites at least in some cases He n ce th e term

, .
so lda rii of similar import u sed in the acco u n t of

, ,
Colchester The word is a sy n o n ym of m in ist er or

.
,
theg n in late A nglo Saxo n charters

,
-
.
M o lin a rz z m i llers, .
M o n a ek i monk
, .
M o net a rz i, m oneyers h ave been n ot i ced in t h e

’
ch apter relating t o m oney .
M o n ia les nun s , .
Na t io i or n iefi s ch ildren of villa i n s in t h e sa m e

, , ,
state of serfdom as th eir parents .
Pisea t o res fi sh ermen

, .
Pist o res b ak ers

, .
Po rea rii generally sw i ne h erds but ran ki n g as free

, ,
o ccupi ers wh o pa i d rent i n m on ey or k i n d for feeding

t h e i r pigs in th e woodlands .
Po rt a rius a n inferior o ffi cer w h o k ept t h e gate

,
.
Preken da rii pu rveyors ,

.
Prefeet i or P rep o s it i ; provosts

,
reeves baili ffs , , ,
or steward s of m anors This was an i mportant .
o ffi cer ; h e collected rents carr i ed on t h e affairs o f ,

'
t h e manor over w h ich he wa s t se t kep t t h e peace , ,

‘
and performed all the o flic e s of equity and right
b etween lord a n d tenant To s o m e were atta ched .
t h e bedell i b ed els b eadles or u nder bail i ffs

, ,
Th e ,
-
.
provost of th e town or bu rk gerefa p ra p o sit us uilla

,
-
, ,
h a d a great p ower for good or ill over all the persons

u nder hi s control in the manor .
Preséy t er or Priest
,
occurs fre qu ently in the
,
Survey th ere were nin e hundred and ninety four and -
a dim idiu s presbyter From th e occurrence of the .
presbyter in places wh ere n o churc h i s m e n tio n ed ,
som e writers have co nj ectured that th e e n try of th e

presbyter i n cludes th e ex i stence of the church i n t h e
same place But this i s open to considerable doubt
. .
The obj ect of th e D omesday was by n o m eans t o

in hi s serv i ce for which t h ey rece i ved wages or

,
ma i ntenance at hi s discret i on
,
O ccas i onally they .
w ere able to obta i n the i r m anumission a n d th en

:
b ecam e liberi freemen ,

.
Sero ien t es serj eants

,
D u ca nge gi v es a long a c .
c ou n t o f th e v ar i ous kinds of seruien t es A m ong .
t hem th e S er uien t es f eo da t i were liable t o certain

definite services in return for th e pos sess i on O f fees
,
a n d farm s ; others again appear to b e serj eants of
m anors or ba i li ffs
,
.
T h e S o elzem a nni or socmen were i nfer i or land

, ,
owners who had land in the so e or franchise of a

, ,
great lord The i r freedo m con s i sted in various

.
pr i v i leges ; they rendered fixed serv i ce they could ,
n ot b e put out of their ten ements unwillingly ; they

h eld t h e pleas of th e manor courts There were .
variou s d egrees of so elzem a n ni som e could not dis ,
p ose of the i r estate nor rem ove w i t h ou t perm ission,
of their lords S om e were required to p erform

.
certain serv i ces of husbandry an d in this respect ,
t h ey resembled t h e lower grades of th e agr i cultural

population .
S t a lre master of th e horse c onstable or standard

, , ,
bearer S ome account of this n obl e o ffi cer h as b een

.
g i ven i n a former chapter .
Toin i Ta in i
,
Teg u i Tk a nes or t k eg n s
, th e , ,
m in is t ri o f the A nglo Saxon C h arters were th e -
highest class of tenants ; in fact th e nobility or ,
baro n s of pre Norman t i mes There appear to hav e

-
.
’
b een k i ng s thanes suc h as archbi shops bishops , , ,
abb ots an d th e great lords ; Tk a ni m edio eres se

, ,
c o n da ry thanes l ords of manors or va v assors and

, ,
T IT U LA R D I ST I N T I O NS
C . 16
9
lesser thanes t h e lowest class of free h olders

, B ut .
t h ere were also many intermediate grades a n d s ome ,
of t h e great t h anes h ad dependants also called by ,
t h e same t i tle T h e t i tle of Thane afterwards becam e

.
t h at of B aron .
Va eea rii prob ably p ersons employed in the m a n

,
a ge m e n t of co w s a n d D u c a n g e calls these pe rso n s

“
,
”
qu i v a c c a ru m curam hab et i n p rae diis ru st ic is .
Va o a sso res were n ext in dig n ity to the higher t h anes

a n d barons They were also called va lva sso rs The
. .
t i tl e seems t o have sunk i n th e general name of

Lib er i h om i nes or free m en They were n ot tenants
,
.
in chief but held of th e superior lord or of t h e

-
k i ng as lor d of a manor or honour The vavassor .
was super i or in degree to a knight .
Ven a t o r t h e huntsman appears i n som e cases t o

, ,
h ave b een a favoured person H i s k n owledge must .
have b een extremely valuable t o his lord who would ,
i n retur n take care t o admit him to correspondi n g a d

vantages I t is not u nl ikely that among o fficers of
.
the king s h ousehold the huntsman occup i ed a place

’
of som e considerable importance W aleran and .
C ro c h the huntsmen held la n ds in capite i n Hamp

, ,
shire a n d t h ere are other correspo n ding examples

,
show i ng the i mportance an d dign i ty of the O ffice .
O f Villa n i or Villa ins much has been written , .
Blackston e considers that their new tenure was not

strictly feodal Norma n or Saxo n but compounded
, , ,
of them all and fro m the h eriots whic h th ey were

, ,
liable to somewhat Dan ish in composit i on Thes e

, .
m e n with their families were in servitude to the lord

, ,
of the soil l i ke the rest of the cattle and stock o n i t ,

,
1 70 D O ME SD AY BO O K .
a nd h eld t h e folk land by w h ic h t h ey supported

-
th emselve s and the i r families and from wh ic h they ,

’
would b e rem oved at their lord s will but n o t th e i r ,
own A t th e coming of t h e N ormans th e cond i tion

.
,
of these peasa n ts may hav e been slightly improve d .
Two classe s have been observed ; t he villai ns regua r

dan t ann exed t o th e m a n or or th e lan d ; and th e
, ,
v i lla i ns i n gross annexed t o th e person of the lord

, ,
an d transferable by d ee d of which several examples,
ar e still extant in the vast collect i on of charters i n

the Br i t i s h M u seum The villain p erform ed p ra c t i
.
cally th e sam e ser v ices in h is day for kind as the , ,
—
agricultural lab ourer now a days perform s o n a farm -
’
for a weekly wage But h e could acqui re n o private
.
property lan d nor goods ; h is femal e children could

,
’
n ot b e m arried with out t h e lord s co n sent t o what was
cons i dered a damage t o t h e property ; h i s sons
na t urally gre w up in the sam e stat e of bo n dage Th e .
law however protected th e villain from atroc i ous

, ,
cruelt i es of the lord H e could acquire freedom in

.
several ways m ost u sually by a form al deed or act

of manum i ssion (of wh i c h s everal spec i mens are st ill
extant ) or by any act on th e part of the lord suc h as
,
granting him an an n uity or an estate or bring i ng a n ,
action at law against him by whic h th e m an u m i ss i on

,
i s implied I n cours e of tim e t h e condit i on of many

.
,
v i llains b e c am e considerably ameliorated i n those

i nstances where under a b en evolent lord they and
t h eir familie s e nj oyed their holdings in a regular
C ourse of descent u n interrupt ed by enforced removal
,
or other interruptio n which t ian de d t o retard the i r

improvement, a n d eventually t h e w i ll of lord a s t o
C H A PTE R X .
THE LA ND —C LASS I F I C AT I O N A ND C O ND IT I O NS O F T HE
C O U NT Y P O P U LA T I O N —
C IT IE S A ND T O W NS .
A FE W remarks o n each county th e general aspect ,
of th e survey th e p opulat i on a nd th e pr i nc i pal

, ,
features of note w i ll be useful to the reader Ellis

, .
h as carefully su mm ed U p t h e vari ou s totals of p O p ula

t i on from whic h th e follow i ng facts are der i ved and ,
to them have been added some accounts of the

1
var i ou s works an d b i bl i ograp h ical treat i es connected
w i th eac h c oun ty T h e populat i on m entio ned in
.
D omesday only imperfectly represents t h e true p o p u

lation of t h e county n o n ot i ce b e in g taken of the
“
women and c h ildren th e i nfer i or servants not con

,
cerned w i t h th e la n d tax the clergy th e m a nu fa c

, ,
tur i ng and tradi n g c lasses th e religious and other

,
inhabitants o f m onast i c i n stitutions th e mercenar i es ,
and rank and file of th e soldiery and a floating ,
res i duu m wh o probably t h en as n ow m anaged w i th , ,
l i ttle trouble t o avoid be i ng entered into th e census of

any part i cular locality There are also certain places
.
,
known from th e antiquity of t h eir names to have

, ,
b een in existence prior to th e tak i ng of th e survey ,
o f w hi c h noth i ng i s recorded t o sho w t h at t h ey

1
Se e p .
3 15 .
K E NT .
73
were vis i ted by t h e C omm iss i oners T h ese d i fferent .
om i ssio n s would probably swell the grand total to at

least five times that arrived at by Ellis v iz , .
,
t h at would give the true populat i on of England as ,
fa r as the Domesday Survey extended a t ab out ,
souls .
1
K E NT This large and i mportant county is called
.
C H E NT H in th e D om esday B ook which can only b e ,
accounted for o n the p r i n c i ple that th e scri b es wer e

'
e i ther foreigners writing from dictatio n and attempt ,
ing to re produce the sound wh i ch they h e a rd accord

-
i ng to the phonet i cs of t h e i r own language or t h at t h ey ,
were si n gul arly i gn orant of t h e nam es of t h e Englis h

count i es Th e survey of the cou nty b eg i ns wit h th e
.
accou nt of Dover a n d h as n o numb ered list of ch i ef

,
’
t enants It t h en proceeds w i t h th e t erra reg is or ki ng s
.
,
lands the archbish op of Canterbury s lands the land s

,
’
,
of his milites or knights and th e rest of t h e Ch ief ,
tenants The recorded population cons i sted am ong

.
,
other p ersons o f 1 3 ch i ef tenants (of w h om som e

,
account follows below ) 2 1 2 under tenants 1 m ulier ,

-
u ereula b rda rii and villani in all

p a p o , ,
i nhabitants The pr i nc i pal town s i f we may

.
,
judge from t h e number of burgesses are Canterbury , ,
Romney Sandwich and Dover In Sa n dw i ch were

, , .
nearly four hundred m a su ra or h ouses The burgesses , .
of B u rg us H edee Hythe Borough numbered 2 3 1 of

, , ,
w h om six b elonged to th e Man or of L e m in ge s or

L ym i nge and 1 2 5 to t h e archb i sh op of C anterbury s
’
,
1
F ro m t h e C e t ic l w o rd Ka n t Ca n t (P o rt uguese
, Ca nt o ) , a
c o rne r ; Ca n t iu ne is t h e c l a ssic n a m e .
1 74 DO M E SDAY BO O K .
Manor of Sa lt eo de or Saltwood I n R o m e n e l OJ , .
R omney were 1 5 6 burgesses s om e b elonging t o out

, ,
s i de manors I n F o rdwic or Fordwich n ear Canter

.
,
“ ”
bury a p a rvu s é u rg us belonging t o St A ugustine
, , .
’
“
A bbey were six burge sses
, a hun dred m asures 0 ,
land wanting four in pre D omesday tim es but at t h

,
-
survey only s eventy three The castles of C a n t e rbur)

-
.
a n d Rochester are m ent i on ed .
Th e chief tenants of th i s fi rs t county surveyed in

t h e D omesday are as follows
T h e ki ng hi m self h oldin g his lan ds in an cien

1 .
,
demesn e O f the Crown .
2 . Th e
chbis h op of C a n terbury most of whos
ar ,
l a n ds stood as t h ey were in the t i me of Ki ng E dwa r

t h e C onfes sor .
3 . T h e m onks and m e n of the arc h b is h op tha ,
i s th e lands of the Pr i o ry of Ch rist C h urc h or H ol y

,
Tr i n i t y and St Mart i n i n Canterbury

,
. .
4 T h e b i s h op of Roch ester whos e lands re

.
,
ma i n ed m ostly as in t h e t i me of t h e C onfes sor .
5 T h
. e bishop of B ayeux all h is lan ds b e in ,
.
g rants fro m t h e C on queror i ncreased by h is o w ,
spoliations .
6 T h e A bbey of Battel or Battle h olding t h

.
, ,
Royal M anor of Wye , p art of th e ancient de m e sn

Of th e Crown granted to th e A bbey by W i ll i am t h
,
C o nqu eror The charter grant i ng th i s manor i

.
preserved among the Harleia n c h arters in t h

Br i tish M useum 8 3 A 1 2 There are som e c u rio u
, . .
N ormandy al so at th e b attle o f Hast i ngs

, ,
and a
large landowner .
12 . Haimo th e Sh er i ff, an extens i ve h older of land

in the county .
’
13 . t h e Chaplain t h e ki ng s S ecretary an d
A lbert ,
Chancellor ; t h ese offices were in early days on e a n d , ,
the sam e b e i ng always held by an eccles i ast i c wh o

,
’
h ad also th e care of th e k ing s Chap el .
2 . called Sudse x i e t h e Sout h Saxon (ter

SU S S E X , , . .
,
rit o ry
) h as a list of fi ft een tenants in c hi ef prefixed
r
- -
,
to the su rvey of the county ; there were 5 3 4 under

tenant s ,bo rda rii v i llani an d ot h er
, ,
in h ab i tants making a total of

,
i n all T h e .
town s w i t h burgesse s are Pe ve n ese l 1 1 0 ; Novo , ,
B urgo 64 ; L ewes 5 3 ; Bo lin t u n 2 0 ; C ic e st re 9 ;

, , , ,
and H a st inge s 4 Chic h ester i n King Ed ward s

, .
’
time h ad 9 8 k ag ee or ground plots on eac h of wh i c h ,
o n e or more h ouses stood ; sixty m ore had b ee n
added by t h e t i m e t h e survey was mad e In t h e .
burg h of St e yn inge s t h ere were 1 2 4 m a su ra M r F E . . . .
Sawyer , read b efore t h e D om esday C om

m emorat i on a valuable n otice of t h e county as i t
appears in D omesday B ook in wh i c h h e con s i ders ,
t h at th e tru e p opulation was ten times t h at recorded

—
,
or t e n i nmates o f one h old i ng not be i n g

an exaggerated numb er H e att ri butes th e i ncreas e .
of bu i ld i ngs in Ch i c h ester to t h e removal of t h e

cath e dral t o that city from Se lse a in A D 1 0 7 5 o r . .
,
between that year and th e format i on of t h e survey .
T h e castle s of Hasti n gs B orne Ferle Bre m bre , , ,

S U R R EY . 1 77
fo rBramber and La uu e s Lawes and

, , ,
La qu i s for
L ewes a re incidentally m ent i oned
, .
3 . i
SU R R E Y
s called by th e wr i ters of the Survey
S U D R E IE O f t h e total of recorded i n h ab i tants
.
,
there were 4 4 tenants in Chi ef i nclud i ng th e k i n g , ,
10 8 under tenants villan i 9 68 bo rda rii 1

, , ,
A ngl i cus and 1 fo re st a riu s

, S outhwark was a n .
important place bishop O do of Bayeux h ad t h ere

,
a monastery and a watercourse Guildford was t h e .
only ot h er place that had any pretension to the n am e

of a town There were a hundred and seventy fi ve
.
-
burgesses in it ; but i t is remarkable t h at no mention

i s made of any corp orate privileges t h erein The .
notices of Bermondsey and L amb eth are i nteresting .
A paper o n th e county was recently read by Mr .
H E Malden before the Commemorat i on in wh i ch

. .
,
he s ho wed that there was n o southern b oundary

of th e county except the undefined tract of th e
primeval forest of the An dre ds weald In the sam e -
.
w a y Sussex could ha v e had bu t a do u btful n ort h ern

boundary Th i s h as led to some remarkable results
.
in the Su rvey where land in Compton co Sussex i s

—
, , .
,
“ ”
rated in Surrey wh ile Worth the, O rde of t h e
Domesday B ook now in Sussex i s taken as i n Surrey
,
-
,
.
L odsworth then i n Surrey n o w in S ussex i s another

, ,
e xample .
Geological conditions here as doubtless else , ,
where considerably affected the cultivat i on the u n

, ,
fertile W ealden clay being as a rule uni n habited but , , ,
t h e fertile greensan d i s almost coterm i nous with t h e
D omesday life of the county A portion of t h e .

1 7 8 DO M E SD AY BO O K .
n ort h west o f Surrey was a lsO uninhabite d On

'
account of th e u n manageable a n d unfruitful charac

t e rist ic s of th e soi l Mr Malde n computes fi fty nine
. .
places whe r e churches are m ention ed and that o n ,
th e average there was a c h urch for every se v enty

v
m en ,
or say for every three h undred and fifty of
, ,
population for he only allows five t o a h ousehold

, ,
wh ich i s j ust h alf the to t al conj ectu red by Mr Sawye r .
for Sussex Th i s ma y b e t ak en as an independen t

.
i ndicat i on of the probable area of A nglo Saxon

C hurch es th e extant examples of w hi ch would have
,
much di ffi culty to find room for h alf that numb er Mr

’
. .
M alden puts down th e tru e total Of popu lat i on at

'
about twenty thousa n d S om e of th e O ld Saxon

'
.
’
h olders still hel d lan d here in th e D om esday times ,
and som e were d espoiled by b i s h op O do th e king s ,

’
kinsm an A mong these an cient te n ants occur a gold

.
smit h a n interpreter a n d two huntsm en m en whose

, ,
occupation s were probably too u seful to allow o f

t h e i r b e i ng dispossessed H e also p o i nted out th e.
u n explained fact that the b o rda rii predominate in a
som e hundreds i n wh i ch t h e c o t a rii a re but few ;

wh i le i n others not contiguous th e reverse is th e
, ,
case This has been shown m ore clearly I n Mr

. .
S e ebo h m s well kn own work

’
I t m ay b e that there .
were different c rrst o m s in force in different hundreds ,
or perhap s the two term s were for m ost p urposes

‘
, ,
pract i cally syn ony mous 1 Som e i solated homestead s

.
in t h e grea t forest had been overlooked or u n su r ,
v y e d by th e Com miss i oners O n th e Church lands

e
~
, .
,
t h e proportion of sem i was ab out 5 5 per cent of the .
See a l so p 14 1
1
. .
gress a nd de ca y of t h e town for t h ree separate

'
p er i ods .
T h e Survey of th i s county c ontains a separate

.
h ead i ng of Item i n eadem H a nt e sc ire circa No ua m

“
”
F o re st a m e t i ntra ip sa m I n t hi s forest t h e total of
.
re c orded populat i on i s only 2 1 7 c omposed of 1 7 ,
tenants i n chief t h e sam e numb er of subtenants

, ,
8 7 bo rda rii 6 6 v i llan i 2 2 ser vi 7 h om i nes , and one

, , ,
’
c u stos of t h e ki n g s h ouse .
T h e I sle o f W i g h t w hi c h i s als o separately sur

,
“ ”
v ey e d as I nsula d e W i th conta i ned but ,
i n h abitants m e nt i oned speci fically T h is total i s .
made up of 3 7 c hi ef tenants 4 5 under tenan ts 4 4 1 , ,
bo rda rii 3 60 v i llani 2 3 2 servi 8 hom i nes and on e

, , , ,
“
vavassor w h o i s d escribed as p oss essed of two
,
”
.
cows A castl e at A lwine st un e i n t hi s i sland i s i den

.
t ifi e d wit h C ar i sbroo k by Ell i s .
5 B
. E R K S H I R E called Be r
,
ro c h e sc ire conta i ned a ,
total p opulation of am ong t h em 8 0 tenants in

cap i t e 1 8 5 u ndertenants 1 0 merch ants stationed in
, ,
front of t h e gate of St H elen s Ch urch at Bertone in ’

.
,
A b i ngdon 1 ra dc h e n ist re wi t h h i s plough

,
Wal .
lingfo rd wa s an important town It had a merc h ant .
gu i ld in t h e time of Ki ng Ed ward t h e Confessor an d ,
2 7 6 lza g re or plots contain i ng h ouse sbelong i n g to t h e

,
ki ng ; t h e total houses i nclud i ng 2 4 b elo n ging to

,
"
ma no rs i n O xfords hi re and elsewh ere amounted t o ,
4 91 .O ld Wi ndso r had 1 0 0 k ag a ; in Read i ng t h e

king h ad 2 8 lza gee T h e smallness may be accounted
.
for by t h e burning of t h e town by t h e Dan es sixty

years before t h e survey was made T h e castles o f .
W I LT SHIR E 81 i
"
3
Walling ford a nd W i ndsor a re i nciden t ally m en -
t io n e d .
Th e Domesday of B erks hi r e i s be i ng prepared fo r

publ i cat i on w i t h descri pt i ve not i ces by Mr H J
, , . . .
Re i d , of Donningt o n .
6 .W I LT SHIR E or W ilt e sc ire as i t i s c a lle d in t he

, .
Record was a well populated county the tot al enu

,
-
m e ra t e d i nhab i a nts amounting to w hi ch may

t
be multiplied by five or six t o Show the prob able actual
census at th e time under cons i derat i on O f thes e .
t h ere were 1 5 6 chief tenants and 2 8 6 undertenants ,
villani b o rda rii , ser vi , ,
c o sc e z but o n ly 1 presbyter a plain i nd i cat i on that

“
, ,
t h e Churc h dign i tar i es are only inc i de n tally i ntro

duc e d into the D omesday it be i ng n o part of th e ,
duty of the C ommissioners to ascertain the nu mber

of th e clergy The numb er of burgesses i n th i rteen
'
—
.
t owns i s entered as follows C a una o r C a u n e 7 3 ;

'
T h eo du lve side, 6 6 ; C ric h e la de , 3 3 Bra de fo rd, 3 3

G uerm in st re (Warminster ) , 3 0 Be dvinde (Bedwy n),
W ilt une, M a lm e sbe rie, 8 ; Su dt o n e , 5 ;
’
2 5; 17
D o m n it o n e , 2 ; D ra ic o t e , Sm it e c o t e , and G o rdo ne ,
1 each .
D omesday Boo k does not afford very much info r

m ation as to t h e cond i tion of W i ltshire c i ties and
b oroughs 1 Two Wilton and Malmesb ury a re
.
, ,
expressly called burg i but others must b e included , ,
“ ”
as Sarum Marlb orough Cr i cklade and, Bade , , ,
perhaps B edwi n unless Bat h i n t h e cont iguous , ,
1
R ev . W H . . J o nes , Do m esda y fo r W iltsh ire . Ba th ,
1 8 65 , 4 to .
1
county of Somerset h a d been thus placed in t h e
,
farm or collectors h ip of W iltsh i re I n each of these .

,
t h e third penny or thi rd part of t h e proceed s of

t ax at i on b elo nged t o t h ek i ng so tha t h e stood I n th e
,
p os i tion of com es or earl s o far as the county wa s

concerned separately I n C alne A m bresbury War
.
, ,
m i nster C hi ppen ham and p erhap s Tils h ead th e

, , ,
“ ” ’
ki ng cla i m ed t h e fi rrn a unius noct i s a n igh t s ,
fa rm or h ospitality fo r h imself and h i s concom i tant

court A dd to t h ese Bradford o u —
. A v on Wes t bury
,
-
, ,
Melks h am Mere Ram sbury and A ldb o u rn w hi ch

, , , ,
would als o fall into th is category o f b orough s O n .
t h e other hand th e r ecorded p res ence of burgesses

in D o m n it o n e (Dinto n ) D ra ic o t e Gardone Smite
, , ,
cote , and Su dt o n e (Sutton M ande vi lle ) does no t ,
necessar i ly i mply t h at these places n ever m ore tha n ,
small mark et town s at b est were borough s M a lm e s , .
bu ry b orough on e of t h e se i s d istingu i s h ed in t h e
, ,
Do mesday B oo k by h aving i ts survey placed before

t h e numbered list of 68 tenants or groups of tenants , ,
wh i c h precedes th e general text Even th i s however, .

,
is s h ort and m eagre L i ke Wall i ngford in Berksh i re

.
, ,
Malmesbury furnis h ed soldiers for th e king s army ’

.
’
T h e town s military serv i ce am ounted to twenty
s hi llings for the support of the ki n g s sai lors (bu z e ’
C arlS) or in furnishing h i m with o n e m an for each

,
ho n our of fi v e hides a statem ent whic h tend s t o

,
prove t h at the se rvice of o ne m a n was rated at or :
commut ed fo r by twenty s h illings .
J ones considers that Wiltshire i s an exception t o
1
M o rga n ,
“
E ng l a n d u n de r t h e No rm a ns , p . 19 1
ch edule or l i s t of tenant s Ellis tabulat es t h e

'
s .
recorded populat i on at i n c lud i ng among

ot h ers 1 4 6 C hi ef tenants 1 9 5 und er tenants
, ,
b o rda rii , v i lla n i , servi 1 5 1 burgesses i n ,
S c e ft e sbe rie (Sh aftesbury ) 8 in W i nburne , 3 in ,
War h am , and only 1 in D o rec e st re belong i ng t o t h e ,
b i s h op of Sal i sbury s Manor of C erm in st re

’
The .
pr i nc i pal town s were D orchester Br i dport Ware h am , , ,
and Sh aftesbury T h e 1 7 2 h ouses i n D orc h ester i n

.
t h e time of Edward t h e C onfessor h ad decreased to 8 8

a t t h e D om esday S urvey There were t wo m oneyers
.
in t hi s town . B ut i ts prosperous condit i on may

per h aps b e est i mated from t h e fact that i t pa i d geld
for ten hi des t h r i ce the rat i ng of t h e city of Exeter
, .
I n Br i dport t h e h ouses h ad s i m i larly d i min i s h ed

“
from 1 2 0 to 1 0 0 th e other t wenty so fa r wasted
,
t h at t h e i r i n h abitant s were unable to pay th e geld .
H ere t h ere was o n e m oneyer Ware h am , w hi c h

“
.
’
possessed 1 4 3 h ouses on t h e ki ng s demesn e in t h e
t i m e O f th e Confessor retained only 7 0 at t h e su r
, vey .
T h e total of h ouses in t h e t own 2 8 5 h ad falle n to , ,
1 3 5 w h en t h e Comm i ss i on ers too k the census Two .
m oneyers were i n th i s t own Sh aftesbury also Sh ows .
a sim i lar decrease of h ouses from 2 5 7 i n the t i m e of ,
Ki ng Edward to 1 77 i n t h e year 1 0 86 The 1 5 1 .
b urgesses, dwell i ng i n 9 1 m anses shows t h at t h e ,
number of burgesses in a town m i ght exceed t h e

number of h ouses Ware h am Castl e i s stated to h ave
.
b een bu i lt by Ki ng W i ll i a m in t h e survey of t hi s
county .
E yton w h o h as carefully analyse d t h e D omes

,
day B oo k fo r t hi s c ounty finds t h at constant refer

,
D O R SETS H I R E . 1 85
ence i s made to two d i st i nct systems of m ea su ra

t i on— 1 the old syste m of hi dat i on based on t h e
, ,
Saxon kide ; and 2 t h e contemporary and more ,
exact system He finds the Domesday hi de o f

.
Dorsetshire represented on an average by n early 2 4 0

1
s tatute acres t h e hidage or valuat i on by h i des
, , ,
i ndicating liab i lity capacity or i ntr i ns i c value and

, ,
a dvent i tious or extr i nsic value T h e h i de liable t o .
geld in D orsetshire i s by th i s wr i ter tech n icall y

divided i nto these parts
1 Hide 4 Virg a t e s 16 F e rn de ls 4 8 Ac res .
1 V irga t e 4 F e rnde ls 1 2 A c re s .
1 F e rn del 3 A c re s .
T h ese h ave reference to t h e orig i nal assessmen t fo r

t h e Danegeld by Et h elred the U nready A D 9 7 9 , . .
10 16. Thus an estat e geldable as one o r two

V irgates simply mean s that i t was assessed t o Dan e
,
geld as a quarter or h alf of one h i de th e ord i n a ry —

acre of Norman and actual measurement applied in
t h e D omesday to meadows pastures and woods , , ,
be i ng quite di fferent to t h e a rm a d g k eldum which ,
represented about 5 modern acres The carucat e

'
in Dorsets hi re as a precise areal me a sure is pr obably

, ,
represented as i t i s in L incolnshire by the sam e

, ,
nu mb er 2 4 0 of m odern acres as is t h e average h ide

, ,
.
The t erm a d u na m co rneum or ploug h gang was a ,

-
still more constant quantity not ex ceed i ng and , ,
probably equ i valent to 1 2 0 m easured acres , .
E yt o n s calculat i on of t h e line al measures of t h e

’
1
But va ry ing fro m to as l itt l e a s 84 r
a c e s.
Dorsets hi re of gr eat i nterest A ssum i ng

Survey a re .
t h e le n gt h of the p ert iea or o irg a (n owh ere define d

in D om esday ) to b e 1 6 15 ft or 5 5 yds h e constructs .
,
.
,
»
t h e followi n g table
“
16 5 ft . g y ds . 1 Virg a or Pert ica .
66 ft 22 y ds = 4 V ir m
g o r Pe rt ic ae = 1 A c ra (l inea l , no t
. .
;
[e x ta n t ) .
660 ft . 22 y ds .
4 0 P
e rt ic ae 10 A c re s = 1 Qua re n t ina .
ft .
y ds .
4 80 Pe rt ic ae 1 20 A c re s 1 2 Q ua re n t inae
I L e u rra , L e u g a , or L e uc a .
Th e lineal acre occurs in the d escript i on o f t h e

wood at W ic h e m e t u n e or W ic h a m p t o n wh ic h i s , ,
s e t down as 1 q u a re n t in e long 8 acres broad , .
f
. The areal or supe rficial measures are exactly
deduced from these as has b een s h o wn in a fort h ,
coming part of th e work

3 0 1 sq y ds 1 P e rt ic a s q ua re
. . .
s
q y ds = 1 60 P e rt ic a:
. . I A re a l A c re .
sq .
y ds 1 0 sq A c re s = 1 s q
. .
Qu a re n t ine .
sq. y ds . 1 20 s q A c re s = 1 2 s
.
q .
Qua r 1 Area l L e a gue
. .
T h is correspo n ds w i t h t h e m odern system of area '
measure whic h h owever employs oth er deno m i

, , ,
nat i ons .
8 . called Su rn e rse t e or Summ er

SO M E R SET S H IR E, ,
sette h a s 4 7 entr i es of 8 0 tenants in c h ief 3 68

, ,
'
under tenants v i lla i n s or v i llans

, ,
bo rda rrr or b oors serv i a n d ot h er class es , , ,
a m o u nt rng in all t o recorde d p opulation 0 1 .
royal b orough s in S omersets hi re , Bat h h ad 1 5 4

burgesses of wh om 64 belonged t o th e laity and 2 4
, ,
to the C h urch ; A lse bruge or A xbridge 3 2 ; G ive l ,

1 88 D O ME SD AY BO O K .
castle s are inc i dentally spo k en of by Domesday ,

”
C o rn u a li and O c h e m e n t o n e o r O a k hampton
, .
10 C O R NW ALL, called C o rnva lgie and C o rnv a lia

.
,
completed t h e fi rst or south ernmost z one of the

’
D omesday Comm i ss i oners work T hi s county had .
recorded in h ab i tants am ong w h om are 7 ,
tenants in cap it e 9 7 under tenants , b o rda rii , ,
v i llani serv i an d as many as 4 0 cer

, ,
v isa rii or brewers

, Here were two castles D unh eve t
.
,
1 “ 2
or L aunceston ; t h e stro n gest but not t h e b i ggest , ,
”
t h at ever I saw in any a u n c ie nt work in England ,
and Tremeton e , w hi c h latter h ad a market .
1 1.M I D D L E SE X or M idde lse x e commences t h e

, ,
second z on e or rank in the arrangement of counties .
Here was a population of i ncluding 3 0 tenants

i n ch i ef 6 2 u nder tenants as m esne lords 4 6
,
‘
,
’
burgesses o n the abb ot of We stm i nster s manor in
S tan es villan i 4 64 c o t a rii 3 4 3 b o rda rii a n d
, , ,
1 12 s erv i L ondon
. wa s p robably exempt by
‘
c h arter from the n ot i ce of t h e Commissioners T h e .
3
first ch arter extan t was granted to th e c i ty by
Will i a m the C onqueror in the second year of his ,
re i gn over E n gland at th e instance of W i ll i a m ,
the Norman b is h op of L ondon , on th e oc c asion of

,
t h e royal entry into t h e C ity Th i s i s wr i tten in .
A nglo Saxon an d i s drawn up in accordance w i t h

-
”
1
Th e H ist o ry o f L a un c est o n a nd D unh ev e d, by R . P eter
a nd O B P e te r, 1 88 5
. . L e l a n d,
. I tin 2
.
2
Th e H ist o ric a l C h a rt e rs a n d C o n st it ut io n a l D o c u m ents
o f t h e C it y o f L o ndo n L o n d , 1 884 , 4 t o
. . .
H E R I FO R D S H I R E 1 89
' ‘
t h e convent i o nal usages of A nglo Saxon diplomat i cs -

,
and t h ese C i rcumstances h ave b een regarded by

historians as great concess i on s to English feelings ,
seei ng t h at i t wa s i ssued at a time when th e Norman
language and Norman forms of legal deeds were
supplant i ng the native language and met h ods of
formulation The two ch ief privileges granted i n i t
.
are that the burgesses were declared to be law

,
worthy leg a les k o m ines and that the i r children s h ould

, ,
b e their h eirs Hence i t may be conj ectured t h at

.
the burgesses of L ondon h ad O btai n ed of t h e Saxon

monarchs s everal l i berties and i mmunities, a mong
others this one that t h ey were to be so fa r free
,
as not to b e in do m in io or under any lord s power,

’
,
but that th ey migh t b e law worthy that i s have t h e -
, ,
full benefit of the law I n this respect the king s

’
.
,
charter i s but a confirmation of the pre Norman -
condition of th e L o n don burgesses Hume follow .

,
ing Dalrymple o n Feudal Property con siders th i s ,
famous charter little better than a charter of p ro t e c

t i on a declaration that t h e c i t i z e n s should not b e
,
treated as Slaves But even t hi s was a considerabl e

.
i mmu n ity at a t i me w h en all persons w h o were not

possessed of lan d were included in that class W h at .
enhanced the value of t h ese c h arters wa s t h at t h ey ,
were granted at a t i me when t h e feudal system

o btai n ed a firmer and m ore extensive establ i shment
by the settlement of the Norman barons i n England

u nder the military tenure .
12 H E R T F O R D SH I R E is called He rfo rdsc ire in t h e

.
,
D omesday Book T h ere i s a record of

.
p p
o u la
t i on compri si n g am ong others 5 5 c hi ef tenant s 1 8 4

, , , ,
un der tenants as mesn e proprietors villa n i , ,
b o rda rii 8 3 7 c o t arii 5 5 0 servi 1 fo ssar 4 8

, , , ,
presbyters T h e t o wn of H e rt fo rde is stated t o hold

'
'
18 burgesses ; bu t i n the ti m e of Edward th e

Confes sor there were 1 4 6 b urgesses under the king s ’
protectio n th e town being ra t ed at t e n h ides O ther

, .
tow ns held th e following census of burgesses

’
Be rc h a m st e de 5 2 St A lban s 4 6 E s c we lle or Ash

’
, .
,
well n ear Baldock once a m arket town granted by

, ,
-
E dward th e Confessor t o th e abb ot of Westm i nster ,
14 a nd St a n st e de or Stanstead A b bot n ear ,
H oddesdon 7 The proximity of th i s place t o th e

, .
River L e a (th e b o u n da ry o f division b etwee n A lfred s /

’
A nglo Saxon subj ects an d G u t h ru m s Da n es at the

’
-
clos e of the n in th cent u ry ) may account for th e

trade w hi ch appears to h ave flouris h ed here .
B U C K I NG H A M SH I R E called Bo c h ingh a m sc ire

1 3 .
, ,
only conta i n ed p erso n s amo n g th em 7 0 tenants ,
in c h ief 2 2 3 u n der tenants 2 6 burgesses in the t own

-
, ,
'
o f B uckingham who belonged t o certain of th e barons ,
1 sa lin a riu s 2 va v assors ,

The Sur v ey prefixes th e .
a ccou nt of th e cou n ty town of Bo c h inge h a m c u m

B o t ton e to th e p relim i n ary numbered list of 5 7
t en ants and groups of tena n ts .
14 . or O x e n e fo rdsc ire as the Survey

O X F O R D SH I R E , ,
calls t h i s county renders a recorded censu s of ,
persons A m o n g them 8 4 tenants in c h ief unde r

.
,
- -
59 group s in the tabulation prefixed to th e general
t ext 2 0 7 under te nants a n d occupiers villa n i , ,
bo rda rii 9 63 servi and but 1 presbyter

,
The ,
.
16 WO R C E ST E R SH I R E called W ire c e st re sc ire h eld

.
, ,
a total recorded population of persons am o n g

them 2 8 tenants in ch i ef 1 2 9 underte nants
,
- -
, ,
bo rda rii villani 6 7 7 servi the large number

, , ,
o f 10 1 ancill ae 59 presbyters,
1 huntsm an 1 , ,
widow and 3 salt m anufacturers own i ng as many

,
salines or salt pans i n W i ch i e Droitw i ch , . .

, .
These pan s or salt bo i ler i es pa i d t h ree h undred

m it t a s of salt for w hi ch they rece i ved i n the
, ,
“
t im e of K i ng Ed ward as m any car t loads , ea ret edes,

,
o f fire wood from th e wood wardens Th e C i ty -

.
o f Worcester W ire c e st re commences t h e survey

, , ,
b efore th e n umb ered l ist of ch i ef t enants and i ts ,
rents custom s and serv i ces are set forth b ut n o t t h e

, , ,
c ensu s of its burgesses ; eight h owever, are kn own ,
from ot h er places The h ouses in t h e c i ty w h ic h

.
,
was rated at fi fteen hi des cons i sted of ninety a p ,

’
p endant to t h e bis h op of Worcester s Manor of N o r
w i ch e or Nort h wic h U rso w h o h eld twenty four of
.
,
-
t h ese h eld also twenty fi v e in t h e m ark et place of

,
- -
Worcester whi c h pa i d a h undred s h ill i ngs yearly

, .
F i ve of t h e twenty e i ght masures b elo ng i ng t o t h e

-
A bb ey of Evesham in Worcester h ad b een w a st ed

, , .
T here were too three m asures i n Worcester pay i n g

, ,
t hi rty pence yearly belong i ng t o th e C h urc h of

,
Hereford as appendant t o i ts Manor o f C o t ingt une .
T h e h ouses and sal i nes in W i ch were numerous ;

’
t h er e were 1 1 3 burgesses in thi s town ; 2 8 in Per

shore b elonging to th e A bbey of Westmin ster lord
, ,
o f t h e Manor O ne monk alon e appears i n Domes

.
day to represent th e p owerful and opulen t B enedictine

A bbey of Evesham , w hi c h nevert h eless, c o n tained ,
H ER E F OR D SH I R E . 1 93
at this per i od at least a hundred i nmates Th e .
1
chart u lary of the Worcester monk Hemi n g throws , ,
co n siderable light o n the Do mesday B ook of th e

cou n ty It has b ee n pr i n ted by the assiduou s anti
.
q u a ry Hearne ,
I n like manner the Evesham chartu
.
lar y contai n s v aluable i n form ation respecti n g th e

2 ‘
A bbey la n ds at the tim e but i t yet awaits a n editor , .
Th e British Museum als o co n tain s ma n y scatt ered

doc u me n ts which illumi n ate the early histor y of
Pershore A bb ey Dudelei or D u dley Castle is .
,
mentioned in the Survey .
1 7H E R E F O R D S H I R E or H e re fo rdsc ire h as been

.
, ,
3
co fused with Hertfordshire by M r Ewald
n The . .
Domesday nam e of the latter H e rfo rdsc ire certai n ly.
, ,
r esembles that of the county of Hereford but does ,
n o t take the second a Ell i s tabulates total

pop u lation compris i ng among t h e number 3 7
, ,
t e n ants in chief 2 8 2 undertenants

- -
,
villani , ,
bo rda rii a n d 1 0 poor b oors 6 9 1 servi 9 9

‘
, ,
a n cill ae 1 0 4 bo va rii as well as 1 2 free a carpenter

, , ,
a b ee master a miller 2 cowmen 2 1 bedels an d

-
, , , ,
4 2 Welshmen Th e state of the city of Hereford is

.
prefixed to the schedule of 3 6 numbered classes of

tenants — in ch i e f I n th i s c i ty were six smiths each
-
.
,
provided wit h a fo rg ia or forge an d b ound to work , ,
at h is trade for th e king to a specified exte n t for ,
which he received a payment There were two .
classes of burgesses here : the E nglish retain i n g

1
Brit . M us .
, C o tt o n M S . T ibe riu s, A .x iii .
2
Brit . M us .
, C o t to n MS .
, V e sp a sia n , B xx iv . .
3
E nc y c l . n e w e dit io n , 5 . v . Do m esda y Bo o k .
O
1 94 DO M E SD A Y BO O K .
priv i leges which th ey had enj oyed in th e time of

Edward the Co n fessor ; a n d the fra n c ige n ae or
foreigners w h o had certain exemptions Th e .
Here ford moneyers had the right of sa e a n d so e ;

their i n mates were therefore u n der the i r o wn keepi n g .
Wigmore was a bOiOu gh there were 1 6 burgesses O f

C lifo rd held in demes n e by Ralph d e T o de n ei 1 0
in Hereford a n d 1 in H a n lie
,
T h e castles of W ig .
m ore M o n e m u de Cl i fford E wia s as well as do m us

, , , ,
defensa biles are noticed in th e County Survey

,
Thi s .
county fi n ishes the seco n d row o r rank of counties as

taken in order by the scr i bes of the Exchequer
Domesday .
'
18 CA M BR I D GE SH I R E or Gre n t e bfsc ire held '
persons A m ong these 4 5 tenants in—

.
, ,
. c hi ef i n cluding
,
-
two carpenters an d 2 5 7 undertenants 2 9 burgesses ,
in Cambr i dge 1 5 fi s h ermen , 4 pr i ests 3 fore ig n b orn

, ,
-
sold i ers The descr i pt i on of th e town precedes the

.
numbered l i st of 4 4 sections It contained 3 7 3 m a su ree .

,
was rated for a wh ole hundred an d d i v i ded i nto t en ,
wards I n the time of King Edward t h e C onfessor

.
the burgesses gave th e sheri ff the use of their

”
c a rru c ae or carts three times a year O f the I n
, ,
.
”
qu isit io n of t h e cou n ty of Cambridge t h e ori gi n al ,
return from which t h e Cambridgesh i re Dom esday

was prepared a n account h as been g i ven in a former
,
”
chapter T h e I nquest of Ely b ound up w i t h t hi s
.
,
i n th e same volume and edited t oget h er wit h the ,
former text by M r Hamilton descr i bes t h e lands of

.
,
th e A bb ey of St E t h eldrida Ely in t hi s and other

.
, ,
neighb our i ng count i es and t h ese two records must ,

et b edelli e t e le m o sin a rn , whose descrip t i on closes

the cou n ty record .
21 N O R T H A M PT O NSH I R E No rt h a fi t sc ire record s

.
, ,
’
a ce n sus of accord i n g to Ellis s computatio n ,
i n clusive of 66 Chief te n a n ts 2 6 1 undert e n an ts in , ,
cl u ding 3 3 m i lites o f St Peter d e Burgo or Peter .

,
b orough ; v i llani b o rda rii , soche ,
m anni 5 9 anc i ll ae 6 6 presbyters

, ,
The d escript i on .
of No rt h a n t o n e or North a mpto n h eads th e Cou n ty

, ,
Su r v ey Here Ki n g Edward the C o n fessor had sixty

. _
b u rgesses in demes n e ho lding as ma n y m a n sio n s

, .
There appears to have b een a n ew suburb of thi s

“ ”
t ow n (called No v us B urgus in the D omesday ,
B ook ) in which Ki n g W illiam had forty houses

, ,
b esides 4 7 in dem esne in the oth er qua rter of t h e t own .
22 1 hou ses were in this n ew quarter in p ossession

of var i ou s tenants in C hief of which 2 1 were w a st ed
- -
, ,
s o t h at there were at l east 2 8 7 i nhabited hou ses in

N orthampton in A D 1 0 8 6 The castle of R o c h in ge
. . .
ham is ment i oned as h av i ng b een built by King

W ill i am o n wasted land .
22 . L E I C E ST ER SH I R E, th e
an d L aegre c e a st e rsc yre
”
L ae de c ae st re sc ire of the “
A n glo Saxon Chronicle is -
called L e de c e st re sc ire in th e D omesday B ook Ellis .
computes the population census at which in

cluded 63 tenants i h chief 1 9 6 under tenants
- -
, ,
v i llani , so c h e m a nn i bo rda rii 2 3 ancill ae

, , ,
4 2 presbyters a clerk and a deacon

, ,
Notice of th e .
C ivitas de L e de c e st re precedes th e nu mb ered

table of 4 4 t enants amo n g who m C om es Hugo ,
ST A FF O R D SH I R E . 1 97
occupies two places th e 1 3 th a n d t h e 4 3 rd The , .
bu rgesses of L e de c e st re n u mb ered 6 5 b ut there w ere ,
3 I 8 h ouses and 4 wasted 7 1 houses were assessed to

the king s geld ’
.
23 WA R WICK S H I R E or W a rwic sc ire co n tai n ed

.
, , ,
’
accordi n g to Ellis s valuable digest a pop u latio n of

’
,
am o n g whom were 5 5 chief tenants 1 7 6 u nder -
tenants ,
villa n i 1 7 7 5 b o rda rii 8 4 5 s ervi 2 2 , , ,
burgesses in the burgh of W arwick an d about 2 2 5 ,
houses ; 1 0 burgesses in Tamworth which b order ,
town als o held Staffordshire b u rgesses A n accou n t .
of the burgus de W a rwic is prefixed to the numbered

schedule of tena n ts in chief Fou r mas u res were- -
.
wasted in the town of Warwick for th e site of the

castle .
24 . called St a t fo rdsc ire but in th e

ST A FF O R D S H I R E , ,
”
A n glo Saxon Chro n icle
-
St ae ffo rdsc y re o n ly h e ld a ,
population of 3 2 of th ese being tena n ts ln -
chief 1 3 8 undertena n ts
,
villa n i 9 1 2 bo rda rrr , , ,
2 1 2 ser v i 1 a n cilla 6 t e in i i n cluding 1

, ,
desig n ated ,
by name C h e n u in ; 1 2 burgesses i n Tamworth

, ,
others bei n g in th e Warwickshire part of this town

6 b u rgesses in the burgus de S t a dfo rd a notice of
3 ,
which tow n commences the s u rvey before th e

schedule of te n ants in — chief The Co n q u eror held
-
.
in this b orough 1 8 burgesses b esides 8 waste ma n ses , ,
and 2 2 manses as of the hon o u r of the earldom

'
The other 1 8 burgesses were parcel of the m a n or o f .
M e rt o n e held by the Mo n astery of St E vro u l in

'
.
,
Norma n dy Fi v e canon s of L e c e fe lle or L ic h fi e ld

.
,
an d 1 8 in St a t fo rd are enumerated ; and in t h e

m arket of T u t bu ry there were 4 2 h omi n es all pro ,
bably engaged solely in the purs u it of various trades .
“ ”
E yt o n s A n al y sis of th e Staffordshire Survey m u st
’
be c a re fu llv studied in con nexion with t h e record o f

that co u n ty H e fi n ds three remarkable peculiaritie s
.
in th e method of the Staffordshire Commissioners

which distingu i sh es th eir work from that of th e
Comm i ssio n ers w h ic h examined th e counties adj a
cent Worcester Shropsh ire C h eshire a n d Derby
, , , ,
shire These are

.
1
. In dealing with plo u g h lands and teams special ,
formula differe n t to those used in the above

m entio n ed cou n ties .
2. They do n o t use the word ecclesia but signify ,
th e church by m ere mention of a resident presb y ter .
3 T h ey d o n o t make written me n tion of th e

.
geldab il i ty or non geldability of a n estate they speak

-
of a h i de a v irgate of land a carucate of lan d bu t

, , ,
n o t of a h ida ge lda bilis or hida ad g e ldu m,

.
These peculiarities are fou n d to b e als o u sed

in th e Surveys of Warwickshire a n d O x fordshire .
Th u s th es e three counties O xfordshire W ar wick

, , ,
shire an d Staffordsh ire were in th e sam e circuit

,
.
The king s la n d Terra reg is in this cou n ty has

’
, , ,
been disti n gu ished by E y ton i nto three section s .
”
1 The Vet u s D o m in ieu m Co ro n ee the estates O f K i n g
‘
.
,
Edward desce n ded to Ki n g W illiam ; 2 The land s .
escheated to t h e ki n g b y Edwi n last earl of Mercia , ,
and earl Harold ; a n d 3 Estates uniformly waste .

, ,
which had gone to the Crown b y forfeiture or e v ictio n

o f Saxon theg n s The D omesday Book n ot i ces th e
.
m iss i oners dealt w i t h the m an d t h e castle of Pe n e v e r ,
da n t is incide n tally m entio n ed The rest of L a n ca .
shire to the n orth of this d istrict was but thi n ly people d

and sparsely cultivated I n t hi s respect we may .
com pare som e parts of S urrey Th is sect i on of th e .
S urvey comprehe nds parts of Flint shire i ncludi n g , ,
inciden tally notices o f th e castle of R o e le n t or R u the

,
.
la n Denbigh shire an d a few t ownships in Cum

, ,
b erla n d and W estmorelan d as is shown by Mr W ,

. .
B eaumont in hi s work o n the D omesday for th ese

,
p arts in 1 8 8 2 I n all Ellis sums up

,
. total ,
recorded p op u lation of this county i n cl usive of 2 ,
tenants in chief only 1 6 7 u n dert enants 7 9 7 villani

- -
, , ,
6 3 5 b o rda rii 1 9 3 ser v i 1 7 2 b o v a rii indicati v e o f

, , '
,
th e gra z ing qualities of th e land 6 dre ngh s Chester ,

.
city was rated at 5 0 hides and sheltered 7 m oneyers ,
and a corporation of 1 2 f u diees b ound t o attend ,
the hu n dred court u nder a penalty ; perhaps a _
k ind of st an ding j ury Th e total of h ouses was 4 8 7 .
in K i ng Edw ard s tim e but th ese had dwi n dled t o

’
,
’
2 8 2 in A D 1 0 86 . T wo church es S t J ohn s and St
. .
,
. .
W erbu rgh s had houses i n th e c i ty

’
'
.
,
27 D E R BY SH I R E D e rby sc ire does not record a

.
, ,
’
very large p opulatio n Ellis s total bei n g bu t ,
Th e numb ered sch edule of ten ants in ch i ef prefixed - -
t o th e text has seventeen titles i ncluding 2 5 te n a n ts ,

.
There were 7 5 under tenants villan i 7 1 9 , ,
b o rda rii 1 2 8 s o c h e m a n n i 4 9 p re sby t e ri 2 0 ser v i

, , , .
This county was evidently connected i n som e

remarkable m ann er with that of Notting h am which ,
follows i t in the Domesday B oo k ; but we d o n ot kno w

Y
D ER B SH I R E . 20 1
the exact c h aracter of t h e links w hi ch un i ted them .
M r Pe n dleto n the latest historia n of this cou n ty

.
, ,
has overlooked this fact apart from there bei n g bu t ,
o n e sheriff for the two counties which is parallelled ,

'
in Other pairs o f counties the account of the B u rg u s

D erby follo w s that of the B u rgu s S n o t ing elz a m in
th e Notti nghamshire D omesday The fi n e for
'
breach of the ki n g s p eace in the two cou n ties is ’
“
thus e x pressed : I n Sn o t in gh a m sc ire e t in D e rbisc ire
pax regis ma n u vel sigillo data si fuerit infracta ; ,
e m e n da t u r per viii h u n dre z V n u m q u o dq u e h u n .
'
dre du m vi ii libris H uju s e m e n da t io n is h a be a t rex

. .
i partes comes t e rc ia m
.
,
Id est xii h u n dre da . . .
e m e n da n t regi e t v i c o m it i A n other connexion

b etwee n the co u n ties i s seen I n the paragraph which
“
r ecords th e n am es of those I n Sn o t in ge h a m sc y re
”
e t in D e rbisc y re who enj oyed th e four great indeed ,
“
paramount pri v ileges of so ea m et sa ea m et Tk o l et
,
”
Tk a im e t c o n su e t u din e m regis ii de n a rio ru rn
,
Ellis . .
thi nks this co n n exion is du e to the commercial

relatio n s betwee n th e two towns of Derby a n d Not
M r Pe n dle t o n notices that in A D 1 2 0 4
'
t in gh a m . . . .
Derby which had bee n a royal b orough si n ce th e

,
time of Ki n g Edward th e Co n fessor received a grant ,
of add i tio n al privileges sue/z a s No t t ing k a m ba d , ,
a n d these included the m onopoly of dyei n g cloth 1 ,
t h e creation of a m erchant s guild and the freedom

’
,
of serfs u n claimed by the i r lords after on e year s ,

’
1
Ne c a liqu is in fra de c e m l e u c a s in c irc uit u de D e rebi t inc t o s
pa n no s o p e ra ri de b e t n isi in Burg o de D e reb i sa lva l ibe rt a t e ,
”
Burgi de No t t in gh a m .
res idence T h e h om i nes of th e two count i es were to

.
com e to th e burgu s of B erebi o n Thursdays a n d

”
Fridays cu m qu a drigis e t su m rn a giis suis I n the .
tim e of King Edward t h e Co n fessor there were t w o

h u n dred a n d forty three burgesses in the county -
town ; o n e c h urch w i th seven another with six ,
clerks each church h old i ng la n ds free a n d fo rrrt e e n

,
mills . But in A D 1 0 8 6 only 1 0 0 greater a n d 4 0

. .
lesser burgesse s four church es 1 0 m ills 1 0 3 w a st ed

, , ,
m ansions or h ouses an d 1 6 masures possessed of ,
sa e a n d so e e n of wh ich b elo n ged to the king

t , .
Forty on e burgesses h eld twelve geldabl e carucates

-
“
cult i vating th eir lands wit h twelve ploughs altho u gh ,
”
eight could do th e work .
28 N O T T I NG H A M SH I R E
. Sn o t ingh sc ire of th e ,
S urvey which perpetuates th e ancient orth ography of

th e Saxons —Sn o t in ga h a m a patronym i c or tribal
,
, ,
—
nam e h eld at the tim e of the D omesday a recorde d
,
population of i ncl u ding 5 0 tenants in— chief -
1 3 8 un derten ant s villa n i ,

so c h e m a n n i , ,
bo rda rii an d 64 presbyters , In Ne we rc h e or .

,
Newark Remigiu s bishop of L i n col n had up o n h i s

, , ,
dem esne 5 6 burgesses as well as villan i an d bo rda rii , .
Notti n gham Town in th e tim e of King Edward th e ,
C o n fessor held 1 7 3 burgesses and two m on eyers

, .
This numb er had been reduced by th e t i m e of th e .
formation of the survey to 1 2 0 lz o m in es m a n en t es or ,
burgesses holding s i x carucates a n d tilli n g the area ,
with fourtee n ploug h s The shri nkage is remarkable .

,
b ecau se t h e recovery fr o m the devastation of th e

county in A D 1 0 1 6 seem s t o have reach ed its h eight
. .
30 . called E v rv ic sc ire or E vrvic e

Y O R K SH I R E , ,
s e yre in th e D om esday B ook doe s n o t prese n t s o

, ,
'
large a return of i n hab itants a n d cultivation as th e

great area o f the land would app ear t o dema n d .
Th e reason of this the d e solation of the year ,
1 0 80 has b een m entioned in a n other place in this

,
work The t redings or threefold sub di v ision existed

.
,
-
at th e Domesday p er i od but the d escrip t ion of ,
th eir component m anors are not kept separate .
There are twe n ty nin e entries in t h e numbered list

-
which preced es the general text representi n g th e m ore ,
important holders of land b ut 1 0 5 tena n ts in chief ,

- -
in all ; only 2 2 2 u n dertena n ts villa n i , ,
b o rda rii 4 4 7 s o c h e m a n ni 1 3 6 presbyters 1 c le ric u s

, , ,
.
villa n i a n d 8 bo rda rii occupied th e large number

35
o f 4 1 1 ma n ors a clear i n d i cat i on of th e thorough
,
harryi n g which the cou n ty had u n dergone There are .
n o undertena n ts o n the Terra R egis a n d only two ,
o n the whole of th e earl of M o re t a in e s lands

’
.
Th e city of Y ork has its sur v ey prefixed to the

numbered list of tenants From i t we learn that i t .
c omprehended 6 Sh ires at the date of Edward th e

Confessor O n e of thes e was abolished to m ake
.
,
room for the castles Th e others contai n ed .
“
ma n siones h o sp it a t ae i nhab ited teneme n ts The
,
.
archbishop s shire held 1 8 9 others th u s bri n gi n g up

’
th e total t o Ki n g William s shire co n tai n ed ’
1 re n t payi n g h ouses 5 4 0 vacant 4 0 0 occasio n ally

39
-
, ,
i n hab ited 1 4 5 in occupatio n of the fra n c ig e n ae

, ,
and other d welli n gs It was e vi dently a large com

.
m u n ity of upwards of
,
i nh ab i ted tenements .
The city held 4 j u diees of whose probable official ,

L I NC O L NSH I R E . 20 5
capac i ty som e notice has been gi v en in th e account

of Chester . The geld was le v ied o n 8 4 carucates
within the c i ty b ou n ds B u rgesses are also e n tered
by n umb er as follow —Bre t lin t o n or Bridli n gto n
.
, ,
4 ; D a de sle ia St a n t o n e and H e lge bi 3 1 ; Po c ling

’
, ,
ton ,
1
5 l esser burg esses in T a t e sh a le 6 0 In , .
.
c ide n t a l Domesday n otices of or allusion s to castles , ,
occur in the s u rvey of the cou n ty A mong th em are .
two at Y ork one at Po n tefract a n d o n e at Richmond

, , .
A paragraph in the Dom esday records the n ame s of ,
the great te nants of the cou n ty who possessed th e

pri v ileges of soc an d sac an d tol and thaim and , , ,
all customs .
31 . or L in c o le sc ire and L in desig or

L I NC O L NSH I R E , ,
th e parts of L indsey follows Y orkshire in th e S u r v ey

,
.
The n u mbered sched u le comprises seventy titles and ,
“
—
t here are also the separate notices of Ci v itas L in c o lia
”
S tanford Bu rgrI Regis and T o rc h e se y The fi n e for .
,
‘
breaking th e ki ng s peace in L i n col n city resembles

’
that already d escribed at Derby a n d Notti n gham .
S ome of th e la n ds in th e Y orkshire Ridi n gs have bee n

placed in this county It was a pop u lous district. .
Ellis finds a pop u lation of recorded ; c o n

sisti ng of 9 2 chief tenants and Ta in i reg is 4 1 4 ,
u n dertenants , s o c h e m a nn i villani , ,
b o rda rrr 1 3 1 presbyters amo n g others

,
The ,
.
burgesses are set down as follows City of L i n col n -
about 9 0 0 Stanford 1 3 6 Grantham 1 1 1 ; T o rk e sey

, , ,
10 2 L udes (or L outh ) 8 0 L i n coln city h eld

.
inhabited houses in the time of Edward th e Confessor ,
a n d from the nam es of some of those who held th e

,
houses Ell i s conj ectures that th e city had served as

,
a resort for partisan s of M e rle su a in U lf Morcar a n d , , ,
Harold opposed t o th e Co nq u eror at the begi nn ing

,
of his reig n A bout a fifth of th ese had b een

.
wasted in buildi n g th e castle or from m isfortune , ,
poverty a n d fire ,
Th e 1 2 la ge m e n h ere may per
.
,
hap s compare wit h the twelve judiees of C hester

, .
Stanford must have b een a populous town i n th e

days of Edward th e C on fessor T h e castle w a s .
1
erected by Edward t h e Elder i n A D 9 2 2 o n the . .
,
so u th side o f the River Welland But it would s ee m

‘
that another castle had tak e n the place of th is from

2
whic h t h e Danes were expelled by King Edmund in
A D 9 4 2 for th e town wards held 1 4 1 i n ha b ited houses
. .
,
in th e time of Edward t h e Confessor ; 5 were

destroyed at t h e re erection of the Castle 1 3 6 -
remai n ed for the survey of A D 1 0 8 6 The D omes . . .
day takes spec i al n otice (by a separate p aragraph ) of

the great lords w h o h eld the four i mportant ju risdic
tion s of sac soc tol a n d t h a i m Here also were
, , , .
1 2 la ge m e n reduced t o
9 w h e n t h e D omesday was
,
prepared 7 0 mansion es h ere w hi ch h ad b elo nged

.
,
t o Queen Ed i tha are sa i d to b e in Rutlandsh i r e

,
.
T o rk e s e y had p osse ssed 2 1 3 burgesses in t h e

’ ’
Confessor s day When William th e C onqueror s Com.
miss i oners assessed the town they found but 1 0 2 for ,
1 1 1 lay wast e T h ere were castles at L i ncoln a nd

.
Stanford ;
The first volum e of t h e D omesday t h en reverts to
Y O R K SH I R E an d conta i ns entries w h ic h tend to s h ow
,
g l o Sa x o n C h ro n ic l e
1 “ 2
An -
. l bid
.
T h e n otice of Colch ester is fu ll an d interest i ng .
2 9 4 burgesses had for th e m ost part 1 h ouse each

, , .
som e 2 a few 4 an d o n e as many as 1 3 with more

, , ,
or less land attache d A mong th ose h olding house s .
are Ha rn o Dapifer h e i s e n tere d in th e S u rvey for a

,
h o u se a o u ria a hi de of lan d I 5 burgesses th e

, , ,
bishop of L ondon 1 4 hou ses free except for soo t , , .
The king i s credited wit h 1 0 2 acres in demesn e wit h ,
10 b oors Si xp ence yearly was assessed to every

.
house w h en the king m obilised h i s army Th ere .
was a corporat i on of the burgesses h ere whic h held

land the proceeds of which (60 shillings ) i f not
, ,
wanted for th e serv i ce of the Crown was divided in ,
com mon The church of St Peter h ere i s ment i o n ed

. .
,
in the D omesday .
M aldon was the o n ly ot h er place in Essex contain

ing burgesses som e of wh i c h held land others only
, ,
their house s with i n th e borough There were 1 king s .

’
’
h ouse 1 8 0 burgesses h ouses h eld of th e ki n g 1 8
, ,
-
w a st e h ou ses Th e Domesday notices the castle of

.
R a ge ne ia or R ayleig h i n Roc h ford h undred

, , .
33 N.O R F O L K i s called No rfu lc and,No rdf Here ,

.
was established th e large recorded populat i on o f

person s , wh i c h m ay b e multiplied by 5 or 6
t o represent actual t otal including women and ,
ch ildren We d o n ot k no w at what age th e yout h

.
put off h i s legal i nfan cy and was reckoned as a n ,
ad ult Perhaps n ot very far from th e age ad opted

.
by m odern Engl i sh law for the attain ment of maj ority .
1
In t h e enumeration of t h e Israelites by M oses ,
1
Num b . i
. 1 —
3 ; Ex od . xxx . 14 .
NO R F O L K . 20 9
those under 2 0 years of age were n o t cou n ted .
When Da v id numbered the people the sam e limit of ,

1
age was observed This is noteworthy as bei n g the .
,
custom O f a race who like other inha b ita n ts of low ,
latitudes arri ve at an earl i er maturit y tha n i s the

,
case in E ngla n d This large Norfolk pop u lation is

.
composed of am ong others 63 chief te n a n ts m e n

, , ,
t io n e d by n am e in a n other part of the work 4 35

under te n a n ts
-
bo rda rii a n d 4 8 0 in Norwich
,
too poor to pa y custom villa n i soche , ,
man n i 1 7 half so c h e m a n n i
,
-
liberi homines , ,
a n d o n ly o n e A n glicus The burgesses follow th e .
proportion of i n habitants a n d are fairly num erous , ,
v iz i n Tetford
(Thetford ) wh i ther bishop H e rfa st , ,
of Elmham had tra n sferred his see eleven years

,
prev i ou sly 7 2 5 E n glish burgesses in No rwic 6 6 5

, ,
and in th e Novus Burgus or newly i n cluded s uburb s , ,
1 24 in G e rn e m u t a or Y armouth 7 0 , , .
Thetford was the most flourishi n g tow n if we may ,
Ju dge by the number of burgesses within it Ther e .
had bee n even m ore 9 4 3 i n the tim e of Ki ng Edward ,
the Co n fessor bu t th e differe n ce in th e tim e of th e

,
survey is accounted for by the retur n of 2 2 4 v acant

houses O f these burgesses 2 1 held six carucates
.
,
a n d sixty acres The ki n g here h eld two thirds o f

.
-
the royal revenue as O f the Crown th e other third , ,
went to him as o f the forfeited earldom of Ralph

G ua de r But if th e tale of i nhabita n ts and tenement s
.
had dim i nish ed the tax had increased for while in

, ,
the time of the Confessor it amou n ted in all t o

£ 3 0 in the report of K i n g William s commiss i oners
’
,
I C h ro n . x xvu . 23 .
P
2I O D O M E SD AY BO O K .
it stood at £ 5 0 to th e Crown by weight £ 2 0 blanched ,
m o n ey £ 6 by cou n t £ 4 0 in co i n de m oneta fro m

, , ,
the mi n t a n d 1 6 sh for proven der maki n g in all

,
.
£ 1 1 6 1 6 s or nearly . four
,
t i m es as mu ch as u n der
Saxo n go v ernm ent .
N orwich city or rat h er town for th e cat h edral d i d

, ,
n ot rise u ntil the tra n sfer by bis h op Herbert L o singa

from Thetford h ere in A D 1 0 9 4 h ad recently suffered . .
,
much , T h e forfeiture O f earl Roger c o nfla gra t io n s , ,
the king s geld a n d oth er retardi n g agencies had

’
, ,
however left ,
burgesses th e great er part to th e ,
king 5 0 to Stigand who had b een ejected from his

, ,
S e e of Elm h am 3 2 t o Harold ,
Th e town was rated .
by i tself as for a whole hu ndred The payments in .
th e time of Edward th e C o n fessor were the s ame

as those of Thetford but they were increased at ,
th e t i me of t h e survey t o upwards of three times

the amount The empty hou ses were very numerous
.
,
for some of th e burgesses had transferred themsel v es

t o B eccles wh i c h b el onged t o t h e Abbey of Bury St
, .
Edm u n d s oth ers t o t h e Hundred O f H u m ble y a rd

’
, ,
where t h ey h eld eighty acres of land and a few else ,
where N orwic h C astl e is m enti on ed i ncidentally

. .
Y arm outh had remai n ed stat i onary in point o f ,
numb ers for b oth in the reign of Ki n g Edward th e

,
Co n fessor and at t h e time of th e survey i t sh eltered

s e v enty burgesses wh ose financial condition was so
,
far bettered by th e c h ange o f government t h at t h e

rents could be slig h tly i n creased an d t h ey pa i d four ,
pounds to t h e s h er i ff as a free gratu ity or stipend .
34 . The survey of SU FF O L K called , Sv dfo lc , or

D O M E SD AY BO O K .
t o soften th e barbar i a n hab its of t h e nations b y

establishing sch ools in wh i ch h e could teach L ati n t o
,
h i s missionary band in the firs t h alf of th e seve n th

,
century u n d er th e protect i on of Sigbe rt Ki n g of the

, ,
East A ngles subsequently parted w i t h a m oiety O f

,
its episcopal area with Elmham A D 6 73 which in a , . .

,
'
later a ge after th e h ostile i ncursi o ns of the Mercian s

, ,
led by L u dek a n t h en K i ng was re j oi n ed t o i t a n d its

, ,
-
o w n nam e suppressed Here th e D o m esday B ook

.
places 3 1 6 burgesses a n d th e town app ears to ha v e

been i mproving for i n the tim e of Edward the Con
,
fe sso r there were but 1 2 0 Eig h ty of t h e Domesday .
burgesses belonged t o th e A bbey of Ely the others

were held by Rob ert Malet T h ey p aid £ 5 0 a n d sixty .
,
thousan d herri n gs wh ich throws a ligh t o n the c o n

,
-
dition of the fisher i es O f Engl and an d th e nature of

t h e food of t h e i n h abitants .
G ip e wiz or Ip swich record s 2 1 0 burgesses but in

, , ,
K i ng Edward s day t h ere h ad b een n early five times

’
that number ; between th e two periods of rul e 3 2 8

geldable t enem ents were wasted The third penny .
h ad gon e t o earl Guert in th e days precedi n g th e

C onquest . I t was rated probably as a hal f hundred .
S u db e rie or Sudbury part O f th e survey of which

, ,
town is entered under th e county of Esse x conta i ned ,
1 1 8 S uffolk burgesses w i t h a m arket a n d m o n eyers

,
.
I ts c h i ef re n t h ad b een n early double d u n d er the n e w

government .
B eccles in t h e h old i ng of t h e Abb ey O f Bury St

,
.
Edmunds containe d 2 6 burgesses a n d a mark et on e

,
fourth part o f its proceeds went to the Crow n There .
were 3 0 so c h e m a nn i w i th 2 0 bo rda rii in their soc

,
.
SU FF O LK .
Clare sheltered 4 3 burgesses Eye 2 5 and at Cara ,
halla me n tion is made of a free market granted by

the ki ng . I n cidental me n tio n is made O f a castle at
E ia or Eye Here or at a n y rate within the Ma n or
.
,
O f Hox n e th e See of Dunw i ch w hich had been over

, ,
whelmed by the sea at som e time b etw een the reign

of Edward the Co n fessor and the formation of the
s urvey had been removed
, .
2 14 D O M E SD AY BO O K.
C H A PTER X I .
M E A SU R E S LA ND D E NO M I NA T I O NS
—
OF JU RI SD I C
T I O NS F R A NC H I SE S—T E NU RE S—SE RVI C E S .
M ea su res of l a n d.
T HE lan d m easures of th e D om esday B ook have

al ways b een the s u bj ect O f con siderable discussion
amo n g stude n ts Eve n so lately as t h e D om esday
.
Commem orat i on of this year t he pr i n c i pal readers O f

,
pap ers an d m emb ers were foun d to take up pos ition s

’
i rreconcilable with o n e another s opi n i ons and i t ,
would therefore p erhaps be unw i se in th i s place to

, ,
lay down any very hard an d fast theor i es upo n th e

details a n d comparat i ve values of superficial an d
li n ear m easures .
Th e followi n g pr i ncipal term s are employed i n th e

text of the surveys for land m easures .
(8 ) L euca .
(9 ) Perca .
( )
10 Pes .
( )
1 1 Quarentena .
( )
12 S olin or suling , .
(1 3 ) Virgata .
made considerable researches i n to the compositio n

of D omesday m easures fi n ds that th e ga a rezz t ena
,
a n d Zea ea depend on the acre as w i ll b e s h own in

,
treati n g of these terms .
E v en as late as the seventeent h century th e acre

l
was a i maginary quant i ty as is testified by th e lin e
n ,
O f t h e pretty l i ttle Sh a k e sp e re a n song
Be t w e e n t h e a cres o f t h e ry e .
“
2 . The ée a a z a or O xgang as Ellis tran slates i t
‘
, , ,
must have originally consisted of as mu ch la n d as a n

’
o x could till a n a x s w a re/z O f land for the word i s
‘
, ,
formed w i th a term i nation a fa a n alogou s to th e ,
terms l i brata so lida t a de n a ria t a c a ru c a t a virgata

, , , , ,
sig n ifying a p ou n ds worth O f la n d & c that i s so

’
, .
, ,
much la n d as sh ould pay o ne pound and s o on Ellis , .
considers i t t o h ave been originally as m uch as a n

”
“
ox t eam could ploug h in a year but the explana ,
t i on i s O bscure as h e does n ot i nfor m us h o w m any

,
oxen we n t in hi s un derstand i ng t o such a team

, , .
H e adm i ts moreover that the number of acres which

, ,
comp osed a bo w ie are var i ously stated in di fferen t

parts of the D omesday B ook ; n o d oubt in propor
tion t o the manageab i lity of the soil Records of th e .
tim e of Ed ward I m entio n eight acres to th e

.
b o v ate at D oncaster in Y orkshire an d other b ovates ,
of sixteen a n d seventeen acres respectively T h ere .
c a n b e n o question that the proport i on of a ba r/a le
n e ox s worth ) t o a jug u m ( )
(
’
o
’
a pair s worth i s as ,
Se e Ha ll iw e ll s “
’
A rc h a ic D ic t .
,
”A : Yo u L ike I t act v
, .
, so . 3 .
ME AS U RE S O F LAND . 217
one to two a n d of the bo va t e to th e ea rzzea t e as on e

,
to four the numb er assigned t o the plough b u t O f

, ,
this m ore hereafter .
3 The
. ea rzz ea z e or plough s worth that is the
‘
,
’
, ,
area that o n e plo u gh co u ld till a nn u all y is a word ,
i ntrod u ced by the Norma n s a n d is proba bl y one O f ,
the m ost i n teresti ng s u bj ects in the whole of th e

D omesday B o ok B eamo n t tersely puts it t h at the
.
h ide was th e plo u ghab le la n d ; the carucate that ,
which was act u ally plo u ghed W e m u st first c o n si .
d er the ea rzeea before we c a n j u stly arri v e at an

appreciatio n of th e ea rzeea la .
It is remarkable that the commo n L ati n word

a ra lrzm z a plo u gh is n o t u sed in the Domesday
, , ,
~
altho ugh the verb a re to plough is O f freque n t , ,
o ccurre n ce W e must therefore admit that the

.
, ,
sy n onym ea rz/ ea suggested itself more readily to th e

scribes because of its similarity to the v er n ac u lar
word in use amo ng th e comm on people at the period ,
for it c a n hardly b e s uggested that the y had n o

acquai n ta n ce with a ra i ra m Th e Greek repea l and .
]
,
L ati n ea rra s do n o t appear to have a ny part in the

,
deri v ation of ea ra ea Bu t from th e L o w L ati n form

.
-
,
1
or at a n y rate p ost classical form ea rn / ea used by
, ,
-
, ,
Pli n y a n d others to sig n ify a sort of four wheeled -
2
tra v elli n g carriage several Roma n ce lan guages
,
1 G e n us v e h ic u li t um in u rb e m , t um e x t ra in it in e rib us ad
h ibit i, e t n o n s o um l a v iris , p raes e rt im h o n o ra t io ribus, se d e t ia m
a fe m in is .
2
Th e c a rru c ae , o r c a rt s o f t h e C a m bridg e b u rg e sse s , w h ic h
w e re c u s t o m a ri ly l en t to t h e s h e riff t h re e t im e s y e a rly , b e l o n g
t o t h is c a t ego r y .
formed cognate words such as t h e It al i an ea rraz z a , ,
the French ea rra sse a n d by t h e ordi n ary processes

, ,
'
of der iv atio n th e E n glish ea rrz a g e

,
.
T h e cardi n al fact in all these words is that they

represent a four wheeled vehicle Th e word s us ed
in the Romance la n guages for plough are —c a rru c a
-
.
, ,
Ital ; carruga Pro v e n c

.
, ch arrua Po rt ug ; k er n e .
,
.
,
Picardy ; q u iéru e Normandy (V a lo gn e ) ; c h ero we

, ,
W alloon ; c h ere u w e Namur ; k er n e Rouchi Setti n g

‘
.
, ,
as i de for th e prese n t th e termi n ation w h ic h is a v ery ,
com m on on e in th e la nguages of Wester n Fra n ce ,
o u r task i s directed to elucidati n g if possibl e th e , ,
m ea n i n g O f th e root ea r Com p ari ng ot h er word s in .
Roma n ce la n guages the followi n g im mediately strike

,
our attentio n
“
P ortuguese , ea t /e or (a t re, a bed a , four poster -
(q ua
)
t uo r
Fre n c h —C a r why
.
L atin awa re
,
.
Ca rem e Le nt L atin gu a a ra ge sim a

’
.
,
Ca rre fo u r a cross road L at i n azz a fzz a r

,
for i E n gl i sh Ca rfax ,
.
Ca rr é squared L atin g a a a ra t us
’
.
, ,
C a rriere ea re e r q ua rry , , .
Ca rillon L ati n q ua drilio , .
L atin Ca rta quarta a q u art .
Ca rt e ria quarteria .
From this l i st which m igh t b e eas ily exten ded

, ,
t h e root ea r in ea rzeea m ay fairly b e taken t o re p re

,
sent the L atin qua t u o r But a p lo u gh would n ot .
fro m its n ature be pro v ided with fo u r wh eels I n .
som e of the earliest represe n tat i o n s of a plough fo r ,

2 20 DO ME SD AY BO O K .
to steer t h e plough along i ts pr o per cours e Between .
t h ese two b lades the latter of which i s evidently

,
adapted t o tur n over the earth i s a small peg or nail ,
w i th a n uncerta i n obj ect like a blade attached to it ,
partially hidden b ehi n d th e large bla de Two pairs .
of bullocks attached in som e obscure man n er to th e

'
b ea m dra w i t al on g over th e ro u gh an d hummocky

'
ground These p airs are n ot u n ited together n o r is

.
,
a ny har n ess or gear i ntroduced i n to the illustration .
O ver the n ecks of th e t wo i n fro n t as al so o v er the ,
n ecks of the t wo b ehi n d a yoke or rail is laid appa , ,
re n t ly with th e O bj ect of keepi n g th e ra n k of t wo
abreast in their work I n fro n t of the beasts w alks

.
the man backwards or n early so pro v ided with a

, ,
lo n g straight goad or stick with which h e is pricki n g

,
th e right h an d a n i mal O f the second row or off sid e

-
,
-
wheeler .
The second i llustrat i on t h at i n C ottonian M S ,

.
T i berius B V part 1 f 3 looks alm ost like a n e n

. .
, .
,
~
la rge d copy o f th e first B ut it h as th e ad v antage O f

.
being coloured Th e wh eel has eight spokes

.
,
alte rn ately plain and turned its c i rcu mference i s ,
coloured O f a pale blue perhaps t o represe n t iron or ,
steel the beam also is of the sam e colour Th e fro n t .
blade or k n ife is plain a n d uncoloured ; th e ti e

silvered ; the hinder blad e red with wh ite streaks ,
t h e blad e carried by th e m iddle peg blue B etwee n , .
th e t wo oxe n of the front pair i s a straight li n e i n dica ,
ti n g appare n tly a p ole or bar betwee n the oxen but it ,
i s m e re ly a li n e a n d has n ot any th i ckness or sub

,
sta n ce I t is not see n in the other drawi ng

. .
In the U trec h t Psalter of which a n excellent ,

M E A SU R E S O F LA ND . 21
photograph i c copy has recently bee n prepared under ,
the directio n of the trustees of the British Museum ,
the i llustrat i on to Psalm ciii (civ of the authorised . .
vers i on ) ,
M a n goeth fort h unto his work and to his
“
labour u n til the even i ng v 2 3 E x ibit homo ad
,
.
,
opus suum e t ad o p era t io n e m suam usque ad ves

”
p erum i s represe n ted by a picture (fol 1 2 0 of the
, .
facsimile ) of a m a n ploughi ng with two oxen which

, ,
'
he dire c t s by mea n s of a lo n g goad h eld in the righ t

hand His left ha n d holds the ha n dle of th e primiti v e
.
plough which is t urn ed o v er into hook like form

,
-
while the part that e n ters the ground perfo rms by ,

-
m ea n s of i ts po i n ted end the part of blade or culter

, , ,
a n d share Through this blade passes the beam or

.
a rope it is di fficult to determi n e which of these two

i s sig n ified by the th i n straight lin e which issues from
behin d th e oxen a n d run s i n to th e iron plough .
A similar rep resentation of the early plough is c o n

t a in e d in th e same manuscript (folio 1 2 6 of the fac
s i mile ) where i t is i n troduced to illustrate (in that re
,
m a rk a bly realistic manner in which th e wh ole of th e
p ictures have been designed througho u t the volum e ) ,
P salm cvi (cvii o f the aut h orised version )

. .
“
An d .
there he m aket h t h e h ungry t o dwell that th ey may ,

”
sow the fields & c v 3 6 3 7 E t s e m in a ve ru n t
,
.
,
.
,
.
”
agros & c The picture in this place is very similar
, .
t o that which has been already me n tio n ed but the ,
plough man h as n o goad The bar or b eam is rep t e

.
se n ted of m ore substance and has two li n es to it , .
The draughtsman of the Harley M S 6 0 3 which is a .

,
cop y of this manuscript executed about the time of

,
the Norman conquest an d therefore str i ctly contem

,
p o ra ry w i th t h e formation of the D omesday B ook ,
has i n troduced the same subj ects at t h e correspon d

i ng places o f his work folios 5 1 6—
,
5 216 , , .
The celebrated B ayeux tapestry a faith ful re p re ,
s e n t a t io n of th e m ann ers and custom s of the Saxon s
and Norm an s at th e time of th e Conquest contain s

'
on its lower b order a panoram ic v i ew of four ch ief

agricultural pursu i ts a rra nged m revers e order of
event v iz sli n ging at b irds from th e young crops
,
.
, ,
h orse harrowi n g with a square frame with four rows

-
of teet h sow i ng in a furrowed field of whic h the

,
b oundary i s composed of si ngl e sto n es set at regular

d i sta n ces and plo ughi n g Th e picture as gi v en in
,
.
,
M r.Fowke s valuable work on th e tap estry is som e

’
,
what indistinct but shows a l o n g b eam drawn by a

,
single an i m al w i th long ears (whether i nte n ded for

ox c o w h orse —vastly d i fferent h owever from th e
, , , ,
fi n ely drawn horses through out th e tapestry a nd ,
from that in t h e sam e scen e drawing the harrow

or ass w h o sh all say ?) O n e shaft and so me harness i s
,
d epicted T h e beam i s furn i shed w i th two front

.
wh eels ; b etween th em s its the driver h oldi n g a long ,
goad in th e r i ght hand h i s left hand extended as if ,
poi n ti ng to a distant O bj ect his h ead turned b ack in ,
convers e w i th th e ploughman The beam goes on .
behind t h e w h eels a n d carr i es a k n i fe blade s et

,
through it as i n the other examples described ; a n d

,
at th e back str i des th e plodding plough man w i t h ,
bot h hands occupied in gu i d i n g th e long curved turn

o v er or plough sh are the p oi n t o f w hi ch reach es
-
n early to t h e tip of th e k ni fe in front Th i s re p re .
Se n t a t io n appears to be qu i te conclus i ve as to t h e
,
2 24 D O M ESD AY BOO K .
folio 8 6 a very remarkabl e picture of the process of

plough i ng There are t wo oxen turni ng rou n d the
.
,
plough at t h e en d of the furro w They are attached .
to th e pole or b eam of the plough by three ropes or

traces wh ich carry a bar across the plough beam
, ,
each ox bei n g harnessed solely w i th a collar round th e

neck to h old the traces The blade of th e plo u gh i s .
formed like a kni fe the ta n g or hilt of which passes

,
through t h e body of t h e beam It i s illumi n ated .
w i th s i lver a n d evidently represents steel The wheel

, .
,
which has eight spokes as in th e former cases here i s, ,
placed b eh ind t he blade t h e handles of which there ,
are two pass upwards out of th e beam wh ich i n creases

, ,
in bulk as i t approaches th is end a n d b elow th e ,
handles is a b ox like obj ect with two sq uare sockets

-
or h oles O f u ncertain use There is no plo u ghman .
or o x h erd in th e p i cture wh i ch is a v ery fi n e work of

-
art of the p er i od and e v idently fa i th ful in detail as far

, ,
as c a n b e expected in the p i ctor i al work of th e period .
”
The C h ronicon R o ffe n se or Chron i cle of ,
Roch ester a n i mp ortant m anu scr i pt w ritten in the

,
fourteenth century in England preserved am o n g th e ,
Cottonian M SS Nero D ii has at page 1 1 a a n

. . .
, .
outli n e drawing somewhat roughly a n d irregularly

,
drawn of a plough work ed by two oxen in a collar and

, ,
rope trace T he ploughman appears to b e guiding

-
. -
th e w ork by two re i ns o n e h eld in each hand There

,
.
are n o wheels an d the blade has t h e knife like form

,
-
seen in m ost of t h e other i llustrat i on s The furrows .
at th e b ase are drawn qu i te straig h t b ut th e d eta i ls o f ,
the beam and the manner i n wh ic h th e kn i fe i s in

se rt e d i nto i t are n ot very clearly defined .
M E A SU R E S OF LA ND .
5
The combi n ed evidence therefore of these manu , ,
scripts ra ngi n g in p oi n t O f date from the ninth to th e

,
fourtee n th ce n tury reacts stro n gly against a remark

able theory whic h was expressed —not of course as a
,
no v el idea—by the R ev Canon Isaac Taylor at the

, ,
.
,
recent Domesday commemoration It am ounts to n o .
less than this That cultivatio n was performed by

eight oxe n —wh ether four abreast or in four pairs the
.
Ca n on did n o t state —led by their respective owners o n

a co o perati v e system drawi n g a n imme n se plough
, ,
a n d ha v ing their heads so pulled rou n d by the head
gear when they reached the e n d of th eir furro w

that it cau sed th e furrow itself in course to take th e
form of a reversed S A nother writer o n the m etrology
.
and agricultural aspects of Domesday speaks of acres

broken up into strips which were distribut ed into ,
two fi e lds indicati n g a t wo fi eld or two course shift

-
,
- -
w here half the estate lay fallow e v ery year in alterna

t i on with the other h a lf or (as in after t i mes) i nto ,
three fields i n dicat i ng a three course sh i ft wh ere

,
-
similarly o n e third of th e prop erty lay idle every year

-
in rotation ; and co n tinues to state that the strips

were not as a rule straight or at right a n gle s to the
, ,
common base from which they sprang n or was the

base itself straight —o n the co n trary they were
,
, ,
,
ge n erally wavy in character and of the shape shown ,
by th e i n verted letter S as a ny o n e can very well see

.
,
in passing throug h the grass country of the midla n d

counties . Canon Taylor bel ieves that half plough s
drawn by four oxen were occasio n ally used b ut the ,
fact that a Domesday carucate is invariably equ i vale n t

to eight bovates shows that a team of eight oxen was
,
Q
th e regular complem ent The fallacy h ere i s ev i dent .
o n reflection Why sh ould not the plough of eigh t

.
oxen b e o n e of d ouble strength ? Professor Nasse ,
wh os e test i m ony is i nvoked by C an on Taylor says , ,

“
Th e team of a ploug h cons i sted a s a rule of n o t , ,
”
less than eight draught oxen He cannot therefore .
h ave attach ed much value to th e contemp orary t h e ,
older or th e newer evidence o f i llumi n ated manu

,
s cr i pts not on e of which as far as I know attaches

, , ,
e i ght oxen t o the plough Mr Se e bo h m s declarat i on . .

’
i s similarly q ualified although Can on Taylor relies

,
“
firmly o n i t Th e team of e i ght oxen seem s t o lea ve
.
éeefz th e n ormal manorial ploug h through out England ,
th ough in som e district s still larger team s were need

”
fu l . No d oub t M r Seebohm i s right as to the.
concluding proposition for large plough s and st iff ,
c la y la n ds might well require m ore than eight beasts to
work them but it would be n eedless waste of stre n gt h

,
to employ eig h t oxen on the average quality of

English land w h ere two horses or four oxen could do
,
all that was required .
Many writers, bes i des B eamont see i n th e ea ra ea fe ,

’
’
a mere synonym for t h e fi z a e which they accept as a ,
hundred acres that i s s i x score acres E n glish m easure

, , , .
T h is m ay b e s o if the hide were as we cannot deny ,
it to have been th e amount of la n d required for o n e

,
family and that fam i ly at any rate in the older days

, ,
O f occupat i on p ossessed b ut on e ea ra ea then the

, ,
lzz a a a n d t h e c a ru c a s worth or ca ruca t a , m ust have

'
’ ’
,
b een c o extens i ve i n every sense

-
.
Canon Taylor rely i ng upon t h e t wofold s y st em o f

,
a gr i culture in u s e , as h e believes at the D omesday ,

a m easure of forty perches would represent t h e ,
leug lfz O f the f urro w in a fi eld contain i n g t e n acres,
squ are th e acre bei ng a rectangle 4 0 perches or a

, ,
furlong in length and 1 1 oth 4 perches in widt h

-
, ,
.
This proportion of 1 ro t h i s significant -

.
ffia a The hide i s perhaps the oldest h i s

’ 1
6 . .
, , ,
t o ric a lly speaking o f all term s con n ected with the

,
geodesic aspect of t h e D omesday B ook I t occurs .
in th e laws of I na i n the seventh century , It has .
formed a favourite them e with many wri ters and i ts ,
origin and meani ng are evidently wrapped in som e

uncertai n ty a n d doub t b ecause almost all have var i ed ,
m ore or less i n their est i mate of its valu e as a m e a su re .
S ome fa n ciful writers such as Po ly do re Virgil look , ,
at the English hide in th e light of the Virgilian m y t h o

logical origi n of th e c i ty of Carthage which spra n g in ,
the first instance from a n art i fice by which the grant

of lan d t o th e n ew comers wa s to extend
Qua ntu m t a u rin o p o ssin t c irc u m da re t ergo .
T hi s must h owe v er b e rej ected as an etym ology

, , ,
for we h ave n o reason to admi t that t h e se v e n th

century i n habita n ts of Brita i n were aware o f th e
exi stence of Carthage centuries b efore the time much ,
less of the fabled origi n of the city That etymology .
i s far m ore worthy of acceptance which refers th e

hida to th e A nglo Saxon word fiy a a h ouse or hab i ta
-
’
,
~
t i on from lzy da u to hide or cover (a n alogous to feet u uz

, , ,
a roof from z eg o to hide ) Th e word still exists i n

,
‘
, .
two m odern Engl i s h words bu t a cottage lza t a , , , ,
1
Or
“
no ve m h ig idae . Birc h , “
C a rt . No .
M EA SU R E S O F LAND . 2 29
head covering Beda uses t h e term fa m ilia for a

.
homestead a nd its circumj ace n t land su ffi cie n t for the

, ,
mai n tenance of a family of some importa n ce that is ,
for th e lower class tiller of the soil would not a n d

-
could not form a family to himself he and his suit , ,
his wife childre n a n d property bei n g a n accide n tal

, , ,
item in the fami lia of the lor d who defe n ded him ,
from exterm i n ati o n by his e n emies Ki ng A lfred .
tra n slates the L atin word fa m ilia by fiy a ela u a The ,

’ ’
.
qua n tity of it was su fficie n t for the work that could

be done by o n e plo u gh for in the remoter periods , ,
before the co ngregatio n of adherents u n der the aegis

of a k ingle t or e v e n a semi heroic head of a clan
,
-
o n e plo ugh would till su fficie n t la n d for the moderate
n umber of perso n s formi n g the group of the familia .
The qu an tity of the hide was n ever expressly deter

mined nor is it so fixed in Domesday The calcula
,
.
tio n s which work out o n e valu e of it in acres in one

place or in o n e county will n o t give satisfactory de
, ,
duc t io n s elsewhere a n d all attempts to fix the exact

,
acreage of the hide have n ecessarily failed because ,
the expressio n represents a q u a n tity which varies in

direct proportion to the fertility arability a n d c o n , ,
v e n ie n c e of the land to which the term was applied .
For example the _Dz a log u s a e S ea coa rz o makes the

'
’
’
h ide equal to a hu n dred acres ; the Malmesbury

ma n u script cited b y Spelma n n i n et y six acres ; the ,
-
L iber Rube n s a hu n dred a n d se v e n ty acres

,
A gard ,
calculati n g by th e A ug lz eus u u m erus or great

'
,
”
hundred gives six score acres to the hide
,
Mr . .
Davidso n finds that it is clear that the Norman s used

the word hide in D omesday to express some fi x ed
area of land and h e i n sta n ces th e case Of O tri in

, ,
De vonshire where i t i s said there were 2 4 acres of

,
m eadow a n d 1 acre of wood and 1 h ide of pasture

, , .
H is computation of the hide in Devonshire varies

b etween 4 8 0 9 60,
acres with a preponderance
, ,
in favour of the first n umber S ome writers compare .
t h e h ide the m easure of land in th e reign of Ed ward

,
the Con fessor with the caru cate that to wh i ch it was

, ,
reduced by the Conqueror s n ew standard O t h er ’

.
entr i es seem to work out the h ide to be equ i valent to

13 »
5 c arucates 1 8 carucates 6 carucates
,
Kemble
,
in .
,
h is masterly wor k on the Saxon s in E n glan d has ,
a ttri buted an excessi v e val u e of area to the h i de ,
which has b een criticised som ewhat se v erely by Eyton

a n d later writers Beam ont finds that for South
.
L ancashire the hid e stood to the bovat e in the relation

of on e t o six but in the rest of England generally
, ,
o f one to e i g h t and in Ches h ire of one to four a n d

, , ,
th i s b ecause the numb er of caru c ates to th e h i de in

these two spec i fied count i es was smaller tha n else
where n ot because t h e hi de was less for i f a n ythi ng
, ,
i t was greater but the greater s i z e of t h e acre

,
occas i oned the di fference thu s ,
square yards = 1 statute acre .
1 L ancashire a e r
—1 Cheshire acre
-
W i th suc h acres fewer carucates were required t o

ra i se t h e h i de to the standard whic h prevailed in
other parts of England .
T h e hide as on e of th e oldest t erm s of areal value

, ,
o ccurs in th e A nglo Saxon charters of a very remote

-
th e twelft h centu ry mentio n s (in th e t itles of folios

,
1 13 ,
1 14
) th e am ou n t o f certai n la n ds by hides ,
which in th e text of th e same are called ea ssa t z or

'
uz a u sa
'
,
th e three term s bei n g used as equi v alent .
A nother exampl e of the late u se of the term /z z a a

’
’
i s that afforded by th e A d Ch m the . .
Br i tish Museum collection I n this deed J oh n .

,
’
abbot of St Peter s m onastery at Hyde or New
.
,
m i nster outs i de the city of W i n chester co n firm s a

, ,
grant to William de Pire le a so n of O sbert d e Pire lea , ,

“ ”
of dim idia m h ida m terre in Sa n de st u da or Sa n ,
derst e a d co S urrey
,
The date is about A D 1 2 0 0
. . . . .
A nother charter by the sam e abbot grant s t o Hugo

”
d e W ie nge h a m also “
dim idia m h ida m which is ,
confirmed in th e ab o v e charter Th is latter charter .
“
i s facsimiled in the Surrey A rch aeological Collee
”
tion vol v ii 1 8 8 0 p 2
,
. .
, , . .
I n a charter am o n g th e collection of L ord Frederick

C ampbell in th e B r i tish Museum of the tim e of
H enry I I I (L F C I . a passage occurs wh i c h
. . . .
e quates t h e h alf hi de at t wo Vi rgates -

S ciant tam
presentes q uam futur i quod ego R a dulfu s Brito dedi
Jordano fra t ri m eo
'
lzz a a m terrae i n
’
St re t o n e (PSturton in A berford co Y ork ) sc i licet

- -
,
.
o z rg a t a m quam D o le w in u s ten u it e t o z rg a z a m q uam

’ '
‘
,
W ille lm u s fi liu s Siru n e t A lexander t e n u e ru nt ’
”
pro 11na libra p ip e ris a n n u a t im reddenda etc , .
7 The j ug u m was a land m e a sure co n fined to

.
Kent in th e D omesday B ook Its val u e has not been .
ascertained Som e med i aeval chro n iclers write as if

.
the j ug um were a mere sy n onym of the Mo b I am .
i nclined t o thi n k that the word represe n ts a p a ir of

M E A SU R E S OF LA ND .
33
’
O xen s worth two b ovates ,
I n corrob orat i on of .
this view there is a passage in Agard s work quoted

,
’
,
b y Ellis to the effect that a jug um was equivalent t o

,
half a carucate which latter as I have shown before

, , ,
irrespe c t i ve of the area would b e a plough s worth ,

’
,
’
four oxen s worth of land ; in other words the ,
jug u m would b e the la n d that a pair of oxen could

till O n the other ha n d Elli s refers to a passage
.
,
when a certain ma n or (Eastwell in Kent ) is rated at ,
1 solin of which three jug a are placed u n der one

,
lord an d one under a n other The jug u m (pl juga )

, . .
,
must not be co n fused w i th jugera which are m e n ,
t io n e d in t h e statem e n t of claim of archbishop L a n

franc agai n st bishop O do of Ba y e u x of which some ,
1
account will be fou n d in a n other place .
I n the notice of th e pictorial illustration s of the

plough the reader will fi n d the yoke jug um or bar
, , , ,
which harnessed th e two oxen together abreast ,

described .
8 The L eu ea leug a Zeu u a for all t h ree form s of

.
, , ,
th i s word occur was a term generally employed to

,
denote a n areal sup e rfi c ies of woodla n d A ccording .
t o the Register of Battl e Abb ey the [eu ro consisted ,
of fou r hundred a n d eight y perches or twelve q ua re n ,
ti n es It therefore co n tai n ed a hu n dred a n d twe n ty

.
acres Mr Da v idson co n siders that th e lineal leuga

. .
is a le ngth of four h u n dred a n d eighty perches and , ,
therefore as a mile co n sists of three hundred and

,
t w e n ty perches the li n eal le u ca is a mile and a half

,
in le ngth O thers however ha v e recko n ed the leuga

.
, ,
from a mile as I ngulph to two miles as Blo m e fi e ld

, , , .
1
P
. 29 1 .
2
34 - DO M E SD AY BO O K .
9 . or P F ez ea ,
eruca h as b een var i ously est i mat ed ,
at 1 0 1 6 2 0 2 5 a n d 2 7 feet In later times five

, , , , .
a n d a half yards went to th e perch accord i ng to the ,

’
ki ng s standard measure Ell i s s h ows that a larger .
perc h than that fixed by the statute of Edward I I I as .

,
above is still i n use for woodlands

, .
10 Pes There i s n o d i fficulty in t h e use of th i s

. .
word w hi c h con sisted th en as no w of twelve i nches

, , , .
That t h e foot orig i nally was set out greater t h an th e

human foot is a question w hi ch cannot b e discu ssed
,
in this work .
11 Q u a reu feu a
. or as it i s called in th e Exon ,
D o m e sda y o u a a ra g eu a rza was a length o ffo rzy perches

’ ‘
, ,
a furlo n g There wa s also an areal o ua rem eu a

.
‘
,
or square gua reu feua con sisti n g of forty 1 acres , ,
which i f in one recta n gular field woul d m easure

, ,
forty perch es or two hundred and twenty yards o n

,
each of its four sides .
'
The S ulz u or S o /z u i s a m easure of land area

'
12 .
, ,
found only in K ent a n d from a p assage in the ,
Register of Battle A bbey among t h e C ottonian

manu scripts in t h e Br i t i s h M u seum (D om i t i an
A i i ) t h e sw ulz ug a is shown to b e equ iv alent to th e
’
. .
’
’
fi za a A noth er passage in th e D omesday B ook itself
.
equates 4 5 0 acres with two solins an d a half This .
would g i ve two hundred and sixteen acres (ab out ) t o

t h e solin in English m easure or 8 0 acres N orman ,
m easure A D om esday passage q uoted by Ellis

.
, ,
D a vidso n st a t e s t h a t t h e s q ua re o r a re a l q ua re n t e n a was ten

a c re s , b u t t h is w o ul d g ive on ly 1 60 a c re s to th e s q u a re m il e ,
in st e a d o f 64 0 .
difficult to determ i ne . A mong such early term s the

following occur
2 3
fi m a n e n t e s man
1 5
A gr i j ugera , cassati ,
m a n sae ,
8 10
v irgae 7
6 9 11
siones , a ra t ra , se ge t e s, , fundus p e rt ic ae , ,
12 13 1
famili ae m a n siu n c u lae ,
su lu n ga 4
t ribu t a rii 15
, , .
The a g rz are found in a passage w hi c h equates

'
t hem with jug era .
Th e oa ssa t z or oa ssa fee, were equal to h idae 1 6

'
, A .
h undred cassates composed t h e f u u a us o f lan d at ’
M y c elde fe r or M ic h e lde fe r co Hants , , .
Th e M a m a was t h e sam e as the oa s i ;7 som e sa a 1
t i mes t called the M a usa a ge lluli or a se luli

i 18 19
It ,
.
2o
’
was als o equ i valent to th e l uo a to the sulu ug and ’

, ,
1
Birc h , “
C a rt ula riu m Sa x o n ic u m , No s 5 77, 5 78 .
, A D 898 . . .
3
l aid , No s 5 0 8, 5 0 9, 5 2 5 , a n d m a n y o th e rs
2 ’
l oia . . .
4
No .
5 33 .
E x ig ua m p o rt iun c ula m v . m a n e nt e s . NO 5 1 1. c f. e x ig .
p or t x . . m an . No 4 82 . .
6
l aid, No .
4 8 1, A D . . 8 54 .
A liqua m p a rt e m t e rrae
7 h o c e st v iii a ra t ra in ill a l o c o . .
a re , No 5 0 7, A D 8 63 ; c f a l so No 1 3 , A D 6 1 8
. . . . . . . .
8
c c s eg it e s c u m g ra m it e t o t o
. No 5 1 3 , A D 8 66 . . . . .
9
No 5 1 5 . .
’0
J oan, No .
59 6 .
”
J ami No 72 3
“
, .
,
da b o se x p e rt ic a s, u bi, &c .
12
f or
a , No . 69 6, A D
. .
93 3 .
‘3
a r
e , No . 667 .
v i. m a n sa s q uo d C a n t ig e ne dic u n t sy x s u lu ug a a t W ich
ham ,
‘
K ent . S to w e C h a rt e r A D 94 8 in British M useu m , . .
, .
’5 “
t e rra m id est xii t ribu t a rio s t e rrae, No 198 . . .
—
.
A D . .
7 62 5 .
‘6
C f for
a .
. No s 4 66, 5 2 5, 5 2 6, 5 8 7, 5 90 , 5 9 1 , 64 8, 70 5 , 70 6
. .
17
MM , No s .
5 96, 5 9 7 ; 72 1 , 722
‘3
a r e , No 7 4 3 . . .
19
l aid, No s .
7 76 , 72 8 2°
f o
.ra , N o 7 2 9 ; 70 5 , 70 6 . .
D E NO M I NAT I O NS OF LAND .
37
the m a u eus 1 The fa m ilia (or hida) occurs as late

.
as the te n th ce n tury .
The a ra fru m was equ iv alent to the sulu ug ? of

Kent a n d therefore to the M a m a ; and to the
,
’ '
3
o z ou l s of th e same county
u .
The p erfzea in o n e passage at least i s a square

'
, , ,
m eas u re .
Denomi n ations j urisdictio n s fra n chises tenures , , , ,
and services in co n n exion with land are all of

i nterest but t hey ma y o nly b e touched o n lightly
,
W i thin the lim i ts of this work Terra or arable la n d .

, ,
consisted of slips or pieces Pa rt z eu lm frust a oulfu rw

'
, , ,
it was called p la n u m to dist i n guish i t from szlo a or

'
‘
, ,
woodlan d O n the rare m e n tion of t erm a ra oz lz s

' '
dup lex or a d a up lu m much of the n o v el theory that

’
, ,
farms were cultivated o n a t wo fi e ld or three fi e ld shi ft - -
i s fou n ded that is that one half or o n e third of the

, ,
- -
ploughed land was su ffered to lie fallow every y e ar .
Can this have been so when we k n ow t he difficultie s ,
our forefathers must have had to reclaim th e la n d ?

W ith no recorded k n owledge of rotation of crops ,
of man u ring the land or of improvi n g its quality by ,
a dmixt u re the cultivators probably went on year

,
after year cropping their fi elds with little systematic

, ,
atte ntio n to fallow We will n o t say that they did not .
let the land lie fallow p erhaps for rest perhaps t o , ,
allo w of cleari ng away te n aciou s weeds but to put th e ,
fal low at one h alf or one third as Ca n o n Taylor does

- -
, ,
1
S t o w e C h a rt e r, No . 62 7 .
No
’
2
J oan, . 2 14 , A D . .
774 : a liqu a m p a rt e m t errae t rz u m
”
a ra fro ru m q u o d c a n t ia n ic e dic it u r t lz reo ra su lzm g a .
3
J oint ,
No 4 3 9 A D 84 2 , . . .
is far too expen sive a n estim ate S ilva and u em us

—
.
,
sometim es s o an d for diminutives

'
z l u la u em uso u lu m
,
were fa v ourite images of diction with t h e Survey C om

m issio n ers —represe n t woodland always carefully est i ,
m ated beca u se of the importa n t item of beech mast

,
-
a n d acorns a food so i n dispe n sable amo n g the A n glo

,
S axon s that Ke n tish la n ds n ot provided with it with

in t h e precincts o f th e estate conveyed by charter ,
usually had deus deen u deu oeero p i g feed i ng tracts of

, , ,
-
woodland far away from th e land i ts elf specially set

, ,
apart and amed as b elonging to it

n 1
The right of .
feed i n g hogs was called p a sn a ge , pan n age or p a s ,

'
u a g z u m ; a n d as usual wi t h terms formed after this

,
'
m odel in a g z u m signified also the price charge or

-
cost of th e feeding Pa st z o i s sometimes used

'
synonymously with p a sna giu m Aleroa g z u m represents

'
the right or cost of grass feed in th e woods -

.
Then t h ere were th e u n fruitful woods ; w oods for

fi re wood ; wood w i thout pannage ; wood for e n o lo
-
sures O r palings ; wood for repairing fe n ces W o ods ,
supply i ng timb er su i table for h ous e buildi n g u nder -
wood or brushwood a n d ot h er k i n ds A mo n g t h e
, ,
.
trees known in Engl i s h woods before the Norman a d

vent are th e oak th e sour apple the apple t h e thorn
, , , , ,
t h e elder t h e maple th e willow th e bramble an d t h e

, , , ,
furz e bus h ; and plantation s of osiers the tracts of furz e ,
( co m pare S pin ae the Roman name

,
of Speen in B er k
s h ire ) and ro u ea rz a ro ueei u m or p atch es of brambles

’
, , ,
an d br i ers must b e noticed E ssa rz land grubb ed ,

“
up or p ro je c t ae de S ilva i ndicate the progress of ,
brea ki ng up the forest and reclaimi n g th e so i l .
S e e Birc h C a rt ul Sa x o n , . .
agr i culture and loss of property w h ic h t h e formatio n

of this forest is belie v ed t o have occasioned The .
total area of la n d thu s affected appears accordi n g to , ,
som e t o b e little short of seventeen th ou sa n d acres

, ,
'
added to a n a n cie n t n u c le u s o f forest k n own by th e ,
n am e of Yt e n e i n vol v ing with it the destructio n of

,
many habitable places Ellis computes a reductio n .
from upwards of two hundred a n d fifteen h ides pro ,
duc ing about £ 3 64 in th e time o f Edward th e

C on fessor to little m ore that seven ty six hides pro
,
-
du c ing £ 1 2 9 in th e time of th e Conqueror O ther .
calculatio n s p erhaps more strictly accurate reduce

, ,
th e quantity of land to half th e am ou n t .
or stal ling th e deer was practised E a z ee were parts

'
.
,
of a wood or forest staked and p aled off i n to which

, ,
eap reo la , goats b easts an d wild an imals could b e

, ,
dr i ven for slaughter These are found n ot i ced in four

.
western counties Worcester Hereford Salop and

, , , ,
Ch eshire . A hare warren we fi n d m ent i oned in-
on e passage Parks also possessed very spac i ou s

.
dimens i o n s Several are m e n tio n ed a n d they were

.
,
favour i te k i nds of property in the tenure of th e more

i mportant tenan ts in chief The term was p a reu s a
- -
.
,
very old word with a L ati n termin ation added to it

ea rro e an d p ea r/ w e ( sep z u m fera rz u m
ela usu ra
) of
'
‘
p , ,
perhaps Celtic origi n a n d of occasional u se i n A n glo,
S axon charters W ithin them were the ferm

.
the wild beasts of the wood Th e forest laws of .
C nut a n d other monarchs have formed the subj ect

of special and minute research Th e fact of their .
ex i stence as a n i n depe n de n t code sho w s the p olitical ,
i mportance that was attached t o the conserv ation of

D E NO M I NAT I O NS OF LA ND . 24 1
t hesewoodland features of the country and th e

rigoro u s penalties which were la i d down in som e ,
c ases to follow i n fraction of the various regulations

, ,
poi n t to the frequency of unla wful doi n gs o n th e o ne

hand and to the determi n ation to exclud e trespassing
,
and poach i ng on the other Notwithstandi n g the Spirit .
o f preser v atio n a n d lo v e of the chace which the ,
forests afforded a n d which had called into existe n ce

,
a large class of h u n tsmen verderers a n d other wood , ,
c unni n g o fficers the felli n g of timb er for b oards and

, ,
beams a n d fuel proceeded apace and it was only by

,
a vaili n g themselves of the vast quantity of firewood
supplied by th e forests of Sussex Kent and some , ,
o ther counties that the ma n ufacturers of iron and salt

,
we re en abled to keep the supply of the i r product i ons

e qual to the demand .
The vi n eyard o z u ea O ften d i sputed but doubtless

maintained in Engla n d in the Domesday per i od —for
, , ,
t h e b ook notices at least thirty eight examples chiefly -
in southern half of the realm and W illiam of M a lm e s ,

‘
bury described the method of culti v ation an d the
flavour of the wine made very mi n utely —must not be
forgotten Here the stan dard of measure was some
.
t imes the acre but generally th e a rp eu ua or a rp em

,
‘
of two V irgat es each of forty perches as some

, ,
calculate it or a n acre or furlong accordi n g to others

, ,
but probably variable like almost all other D omesday

,
measures a ter m seldo m used in con n exion with

,
o ther land The v i neyard the orchard lzo rt u s

.
2
, , ,
o r/us
. th e garden th e com mon pasture for the store
,
1
G e sta Po n t if , .
pp . 292, 3 26.
2
B u ilder, v o l li . No .
an d dra ugh t cattle and t h e s h eep ; t h e fi sh pond or -
’ '
o z o a rz u m th e sheep fold the growi ng crops the ripe n

,
-
, ,
ing grai n th e blossomi n g fr uit trees and many another

,
-
rural detail were features quite as familiar t o th e eyes

,
of those who l i ved in t h e t i mes o f th e Domesday as

“ 1
they are with u s and th e m ent i on of them casually ,
i ntroduced i nt o t h e formal entr i es in w h i c h th e estate

of th e principal owners in the parish was described '
for assessment plainly i nd i cates that after all in a

, , ,
very great m easure th e aspect of th e country h as

,
u n dergon e but little modification during th e last e i gh t

h undred years notw i th standing th e d evel opm ent of
,
spec i al agricultural pr i nciples such as drainage , ,
levell i ng hedge clipp i ng wire fe n ci n g a n d th e m ore

, , ,
”
u n iv ersal adoption o f rectilinear limits of enclosures .
Th e mill belonged to the lor d I t was called .
m o lz fi m o lz u um m o leu a z u u m a water m ill and t h e site

' '
’
'
, , , ,
of the D omesday m ill i s generally still fur n ished with

o n e now— a n exampl e of t h e long duration of rural
’
employments Th e produce for th e lord s advantage
.
, ,
is calculated som etimes i n m oney at other times in ,
gra i n an d i n eels t a k en from t h e mill ponds It was

,
.
a valuable property part i cularly w h en th e dep endants

,
’
were compelled t o grind their o w n corn at their lord s
mill Even th e site o n which a m ill had stood had
.
a n apprec i able value perhap s it carried w ith i t the

,
1 igh t of re erection a n d re assertion of its exclusive

- -
pr i vileges of thu s gr i ndi n g th e corn grow n in th e

neig h b ourh ood The windm i ll does not appear to
.
b e n oticed in D omesday .
'
O f Jurisdict i o n s Domesday not i ces t h e T/l riflzz a g

, ,
or Ridi ng flee z lz z rd p a rt of a county found

'
’
, ,
B u ilder, l . o.
The V/ ap eu fa lee o n e of the earl i est terms used by

,
the Saxon s in th i s county for a definite district has ,
1
been co nj ectured b y L y e an d other A nglo Saxon ,
-
scholars to b e th e district where a certain n u mber o f

,
perso n s in each county were accustom ed t o meet for

”
trai n i n g a n d m i l i tary exercises a weapo n teachi ng ,
-
.
Thi s ki n d of divisio n i s record ed for Y orkshire L in ,
c o ln sh ire N ottingham shire L eicestershire North

, , ,
a m p t o n sh ire It was t h e syn onym of th e h u ndred of

.
other count i es A s related in the laws O f Edward the

.
Confessor th e prefect of the wapentake met the mem

,
bers at a n appointed day and with la n ce u plifted , , ,
su ffered each to to u ch it with hi s own as i t were a ,

” “
weapon touchi n g a c on federatio n or co n firmi n g
-
, ,
”
of weapo n s O ther expla n ations and derivations of this
.
anc i ent terr i torial divisio n have b een suggested an d ,
the laws of th e A nglo Saxo n m o n archs co n tain much

-
mater i al for th e elucidatio n of th e term O n e of the .
latest th eories i s that of Canon Taylor wh o claims an ,
e n tirely new discovery as t o the n ature of the old

hundred s a n d wa p entakes The Ca n on seeks t o .
Sh ow that at th e date of the D omesday S urvey the O ld
A n glo — Saxon lz u u dred was in process of tra n sformation

i n to th e Da n i sh w ap en t a ke that th e process had ,
b een completed in som e districts (it i s to b e presum ed

those in which they are fou n d ) was in progress in ,
others and elsewhere had not com menced at all The

, .
organisat i on of the hundred h e thought had i n deed , ,
surv i ved a Saxon designation but th e D anish w a p e n ,
take was the area that was superseding it Three of .

.
t h e old h undreds i f the Canon b e right went to make

, ,
j t
1
Ly e re e c s t h e ide a o f t a d u s , t o u ch ing .
D E NO M I NAT I O NS OF LA ND . 24
5
a wapentake th e form er b eing i dentified by him as

,
t h e basis of military assessment the wapentake b ei ng ,
the u n it of n aval assessment This may b e so bu t .

,
at a n y rate the con v ers i on cannot have mad e muc h

progress from t h e comparat i vely small area in wh i ch
,
the wapentake occurs as compared wit h the hundred .
I t is too directly at v ariance with a passage in the

, ,
laws of Edward the C onfessor Quod A ngli

s u p ra dic t i comitatus v o c a nt
’ ’
vo c a n t ff un a rea u m
”
P That which the Engl i sh call a
’
Vap en fa e/z z u m
’
lz u n a rea
’
,
the counties o f Y ork L incoln Notts , , ,
L eicester Northampto n
, call a w ap en z a é e, The ‘
.
wape n take had i ts proper court or wa p e nt a c m o t ,
presided over by twelve elder thanes a n d their

prefects it paid th e third p en n y l i ke the hu n dred , .
The H u ndred (th e origin of which is wrongly

ascribed to Ki n g A lfred but far older traces of the ,
institution are extant ) is thought to have derived i t s

name from bei n g composed of a hundred h ide s but ,
’
s om e attribute m ore ot h ers less tha n this number

, , .
”
T h e Black B ook of Peterb orough now preserved
“
,
in th e L ibrary O f the Society of A ntiquaries at Bur

li ngto u House contains a n A n glo Saxon e n um eration
,
-
of the hu n dreds of Northamptonsh i re in the time of

Edward the Co n fessor entitled “
C e rt ifi c a t io h u n
,
dre do ru m in c o m it a t u Northampton in which many ,
1
of the hu n dreds are represented as co n tai n i n g 1 0 0 ,
h i des those which paid gold be i ng separately e n tered

,
.
Ellis pri n ts this document at le ngth but is wrong in ,
writi n g that every hu n dred i s composed of the full

contents of a hu n dred hides .
1
E ll is st a t e s e ve ry h undre d .
In t h e a c count of th e lands b elongi n g t o Evesham

1
A bbey a passage occurs also i nstanced b y Ellis ,
wh i c h i ndicated or appears to i ndicate that i n the

, ,
h undred of F isse sb e rge

The Churc h of Eves h am h as 65 hides
(1 2 being held free )
There are o f D o de n t re u
There are of Worcester
I OO h ides .
p fi
'
T h ese m a k e up t h e h u ndred u n z lz u u a ref

‘ ’
er oz .
B ut o n t h e ot h er h and the W orcester Chart u lary of

, ,
Heming Cotton M S Tiberius A xiii describes a

,
.
, . .
,
h undred of 3 0 0 h i des I n v i ce c o m it a t u U u ire c ea st re

“
,
h abet Sancta Maria de U uire c e a st re u n um hundred

”2
q uod v o c a t u r O s wa lde s lau in quo j acent ccc h idae .
A not h er class of writers has cons i dered that th e

h undred of distr i ct was m ade u p O f 1 0 0 m en others ,
of 1 0 0 v i llages Suc h a proportio n if it were true a t

.
,
fi rst could but last for a very short tim e

, .
T h e Castles of England fi n d freque n t me ntion in

t h e Domesday S om e n otices o f th e pri n cipal
.
among them w i l l b e foun d in the descriptio n s of the

separate count i es Ellis finds that th ey am o u n t to .
forty nine one at A r undel earlier than th e Norman ;

-
e i g h t b u i lt by Will i am ; t e n b y the greater barons ;

one by a n under te n ant eleven probably n e w -
.
S everal of these were built o n the s i tes of prehistoric

fortified mounds wh ich had b een successi v ely o c c u
,
P re fa c e , vo l . i p
. . xv iii .
2
F0 . 132 . P rin t e d in H e a rne
’
s Edit io n , vo l i p
. . . 287 .
manus opera and by a change of i dea to m a n u re

, , , ,
w h ich originally sig n i fied a n y i mprovement effected

in th e co n dition of land by hand i work a n d afterwards ,
acq u ired the m ore circumscr i bed a n d curren t s ign i

fi c a t io n of a fertilisi n g sub sta n ce applied to the soil .
I f this be the deri v ation of manor the word will ,
represent that portion of an estate wh i c h was work ed

by t h e hand lab our of those dwell i n g upon i t T h e .
word i s not found in connex i on w i th Englis h estates

b efore the reign of Edward t h e Confessor The .
k i ng we are tol d h eld in ancient demesn e

, ,
manors at least a n d Ell i s mention s several i nstances

,
o f large propr i etors whos e h oldi n gs I h ave tabulated

b el ow for m ore easy ob servation .
1 . T h e King man ors .
2 . Th e Earl of Moreta i n e 793

3 . A lan Earl of Bretagne
, 4 4 2
4 . O do B ish op of B ayeux
, 4 39
5 . G o sfrid Bishop of
,
2 80
6 . Roger de Bu sli 1 74
7 . Ilbert d e L aci 1 64
8 . William Peverel 1 62
9 . Rob ert de S t a dfo rd 150
I O. Roger de L aci 1 1 6
11 . Hugh d e M ontfort upwards of
,
10 0
Eleven proprietors therefore held,

manors or
, ,
a n average of 3 8 5 man ors to each of the ab ove
mentioned pr i ncipal tenants H ow far the dist ribu

.
t i on of th ese an d t h e rest of th e possess i on s of the

Saxon thanes was systemat i cally carr i ed out o n what ,
rules th e di vi sion was based whether by considera ,
tion of nat i ve ran k or i n accordance wit h i nd i v i dual

D E NO M I NAT I O NS OF LA ND .
4 9
prowess and lib erality of c o operation w i th t h e obj ect -
of W illiam s expeditio n we k n ow n o t Caprice pro

’
, .
bably actuated a n d dictated ma n y of th e royal grant s

of land which at first must have bee n so o v er
,
wh e lm in gly e x te n si v e that th ey would almost s eem

i nexhausti b le The ma n or could be amalgamated
.
with a n other d i vided or reduced and i n sta n ces Of

, , ,
all occ u r Its parts either animate or inan imate

.
, ,
coul d be transferred to other m anors or they could ,
b e remo v ed to other hu n dreds There were also sub .
ordi n ate manors .
’ ’
I n the D o m z n z u m or demesne that part of a n estate , ,
held to the lord s proper use Ellis with good ’

, ,
reason sees the S axo n I n la n d which occurs also in

, ,
th e D omesday Book ; in the tenemental la n d of th e

Norma n s th e Saxon O u t la n d or _Nea zla n d O the r
,
‘
.
titles of l an d are Bo c h e la n d B ook la n d that is -
charter lan d—land held according t o a royal oo o or

, ,
charter The term B ook la n d or Buckland has n o w

.
-
, ,
become a place n ame -

.
R o w la n d perhaps land improperly taken from t h e

,
tax paying lan d system a n d placed by the sheriffs to

-
their o wn adva n tage .
Ta z n la n d or Thegn la n d hereditary land

'
, , .
O n the estate the principal edifice was the a ula, ,

1
lz a lla or lz a u la a ston e b u ilt house where th e lord
“
-
, , ,
lived a n d the skilled servants plied their industry

, .
1
Th e u se o f the a sp ira t e by D o m esda y sc ribes is o f l it t l e
im p o rt a n c e , w h e n t h e y de p e n de d so l a rg e ly o n t h e e a r Th e .
a , in t h e R o m a n l a n g ua g e s, h a s n o w b e c o m e l it t l e b e t t e r th a n
a n e t y m o l o g ic a l sy m bo l I t s u n c e rt a in u s e a m o ng t h e l o w e r
.
l
c a sse s in E n g l a n d h a s o ft e n b e e n ridic u l e d, bu t in t h is re sp e c t
th e y h a v e D o m e sda y o n t h e ir s ide .
T h e term n ow frequently form s t h e second m emb er

o f a place — name an d p oints t o the existence of o n e
,
of these houses o n the spot The C a rla or Court .

, ,
may have been a mansion o r a court y ard .
Th e Villa w a s a n other term for ma n or or lords hi p ;

’
a o z lla z a a large v i ll or m ore th an o n e u n ited toge

’
, ,
t her A Be re wic or B erero z l e was a m ember of a

'
.
,
manor separated from th e m ain b ody S om e man ors .
had a large n umb er of th es e isolated m emb ers .
M a nszo i s another term for m a n or or member of a

'
manor but its A n gl o Saxon meaning has been de

,
-
scribed in anot h er place .
Markets do n ot occ u r frequently very probably only ,
those yielding toll to the king are retur n ed in D omes

day ; th e free m arkets would n o t e n ter into th e scope
of th e Comm issio n ers work We may best glan c e at
’
.
t h e m ost i mp ortan t of these by a table .
C o u nt y . Na m e o f P la c e .
F a v re sh a un t
H
Ne w e de n e
Hampshire Ne t e h a m
Basi ng e st o c h e
Tic e fe lle
W alli ng ford
C o c h eh a m (Cookham ) 0 20
Be rt u ne
‘Vilt Sh ire Bra de fo rd 0 0 O
S omersetshire From e
M ile burn e
G ive lc est re (Ilc h ester ) . I I 0
2
C o un t y . Na m e o f P la c e .
L i ncolnshire B erto n e
Pa t ten e (Bard n ey )
Norfol k D u mbam (D ow n ham )
( a half market )
C o le n e ia
T u rc h e t e l (a q uarter
market )
Suffolk Tornai
Beccles
E n t be rie
Eia
C a ra h a lla
I o an a
Clara
H a v e rh e lla 0 13 4
(a fa i r or ferz a )
'
A sp ella
or Tno ] ,
or t lzelo n eu m s i gni fi ed the l i berty of
,
buy i ng a n d selli n g of keeping a m arket th e m on ey

, ,
paid t o th e lord for h i s m arket profits a tr i bute or ,
custom for pass a ge The word i s still used in the

.
latter sen se .
A m o n g ten u res and ser v ices t h e followi n g are t h e

m ost i mporta n t : Ten u re in frankalmoig n e or in
free alms ; u nder th i s th e tenant was free of all
but th e tri ple n eed from wh i ch n o o n e wa s
,
exempt as has already been describ ed

,
Prayers .
“
for th e safety O f th e s oul of the donor ( pro ,
salute a n im ae in th e charters ) h is ancestors , ,
and h i s h e i rs were o n ly stipulate d for T h e F ir/13a

, .
T E N R E S A ND
U SER VI C E S . 25 3
or e n tertai n ment for on e n ight (a n d

’
u n ius no elz s ,
occasionally for three n ights ) to b e re n dered t o the

lord and his followers was a n old for m of tenure , .
The unifor m Domesday commutation for this was

£ 1 3 8 s 4 d in white m o n ey
. . . This fi rm a n octis .
was rendered by Sir J ames Thy n ne lord of the Royal ,
Manor of W armi n ster in W iltshire to Ki n g Charles I I , , .
a n d by V iscou n t W e y mouth
in A D 1 6 6 3
. .
(at L o ng
leat) to Ki n g George I I I o n 1 3 t h September 1 7 8 6
, .
,
.
Rent severally of ch eeses do g b read or b isc u its ter ,

-
,
”
m ille panes c a n ibu s a n d a cup of beer occu r ,
.
The A uera was a day s work with the ploug h ; ’
th e in w a rd service in the local royal body guard

,
-
.
Smaller ser v ices i ncl ude the followi n g varieties

th e price of iro n work for two ploughs four plough
shares m endi ng the ironwork of th e ki n g s ploughs ’
’
tendi n g h ounds ; teaching the sheriff s da ughter how
l
to make gold lace or o rp h re y ; prese n ti n g the lady
,
of th e ma n or with 1 8 ores of pen n ies that she might ,
2
be in a good humour ; a nd giving the king if he ,
came to th e ma n or two hu n dred lzest lz a s or loaves , a

,
tub of ale an d a rush basket of butter

,
.
O f ci v il a n d crimi n al j u risdictio n the pr i ncipal ,
terms are sa e or sa ea power a n d pri v ilege of a dju di ,
cati n g causes le v ying fines executing laws w i thin

, ,
the defi n ite exte n t of the sam e called S o e or so oa , .
This latter word al so signifies a re n t paid for usi ng

la n d .
Tea m or zlz ea m right to have and j udge bondmen

‘
, , ,
A
2
Ut e sse t ip sa l ac t o a n im o .
a nd v i lla i ns w i t h their children goods and chattel s

, , , ,
i n th e lord s court
’
.
S ome of th e term s for d el i n qu enc i es fi n es and , ,
other expression s illustrative of th e m a n n ers a n d

custom s of the inh ab ita n ts of Englan d in the Dom es
day B ook will be n ot i ced in a future chapter of this
,
1
work .
1 2 87 .
p .
$
56 D O M F S D AY
. BO O K .
be taken as co mprehendi n g all th e e di fi ce s nor all th e

clergy of th e realm For exampl e in t h e co u n ty of
1
.
,
Cambridge o n ly o n e ch urch is m e n tio n ed two in ,
Sta fford shire thre e each in B ucki n g h amshire a n d

,
Hertfordsh ire O n th e other hand by con sulti n g

.
,
the copiou s i n dice s of th e Record Commissio n

e dition of D omesday Book we shall find that Norfolk ,
L i n col n shire Y orkshire and Hampshire have a pro

, ,
rt io n a t e l
p o y large numb er o f churches an d t h e ,
S uffol k churches am ount i n number to 3 64 Strange .
“
a dim m u t iv e form eoolesz o la
'
t o say ,
a small or , ,
”
little church occasionally fi nds m ent i on in t h e
,
Dom esday Surveys of Kent D orsetshire Hampshire , , ,
a n d S ussex . It would b e di fficult to estimate the

di mension s of these small c h urches when few or
non e o f th e Saxon churc h es of w hi ch we h ave any
k n owledge put forward a ny claim s as t o spac i ousness
o f s iz e .
Thre e h ighly interesting and undoub ted Saxon

c h urc h es h ave b een discovered in comparatively
recent year s wh i ch m ay serve as examples of average
,
si z e
. We m a y cons i der th em in p o i n t of the i r
a ntiqu i ty .Th e fi rst 15 that of Escombe n ear ,
Bish op A uckla n d in the cou n ty of Durham ; here

,
t h e n ave measures 4 3 feet 6 inches long a n d 1 4 feet ,
w i de i nside m easure s ; a n d th e square chancel 1 0

,
feet . The flat h eaded windows batter i ng s i d es a nd

-
,
-
other remarkable details of this edifice i nd i cat e a t e

m ote ant i qu i ty n ot far from touc h with Roman t i mes
, .
Next com es B radford o u A von w h ere stands t h e - -
,
'
eeelesz o la ,
or l i ttl e ch urch of St L aurence referred .
,
1
Bu ilder, 1 8 8 6, p . 65 3 .
A NC I E NT C HU R C HES . 25 7
to by W illiam o f Malmesbury writ i ng in A D 1 1 2 5 , . .

,
reachi n g back to the days of St A ldhelm the earliest .

,
years of the eighth ce n t u ry Here the nave meas u res .
2
5 feet 6 i nches long and 1 3 feet 4 i n ches wide , .
Ecclesiolog y m ay well be proud of the rescue of this

relic of early Saxo n days from the degradi n g c o n
dition of being cut up into cottages a n d squ alid
te n eme n ts The third church of the triad referred
.
to is that of Deerhurst near Te wk e sbu ry in

, , ,
Gloucestershire only j u st rece n tl y recovered fro m

,
the d isguise of a farmstead which has masked its ,
true ecclesiastical character for several centuries ,
unti l the casual glance of an arch aeologist re v ealed

its tru e nature Th e m easures of this are for n ave
.
, ,
2 5 feet 6 i n ches by 1 5 feet 1 0 i n ches ; for chancel ,
1 4 feet by 1 1 feet 2 i nches I n on e southern county .
a recent writer estimates seventy male adults ,
perhaps representing 3 5 0 total souls as the pro ,
o rt io n a t e number to one church From this may b e

p .
deduced a n idea of churc h d i mens i ons in the Saxon

period
NO doubt many of the so —
.
, called early Norman

churches are but enlargements of pre existing Saxo n -
buildings I n som e cases we m ay e v e n trace out the

.
respective outlines as at Walmer near Deal in , , ,
Ke n t Perhaps too the primitive struct u re was but

.
, ,
a n oratory or chapel a n d the existi n g parish church

,
has ab sorbed utilised and m odified the origi nal pla n

, , ,
as at Patrixbourne n ear Ca n terbury which i s said to

, ,
have a m o st dimi n utive nucl eus a n d at Barfresto n a ,
gemlike church almost uniqu e in its appearance

, ,
and certainly if Norman the n of the very earliest

, ,
s
‘
25 8 D OM E SD AY BOO K .
l
Norman type Mr M H Blo xa m states th at t h e . . . .
tria n gular headed or straight lined arc h i s ge n erally

- -
co n sidered a characteri stic of the A ngl o Saxon style -
where it i s often to b e m et w ith of plain a n d rude

co n struct i on T h e semic i rcular arch in like manner
.
, ,
pre v aili n g from th e time of th e Roman s to the close

of th e twelft h century i s in som e degree cons i dered ,
t o b e another characteristic of th e A nglo — Saxon a n d

Norman styles A S th e A n glo Sax on churc h arch i
.
-
tecture der i ves i ts or i gin from later Roman edifices ,
we should naturally find a greater or l ess a p p ro x im a

tion to Roman m odes of building He n ce the brick .
work arches of the Romans in Engla n d as at L eicester , ,
Castor and V in o v ia n ear B ish op A uckland Durham

, , ,
are th e prototypes of th e arche s at Brixworth

C h urch Northampton shire perhaps the m ost per fect
, ,
existi n g spec i men of an early A ngl o Saxon church -
after that of Escombe From ex i st i n g vestiges of .
churc h es of presu m ed A ngl o Saxon con struction i t -
is found t h at the walls were ch i efly formed of rubble

and ragston e covered on th e exterior wit h stucco or
,
plaster with lo n g an d short blocks of ashlar or hewn

,
ston e disposed at t h e a n gles in alter n ate courses

, .
Narrow vert i cal ri b s or square edged strip s of sto n e -
h ea rin g from their posit i on a rude resemblance t o

p i lasters and corresponding h ori z ontal strip s or
,
str i ng courses are also found i n t h e churches of th i s

-
age . Sp e c m re n s of th i s style may b e examined

i n t h e c h urc h es of Barnack Stowe Witteri n g , , ,
“
P rin c ip l es
f Go th ic E c c l esia stic a l A rc h it e c ture ,
o fi ft h
e dit io n , 1 84 3 , p 20 T h e ill ust ra t io n s a re p a rt ic u l a rly v a l ua b l e
. . .
2 “
J o urn Brit A rc h . 1 8 87
. . .
o f t h e Dru i ds m ay accou n t for some of this pe o u

lia rit y of c h urc h art O n e i n stan ce indeed of a
.
, ,
wooden churc h occurs in th e Y orkshire D om esday

B ook at Be ge la n d w h ere we fin d a pr i est a nd a
wooden church
,
“ — ,
ibi p resoy z er ez eoelesz a lzgn ea

” ‘ ‘
'
Thick walls w it h out the adj unct of buttresses arches

,
of doors and windows rounded at th e top of openi ngs ,
fl a t or tria n gular ;j ambs w i th rud e imposts or capitals ,
w i th square abaci and furn ished at t imes with,
p ond erous m ouldings running round th e arches ;

a rch es j oined occasionally in pairs di vi ded by short ,
a n d h ea v y shafts ; th i ck external walls deeply a n d ,
equally splayed wit h the actual opening in th e m iddle

o f the thickness and above all extrem e S implicity of , ,
ground plan not u n freq u e n tly inspired from a parallelo

,
’
gram o f two squares length with a smaller square ,
cha n cel an d seldom a p orch all th ese are i n dication s

,
of the A n glo Saxon style of church which was extant

-
at the time of the formation of th e D omesday B ook .
1
Blo x a m enumerates les s than fifty extant churches ,
c ontain i ng vestiges of presum ed A nglo Saxon arc h i -
t ecture Recent d i scover i es have added but a very

.
few t o this list w h ich i n cludes Hexham Jarrow and

, , ,
M o nk swe a rm o ut h co Durham Ripo n an d W i tti n g

, .
,
~
h am Y orkshire
, D orchester O xon Fa v ersham , ,
K ent ; Tr i nity C hurch C olc h ester Essex ; S toke , ,
D A be rn o n Surrey ; the larger church at D eerhurst

’
, ,
S tretton an d Dagl i n gworth Gloucestershire ; beside s

, ,
t h ose prev i ously m ent i oned M r J H Parker 2

. . . .
,
“
Prin c ip l e s, p p 5 7, 5 8
. .
”
2
I ntro duc tio n t o t h e St udy o f G o t h ic A rc h t e c t u re , 4 t h e d.
A NG L O -
S AX O N C H U R C H E S . 261
followi n g very muc h the same lin es as Mr Blo x a m .

,
p oi n ts o u t the distincti v e An glo Saxon features of -
Corhampto n Church Hampshire ; Wickham Berk , ,
shire ; S t Mary s Bishop s Hill Junior Y ork ;

.
’
,
’
C a v e rsfi e ld Bucki nghamshire a n d ma n y others

, , .
It m u st be u n derstood that lim ited as to area and ,
c u bic co n te n ts as Saxon churches and chapels were ,
as a r ule churches of larger scale were n o doubt

, , ,
occasio n ally erected St A ldhel m s Cathedral a t . .

’
Sherb or n e Wiltshire is a n example of this

, Her e , .
the Saxo n western doorway of the north aisle exist s

e n tire as regard s its jamb s a n d imposts a n d part of
1
the arch with the projecti ng mould i n g so freq ue n tly

, ,
found all roun d arche s or doorways of this date still ,
remai n s O n th e south side still sta n d th e southern

.
j amb s of th e Saxo n arch or doorway w ith a simpler ,
proj ecti n g m ouldi n g ; the correspo n di n g n or t her n

j amb was rem o v ed by th e Norma n s u n der bishop ,
Roger w h o retai n ed th e so u ther n jamb for the wider

,
’
archway I n th e ce n tre of the n a v e wa s a great

.
porch of co n tempor a ry date of which the m o u lde d ,
pli n th s still remain o n the south side These detail s .
show that th e width of this cath edral church was

between 5 5 feet a n d 6 0 feet The le n gth of t h e .
e d fi c e i s shown b y the fi n di n g of th e bo n es of the

'
b rothers of Ki n g A lfred in the eastern ambulatory ,
where they are kn ow n to have been i n terred This .
gi v es n early 2 0 0 feet for the A n glo Sa x o n cathedral

i n length exclusive of the western porch
,
b y n early ,
1 8 74 , c o n t a in s n u m e ro u s w o o dc u t s o f g re a t e x c e lle nc e a nd
ut il it y , pp . 2 2 et s e q .
B u ilder, 1 8 86, p 7 1
.
7 .
2 62 DO M E SD AY BO O K
.
6 0 feetw i d e T h e western wall o f the nave i s only

.
2 feet 6 inc h es th i ck a n d i s composed o f rough

,
rubble masonry .
The p olitical cond i tion a n d territor i al i n fluence of

the Church in the D omesday period has recently been
illustrated in a very ex h au stive manner by Mr Jame s .
Park er (b efore the Dom esday Commemorat i on ) ,
wh o h as also closely investigated th e c i rcumstances

wh i c h attended t h e tran sfer of t h e seats of b i shopr i cs
from town s t o c i tie s about eleven years before the
survey of Domesday was taken in hand A fo rm ida ble .
m ass of stat i st i cs has in th i s way been gat h ered up

co n cer n i ng the number of m anors h eld by the
.b ishops in the var i ous counties Som e of th e .
p roperty was h eld for the Ch u rch ot h er in m ilitary

,
fee O 11 condition th at i s of supplying contingents of

, , ,
a spec i fied number of m e n to swell the royal army wh en

need arose for i ts m ob i lisation T h e episcopal body.
in t h e Norm an period (as also b efore it ) wielded th e

sword a n d l ance th e mace and t h e battle axe as
,
-
d eftly as th e cross a n d the pen the pastoral sta ff a nd

,
t h e t h urible No d oubt the greater part of the

.
landed property w h ich was h eld in one way or other

b y t h e dign itaries of th e C h urch regular or secular , ,
consisted as Mr Parker p o i nts out of th e endow

,
.
,
m ents of the ancient English Church w hi c h th e new ,
form o f government d i d not endeavour t o alienate

from it Som e of t hi s was represented by manors
.
zbe lo ngin g to th e two archb ishop s a n d t h e bis h op s

‘
-
o f t h e several dioceses w h o appear in the schedules
,
'
and titles of D omesday as tena n ts in eap z fe a still

larger proportion was represented by man ors b elong
ki ng wh o w i s h ed t o b e able to fall back on th e on e

, ,
i f the oth er (as e v e n tually happen ed ) sh ould fail in

h i s fidelity a n d allegia n ce There were 8 4 0 ma n ors in
.
t h e hands of these fo ur foreign prelates To O do .
belo n ged 2 2 0 m a n ors in Kent held in successio n to ,
earl Godwine a n d 3 4 0 as well in seve n tee n different

,
counti es L anfranc wh o had stepped from the

.
,
abbacy of Caen to th e archb ish opric of Ca n terbury ,
h eld 7 5 manors m ore than half the n umber bei n g

,
in K ent th e oth er distr i buted through se v en counties

,
.
To th e archbishop of Y ork b elonged 1 7 3 manors ,
a still larger numb er in six counties i n cludi n g

, ,
thirteen in Gloucestershire and one in Hampshire , .
The bishop s of the thirteen dioceses held m anors in

differen t counties not n ecessarily adj ace n t to th eir
,
cathedral cities Two of these th e bis hops of

.
,
L incol n and Thetford (afterwards Norwich ) held ,
over 1 0 0 man ors each L on don under 8 0 ; Dur.

,
h a m Chester and Winchester over 5 0 each Exeter

, , , ,
about 4 5 ; Sali sbury Rochester an d Wales about

, , ,
2 0 e ach ; Chichester 10 W orcester 7 ; Hereford

, , ,
6. A s for distribution there are several anomalies .
For examp le the bishop of L o n don s m anors a moun t

,
’
t o a b out 3 2 in Essex 2 5 in Middlesex 2 1 in , ,
H ertfordshire 1 3 in S om ersetshire a n d 1 in D orset

, ,
shire The bishop of W i nch ester held as tenant in

.
-
chief in ni n e counties although th e b ulk lay in

,
Hampsh i re A ll the manors recorded in D omesday

.
B ook as belo n gi n g t o the b ish op of Worcester

lay in Warwickshire Mr Parker th u s attr i butes 7 0 0
. .
m anors t o the English archbishops and bishop s in all .
Ellis r i gh tly rej ects t h e highly exaggerated state -

A NC I E NT T IT I I E S . 26
5
me n t of Spelma n that at th e tim e of th e Domesda y

there were ch u rch es in E n gla n d A t the same
"
t ime h e admits that th e whole n u mber of recorded

ch u rch es falls con siderably under w hat there are
gro u n d s for co n cl u di n g they must h ave amou n ted to
abo u t or soo n after th e time of the Co n q u est .
Ch urches which h istorical and literary n otice a n d

, ,
arch aeological evidence as has b ee n show n d emo n , ,
strate to hav e existed fi n d n o refere n ce in th e ,
S u r v ey a n d the history of Ca n u te a n d Edward the

,
Co n fessor makes it clear that there was in the early ,
years of th e ele v enth cen tury a large increase in ,
the number O f sacred edifices The common report .
that thirty s ix ch u rches were destroyed by William

l -
without compe n sation when he enlarged th e circu it ,
o f the Ne w Forest in Hampshire also favo u rs this

, ,
view 2 Perhaps the abse n ce of gleb e la n d attached

.
to the church es has somethi n g to do with the sile n ce

of the D omesday concer ni ng them .
Tithes also only enter i n cidentall y into the record so ,
that w e can n ot say h o w far the Church was suppo rted

b y volu n tary oblat ions dues or masses Bu t there , ,
.
l
O r b e t w e e n t we n t y t w o a n d fi ft y t w o a c c o rding t o t h e
- -
,
a c c o un t i e n b y Kn y g h t o n
g v .
2
Th is is o n e o f t h e p rin c ip a l a c c u sa t io n s o f th e l
c h ro n ic e rs
a g a in st the C o n q u e ro r s
’
c h a ra c t e r . T h e re is no do u bt t h a t
w e re de st ro ye d fo r t ra c e s st ill re m a in o f t h em
c h u rc h e s
—
so m e ,
bu t h o w f r t h e
a e c c l e s ia s t ic a l p o w e r a ve ry s t ro n g e l e m e n t
a ll o w e d t h is t o b e do n e w it h o u t c o m p e n sa t io n is do u b t fu l ,
.
W ill ia m s dre a d o f ro u sin g t h e a n g e r o f t h e C h urc h w o u ld

’
h a rdly h a e a ll o w e d h im t o o ffe n d it u n n e c e ssa rily ; a s w e s e e

v
in h is a rre st O f O do h is h a l f b ro t h e r n o t a s
“
b ish o p o f
—
, ,
Ba y eu x fo r t h e C h r h w o u l d h a v e b e e n u p in rese n t m e n t in a
—
u c
,
”
m o m ent bu t a s
,
e a rl o f K e nt a n d t h e re fo re a la y v a ssa l
, , ,
.
i s n o ment i on of tith es in Som ersets h ire Dev o ns hi re , ,
C or n wall M i ddlesex Hert fordshire and L e i cesters hi re

, , , .
Th e ded i cat i on o f tithes at t h is tim e seems to have

’
been at th e owner s cho i ce and not n ecessar i ly t o ,
h a v e followed the paroc hi al system Thus among .

,
other examples w h i c h might b e easily ment i oned in ,
the cou nty of H ereford even a foreign m onastery , ,
S t Mary de C o rm e liis had Churches priests an d

.
, , ,
tith e revenues in several places

-
Thi s arbitrary .
consecrat i on a n d al i enat i on of t i t h es at t h e w i ll of
th e donors was n ot ab oli s h ed until the en d of the
twel fth century S ometimes th e tith e 0 1 a wasted
.
o r ru i ned churc h was tra n s ferred to the priest O f
anot h er par i s h Church endowme nts are occasionally

.
m e t with Perhap s t h at of Bo se h a m in Su ssex

.
'
, ,
was o n e of the r i ch est examples bei n g p ossessed ,
of land to t h e extent of not fewer t h an 1 1 2 h ides in

th e time of King Edward th e Confessor and s i xty ,
five at th e time of th e survey Th is church i s .
represente d i n t h e B ayeau x ta pestry (ed F o wk e ) . .
I f we may trust t h e art i st it was a structure of cori,
s e q uence . O f its con nexion w i th th e history of

Harold wan t of space prevents our saying anythi n g
,
in t h is place Generally h owever a h ide half a

.
, , ,
hid e or a few acres formed the u sual area of endow

, ,
ments but many larger i n stances occur as at Barsham , ,
Norfolk 1 0 0 acres ; W e llin go v re (Well i ngore ) L in

, ,
c o ln sh ire 1 4 3 acres ; Be rc h inga s

, Su ffolk 8 3 acres , , .
Th e Nor fol k S urvey i s of value in th i s respect as it ,
records t h e amou nt s of Ch urc h lands Ellis cons i ders .
' '
t h e eeelesz o la and eap ella as sub ord i nate to th e eeelesz a ,
a n d of somet i mes separate end owmen t T h ere were .

se v erally dedicated t o th e H oly Trinit y ; S t Mary .
(two o n e b el o n gi n g to a b u rgess n amed Culli n g ) ;

,
S t Michael ; St Bo t u lp h
. St L aurence claim ed by
. .
,
earl A lan from its possessor L e ffl e d a free woma n ; , ,
St Peter (ow n ing fi v e b urgesses ) ; St Stephe n S t

. .
, .
George (h eld b y Roger de Ramis with burgesses a n d

w asted m a n sio n s ) and S t Julia n also in possessio n .
,
o f a burgess A lu re d fi lius Rol f A t Shrewsbury were

,
.
six churches each on e entered i i th e Domesday as

,
'
h oldi n g lands in eap z le They were d edicated to St . .
A lm u n du s or A lc h m u n d ; St C e dda or Chad ; St
, .
, .
J u lian a ; St Mary ; St Michael ; a n d St M ilbu rga

. . . .
That of S t Mary h eld la n d in Herefordshire as wel l

.
as in S hropshire I n Chester th e church of St. .
W a re burg or Werburgh is me n t ione d as a tenant in

, ,
The church of C ire c e st re or Cire n cester

’
‘
eap z ze .
, ,
h eld land in chief in Gloucestersh ire t h at of Cran

“ ”
bour n e C re n e bu rn e n sis ecclesia
,
in Wiltshire , ,
D orsetshire a n d Devonsh ire ,

.
A mo n g th e English m onastic i nstitut ions holdi n g

la n ds as te n a n ts in ch ief (calculated b y Mr Park e r .
as am o u n ti n g t o a bout ma n ors ) at th e tim e

of th e formatio n of the surve y th e followi n g are th e ,
m ost importa n t
A bbotsb u ry A bb ey h eld la n ds in D orsetshire .
A bi n gdo n The Be n edicti n e A b b e y of St Mary

,
.
h el d la n ds in Berkshire O xo n Gloucestershire a n d , , ,
War wickshire .
The Ca n on s of St A c h e bra n n u s or S t Ke v er n e
.
,
.
,
i n Cornwall .
St A l ba n s A bb ey in B erksh ire Hertfordsh ire

’
.
, , ,
an d B uck i n gham shire .

M A NO R S H E LD BY T H E C HU R C H 26
.
9
St Alc m u n d s C ol legiate Church in

’
. Shrewsbury,
in S hropshire .
A m bre sbe rie A bbey for Nuns in Wiltshire and ,
B erkshire .
Ba t a ilge , or Battle A bb ey in Su ssex Ke n t Surrey , , , ,
B erkshire Devo n shire O xfordshire an d Essex

, , , .
B edford the Canons of St Paul in B edfordshire

, .
, .
Be rc h inge s or Barking N u nnery in Essex Surre v

, , , ,
Middlesex Hertfordshire and B edfordshire

, , .
St Be rria n a
. or Burian Collegiate C h urch in
, ,
Corn wall .
St John of B everley s Collegiate Church in Y ork

’
.
,
shire .
Bu c fe st re or B uckfastleigh held land in Devon

, ,
~
shire .
Burgu s S Petri or Peterborough A bb ey in seve

.
, ,
ral counties Huntingdon B edford Northampton

, , , ,
L eicester Nottingham a n d L i n coln

, , .
I n Can terbury the Monastery of the Holy Trinity ,
held land in Essex ; the A bbey of St A ugusti n e in .
Kent .
St C a re n t c c k or C ra n t o c Collegiate Churc h of
.
, ,
Ca n ons in Cornwall
,
.
C e rt e sy g or Chertsey a n important B en edicti n e

, ,
A bbey of ancient date held in Surrey Hants and , , ,
B erkshire .
C e t re z C e t e rit h or Chatter i s A bb ey h eld in th e

, , ,
counties of Cambridge a n d Hertford .
C o v e n t re a or Covent ry S t Mary s A bbey held in

’
.
, ,
the Shires of Gloucester W orcester Northampton , , ,
L eicester and Warwick ,

.
’
C ro ila n d or C ru ila n d S t G u t h la c s Bened i ctine
, , .
2 70 DO M ESD AY BO O K.
Abbe y , of anc i en t foundat i on h eld i n th e coun ties ,
of Cambridge Huntingdon Nort h ampton L e i cester

, , , ,
and L i ncoln .
D over th e Can on s of St M art i n i n Kent

,
.
, .
St Ed mund s B ury a n other i m portan t abb e y o f O ld

’
.
,
foundatio n in Suffolk O xford C ambridge Bedfor d

, , , , ,
Nort h ampto n Essex an d Norfol k , ,

.
E gle sh a m or E y n e sh a m A bb ey i n O xford s h ire

, ,
and G louces t ersh i re .
Glastonbury A bb ey t h e oldest m onastery in ,
Englan d h eld in th e Sh ires o f Som erset Hants

, , ,
B erks Wilts Dorset D evon and Gloucester

, , , , .
’
Gloucester St Peter s C h urch or A bb ey held
, .
,
la n ds in Gl oucestershire Hants Worcester and , , ,
Hereford .
H a n do n e or Wolver h ampton at first a nunnery

'
, , ,
a fterwards at t h e C onquest a h ou se of S ecu lar

, ,
C an on s i n Sta ffords hi re
,
.
Hereford St G u t h la c s in the coun t ies of Here

,
.
’
,
’
ford a n d Worcester S t Peter s B ened i cti n e Priory . .
,
i n this city i s referred t o by Ell i s in a valuable

,
1
n o te .
’
H olm e or Hulme St B enedict s i n Norfolk , .
, .
H o rt o n e or H o rt un e A bbey iri D orsetshire a n d

, ,
Devonshire .
L e omins t er A bb ey i n Herefordshi re , .
L ondon St Mart in s le G rand Colleg i at e C h urch

’
- -
, .
,
with a dean and pr i ests .
M ic e le nie or Muc h elney A bb ey in So mersets h ire

"
, , .
St M i ch ael s Ch urc h or Pr i o ry , in C ornwa ll

’
' ’
.
, ,
’
c a ll e d St M i c h ael s Mount
. .
1
Vo l i p 4 3 1
. .
»
. .
Wi nch ester S t Mary s Nunnery , i n Hants B erks

,
.
’
, ,
a n d Wiltshire .
’
Y or k S t P eter s A bb ey
, . .
A m o n g th e o fli c e rs of t h e C h urc h an d clerical
dig n itaries as we h ave already noticed archbi sh ops
, , ,
bishop s p resby t ers or pr i est s ; oap ella nz chap lain s

'
, , ,
' ’
or domestic priests ; elerz ez clerks ; dz a oo nz or

'
, ,
d eacons a n d sa serdo s occur The t erm s for th e , .
b ody of the clergy were n o doubt u sed in a general , ,
manner and not w i th any very great am ount of pre

,
c isio n The dign i ty of dea n archdeacon and cap i tular

.
, ,
m emb ership seems to b e unnot i ced

Church dues called in A ngl o —
.
Saxo n Cy rz e soea z
'
‘
, ,
and in th e Domesday B ook C z reesset oz reel ez rsefle

' ' '
, , ,
eereset was a slz o l or paym ent or con tr i bution

'
, , ,
du e t o th e Churc h in certain places n o t appare n tly ,
very frequent of occurrence The am ount varies .
c on siderably a n d is sometimes expressed a s a m o n ey

,
paym ent ; at others as o n th e lands of Persh ore ,
A bbey a s u m m a seam or l oad of corn , as first fruits

, , ,
of th e harvest w a s due at Marti nmas for each hide

,
h eld b y a lz o m o fra n eus .
T h e lands b elong i ng t o Worcester C athedral in ,
the sam e way p a i d th e sam e amount of grain for

,
eac h hide Kenn ett considers that th e word was a

.
gen eral term n o t confined t o corn but i n cludi n g

, ,
poultry or any other kin d of provisio n s paid to th e

, ,
religiou s body How far the C h urch du es were con

.
n e c t e d with tithe s h as not b een d etermined .

”
73
C H APTER X I I I .
M ET AL —M O NE Y—P R O D U C E— M I SC E LLANE OU S T E R MS
S
A ND WO R DS .
THE D omesday B ook me n tion s th e following me t als

a n d products of t h e earth
1 A rge n tum
.
4 Plumb u m. . .
2 A urum.
5. L apides . .
3 Ferrum . 6 Sa l
. . .
A rg en t u m or sil v e r i s fou n d in the phrase

, ,
”
argent u m album which will be noticed in the ,
accou n t of th e f i l m or pound The p u n dus “

, .
i
argenti i s found n a v ery ol d text 1
.
A u ra /n gold is of frequen t occurrence There

, , .
“
i s for exampl e th e a u ru m R eg im e or
, ,
Quee n ,
”
Gold which is fou n d in three places A treatis e
, .
o n thi s was wr i tten by Prynne

2
some what ridiculed ,
b y L ord Coke It appears to have bee n a royal du e

.
or re v en u e appertaining to th e Qu een Co n sort during

her marriage to the King of E n gla n d payab le by ,
e v ery o n e within th e realm s of E n gla n d a n d Irela n d

wh o has paid a voluntary fi n e to the ki n g of ten
marks or upwards for a n y privileges pardo n s or
, , , ,
other royal favours con ferred o n hi m by the ki ng ,
and amou n ti ng to a tenth over an d ab o v e the fine

so paid The duty was suspe n ded from th e death of
.
”
Birc h , “ '
C a rt ula riu m Sa x o n ic u m , No .
4 3 6, A D
. . 84 1 .
”
1 668 .
“
2
A urum R e g inae, 4 t o , L o n do n ,
.
T
Henry VI I I to th e accession of James I and in

. .
,
th e fo urth year of h is reig n on reference to the ,
j udges i t was determin ed to b e t h e righ t of his

,
queen A n ne,
I am unable t o say whet h er th e
.
Q u ee n s C onsort of t h e Hous e of Brunsw i c k enj oyed

this r even u e The Mark of G old has b een already
.
n ot iced There i s also t h e u nez a a u rz w h ic h occurs

' '
.
,
'
in s everal passages somet i me s in connexion w i t h t h e,

'
a u ru m R eg z nee It seems to h ave b een a sub div i sio n

.
-
’ 2
of th e Mark s omet i me s at oth ers of th e Poun d ,
.
Th e workers in gold th e a u rzfa orz h ave bee n

' '
, ,
mentioned in th e place d evoted to titular designa

tions . Earl Hugh had a goldsmith by nam e ,
Nic h o la u s who is specially mentio n ed The art of

,
.
maki n g a u rifrisiu m or orphreys w a s cons i dered , ,
3
worthy o f spec i al encourage m e n t .
F erru m i ron or perhaps occas i onally steel was

, , ,
th e n as n ow of un i versal pract i cal ut i l i ty Spec i al

, ,
.
words olo m a or blo om m a ssa a n d p lu m ba were

, , , ,
u sed t o denote its we i ght or qual i ty There were .
fi
' ’
f
' '
an d or i ron m i n e rl a orz eee

f erra rz m m z,
n a rz d s r ,
-
i ron manu factor i es fi rra rz z or i ron workers who

' ’
, ,
“
“
prepared ferru m c ar or ferrum c a rruc is th e ,
’
,
iron wor k for the ploughs In th e city of Hereford .
there were six sm i ths eac h of w h om paid a p e n ny ,
re n t for h is forge and was required t o mak e a h un ,

‘
dred and t wenty ferra (Ph ors e shoes ) with t h e k i ng s -

’
stu ff and for th i s h e rece i ved threep ence

,
.
Plu m bum o r lead li k e i ron h ad espec i al

, , ,
.
words with regard to i ts weigh t but we are unable ,
C h ip e h a m , in C a mbridg esh ire Iuq C o m . .

p .
3 .
2
l ord , W e st o n e, p p 2 1 , 2 2 , 1 0 4 . .
3
S ee p . 25 3 .
is equ i vale n t t o fi fteen m odern h u n dredweights of

1 1 2 lb each . .
The l ead mines are distingu i s h ed by the nam e of

'
lu m oa rz ee
p .
W hile discuss i ng
etals i t will perhaps b e m , , ,
conve n ie n t t o me n tion th e ston e fo ssee lap z du m a n d

'
ston e pits or quarries gua dra rzee w h ich are als o

'
, ,
fou n d in D om esda y There w a s also a fo ssa rz u s

'
. .
Salt S a l ; this u n iversal and i n dispensable

,
c ommodity h as b een m ent i on ed i n many very ancie n t

documents and literary records A m o n g th e earlies t .
n otice of a brine work, perhaps i s a charter in th e -
well known chartulary o f Worcester Cathedral com

-
piled by th e Mo n k Hemi n g (Cotton M S Tiberius . .
A xiii f 1 9 6
. . wh ereby E dilba ld king o f th e
.
,
Mercia n s grants to th e Christian family (of m o n ks ) at

,
W igra n c ea st re or Worc ester a piece of land used for

, ,
saltworks on th e south b an k O f the r i ver Sa lu u e a rp e ,
called q t w ic a n d C o o lb e o rg su i tabl e for thre e ,
and s i x chimneys in exc h a n ge for

'
ea s u lz , .
1
others o n th e opposite bank The date i s bet ween .
A D
.
7.1 6 a n d 7 7
1 T h e i mportan ce of salt in
. th e
economy of d omestic life during th e early period of
our history may b e illustrated also by n otice O f a salt
n granted in A D 7 7 4 for 7 7 8 P
p a () by Ki n g Cy n ewulf
. .
,
t o fE t h e lm o d b i shop and th e m o n ks of S herbor n e

, ,
on the western bank of th e river L im or L ym e co , , .
“
D orset h aut p ro c u l a loco ub i m eat u s su i c u rsu m
,
in mare m e rgit q ua t in u s illic p rae fa t ae ecclesi ae sal

,
.
c o n qu e re t u r ad su st e n t a t io ne m m u lt ifo rm ae n e c e ssi
1 Birch , C a rt ula rium Sa x o n ic u m , No . 137 .

S ALT SPR I NG S . 277
tatis s i ve in c o n dim e n t u m c ibo ru m s iv e etiam u t in

, ,
d i v i n is O ffi c io ru m u sibu s h a be re t ur e t q u ib u s c o t idie
”l
C h rist ia nae re lig io n is causa m u lt ip lic it e r in dige m u s .
2
I n a Ke n tish charter dated A D 8 63 the use of ,
. .
,
“
th e phrase u n a salis c o qu in a ria h oc est 1 sea lfern .
”
s lea ll shows the Saxon equ i v ale n t for th e L atin term
, .
Ma n y oth er n otices might b e recorded A t the .
period of the D omesday salt was in great req u est , ,
a n d then as it has been S how n to be in the eighth

’
Ce n t u r y prepared by t w o disti n ct meth o ds

, .
I n th e parts b orderi n g o n the sea coast , salt pans - -
where e v aporatio n could be carried out a fforded th e ,
m ost eco n omical means of obtai n i ng the needed

s u ppl y I n th e i n lan d cou n ties th e bri n e Spri n gs were
.
fou n d to yield b y b oili n g th e water a valuab le salt for

, , ,
which Droitwich originally called Wich or Sa lt wic h , , ,
a n d the other W iches in the W est of E n gland were ,
th e most celebrated Rock salt as far as E ngla n d .

,
i s co n cerne d was not worked u n til the y ear 1 6 7 0

,
.
Ellis e n u m erates most of the salt yieldi n g places -
which fi n d m e n tio n in th e D omesda y Book Ke n t .
a n d S u ssex were rich in sa lin ae or salt pa n s Surrey ,

-
Ha n ts D orset a n d D evo n n o t s o well supplied with

, , ,
them A mo n g i n la n d cou n ties Bu c k in gh a m G lo u

’
.
, ,
c e st e r Here ford W arwick Salop were spar sely

, , , ,
fu r n ished with sa lin ae a n d B erks Middlesex Herts , , , ,
3
O xford Cam bridge ,
Hu n ti n gdo n Northampto n , , ,
L eicester S ta fford D erby a n d Y ork almost or

, , , , ,
1 Birc h , C a rt u la riu m S a x o n ic um ,
“
NO . 2 24 .
2 d , No 5 0 7
l or . .
3
O n ly t w o , a t I sing a t o n a , in t h e I n qu isit io E lie n s is,
13 1
p . .
entirely; without them A t SO p e be rie in Gloucester .

,
.
shire which had a b o i lery in W ich e z e Droitwich

'
.
, ,
.
,
i eldi n g twenty fi v e se x t a ries of salt rso ’
y U-
d A b it o t ,
s o wasted the men w h o m ade i t that a t th e tim e ,
o f th e sur v ey th ey could deliver n o salt Worcester .
s h ire a n d C hesh ire (th e site of th e Wich es or b ri n e

yieldi n g areas ) were t h e two princip al salt produci n g -
counties i n t h e Domesday ; after them Essex N or , ,
folk and Suffol k T h e sal i nes sa lin ae or sa lis p a lez

'
.
, , , ,
w ere wor k ed by t h e or sa lt m a k e rs in a ,
do m u s a d s a l fa a endum a b oilery
’ '
S a len a h as b een ,
.
conj ectured also to signify the br i ne i tsel f or th e ,

“ ”
seal or furnace i n wh i c h the brine was boiled .
The manufacture was carried on in leaden vats ,
n d in lzo eez smaller pits or reservo i rs

(
'
nd
'
p l u m ez a ,
a ,
T h e m et h od of computi n g t h e measures of
salt involves spec i al terms z A m ora B ullz o M en — ,
'
s u ra M z z fa S ex t a rz a O f these t h e A m ara
' '
,
‘
S um m a
, , .
,
o m bra or amphora was e qu i vale n t to four bushels or

, , ,
h alf a quarter L on don measure ,
B ullz o was a fifteent h part of a S u m m a or horse

'
‘
load , pac k load used for other good s also -
perhap s eight L on don bu shels .
M t t ia or M z a i s reckon ed to h ave amo u n ted t o

’ '
‘
, ,
e i gh t or ten bushels It was al so used am ong the .
2 3
Saxon s as a m easure of w h eat a n d ale Two .
é s went to the m z lfa fi

'
o m ra
Sex t a rla u se d als o for ot h er comm odities was of

,
5
,
u ncertain amou n t .
”
77 1
’
1 S ee p a ge 2 76 S m it h
.
3 s Be da , p . .
3 Birc h , C a rt ula rium Sa x o n ic u m , No .

4 64 .
4
J oell , No .
3 30 .
5
l aid ,
a l iqu id m e a s u re .
Po u n ds f
o l ile M o ney .
L ibrae de alb is de n a rn s .
de n a rio ru m c a n dido ru m .
a lbo ru m n u m m o ru m .
c a n dido ru m n u m m o ru m .
( )
b. The p L ibrae
or l ibrw a da
p e d
ts o r en su m , ,
l ibrm a d p o ndus were pounds by weigh t o f b ullion

, ,
and n ot by numbers Gold paymen ts t o th e State .
are still made by th i s m eth od and n ot by tale or ,
number O ther terms of similar import were

.
R o unds by bVezglz i a nd A ssay .
L ibr ae ad ig n e m et ad pensam .
L ibrae a rsae e t p e n s a t ae .
l
L ibr ae ad pensam e t a rsu ra m
T h e Receivers a t the Exc h equer examine d t h e

co i n s O ffered in paym ent an d w h e n d efective in ,
w eight an d assay made tr i al of a sampl e or charged

, ,
S i xpence or a shilling
(and even m ore if the base ,
c ondition of the coin s o O ffere d dem a n ded i t ) in

every twenty i nstead of the actual trial by firing
, .
When th e coin h ad b een m elted or had th e per ,

2
centage C harged added to it o n e author declares ,
th at at the t i me of the D om esday th e coin that was

suspected was b urnt in a fire alway s ready in th e
Exchequer for this p urpos e (presum ably in a crucible ) ,
and th e n weighed N o doubt s om e payme n t s in th e

.
Exchequer w ere accepted by tale acco rdi n g t o ,
c ustom or pri vi lege for Kelham records that there

,
were proper o ffic ers for weighing counting or telli ng , , ,
1 A n d in t h e E x e t e r D o m e sda y Bo o k L ibrae ad p o n dus et

”
com b us t io n e m .
2 Bra dy .
D E B SEA M E NT OF M O NE Y . 28 1
assaying and laying up t h e m o n ey : a p eso ur or ,
weigher a f uso r or melter goldsmiths an d s o forth

, , , , .
This tri a l of coinage was the o n ly safeguard of the

day agains t fa bricators of base m o n ey w h o flourished ,
in the D omesday period as u n i v ersally in Engla n d

as they did l n the waning days of the Roman
Empire if w e may j u dge from the frequent occ u rre n ce
,
of base m o u lds false coi n s an d other relics w hich

, ,
arch aeolog y has from time to time placed on record .
If a n alog y of o n e or t w o cases may b e take n as

indicati v e of the general de baseme n t of m o n ey in
the time O f D omesday th e differe n ce of val u e
,
between th e apparent v al u e b y tale a n d the true val u e

after the trial was v er y great Ellis cites the insta nce.
of the Manor of B osham in Su ssex wh ich was worth

, ,
forty p ounds in the time of King Edward a n d after

wards and yielded a similar rent at the time of c o m p il
,
“
ing the Domesday yet it paid fifty pou n ds ad a rs u
,
”
ram e t pe n s u m which are worth sixty fi v e pou n ds
,
-
that is sixty fi ve p o u nds of curre n t cash were fo u nd

,
-
after the cr u cial test t o which they were submitted at

the Excheq u er to be requ ired to make the due sum of
,
fi fty pou n ds This i s equi v alent to a debaseme n t of

.
nearly twe n t y three per cent of c u rrent money

-
SO
. .
great an d u n i v ersal had th e corruptio n of money

b ecom e that in A D 1 1 2 5 thirty o n e years after the
,
. .
,
-
comp letio n of the D omesday Su rvey the k i n g took ,
steps which resulted for th e time at least in the

, , ,
abateme n t of a n evil which had m ade itself da ngero u s

to the ver y existe n ce of the people for th e ow n er of ,
a p ou n d co u ld bu y n othi n g with it in a ny market ,

.
F o r se m an he h a fde an
p un d he me m ih t e c y s t e n aen n e
William of Malm esbury wh o lived at this time , ,
recor ds am ong a fe w other events for which h e

—
,
t h ough t the year 1 1 2 5 n otable this “

F a lsa rro,
rum qu i m o n e t a m c o rru p e ra n t per t o t a m A n glia m

, ,
de t ru n c a t io n e n o t a bilis Propter cande m perinde '
fa ls it a t e m a n n o n ae k a rit a t e e t edaci fam e tum pr ae

, ,
” “
ter c a i n d i screta vulgi clade in fa m is l Th e year
was notable for th e maimi n g of the false coi n ers who ,
h ad deb a s ed the m oney thro ugh out all England a n d ,
i nfamou s for t h e d earness of harvest because of th i s ,
corrupt i on of the coi n a ge a n d for the b i tter fam i n e and

, ,
especially for th e i n discrim i n ate death of th e people

”1 “ ”
wh ich i t caused . The A ngl o Sax o n Chro n icle -
detail s the h orrid ceremo n y h ere referred t o at

2
length which was e n acted at Wi nchester duri n g the
,
Chr i stmas season .
N ext in O rder of val u e t o th e L ibra i s th e

M a r/ea or m a rea a w ord der i ved from M a re an
, ,
A n gl o Saxon word
-
S i g n ifyi n g
, a S ign or mark , ,
probably s o called from the dev i ces wh i ch i t b ore .
Th is consisted o f
a ) Th e M a r/ea a u ri
( . or golden
,
Mark wh i c h i s ,
me n tio n ed m S e v eral p laces 3

It appears to ha v e
.
b ee n worth at a later p eriod t e n sil v er marks an d ,
4
w a s o n ly used as a n expressio n .
p e n i a t a n n e m rk e t
“
A n g l o Sa x o n C h ro n ic l e
'
a .
-
aa an .
M cx x v a n d a g a in t h e y e a r b e fo re b se m a n ba h aefde a t a n
‘ f ’
.
_ ,
m a rk e t a n p u n d h e n e m ih t e cy st e n bae r o f fo r n a n bing t p lfe c
”
p e n e g as , ad a n M CXX IV . .
l
E d H a m il t o n (R o ll e s Se rie s) p 4 4 2
.
2
A d a re M c x xv
, . .
, .
i
3
S a lle t o n e S u sse x C h ip eh a m C a m b ridg e &c
, , , , .
F ro m a p a ssa g e in t h e P ip e R o ll o f 1 H e n ry I I ; W ic k in s
'
-
.
a rg ue s t h a t t h e M a rk w a s w o rth six o u n ds o f silv e r

p .
28
sub div i s i on of account and i n th i s r espect resembled

-
th e m o n eys already di scu ssed It i s worthy o f n otice .
t h at while th e S axon Shilli n g was sub di vi ded i n to -
five penn ies that of D omesday is l i ke th e shilli n g of

,
t o day equ ivale n t t o twel v e pence

-
,
.
It is n ot u ntil we d esce n d down the scal e to th e

1 2 3
den a rius or pe n n y sometime s n m u
u m s th at we , ,
arrive at th e vi sible coinage and th i s was the only coin ,
know n for lo n g before and after t h e D om esday Survey .
It was in fact th e un i t of value a n d it i s by this that

, , ,
th e true u n derstandi n g of such terms as W a rdep en i

'
a r en n a fi paym ent to the S heriffs a n d others for

’
p
Castle wards or cu stody den a rii S a nct i Pe t ri or ,
S t P eter s p e n ce a Church rate due t o the pope

’
.
,
a n d the ilz ird en ny of ilz e slz ire du e t o th e earl

p , .
Th e Pen n y O f Rouen o rD en a rius R o dm en siu m or , ,
R o t lz o m a g en siu m occurs in th e acco u n t of t wo D evon ,
shire m a n o rs b e lo nging to St Mary s Church at Roue n

,
.
’
,
.
a nd e q u iva l e n t to tw e nt y -
fi ve si lver den a r i i , a t fi rst a ft e r w a rds
re duc e d.
1
Th e w o rd it se l f is de rive d fro m den i, t e n ea r/i , o r by len s,
a n d t h us th e Ro m an de n a riu s, a si lve r c o in , o ri
g in a lly co n
t a in e d t e n a sses .
2
Th e t fo rm p nd o r p e n ding w h ic h
p en ny in it s l
e a r ie s , e ,
o c c u rs in a c h a rt e r da t e d b e t w e e n A D 6 1 6 a n d 6 1 8 (Birc h . .
,
“
C a rt vo l. No 8 3 7 a n d t w ic e in t h e t e x t o f t h e w ill
. .
,
o f A b ba t h e R e e v e a bo u t A D 8 3 3 ibid v o l I p p
, 5 75 . .
, , .
, .
,
57 6 is ,
e v id e n t ly c o nn e c t e d w it h w o rds fo r w e ig h t
p un d , ,
p o n du s p e n de re a n d so
,
o n T h e d, a p p e a rs t o h a ve b e e n .
e l im in a t e d e v e n t u a lly a n d t h e m o s t c o m m o n fo rm s a re Pe n eg
, ,
a nd
p en i g p ,
e n in e , p e n /71g .
p en in og .
A s in H a m il t o n M a no r o f
’
3
s I uq . Co m . C a nt a b .
p . 2 ;
Ke n e t .
W a rp e n n o s is t h e
'
o rig in a l w o rd in t h e I uq C o m
. . C a nt a b .
B 59 .
S M ALL E R M O NE Y . 285
1
T h e o bo lu s or h alfpenny a n d , ,
The Qua dra ns fi rdin e F erding E eriing or , , , ,
2
farth i g which also occurs in se v eral insta n ces
n ,
thro u ghout th e Domesday Book were th e half a n d ,
fourth part respectively of th e de n arius It has .
been thought that the cross which i s almost al ways ,
the sym bol employed o n the re v erse of th e early

coi nage o f E n gla n d was purposely employed t o ,
facilitate the b reaki n g of the silver pen n y if it were

req u ired a n d h oards of coin which ha v e b ee n fou n d
,
co n tai n i n g money ra n ging from Saxo n times to the

e n d o f the fourtee n th century generally i n cl u des som e
pi eces which ha v e been thus broke n But it is m ore .
reasonable to assume that th e cross was emplo y ed o n

coin s at first in its higher and more u n i versal sign ifi c a
tion as also in th e Si g n atures a n d attestatio n s of
,
w itnesses at a period which reaches back alm ost i f ,
—
not quite to th e comme n ceme n t of th e Christia n e ra
, ,
a n d that th e util i t y of followi n g the groo v es or de
pressions in the metal made by the limbs of t h e cross

w a s a n after thought a n d merely a n acc i dental c o in c i
-
de u ce A m o n g the early coi n s thus halved a n d

.
q u artered in the natio n al collectio n s in the British

M u seum are se v eral fou n d at C u erdal e of the , ,
Da n ish ki n gs of North u mbria They are not u n .
comm o n after the time o f A lfred but rare before that

— —
,
.
period Farthi ngs that i s quarter pieces do n o t

.
,
occur much before the era of Edward the C o n

fe sso r .
1
A w o rd de rive d l ik e m a n y Sa x o n w o rds fro m t h e G re e k
, , .
T h e sm a ll G re e k c o in so c a ll e d w a s t h e six t h p a rt o f a dra c h m a ,
a n d h a d l it t l e o r n o re a l c o nn e x io n w it h t h e S a x o n o bo lu s .
2
i . e .
, fo urt h p a rt .
T h e Min ut a , or m i te occurs bu t once i n t h e

.
,
D omesday T h e preponderance of O p i n i on appears to

.
1
be that t h is i s t h e equ i valent of t h e Saxon siy ea e i ght ,
o f wh i c h went to th e penny an d h en ce the m inuta

.
,
w a s h alf a farthing It was u sed if a t all as com mon .

, ,
c h ange They were of brass or copper, was h ed

. .
T h e sty ra of Nort h umbrian royal dynast i es a n d of ,
the arc h bis h ops o f Y ork are the o n ly ones we are ,
n o w ac q uainte d w i t h T h eir devices are va ri ou s and .

,
many of them h ave been figured and described by

wr i ters 0 11 the early coinage of E ngland A very .
remarkabl e h oard of several t h ousands of these small

co i ns in a m ass fo u n d in th e parish of H o rn ingt o n
, ,
West R i ding Y orksh ire 15 described by Mr W illiam

, ,
.
Fennell in th e J ournal of th e B r i tish A rch ae ol o gical

A ssoc i ation for 1 8 4 9 vol i v p 1 2 7 A n oth er fi n d ,
. . . .
o f ab out t e n t h ousand i n a pot also much corroded , , ,
was found in 1 8 4 2 n ot far from Bo o t h a m B ar in , ,
2
th e city of Y ork T h ey appear to h ave b elonged in .
t h e ma i n t o t h e nint h cen tury T h e sty ca stops .

’
ab out A D 8 6 7 . . .
A m ong t h e produce of w hi c h Dom esday takes

n ot i ce are the a n im a lia or a n im a lia o eio sa plough or , ,
store cattle ; fi sher i es p zsea m ee ; o f eels a ng u illa ;

'
, ,
herrings of w hi c h large quant i t i es were pa i d as ren t

,
I L y e de rive s t h e s ty c a , fro m st icee , s eat k , or p o rt io n,

fru st ra m fi in u m p a rs He th e
'
o a, m re fe rs to p a ss a ge in
—
.
,
M a rk ,
'
4 xii 2, b is fe o rti
t p eg e n
u n g p e n in
g es t wost y c a s , et
”
m iles , w h ic h m a k e a fa rth ing But c f st uck , G e rm , a p i e c e . . . .
2
J o urn a l Brit Arch A sso c , v o l ii p 230 Th e fo llo w ing
. . . . . . .
vo l . iii p
. .. 1 19 , re c o rds a n o th e r disc o ve ry of a l a rge q ua ntity o f
s t y c a s fo u nd during e x c a va t io n s a t Y o rk .
C H A PTER X I V .
—T HE —
—
H I ST O R I C AL E E NT S
V PE NE ND E N S U IT T H E E LY
S U I T —T H E W O R C E ST E R SU IT S FO R E IGN TE N ANT S
A ND M O NA ST E R I E S .
T HE D omesday B oo k does n ot presen t very m any

n otices of h ist o ric a l e ve n t s Hence S ir Thom as
'
D u ffus Hardy in his Catalogue of M S relating to

,
.
E ngl i sh H istory does n ot spea k very highly of the

,
historical val u e of th e b ook But we sh o u ld h ard ly

.
expect to fi n d m a n y references of the natio n al charac

ter in a man us cript d evoted simply t o an exa m i n ation
o f th e co n ditio n of th e taxable parts of th e country .
N ot i ces of the cond i t i on of th i s area in the tim e

of E dward th e Confessor ab ound for th e C ommis ,
s io n e rs had it u nder royal co mm and t o record th e
state of their s everal propert i es at that time Th i s .
they mu st h ave taken from the accou n t fur n i shed by

th e tenants wh o may or may n ot ha v e p roduced
’
,
'
C o n t e m p o ra ry do c u m e n t s t o support t h eir stateme n ts .
Hence in s ome m easure by th e acceptance of th e

—
, ,
statements an d declarat i on s taken of course o n

oath —m ade by th e occup i ers of th e land th e p eople
, ,
of E n gla n d may b e said t o have taxed them sel v es ,
for although in many cases the Commissioners d eclare

th e present worth of certa i n manors t o b e i n excess
of the sum at wh i c h it has been declared to stand
assessed t h ere i s n o ev i dence t o sh ow that t h e Crown
,
H I ST O R I C AL EVE NT S . 28
9
raised th e rate or the assessmen t in accordan ce wit h ,
the Statements made by the Commiss i o n ers as to

value .
The earlier K i ng Canute or C n ut sometimes Gnut ; , ,
Imma or Emma his queen ; a n d fE t h e lre d her fi rst

, , ,
husband th e father of Ki ng Edward the Co n fessor

, ,
are mentio n ed .
’
The Confessor s benevolence t o m onasteries an d
the Ch u rch i s well displa y ed by many examples cited
b y Ellis a n d for this he appears to have been held in
,
“ ”
great respect The term glorious is applied to
.
him o n t wo occasio n s E ddid or Editha Regi n a .

,
-
quee n of Edward th e Co n fessor occurs as a donor ,
of la n d to a certain A lsi Sh e retained her landed .
estates u n til her death in A D 1 0 7 5 when they fell . .

,
i n to the king s possession ’

.
Goda the countess sister of Edward th e Confessor

, , ,
h eld th e manor of L ambeth Sh e appears to have led .
a religious life i f we may j u dge from th e i n v e n tory o f

,
thi ngs fou n d at L ambeth and taken t o St A n drew s .

’
Cathedral Rochester o n which King William Rufus

, ,
had bestowed the manor by a charter sig n ed w i th his ,
m ark still extant am o ng L ord Frederick Campbell s

,
’
Ch a rters in the Brit i sh M u su e m vii 1 They c o n , . .
s i sted o f a gold a n d S ilver pix copies of the Gospels

g
,
ador n ed with sil v er and preciou s stones a n d a v ariety ,
of church or n am ents Not i ces o f i llustrious persons

.
incl u de S in n ard earl of North u mberland Gode v a

, ,
co u n tess of Mercia ; Hereward the Wake ; th e exiled

H arold called liber bo m o a n d hi s holdi ngs looked
, ,
o n in som e cases as in va sio n s ; th e exiled Godw i n e ,
wh o in 1 0 5 0 sa i led away t o Flanders from Bo se h a m ,
U
a plac e belo n ging t o Harold a n d from which too in , , ,
A D 1 0 5 9 h e was forced by a stor m

. . when fis h i n g t o , ,
—
t h e opposit e coast a h event of con sequence as
resulti n g in th e Norm an C o n quest of E n gland .
Th e decision of th e great suit wh i ch w a s held at

Pin n e n de n or Pe n e n de n in Kent i s all u d ed to in the
-
Survey of that cou nty Ellis o n ly takes a p assi n g

.
“
notice of this event a n d date s it ab out t h e year
,
The rece n t d i s covery of a docum ent bear i n g

up on th i s imp ortant event i n th e history of th e
E n glish C hurch wh i ch had h itherto escaped th e
,
n ot i ce o f all historian s and wri ters o n D omesday

subjects n ot excepti n g Sir He n ry Ell i s him self wh o
, ,
h ad m any opport unit i es of notici n g the docum e n t

when it was u nder h i s c h arge as Keep er of th e
Man u scr i pts in t h e Br i t i sh M us eum w h ere i t i s pre ,
Served am o n g t h e C otto n ian Manu scripts (A ugustus ,
ii . enables me to print h ere for t h e first time a

new light i llustrat i ng D om esday hi stor i cal eve n ts .
Rev L B L ark i ng t h e l earned expounder of th e

. . .
,
1
K ent D omesday writing of th e possess i on s which h ad
,
b een subj ected t o th e sp ol i ati on of O do bish op of ,
'
B ayeux whic h perhaps for that very reason had b een

,
fi rst separately a n d disti n ctly n oticed by th e Com m i s

sio ne rs — e n ters i n to a long account o f this c elebrated
,
controversy deemi n g it adv i sabl e in ord er to illustrate

, ,
t h e charact er and usurpat i ons of O do to tran scribe ,
from E a dm e r a n d Selden th e accounts wh i c h t h ey g i ve

of the a ffa i r in w hi ch t h e spol i ations of th i s grasping
,
eccles i ast i c an d h i s m e n are full y d eta i led E a dm e r s .

’
”
1 “
Do m e sda y Bo o k o f K e n t , p . 1 88.
2 92 D OM E SD AY BO O K .
T h e gist of t h e entry i s as follows I n t hi s year als o -
was held the great plea in th e place called Pin e n de n ,
wherein L anfra n c recovered by process of la n d for ,
h i mself a n d h is church all his la n ds and custom s as ,
freely in land and in sea as the ki n g h olds hi s own

, , ,
except three v iz i f th e k i ng s highway b e dug ope n

,
.
,
’
b v o n e o f t h e archbish op s m e n if a tree fall o n i t

’
,
w h e n b ei n g felle d if hom i cide or bloodsh ed b e o n

,
i t the offenders in these po i nt s t o b e delivered to th e

,
’
kin g s m inisters S elden fou n di ng his account o n
.
,
that given in a Roch ester M S (collated by L arki n g .
wit h the Cotton M S Vespas i an A xxii f 1 2 0 ) shows

. . . .
,
.
that O do wh o had settled in Kent with great pomp

, ,
s ei z ed lands b elo n gi n g to th e Cathedral of Ca n ter
bury before L anfranc arr i ved O n L a n fra n c s appoi n t .

’
~
m ent to be arc h b is h op he found the lands in dis ,

’
o rder and O btained th e ki n g s perm ission t o have a
,
m eeting of th e wh ole county and m e n of the cou n ty ,
all the Franks and especially English learn ed in !li e

,
a n cien t la w s an d customs T h is took place at Pi n en .
de n a or Pe n en de n Heath where the suit occup ied

,
.
three days a n d appears to have been c hi efly occupied

,
with the i nvasion s of O do B ut the archbishop .

,
during this time successfully wrested the lands of ,
the Church from Herb ert fi lius I v o n is T uro ldu s d e ,
R o u e c e s t ria R a dulfus de Curva Spina an d Hugo d e

, ,
M o nt e fo rt i in R a c ulf Sa n de vic R a t e bu rg Med e

, , , ,
tu n e ,
Sa lt vu de cu m Burgo Hethe ad Sa lt v ude
”
pertinente a n d m a n y other place s i n Ke n t ; in
,
L ondon the M onastery of St Mary w i th the lands .

,
”
u o qu e a n n o ng l o S a x o ll s
“
q S e e Th o rp e
. A C h ro n (R ,
-
. .
s e rie s ) , vo l
. 1 . a p p x.
T HE BE NE ND E N S U IT . 2 93
a nd houses held by L iv ing us the priest a n d his wife

a n d other p erson s in Middlesex B uck i nghamshire , ,
O xfordsh i re Essex , and Suffolk , Not o n ly did .
L an franc succeed in regai n ing the lands belonging t o

his church th u s wro ngfully alie n ated by the powerful
,
bishop of Bayeux but he also establis h ed h i s right to

,
the important privileges of Soca Saca Tol Team , , , ,
F ly m e n a fy rm t h e G rit h bre c e Foresteal H a im fare

, , , ,
I n fa n ge n e t h e o f a n d other customs
,
This was .
decreed by the whole A ssembly among whom were ,
G o isfridus bishop of C o u t a n c e who represented

, ,
the ki n g and exercised the O ffice of chief j ustice ;

L a n fra n c wh o gained all his p oi n ts
, O do as earl of ,
Ke n t ; E rn o st u s b ishop of Rochester ; ZEge lric

, ,
bishop of Chichester a very old m a n a n d very , ,
lear n ed in th e la n d la w s wh o by the ki n g s special ,

’
C ommand was taken thither in a qu a driga or four ,
h orsed carriage to discuss and expou n d those sam e

,
a n cient customs of th e laws Richard de T u n e bre gge

Hugo de Monte forti William de A rces Haimo ,
sheri ff of Ke n t a n d others ,
.
The newly discovered ma n uscr i pt leaf in t h e

-
Brit i sh M u se u m i s a digest or minute of th e p oi n t s

moved by L a n fra n c a n d discussed at the co u nty ,
court a n d of the decisio n at which th e j u dges

,
arri v ed This probably came with m any other

.
,
Ca n terbury charters into the possession of Sir ,
Robert Cotton the founder of the Cottonian L ibrary

, .
F ulc h e st a n de be n e fi c io regis est .
R a t e bo u rc d e a rc h ie p isc o p a t u est e dz in u s
‘
dedit go du in o .
St e p e be rga d e a rc h ie p isc o p a t u est ecclesia . .

294 ,
Chri s t i erat i n de saisi ra q u ando rex mare t ra n siv it

m od o e p i sc o p u s ba io c e n sis habet .
I n t ile ma n e st u n qu a n d o rex mare t ra n s iv it erat

ecclesi a Christi sa isit a de du c e nt is ju ge ribu s terrae 81 .
in fe ngle sh a m de ce n tu m ju ge ribu s 81 in elme de

v i in t i q u i n qu e 1 m odo ea o sbe r
g jg
u e ribu s 8 n u s ab
e p isc o p o te n et
l
.
T o t e sh a m a ln o d child d e monac hi s teuc h at quando

rex mare t ra n siv it 81 fi rm a m i nd e re dde ba t 81 modo
e p isc o p u s habet
1
.
T o re n t u n v ig in t i qui n que j ugera h abet 81 ecclesia

h a be ba t quando rex m are t ra n siv it 81 m odo epis .
Copus h a be ba t sed dim isit

‘
.
W it ris c e sh a m ecclesi a Christi h a be ba t q u a n do

re x mare t ra n siv it 81 modo o sbe rnu s p a is fo re re ab
e p isc o p o habet
I
.
A u u e n t iu g e sh e rst 81 e dru n e la n d 81 a du uo luu in de n

. .
e ccl esia te u c h at qua n do rex mare t ra n siv it 81 fi rm a m .
i n de h a be ba t 81 m odo R o be rt u s de ro m e n e l ab
.
episcopo h ab et
1
.
Pre st it u n a ln o d child ab arch i ep i scop o t e n e ba t

u a n do re x mare t ra n siv it 81 fi rm a m re dde ba t 81
q
1
m odo t u ro ldu s ab episcopo h abet .
G o dric u s de c a n u s d edit fra t ri su o q u a rt a m parte m

so lin g i quod p e rt in e ba t ad cli v am 81 m odo ro be rt u s
'
1
u u ille lm u s ab episcop o hab et .
Su n de rh irs c d e a rc h ie p isc o p a t u est 81 a rc h ie p is .
copu s dedit go du in o 81 e p is c o p u s modo habet

.
1
.
L a n gport 81 n eu u e n de n d e a rc h ie p isc o p a t u est 81 .
a rc h ie p isc o p u s ded i t g o du in o 81 p
'
e iS C OPU S 1 stati m in
p lac i t o cogno vi t esse de eccles i a .
1
O do h e re is in t e n de d .
terra illa s erv ic ium h a be ba t 81 m odo hugo de do n o

regis habet .
The endorsement in anot h er han dwriting is , ,
Quod a rc h ie p isc o p us a n t iq u it u s h a be b a t t e rc iu m
de n a riu m d e c o m it a t u c a n t ie h oc j u re
'
7
1p 5 1us esse debet Scriptum d e terris quas .
a n t iq u it u s hab uit C a n t u a rie n sis ecclesia .
T h e Ely su i t i s only known by the entry in th e

Cambridge U niversity manuscript O 2 I f 2 1 0 b . . . .
,
pri n ted in Hamilton s I nqu isit io Co m iia i us Ca n ia ’
brig iensis . This appears to be in ma n y respects ,
similar to the n ewly fo u n d docume n t relati n g to the

-
Pe n e nde n suit It seem s that b ishops G o s frid of Cou

.
,
tance a n d Remigius of L i n coln

,
“
W a lt h e ws th e
, ,
”
Con s ul ,
i e th e earl W a lt h e o f P i cot th e sheriff
. .
, , ,
of Cambridgesh i re a n d Ilbert perhaps Ilb ert de Hert

, ,
ford (H e re fo rda ) w h o i s me n tioned in a n oth er par t

,
of th e county record sat as royal com missioners in ,
a county court t o determin e cla i ms brought by th e

,
Churc h of St Mary St P eter a nd St E t h e lry t h a of

.
, .
,
.
,
Ely (as p ossessing in th e tim e of Ki n g Edward th e

Confessor ) aga inst su n dry possessors of ma n ors an d
,
other properties in the cou n ti es of Cambridge Essex , ,
S u ffolk a n d N orfolk
,
The openi n g paragraph of th e
.
document explai n s itself .
A d illu d placi tum q u o p o nt ifi c e s G o sfridu s e t

1
R emigius co n sul vero W a lt h e w s n e c n o n v icecomes

Pic o t u s atqu e I lbe rt u s ju ssu W ille lm i De i dispos i
tione A uglo rum regi s cu m omn i Vic e c o m it a t u S ic ut
rex p re c e p era t c o n ve n e ru n t testimonio h o m inu m rei
1 Th e w o rds h a v e be e n e x t e n de d .
T HE E LY S U IT .
97
v e rit a t e m co gn o sc e n t iu m de t e rm in a v e ru nt
terras qu ae
inj uste fue ra n t a bla t ae ab ae c c le sia Sa n ct ae Dei ge n i
tricis Marie de insula Ely e t Sa n cti Petri a p o st o lo ru m
p rin c ip is S a n c t ae q u e fE t h e lr
y t h e v irgi n is q u a t in u s
de domi n io fu e ra n t tempore videlicet regis [E dwa rdi

ad domi n ium si n e a lic ujus su o ru m c o nt ra dic t io n e
-
redire n t q u1c u n qu e eas p o sside re t Nomina qu a ru m

cum corum q u ibusda m qui eas a dh u c i nj uste re t in e n t
”
su bsc ribu n t u r The n follows th e list of n ames of
la n ds a n d of services a n d of those who hold them
,
from th e A b bey .Curiously e n o u gh the ki ng ,
W illiam himself i s e n tered as u nj ustly withholdi n g

,
M e t h e lu u a ld an d C ro k e st u n e a n d Sn e g e l
”
u u e lle a n d D ic t u n a n d Picot th e sh eriff a s
withholdi n g the fourth penny re i p u p lic e de Gra u te

”
brice which the ab bot O f Ely had enj oyed si n ce the
,
time of Ki n g Edgar a n d St fE t h e lwo ld the bishop . .
The Domesday B oo k for Worcestershire i s illus

t ra t e d in a n i n teresti n g manner by the Chartulary
prepared by the M o n k Heming in obedie n ce to th e ,
directio n s of W lst a n bishop of W orcester t o which

, ,
se v eral references have already been made A lth o ug h .
composed for th e greater part from transcripts of

A nglo Saxo n ch arters which th e bishop had gathered
-
t ogether duri n g th e progress of hi s inqu iry i n to the

possessio n s of his church there are copies of other ,
docum en ts wh ich bear upon th e history of D omesday

, ,
th e ma n ner of its compilat i on and the phraseology ,
of its t ext .
1
O n e of these i s a letter of bishop O swald w h o o c c u ,
1
At f . 134 .
p i ed t h e see from A D 9 6 1 to 9 9 2 t o K i ng E a dga r

. .
, ,
d escr i b i ng in detail the m a n ner whether by lease for ,
three l i ves or otherw i se in wh i ch th e la n ds of th e ,
bish op and t h e m on k s of Worcester Cathedral Priory

were held A t th e end i s a paragraph i n dicati n g that
.
three cop i es were m ad e of the l e tter which w a s evi ,
de n t ly looked up on as a formal report to th e Crown ,
on e of w hi ch was preser v ed at Worcester a secon d in ,
1
t h e keepi n g of A rchbish op Dun stan at Canterbury
(probably as c hi ef protector of t h e l i berties an d pos
sessions o f th e Church ) and the th i rd in th e charg e of,
B ish op At h e lwo ld (am ong t h e Crown docum e n ts ) in

2
“
W i nchester city Haru m textus
. e p ist o la ru m
tres sunt ad p re t it ula t io n e m e t ad sig n u m u n a in ipsa

ci v itate qu ae v o c a t u r U u igra c e a st e r alter a cu m
ven erabil i D u n st a n o arch i episcop o in C a n t ua ria
t ert i a cu m A t h e lu u o ldo episcopo in U u in t o n ia civ i
”
tate .
The h istory of bishop W lst a n i s of interest He .
assisted King Ed ward the C onfessor at the dedica

’
t i on of St Peter s Abbey at Westminster ; but o n
.
t h e ch ange of go v er n ment made early subm i ss i o n to

th e C onqueror at B erkhamp stead He also assisted at .
the coronation of William by Aldred archb ish op of ,
Y ork I n return we fi n d a deed in Hem i ng s Chartu

’
.
,
3
lary dat ed in A D 1 0 6 7 in wh i c h t h e ki n g grants
, . .
,
to th e Ch urc h of Worcester two h i des of land at

C ulla c life o n cond i tion that th e Ch urc h s h oul d i n ter
,
C ede in t h e i r prayers to Go d for hi msel f and hi s

, ,
9 60 9 8 8 A D 9 64 9 84
1 2
A D
. .
-
. . .
-
.
3 ”
M o n Ang l v o l i p 5 7
D ugd . . . . . . .
c ia ll
y W ls t a n ,
de v oted h is tim e chie fly t o
wh o
relig i ous matters at a time wh en their country had
,
been conquered by th e N ormans an d all the better ,
sort of the barons of th e county of W orcester de

stroyed The altercation between W lst a n a n d
.
A ge luu i co n t i nued till the abb ot s death 1 4 Kal

’
, .
March (1 6t h February ) A D 1 0 7 7 wh ich res ulted ,

. .
,
from gou t 1
B ut according t o Dugdale h e had
.
, ,
improved th e co n dition o f his o wn m onastery .
B i shop W lst a n o n hear i ng of th e abb ot s death

,
’
,
instituted accord ing t o th e custo m of t h e time

, ,
certa i n religiou s services i n com m em orat i o n o f th e

deceased man bu t was speedily attacked himself w i th
,
go u t an d was war n ed in a dream t o cease his i n ter

,
cessions o n b ehal f of A ge luu i H e d oes s o an d .

,
recovers Here a reflect i ve passage is introd uced

.
,
sh ow i ng how heinou s i s the crim e of in v ading pro

p e t t y belongi n g to m onaster i es wh en God is avers e ,
even t o our i nterced i ng with Him on b ehalf of the

trespassers
Walter de C e ra sia wh o succeeded to th e abbacy ,
of Evesham recei v ed his appointment from King

,
lVillia m D uring his rul e th e co n troversy with bishop

.
W lst a n arose again for h e kept possessio n of the ,
lands in d isp u te The S u rvey of the abbey which

.
,
’
was taken in th i s abb ot s tim e shows that th e gross ,
number of hides held by this abbey in th e counties

of Gloucester W orcester N ort h ampto n a n d W arwic k
, , ,
amounted to 2 1 8 } a n d 1 2 acres produci n g rental of

7
,
£ 1 2 9 1 0 5 H e increased t h e nu mber of m onks

. .
,
1
M o n A ng l . . ne w cd .
, vo l . 11.
p 3 . .
THE W O R C E STE R SU I T .
30 1
notw i th stand i ng the depredation s committed o n th e

m onastic possessio n s by b ishop O do who had begged ,
them of W illiam a n d obtai n ed them for himself

,
.
“
Thus says th e writer of the Report
,
de c o n flic t u , ,
w e lost them “
for the bishop of W orcester scarcely
,
obtai n ed the services of a ny of them ; and h e who

”
first robbed u s had n o u ght but sin Hear n e pri n t s .
“
from Heming s Cartulary the C O M M E M OR ATI O
’
”
P LA C I TI b etween this abb ot and b ishop W lst a n
, ,
“
wherei n the bishop claimed from the abbot sac and
s oc a n d sepulture and c irsc e a t an d requisitions
, , , ,
a n d all the customs to be performed to the church of
W orcester in O swa lde sla we Hu n dred and the king s ,

’
geld and service a n d expeditio n s o n land a n d o n se a

, , ,
for the fifteen hides of H a n t o n a an d the four hides

of Be n ningc wrde which the abb ot ought t o hold of
,
the bishop like as other feoffees of the Church hold

”
freel y for all due service of ki n g a n d bishop
,
.
A fter several delays finally th e cause was ven iila ia

, ,
moved and argued by the j ustice writ and precept

, , , ,
of Ki n g W i lliam the Elder sent from Normandy in , ,
prese n ce of G o sfrid b ishop of C o u t a n c e whom th e

, ,
ki n g had specially commissioned to see that right was

d o n e between the t wo litiga n ts Bishop G o sfrid held .
”
at Worcester a m a g n us eo n ven i us a great gatheri ng ,
of th e neighbour i ng count i es and baron s A fter th e .
ope n i ng o f the cas e the b ishop of Worcester sets

,
o ut h i s claim against the abbot The abbot replies .
i n defence B is h op W lst a n produces his list o f

.
w i t n esses w h o had cogn i sance o f the matters in th e

time of King Edward and had undertaken th e ,
s erv i ces ab ove ment i oned for the benefit of the

-
b ish op Then by precept of th e k i ng s j u st i ce a n d

.
’
decree of t h e barons j udgment was ab out t o b e deli

,
vered but b ecause t h e abb ot had stated that h e had

,
n o wit n esses again st t h e bishop the court (op i im a /es) ,
decreed a day o n Whic h t h e b ishop s wit n esses shoul d ’
prove o n o a t h th e statem ents wh i c h h e had made

'
and t h e abb ot sh ould produce wh atever rel i ques h e

sh ould think fit (w i t h the object of taki n g an oath on
them that what h e alleged was true ) This was .
agreed o n b oth sides .
The da y appoi n ted arr i ved Th e bis h op an d th e

.
abbot put in their appeara n ce before the baron s wh o

had taken part in th e prev i ou s h eari n g of the pl ea a n d
appointment A bb ot W alter brings the sacred remai n s
.
of S a i nt E c guu in e th e founde r of h i s m onastery O n

, .
t h e b i s h op s side app ear lawfully competent person s

’
ready to tak e t h e requ i red oath A mo n g them cam e .
Edric wh o h ad b een in the t i m e of King Edward

, ,
t h e Confessor the s t erm a n n us or p i lot of th e bishop s

’
, ,
ship and had led t h e bish op s army in t h e k i n g s

,
’ ’
serv i ce ; n ow h e was bo m o of R o dbe rt bish op of ,
Hereford at t h e tim e he too k th i s oath an d h eld

, ,
n oth i n g of t h e b i sh op of Worcester (t h erefore he was

not an i nterested or biassed witn ess ) “
There w a s .
also K in e wa rdu s sheriff of Worcester an eye

, ,
w i tness and Siwa rdus a ric h lord of Shrop sh ire

, ,
and O sbern son of Richard a n d T u rc h il of W a r

, ,
wic k sh ire and many others old m en and n oble of

'
, ,
”
Wh om t h e greater part now sleep B ut m any are .
st i ll al i ve t h e record cont i n u es wh o h eard t h em a n d

, , ,
st i ll many of t h e t i m e of W i ll i am t h e k i n g testi fyi n g ,
t h e same
“
. T h e abbot w h en h e saw t h e oat h a n d
,
(i e
. the com m i ss i o n ers for th e D omes day S urvey)
.
,
that t h ese fiftee n hides rightly b elo n g t o th e bishop s ’
hundred of O s u ua lde s laune and ough t with the , ,
bishop h i m self to p ay the ki n g s cen sus and all other

’
, ,
ser v ices b elonging to the k i ng 81C A n d the said , .
four hi des in Be n n in c uu y rt h e l i kew i se But the .
bishop clai med m ore than t h at h ere for h e c lai med ,
t h e wh ole lan d in demes n e ; yet because th e abbot ,
humbly admitted this the bishop at the request of , ,
those present allowed the abbot and brethren of

,
Eves h am to hold th e la n d on condition o f th eir

mak i n g therefor such h onourable recognitio n a n d
”
service as h e h im self would i f demanded O f th is .
d ocument the pri n ces ab o v e mentioned are wit n esses -
a n d also —S erlo
,
’
abbot of S t Peter s Gloucester ;
,
.
,
Nige llus clerk of b i shop Rem i g i u s U lf and Ran

, ,
n u lf an d A lfuu in u s m onks of th e sam e ; W lfi pres

, ,
h yter Edr i c d e H de e p ; Godr i c d e P i r i a A r c

in l il i 1
o r A lgerie arch deacon of Worcester an d others

, , .
Thi s valuable Cottonian Manu script also co n tai n s

a n account of th e survey of the L ib erty of the Hundred
of O swa ldslo w taken during the reig n of W illiam the

,
Conqueror u pon the oath of th e W h ole sh re iva lt y of

,
W orcester This proceedi n g t ook place before th e

.
sam e four pri n cely Commissio n ers wh o conducted th e

formation of the Dom esday B ook — “
Remigio scilicet u
L inc o ln ie n se episcop o e t comite W alterio G iffa rdo

, ,
e t Henr i co de F e re ris e t A dam fratre E u do n is dapi

,
feri reg i s qu i ad in q u ire n da s e t de sc ribe n da s pos

,
se ssio n e s e t co n suetudines t a m reg i s quam p rin c ip u m
s u o ru m in hoc p rovincia e t in plur i bu s a li is ab ipso

,
1
O c c urs A D 10 89 10 94 Ha rdy s Le Neve s
’ ’
. .
,
F a st i
. .
H I ST O R I C AL E E NT S V .
3 0
5
rege desti n ati su n t e o tempore quo t o t a m A nglia m

,
”
ide m rex de sc ribi fecit .
Thi s deed was C opied in duplicate a n d a copy ,
preserved a lo ng w it /i t be D o m esday iiself in a royal

, ,
charter I n a u t h e n t ic a regis cartula qu ae in

t h e sa u ra regali cu m i o t ius A ng lice descrip iio n ibus c o n
s e rv a t u r
. The n ames of th e j urors o n the b ishop s ’
b eh alf include R e o la n d T ro k e m a rdt u n e A dam de

, ,
L e n t a n d No rm a n n u s the pincerna or steward of

, ,
the bishop o n b ehalf of the prior W illiam de Rupe , ,
R o dbe rt le Parler Richard de G rim e le i

, A large .
number of importa n t wit n esses attest the deed .
Th e cop y wh ich this M S co n tai n s of th e Domesda y

.
for the lands belo ngi n g t o th e Se e of W orcester

Descriptio Terr ae E p isc o p a t u s W igo rn e n sis ecclesie
sec u n d u m c a rt a m regis qu ae est in T h e sa u ro
differs in dictio n phraseology a n d other particulars
, ,
from that in the Domesday B ook itsel f It should .
be collated for any fut u re edition of th e D omesday

of W orcestershire It is preceded by a cop y of King
.
H enry I s charter to Walter de Be llo c a m p o a n d C o lt

.
’
”
W ire c e st re sire to charge the Worcestershire la n d s
of th e bishop of W orcester with geld o n ly for thre e
hundred four score a n d se v en and a hal t hides .
A mong smaller m iscellaneou s notes of h ist o ric a i

i n teres t found in the Domesday Book are the j o u rn e y
of W illiam the Co n queror i n to Wales in A D 1 0 7 9 ; . .
W illiam Rufus is noticed as havi n g u surped la n d at

St a p le brige county D orset from the S e e of S alis
, ,
‘
bury The ma n or of T e uu inge or T e wy n cou n ty

.
, ,
Hertfor d, was g i ven by William to A ldene a n d h is

x
m other for the soul o f hi s son Pri n ce Richar d;1 a n d ,
G o sfridus th e C hamb erlain of M a t h ildis or Maud his

, , ,
daughter held land at H eche in Hampshire for wh i ch

, ,
he d id s ervice to t h at prin cess Ell i s n ot i ces also th e .
royal p u rchase o f a s h ip from V lc h el for a carucate of

“
la n d in L i ncolns hi re but h e w h o sold the ship is
,
dead and n o on e h as t h e la n d e xcept by the king s

,
’
”
grant T h e land h ad ev i den tly reverted to the Crown
. .
T h e valuable M S preserved in th e L ibrary of t h e

.
Dean an d Chapter of Rochester k n o w n as th e ,
2
Textus R o ffe n sis contai n s a sur v ey of the
possession o f the b ish op a n d see wh ich may be com
pare d with the e n tries rela t i ng to the same property
in th e Domesday Book W illia m th e Co n q u eror was
.
a con siderabl e b e n efactor t o th is cathedral A t th e .
3
p oint of death h e bes t owed o n it a hundred pounds ,
a royal t u nic h is o wn i vory h orn a do rsa le an d a

'
, , ,
feret ru m or pix of Sil v ered work H i s grant of th e

,
.
Manor of L a m h y t h a or L ambeth (after wards acq u i red

,
in exchange from th e Se c of R och ester by th e arch

bish op of Canterb ury formerly h eld by Goda th e ,
“
coun t ess ) was m ade pro s alute a n im ae m e ae patri s
,
m ei e t omnium p a re nt um m e o ru m e t pro re st a u ra t io n e
damni quod eidem eccles i ae licet in vit u s I n t u li pro ,
c o n q u ire n dis in im ic is meis qui i n tra jam dic t a m

c iv it a t e m contra m e e t contra reg nu m m eu m i nju ste
co n gregat i e ra nt de quib u s o m n ip o t e n s De u s s u i
,
”
grac i a v ic t o ria m m ich i c o n t ulit
'
For th e safety of .
’
m y soul a n d o f m y fath er s a n d of all m y relatio n s
,
’
,
A n d A l de n e sh o w ed t h e King s C h a rte r t o t h e m is
’
1 3‘ Co m
sio n e rs, by w h ic h it is l
c ea r th a t t it l e s a t l e a s t in
, so m e ia
t
s a n c e s, w e re in q u ire d in t o
3
3
E dit e d by ll e a rn e ,
1 7 20 , p . 20 9 . I bid p. . 211 .
As a large i nstance of a foreig n tenant in ch i e f we - -
may select t h e cas e of Robert earl o f Moretaine , ,
half brother t o K i n g W illiam who h eld the followi n g

-
m anors
S u ssex 5 4 an d Pevensey B orough .
D evon shire 7 5 and a churc h a n d

h ouse in Exeter .
Y orkshire 1 96
Wiltshire 5
Dorsetsh i re 4 9
Su ffolk 10
Hampsh i re 1
M iddlesex 5
O xford shire 1
Cambridgeshire 5
H ertfordsh i re I 3
Buck i n ghamshire 2
9
Gloucestersh ire 1
N orthampton shire 99
Notti n gham sh i re 6
Cor n wall 2 4 8 and t h e castles of D u n
h e v e t and T re m e t o n .
1
A mo n g t h e principal foreign companio n s of the
Conqu eror are the followi ng
Roger d e Montgo mery earl of A rundel an d ,
Shrewsbury held 1 5 7 manors th e city o f Ch ich ester

, , ,
th e castl e of A rundel nearly all th e county of Salop

, ,
besides the city of S hrewsb ury .
H ugh d e A brin c is earl of Chester A D 1 0 7 0

, ,
. .
,
h eld 1 2 4 manors besides a large part of Cheshire

,
.
1
Th e fo u r fo re ign bish o p s h a ve b e e n m e n t io n e d in t h e
a c c o un t o f th e C h u rc h . C h a p t e r x ii .
F O R E I GN T EN A NT S 0
.
3 9
A la n , earl of Brittany a n d Rich mo n d wh o com ,
m a n de d the rear guard of William the Co n queror s

’
-
forces at Hasti ngs h eld 4 3 5 m a n ors chiefly in Rich

, ,
m o n dsh ire North Rid i ng of Y orkshire a n d t e n

, ,
burgesses in Cambr i dge tow n .
“ alter Giffard earl of Bucki n gham h eld 1 0 7

’
, ,
m a n ors .
O do earl of Champaig n e a n d in th e E nglish

, ,
peerage earl of A l b emarle a n d Holderness held a ,
large n u mber of ma n ors in Su ffolk .
W illiam de W arre n earl o f W arre n in Normandy , ,
1
and of Surrey in E n gla n d held about 2 2 8 m anors ,
a n d lordsh ips .
lVe fi n d also
F O R E IG N T E NA NT S O F L A ND S I N C A BI TE IN
E NG LA ND .
U rs o d e Ab it o t sh eriff of W orcestersh ire , .
A de liz wife of Hugh d e G re n t e m a is n il

,
.
Norman de A dre c i .
W a lt e riu s de A in c urt .
A deli z a countess of A lbe marle h al f s i ster of

, ,
-
W illiam the Conqueror .
R o b ert de A lb emarle .
Earl A lbe ric u s .
Nigel d e A lbingi or A lbin i , .
G o is fre d A lse lin .
A lure d of Spain .
David de A rge n t o m a go .
A z e lina wife of Ralph T a ilg e bo sc h

, .
1 “
E t qu i (W ill I . .
) m e C o m it e m S urre iae fe c it . C h a rt e r in
D ug d . M o n A ng l . . vo l i , p 6 1 6 (fi rs t e dit )
. . . .
B aldwi n th e sheri ff of D e v ons hi re so n o f Gil

, ,
bert earl of Brion an d on e of the k ing s

, ,
’
generals .
Hugh de B elcamp .
Ralph de Be llo fa go .
Drogo de Be vra ria a Flemi n g ,

.
H e rv e u s Bit u ric e n sis .
Hugo de Bo le be c .
Ida countess of B oulog n e

, .
Roger de Bo sc n o rm a n .
William de Bra io sa .
G isle be rt de Bre t e v ile .
Rai n er de Brim o v .
S erlo d e Burc i .
E rn e g is de B urun .
Roger de Ru sli .
William de C a h a in ges .
G u n frid de C io c h e s .
Si gar d e C io c h e s .
Roger de C orcelles or C vrc elle s , .
A n sfrid an d G o z e lin d e C o rm e lu s
, .
R i chard de C urci .
Will i am de D a lm a ri .
Rob ert Dispe n sator .
Drogo fi liu s F o nz .
W i lliam earl of Evreux

, .
Ed ward of Salisb u ry sh eri ff of W i lts hi re son of

, ,
th e earl of R o sm a r .
Eudo Dapifer son of H u bert

,
3
!l .
(
Eu stace earl of B o u logne
,
.
William de F a le ise .
Ralph de F e lge re s .
Will i am d e O w or Eu ,
.
Ral ph Pa g e n e l .
William d e Perc i .
W illiam a n d R a n n u lf Peverel .
R oger of Po ic t o u Pic t a v ie n sis

, .
Ralph de Po m e re i .
Hugo de P orth .
Ralph fi liu s H ub e rt i
, .
Rainald fi liu s I v o n is
, .
R a n n u lf, fi liu s I lg e ri .
W ido d e R e in bu e dc u rt .
Rich ard of T o n e brige s o n of earl G islebe rt , .
R ob ert fi liu s C o rbu t io n is

, .
H ugh d e S t Q u i n ti n
. .
G a lt e r de S t W a le ry
. .
H a rdu in d e Scalers .
W illiam de S c o h ie s .
R ichard d e Surde u a l .
Be re n ga riu s a n d Ralp h an d R obert de T o de n e i

, , .
T urs t in fi liu s Rolf

, .
Peter d e Valog n es .
R ob ert de Veci .
A lberic d e Ver .
Be rt ra n n u s de Verdun .
Th e wife of Geri d e L oges .
T he wife o f Hugh d e G re n t e m a isn il .
Th e wi fe of Richard fi liu s G isle be rt i , .
Walter de S W a le ri
. .
W illiam fi liu s A n sc u lfi
, .
G o isfridu s de W irc e or L a wirc e and many ot h ers ,

H I ST O R I C AL E V E NT S . I
3 3
FO R E I G N M O NA ST E R I E S H O L D I NG L AND S IN
E NG LAND .
The A bb ey of St O uen in Caen

. .
Th e Ca n o n s of Bayeux .
Th e Abbey of Bec in Norma n dy .
Th e A bb ey of B er n ay .
The A bbe y of S t Stephe n Cae n

.
,
.
The N n u n er y of Holy Tri n ity Caen ,

.
Th e Ca n on of C o u t a n c e .
Th e Canon O f L isieux .
The A bb ey of Cormeilles .
The A bbey of S t D en y s n ear Paris

.
,
.
Th e A bb ey of St E v ro u l
. .
Th e A bb ey o f F ecamp .
Th e A bbey of St P eter at Ghent

. .
The A bbey of Ju mieges .
Th e A bbe y of Grestain .
The A bb ey of Holy Cross at St L eufroy i n t h e .

,
dioces e of Evreux .
The Ca n ons of L isieux .
Th e A bbey of L y ra or L ira, .
The A bb ey of M o n t e bu rg .
The A bbey of Preaux or de Pra t e llis , .
The Cathedral Church of Rheims .
Th e A bbeys o f Holy Tri n ity of St O uen and of .
St Mary d e Pre Roue n

.
,
.
The Mo n astery of St Flore n ce Saumur

.
, .
The A bbey of St Peter sur D ive

.
- -
.
The A bbey of T ro a rz or Tro u a rn in t h e dioces e

, ,
of Bayeux .
3 4
I DO M E S D AY BO O K .
Th e A bbey o f St Vallery i n Picardy

. .
The Abbey of V a u drille or Fo n tenelle .
The M o n astery of V illa riu m .
Ma n y o f the origi n al charters of t h e k i ng and

others gra n ting E nglish land s t o these m o n aster i es
are still extant in th e British M useum and oth er
collecti on s .
A n ci e n t m a n n ers a n d cu stoms m ay be rich ly

i llustrate d fro m th e casual en tries which are fou n d
in the Dom esday B ook A m o n g oth ers th e gift by
.
,
a m a n of his t wo da u ghters t o W ilton Nu n n ery ,
alo n g with hi s la n d ; th e gra n t by a tena n t of his

la n d to th e A b b e y of M almesb u ry wh e n h e b ecam e
a m o n k there ; th e co n ti n uatio n of the old A n gl o
Saxo n custom o f gra n t i n g la n d for th e term of three
l i ves ; th e judiciu m ordeal a n d th e bellu m duel
, , ,
.
“
L and appears t o b e held in dower occasio n ally ,
“ ”
a nd in marriage . The n uncu pati v e will or death
b ed b eq u est is fou n d in the W orcester Sur v ey ; the
m et h od of g iv i n g seisin of la n d t o t h e church by
placing th e charter or a copy of the G ospel s o n th e

altar ; ren t of liq u or t o b e drunk at fe sti v al s ; th e
spo rt o f h awki n g ; th e mai n tena n ce of aeries or ,
breed i ng and trai n i n g places of hawks in B u cki n g ,
hamshire Cheshire a n d other western cou n ties th e

, ,
for feit u re of land by a w i dow if she remarrie d w ith i n

a year after h er husba n d s deat h ; and ev i de n ces of
’
the marriage of th e cl ergy are am o n g the m ost,
n ot i ceable of these m i scellaneous refere n ces with

’
w hi c h t h e tex t of th e D om esday Boo k i s replen ishe d .

”
B ook and th e
, Wi n ton D omesday w ith their ,
proper indexes was also issued These two volumes

, .
were edited by Sir He n ry Ell i s .
The preparatio n of a full bibliography of D omesday

B ook i n cl u di n g n otices of all t h e early M SS which
, .
co n tai n extract s or ab stracts pri n ted works separate , ,
papers essays Norman charters a n d other n otices

, , , ,
would b e th e first step t oward s the s implification of

th e critical study of th e Sur v ey This will form o n e .
of th e sections o f th e work to wh ic h som e D omesday

stude n ts are about t o give their attentio n A fe w .
,
h o w e v er of these M SS a n d b ooks may b e appro

,
.
p ria t e ly m e n tio n ed h ere in a p op u lar a n d ge n eral
work o n the subj ect such as this is ,

.
A mo n g th e ge n eral literature of the subj ect are th e

following w orks
The Photo z in c o gra p h e d Facsimil e of th e D om es
-
”
day B ook prepared by comma n d o f Her M aj esty at
,
the O rd n a n ce Sur v ey O ffice S outham pto n Colonel

Sir Henry James director 3 5 parts 1 8 6 1 —
, ,
,
1 8 63 foli o
, , ,
a n d 4 to .
“
Philip Carteret Webb A Short A ccou n t of som e
”
particul ars concerning D om esday B ook L ondon , ,
1 75 6 4 to
,
Thi s work co n tai n s a list of parts of
.
D omesday already in pri n t 81C , .
P C W eb b : A Short A ccount of Danegeld

. .
“
,
1 75 6 .
“
R Kelh am
. : D om esday B oo k Illustrated ,
Lo n
do n , 1 7 8 8 , 8 vo .
“
J Nich ol s :
. Dissertation o n D omesday B ook
”
in th e H istory of th e C ounty of L eicester vol 1 ,
. .
part I page 3 3 1 7 9 5 folio

.
, , , .
L I T E R AT U R E ON THE S U BJ E C T .
3 7 1
“
E A Freeman : History of th e Norman C o n
.
qu est vol v 1 8 7 6, . .
, .
Rev R W Eyton : .
“
Notes on D om esday in
. .
,
Transactions of th e Shropshire A rch aeological S ociety ,
1 8 77, 8 VO .
”
Wd e G B irch :
. Th e D omes da y Book . in “
,
J o u rnal British A rch aeological A ssociatio n vol xli ,

. .
,
1 885 .
J Burtt : O n a Reproduction of a Porti on of the

.
”
D omesday B ook by th e Photo z i n cographic Process -
,
A rch aeological J our n al vol xviii page 1 2 8 S e e also , . .

, .
A rch aeological Journal vol vi page 3 0 3 v u 2 1 5 , . . . .
“ ”
Grose : A n tiquities of E n glan d and Wales vol ,
.
i page 7 8 1 7 7 3
.
, ,
.
”
R B rady : A n Introductio n 81c 1 6 8 4 folio
.
, .
, , .
“
L e c h a u dé D An isy :
’
’
Recherches sur le D om es
day 1 8 4 2 4 to
, , .
“
Rev S De n n e I n A rc h ae o lo gia
. . 1 78 7 , .
“
J H. Walker Churches
. in the D om esday Boo k ,
in Gen t lem a n s M a g a z ine vol xix

’
. .
,
”
G H ic k e s : Thesauru s v o l i 1 70 5
.
“
Gram , . .
, .
”
matica A n glo Sa x o nic a page 1 4 4 -
, .
O C Pell Papers in the R oy H i st S o c Tra n s

. .
, . . .
1 8 87 an d Cambridge A n t So c 1 8 8 7 . .
, .
A mo n g the papers recently read before th e Dom es

day Commemoration o f the year 1 8 8 6 i n augurated ,
by the Royal Histori cal Society or later which will , ,
b e p u b lished dur i ng t h e presen t year are the fol ,
lowi n g
M r Hubert Hall : O n t h e H i story of the D omes
.
”
day B ook .
Rev Canon I saac T a vlo r M A z 1 A Popular

.
,
. . .
3I8 DO M ESD AY BO O K .
“
L ecture ,
2 D om esday Wape ntake s and -
L and
M easures .
Mr S A M oore P S A
. . The Statistics of
.
,
. .
”
D omesday B ook .
Mr J H Round M A
. . T h e Danegeld
.
, . . .
Mr J Par k er M A : T h e C hurc h in D omes

. .
“
, . .
”
d ay .
Mr W de G B i rch
. . The Materials fo r
.
,
R e editing Domesday B ook

-
.
Mr H E Malden M A : The Surrey D omes

. .
“
.
,
. .
day B ook .
M r F E Sawyer
. .
“
The S ussex Dom es ,
day Boo k .
“
Mr H J Reid
. . The P aris h Chu rch in
.
,
”
D om esday .
Mr O C Pell M A : A N ew Vie w of th e
. .
“
.
,
. .
Geldable U nit of A ssessm ent o f D omesday : the

”
L i bra H i da C a ru c a t a 81C
, , ,
.
The literature especially i llustrat i ve of singl e coun

t i es or s mall groups of t wo or more counties em
, ,
braces in addit i on t o many extracts translations

, , ,
a n d not i ces co n tained in the histor i es of th e re s p e c
tive count i es t h e followi n g works which t h e student

, ,
o f D omesday w i l l find of u se a nd in many cases ,
necessary to be consulted
1. K E NT
T h e Can t erbury C at h edral M S E .

, . 2 8,
”
The C o t t o na in M S V i tellius C v ii i .
,
. .
”
“
D omesday M o na c h o ru ni .
“
H P Wyndha m : W Extracted from t h e
. . .
D om esday B ook Salisb ury 1 7 8 8 8 v o , , , .
”
R e v W H J o n es
.
“
D for W iltshire Bath
. . .
, ,
1 8 6 5 4 to (a work of con s i derable research )

,
.
D O R SE T S H I R E
The Exon D om esday .
“
Rev W Eyton : A K ey to D
. . .
, 8 1
c .
,
Lo n
do n 1 8 7 4 4 to , , .
J Hutch
. i ns History of Dorset ’
.
8 . SO M E R S E T S H I R E
Th e Exon Dome sday .
R ev R W Eyton :
.
“
D om esday
. . Studies ,
81c L o n d o n 1 8 8 4 4 to
.
, , , .
9 . D E V O NS H I R E
The Exon D omesday .
“ ”
The D Domesday publis h ed by t h e Devon
.
,
shire A ssociation for th e A dvanceme n t of

S cience Plymouth 1 8 8 4 8 vo In progress
, , , . .
10 . C O R NW ALL
The Exon Dom esday .
Extensio n of th e Dom esday B ook .
11 . M I D D L E SE x
The St Paul s D om esday M S of th e D ean
“
’
’
.
.
,
and Chapter of St Paul s L iber L A O .

’
. .
, . .
1 181 Edit W H Hale (Camden S ociety )

. . . . .
”
H M oody : Extensio n
. .
R ev W Ba w dwe n : D omesday B oc D o n
.
“
.
,
.
caster 1 8 1 2 4 to , , .
G e n P H a rrison 1 8 7 6 folio
. .
, , .
L I T E R AT U R E O N T H E SU BJE T C .
321
12 . H E RT F O R DS H I R E
Re v W Ba wdwe n (see above under M I D D L E
. .
SE X )
13 . B U C K I NG H A M S H I R E
Rev W Ba wdwe n (see above under M I DD L E
. .
SEX ) .
14 . O X F O R D SH I R E
Rev W . . Ba wdwe n (see ab ove under M I DD L E
S EX ) .
GL O U C E ST E R S H I R E
“ ”
The Gloucestersh i re Fragment D om esday ,
Comm emoration .
Rev W Ba wdwe n (se e ab ove under M I D

. .
D LE S E X ) .
“
A lf S Ellis in
. Transact i o n s Bristol and
.
,
”
Gloucester A rc h aeolog i cal S ociety 1 8 80 , ,
vol iv . .
“
C S Taylor
. A n A nalysis of the Domesday
.
,
Su rvey ibid 1 8 8 7 ,
.
,
.
W O R C E ST E R S H I R E
Th e Cotto n ian M S “
Ti ber i us A XIII .
, . .
(Heming ) Edit Hearne . . .
Th e Cottonian M S “
Vespasia n B XX I V .
, . .
(Evesham ) .
“
W B Sanders : A L i teral Extens i on 81c
. .
,
.
,
Worcester 1 8 64 folio , , .
17 . H E R E F O R D SH I R E ‘
CA M BR I D G E SH I R E
T h e C ottonia n M S .
“
T i ber i us , A . VI . Ed i ted
Y
3 22 DO M E SD AY BOO K
by N E S A Ham ilton as . I n qu isit io

. . .
”
C omitatu s C a nt a brigie n sis .
Re v B Walker : O n th e M easurements and

. .
”
Valuations of D omesday B ook Cambr i dge ,
A n tiquar i an S oc i ety 1 8 8 1 1 8 8 4 , , .
“
Rev B Walk e r. O n t h e I n quis C om
.
:
. .
ibid , . 1 88 7 .
19 . HU NT I NG D O NS H I R E
“
Rob Ell i s . : Extens i on ,
1 8 64 .
20 . B E D F O R D SH I R E
W . A iry D i gest of th e D of B edfords hi re
: .
,
B edford 1 8 8 1 fo lio , , .
N O R T H A M PT O NS H I R E
”
Th e “
L ib er Niger of Peterboroug h M S .
So c A ntiq 6 0 ; A
. . . D . 1 1 25 .
“
J Morton
. Th e Natural H i story of North
:
”
a m p t o n sh ire L ondo n 1 7 1 2 folio , , ,
.
“ ”
S A M oore :
. . Exte n sion .
22 . L E I C E ST E R S H I R E
“
Nichols : in History of t h e County o f
J .
”
L eicester vol , . i part
.
, page 1 , 1 7 9 5 fol i o , .
WA R W I C K SH I R E
“
W Reader : Dom esday B oo k for t h e County
.
”
of W a rw i cksh ire Coventry 1 8 3 5 4 to , , , .
”
E P Shirley : Extension
. . .
“ ”
C T wa m le y : A rch aeological J ourn al vol
.
, .
xxi , page 3 7 3 1 8 64
.
,
.
DO M E S D AY BO O K .
Y O R K SH I R E
T h e Register of t h e Ho n our of Richmond ,
()1 M S at Castle H oward belongi ng t o

.
M r G Howard ; and (2 ) C otton i an M S

. . .
”
Fausti n a B V I I , . .
Transcr i pts fro m t h e D omesday Book ,
printed at L ondon in 1 7 2 2 folio , .
”
Rev W Ba w dw e n : D om esday B oo k D on
. .
,
caster 1 8 0 9 4 to , , .
L I NC O L NS H I R E
Th e L i n colnsh i re Survey A D 1 1 0 1 —
9; , . .
Cottonian M S “
Claudius C v Edit .
, . . .
J Green. street .
Rev W Ba wdwe n (see ab ove under YO R K

. .
SHI R E ) .
“
C . Gowen S mith : A Tran slat i on , 81c .
,
L ondo n ,
1 8 71, 8 vo .
E SS E X
“
T C C h ise n h a le Mars h : D omesday B oo k
. .
-
”
relat i ng to Essex Ch elmsford 1 8 64 4 to , , , .
NOR I OL K : ‘
“
Rev G Munford :
. . A nalysis , &c .
,
1 8 5 8, 8 v0 .
SU F F O L K
D U RHA M
The B oldon Boo k ,
Br i t i s h Museum Stow e ,
MS .
5 10 .
”
The B oldon B ook ,
Ed i t Ell i s in D omesday
.
B ook vol i v , . .
D O M E SD AY BOO K .
3 5
2
L I ST O F D O ME SD AY A B BRE V I ATI O N S AND

C O NTR A CTI ONS yé 4 . 6
The contractions used by th e scribes who wrote

o u t t h e fa i r copy of the Domesday Book are very
numerous but to those who are well acqua i nted w i th

,
medi aeval L atin they o ffer hardly any difficulty By .
way of assisti n g those w h o desire to read the original

contracted text a fe w of t h e pri ncipal abbrev i ations
,
a n d contract i ons most com m only occurri n g are h ere
subj oined
'
te ri tenet .
e p s, e p 1, e p o , 81c .
, e p isc o p u s, and cases .
P per .
9 pro .
p raedic t o
'
prae as pdCo
5 1a , P
re ,
81 c .
,
terra and cases , .
or 81
—
et
Zat e n d of a word
.
us .
a line over a vowel adds t o it th e letter m,
cu cum .
m
°
modo .
ca r caruca sometimes c a ruc a t a ,

.
de fd de fe n dit .
dn i u m ,
dominium & C
81 c .
, ,
.
i
1 over or between letter adds u i d
‘
as , q a
1
qu i dam , or ri as p m o pr i mo ,
.
T R E . tempore regis E dwa rdi

. . .
to ? totum .
so l solidi 81C (9 2 f , . .
E est .
St sunt .
1113 l i brae & C , .
u iili 81 c , v i llani 810.

, , .
a curved l i n e over or t h ro u gh letters adds er,

9
as o sbn o sbe rn u s or u r a s p a sfa pas ,
tura or m n as Oe s omnes , .
M M a n e riu m .
bo rcl bo rda rii, 81c .
dI m dim idiu s, 81 C .
de n d enarii & C , .
a
over line adds ra as a c acra 81c p tu ,
a
, .
a
pratum .
t h e? fu e ru n t tenne r t e n u e ru n t 81C , , .
11 non .
id e a d 81c
, ,
idem eadem 81c .
, , , .
S3 set for sed ; val ; ,

valet 81c ten ; , .
tenet
—
.
b3 at end of words
a } —0 ;at end of word
,
orum .
s oc h i 81 c ,
so c h e m a n n i 81 c
.
, , .
qd quod .
dii s d iii 81 c
,
dom i nus dom i n i 8 0
, .
, , ,
1
.
sé
p semper .
u I rg V irgata .
h hida & C , .
o ov i s oves 8t e , , .
p o rc us 810
.
p , .
C caruc a .
~
3 8
2 D O M E SD AY BOO K .
b e easily read with a little pract i ce Full lists of .
contracted words m ay be co n sulted i n the work s of

R e gist ru m
’
Walther Chassant Hardy s
, , D unel
“
m ense i n the Rolls Series and th e Introduction
,
t o th e Close Rolls, publ i s h ed by t h e R ecord Com

m i ss i on ers.
T HE E ND .
R T E R S G R E AT
W'Y M AN A ND S O NS, P I N , QU E E N S TRE E T , D
L O N O N, “L C .
5 1; the
$ 33 111 .
E 3 0111111110 11
.
,
8 .
BE DSI DE RE AD I NG S SE R I E S 1
. . bo a rds 1
D it t o SE R I E S I I . dit t o 1
Th e t w o S e rie s in a v o l u m e dit t o 2
THE W E E K O F M O U RNI NG ; o r, SH O R T A ND S M PL E I
I I I U
E X PO S T O NS O F SC R PT R E , F O R T H E U S E O F T H E
BE R E A E DV C lo t h (1 1
AL ONE W I TH G OD ; o r, HE L P S To TH O U G H T A ND
PR A Y E R F O R T H E U SE O F T H E
, S I C K ; BA S E D O N
S H O R T P A SSA G E S O F SC R I PT U R E C lo t h bo a rds 1
L E S SE R L I GHTS . SE R I E S I . P o st 8 170 . Clo t h bo a rds 2

t
Di t o S E R I E S 11 . di t t o 2
A QU I E T V I SITO R . A BO O K F OR L YI NOI N W O M E N
- .
P o s t 8 vo . C lo t h bo a rds 0 l
O U R O W N BO O K . V E R Y P L A I N R E A D I NG F OR P E O PL E
INH UM B L E LI F E Po s t 8 vo
. . C lo t h bo a rds e 1
VOL U ME O F TR A CTS . SE R I E S I . C lo t h bo a rds 1

D it t o ditt o »
SE R I E S I I .
(la rg e t yp e )
C lo t h bo a rds 1
PU BL I C A T I O NS
OF T HE
'
Society forP
r istianK
omoting Chr nowledge .
! ids t o Pray er . 3 .
By t h e Re v D AN . IEL MO OR E . Prin t e d in re d a n d
l
b a ck . P o s t 8 vo . C lo t h bo a rds 1
Being of Go d, S ix A ddres ses on the .
By C . J . E LL I C O T T , D D . Bis h o p of G l o u c est e r a n d
Bris o t l . Sm a ll p o s t 8 vo . C lo t h bo a rds 1
B ible Pla c es o r, Th e Top og ra p hy o

f the H o ly L a n d .
By t h e R e v C a n o n TR STR A M
. I . W i t h Ma p a nd n u m e
ro u s W o o dc u s C o n 8 VO t . r w . C lo t h bo a rds 4
C a lle a t o be S a in t s
’
.
Th e M in o r F e s t iva l s De vo t io n a lly S t u die d By .
C H R S I T I NA G R O S S E T T I , A u th o r o f Se e k a n d F in d
. .
Po st 8 vo C lo t h bo a rds . . 5
C a sefo r E s t a blish m en t st a t ed ( Th e ) .
By t h e Re v T M O O R E , M A
. . . . Po s t bo a rds 0
C h ris t ia n s u n der t h e Cres c e n t i n A si a .
By t h e R e v E L C T T S , B A , A u t h o r o f
. T urn in g
. . U .
P o in t s o f Ch urc h His t o r , & 0 W it h n u m ero u s y .
ll t t
I u s ra io n s C ro n 8 v o . C lo t h bo a rds w .
D a i ly R e a di ng s fo r a Ye a r .
By E L I Z A B E T H S P O O NE R . C ro w n bo a rds 3
D e v o t io n a l (A L ife f
o O u r L o rd .
By t h e R e v E . . L C . UT T S , BA . . , au h o rt o f Pa s t o ra l
”
C o u n s e l s , &0 . Po s t 8 vo . . C lo t h bea rds 5
U
P B LI C A T I O NS OF TH E SO CI E T Y .
Sc e n es in t h e E a s t .
C o n s is t in g of T w e lve
C o l o u re d Ph o t o g ra p h ic V ie iv s o f
P l a c e s m e n t io n e d in t h e Bibl e , be a u t ifu lly e x e c u t e d ,
w it h D e s c rip t iv e L e tt e rp re s s By t h e R e v C a n o n . .
TR I STR AM Clo t h , be ve lle d bo a rds , gi lt e dg e s

S eek a nd F in d .
A Do u b l e Se rie s o f Sh o rt St u die s o f t h e Be n e dic it e .
By C H R I ST I NA G RO S E T T I Po s t 8 v o C lo t h B o a rds
. . .
S erv a n t s o / S c ri t u re , Th e .
By t h e R e v . O H NW BU R G O N B D . , . . Po st 8 vo . C l bds
. .
S in a i a nd j eru sa le m or S c enes fro m Bible L a n ds .
C o n sis t in g o f C o l o u re d P h o t o g ra p h ic Vie w s o f P l a c e s
m e n t io n e d in t h e Bibl e in c l u din g a P a n o ra m ic V ie w ,
o f J e ru s a l e m , w it h de s c rip t ive L e t t e rp r e s s By t h e .
R e v F W HO L L A ND , M A
, . . D em y 4 t o . . .
Clo t h , bev e lled bo a rds , g i lt e dge s
Som e Ch ief Tru t h s o f R e lig io n .
By t h e R e v E D W R D L C . A . U T T S B A Au t h o r o f
, . .
,
”
.
’
St Ge dd s C ro ss , & c C ro . w n 8v o C lo t h bo a rds
.
Th o ug h t s fo r M e n a nd W o m en .
TH E L O R D
’
S P R AY E R . By E m ily C ORR . . P o st
8vo .
L i m p c lo t h
Th o ug h t s fo r W o rh ing D ay s .
Orig in a l a nd Se l e c t e d . By E m ily C O RR . . P o st 8 vo .
L i mp c lo t h
Ti m e F lies R ead ing D ia ry

a .
By C H R I ST I NA G R O S E T T I . . P o st 8 vo . C lo t h bo a rds 2
Tru e Vi n e (Th e ) .
”&
By t h e a u th o r o f Th e Sc h o n b e rg C o t t a F a m ily c -
. .
Prin t e d in re d a n d b l a c k P o st 8 v o Clo t h bo a rds .
—
Tu rn ing P in t o s o f E ng lis h Ch u rch H is t o ry .
By t h e R e v .E D W A R D L CUT T S , B A , . . . Vic a r f Ho ly o
Trin it , Ha y ve rs t o c k Hi ll C ro w n 8 v o . . C lo t h bo a rds
Tu rn in g Po z n t s— o f Gen era l Ch u rc h H is t o ry .
By h e Re v E L C
t . . . UT T S B A A u t h o r o f Pa s t o ra l
,
. .
,
”
C o u n se s , & 0 l
C ro . w n 8 vo C lo t h bo a rds
L OND ON
NORT HU M BE R L AND AVE NU E , C HAR I NG C ROSS , W C . .
4 3 , Q UE VI CT O R I A STR E E T
E N ,
E C . .
BRI G H TON: 13 5 NO R T H ST R E E T ,
.

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B o mwh ap aﬁ o o k

EXCHEQUER MANUSCRIPT SO CALLED,

I NTR O DUCT O RY NO T I C E OF D IVI SI O N OF LAND IN

THE MANUSC R I P T SU RV E Y OF ANC I ENT I

LAND — CLASSIFI CAT I O N A ND CO ND I T I O NS O F

THE C H U R C H—ANG LO SAX O N C H UR C H E S

M ET ALS—M O NE Y —P R O D U C E MI SC E LLANE O US T ERM S

L I T E RATU RE I LLUST RAT IV E M ANU SC R I P T S A ND

T H E divisio n of land i nto allotments or distr i cts t h e ,

proﬁts and produce O f wh ic h were recog n ised as

remote antiqu ity an d i t is probable that at ﬁrst

very similar conditio n s existed over t h e whole C IVII

fa c t of the presence of the occupier by whose

probably common enough at ﬁrst soon taught ,

m u tual forbearance a n d thus was started the grou n d

work of a system which has b een elab orated without

O f the laws written or unwr i tte n wh i ch affected

the occupation of land in E ngland much is know n ,

e ither positively or by i n duction fro m a n exami n atio n

O f the phraseology of Charters conveyi n g la n d from

the ki n g or the gover n i n g body to private i n di v iduals

or corporatio n s ; a n d much may be gathered fro m

th e wr i ti n gs of th ose w h o have made A n glo Saxon -

history a n especial O bj ect of research I n the .

seve n th ce n t u ry grants relating to the transfer of

The person to whom th e drawing up o f t h e

h is duty well performed if h e succeeded in string

wh i ch i t would b e di fﬁ cult t o translate according

Gra d u ally t o this epoch of vagueness succeeded that

of order a n d method th e eight h and n i nth centur i es

archaic form der i ved from type s of transfer d eeds

current at a m ore remote period in sout h ern and

t io na l form adopted b uilt up o n m odels almost

classical i n their antiquity an d systemat i sed for l ocal ,

requ i rements by A nglo Saxon n otaries In th e tenth -

century we ﬁnd that th e form h as become w ith few

draughtsman i nclined the employment of th e im ,

porta n t term s i n which th e legal tran sfer was conta i ned

was th e usual form O f t i tle deed carry ing w i th i t th e -

possess i on o f landed property which O btain ed in ,

E n gla nd at the clo se of the t enth and b eg i n n i ng of

whether ki n g religious or secular corp oration or

pr i vate i n dividual and whether t h e la n d so h eld was

by a lease for life or for a ser i es of lives or for ever

setti n g forth the ma n ner in whic h they had b ecom e

It would be pro bably imp ossible to state t h e

proportion of lands falli n g i nto th e four classes of

crown la n ds (3 ) m onastic a n d religious holdings

() private owners la n ds The seco nd of these

roughly di v ided classe s grew out of the ﬁrst (but yet

fo u n d curre n t am o n g savage trib es O f the present

o wed much to th e m u n iﬁ c e n c e of pri v ate owners ,

wh o n o t unfreq u ently b equeathed la n d in revers i on

exte n t or area was appare n tly seco n dary to productiv e

merely as land w i thout res i de n t husbandmen or

agricultural occupiers was a worthless and u ndesirable

S imple an d unassuming as they doubtless were in

a n d m onastic i n stitutio n s gradually acquired vast

felt a n d respected It was but n atural after all

that to th e Ch u rch to which as t o a ce n tral p oint of

light religion science literature education sa n ctuary

h ospita l a n d ma n y other h u manising eleme n ts

n aturally a n d necessarily grav i tate d a gradual co n trol ,