Professor Evengel Sarwar

Purna Patel

HSCI 6330 : Final Exam

Sunday, May 8, 2022

California State University San Bernardino

Final Exam: 5 questions 20 points each. Total 100 points.

1. What are the most important organizations that work on global health issues?

What are their functions? Why is it important for different actors to cooperate

to address global health concerns, and provide some examples of

successes?

● WHO: World Health Organization:

● WHO is a United Nation agency that is responsible for health. It Is

primarily a technical agency that engages in knowledge sharing and plays

a key role in setting technical standards and norms. Importance of the

World Health Organization for Health-related problems, and health

emergencies, Women, children, adolescents and health impacts of climate

and environmental change, The important efforts are likely to be much

greater if numerous actors, across organizations and countries work

together to promote important health causes. The need to share

knowledge and to set global standards for health activities are other

reasons for cooperation in the global health field.

● UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund:

● The main function of UNICEF is to enhance the health and well-being of

children, Secondly, all UNICEF’s funding is from voluntary contributions.

The function of this foundation is child protection and inclusion, child

survival, education of children in complex emergencies, gender, and

innovation for children. Importance of this organization is to help meet

their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full
 potential. Secondly to work with others to overcome the obstacles that

poverty, violence, disease and discrimination child’s path.

● UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS:

● The importance of UNAIDS leads the world’s most extensive data

collection on HIV epidemiology, program coverage and finance and

publishes the most authoritative and up-to-data information on the HIV

epidemic. The function of this is to lead a multisectoral effort of the

epidemic and reduce HIV/AIDS.

2. How might the world raise the money needed to further address problems like

HIV and the need for drug treatment against AIDS?

● HIV/AIDS is a global issue. If the world raises the money needed to further

address problems like HIV and the need for drug treatment against AIDS,

there are Multilateral Development Banks. This is the bank who supports

Global health issues like HIV and for drug treatment also. There are

several developmental banks, African Development Bank, the Asian

Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank and the World

Bank. The main purpose of this bank is to lead or grant money to

countries to promote economic and social development. Moreover, Main

focus is to serve as financial intermediaries. These backs will help for HIV

prevention and AIDS treatment processes.

3. What is a natural disaster? A complex humanitarian emergency? How does

the annual burden of disease from natural disasters and complex humanitarian
emergencies compare with other causes of illness, death, and disability? In what

ways are women especially vulnerable during complex humanitarian

emergencies – what problems do they face as a consequence of these

vulnerabilities?

● Natural disaster is defined as a natural event such as a flood, earthquake,

or hurricane that causes great damage or loss of lives or deterioration of

health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary

response from outside the affected community area.

● The complex humanities emergency can defined as a humanities crisis in

a country, region or society where there is a total or considerable

breakdown of authority, region or society where these is a total or

considerable breakdown of authority resulting from internal or external

conflict, and which requires an international response that goes beyond

the mandate or capacity of any single agency and the ongoing UN country

program.

● The annual burden of disease from natural disasters and complex

humanitarian emergencies can lead to increased death, illness, and

disability which then leads to a very large economic cost. Burden of

disease can also spread very quickly or instantly without warning which is

seen in earthquakes or tsunamis.

● The way women are especially vulnerable during complex humanitarian

emergencies First, women are often left alone to care for their families.

Second, Pregnant women lack the capital support they need. Third,
 women are often victims of violence. Fourth, Women often carry

psychological wounds without support. Fifth, investing in women means

investing in entire communities.

4. What are some key steps that can be taken to reduce the vulnerability of

certain places to potential health threats of natural disasters? What are key steps

that need to be taken within the first few days of people fleeing to a refugee

camp? How do these concerns change over time? How can one ensure that

relief agencies work together around a common framework and that they can

focus on the most cost-effective activities?

● The key steps that can be taken to reduce the vulnerability of curtain

places, Awareness, education, preparedness, and prediction, and warning

systems can reduce the disruptive impacts of a natural disaster on

communities. The key steps of the first few days of people fleeing to a

refugee camp are, camp development consists of three main phases, set-

up, care and maintenance, and camp Clouse each phase requires

considerable input from site planners, technical

staff, natural authorities, the camp population, and the host community.

The camps location, site, design, and duration are context specific. The

concern changed over time because internally displaced people were

forced to flee or migrate and leave their homes during a disaster or

complex humanitarian emergency but stay in the country in which they

were living. Legal definition not well defined, No agency or organization

 responsible for Internally displaced people. Try to ensure that relief

agencies work together around a common framework and that they focus

on the most cost-effective activities. Requires a set of common standards

and protocols to be followed in responses.

5. How important are noncommunicable diseases to the global burden of

disease? Why are noncommunicable diseases less important to the

burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa than in other regions?

● Non communicable diseases cannot be spread by an infection agent, they

last a long time, and they are often disabling and lead to death if not

treated appropriately. Also referred to as chronic disease and

degenerative disease. Noncommunicable diseases are the leading causes

of death and disability globally killing more than three in five people

worldwide and responsible for more than half of the global burden of

disease. NCDs cause and perpetuate poverty while hindering economic

development in low- and middle-income countries. A study conducted in

South Africa suggests that the direct costs of treating cardiovascular

disease were about 25% of all health expenditures. His indirect costs

because it affects people at relatively younger ages in low and middle-

income countries than in high-income countries. The cost of treating

diabetes varies between 2.5% and 15% of health expenditures in different

countries. Latin American and the Caribbean have highest expenditures,

sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest. Indirect costs are probably high

because many people do not receive proper treatment and suffer from
disability and productivity losses. That's why non-communicable diseases

are less important to the burden of disease.