Bien soon: PGS, TS. NGUYEN VAN Fnuth TS. TRAN FHANH TRUG GiA0 TRINH ‘ CAC QUA TRINH NHIET 3& THAP TRONG CHE BIEN THC PHAM &» > HHA KUAT RAN BAI HOC CAN THO LEN 2018Chuong 8 UNG DUNG LANH DONG PRONG TACH NUOC THUG PHAM 6 yor pt jm quan trong cua sy thing hoa va eé dae nl higt do thap trong bio | quan va ehé bien thue phim ews } 5 Sy thang hoa J 5. code nhiét d6 thap } caw hoi thao wan } rai gu tham Khao |, TAM QUAN TRONG CUA SAY THANG HOA VA CO DAC | NHIET DQ THAP TRONG BAO QUAN VA CHE BIEN THUG PHAM Say va c6 dac 1a 2 phuong phap bao quan thyc phdm hi hiéu, duoc sir dung phé bién va co nhiéu thuan Igi khi so sanh vi cdc phuong phap bao quan khéc (Fellows, 2002). O ca 2 phuong phap nay, nhiét duoc cung cap dé lam bay hoi noc — thuong & trang thai sdi hay nhiét do cao, gitp giam ay. Digu nay co thé 1a nguyén nhan dan dén sy mat mat chat dinh dudng va giam gid tri cam quan, dac biét la su hinh thanh mau sam va bién déi mau. Vige ap dung say thang hoa hay cd dae nhiét 46 thdp van gitip tach loai nude ra khoi thue pham, lam giam aw nhung khéng sit dung nhiét nén tao higu qua tich cue di voi viée duy tri chat lrong va cam quan cta san pham (Nireesha ef al., 2013). Mac dii vay, 2 phuong phap nay van co nhimg han ché nhat dinh, trudc tién 1a vé the gian xtr ly — thuéng cham hon khi so sanh véi phuong phap say bang khong khi néng thong thudng, béc hoi hay tham chi la cé dac mang (Fellows, 2002); hon thé ntra, chi phi nang long cho qua trinh lanh déng va viéc diéu khién d@ chan khéng cao (trong trréng hop say thang hoa) la nguyén nhan lam tang chi phi cho viéc san xuat sin pham. Tuy nhién, hai phuong phép nay van duoc ap dung & dang thutong, ‘mai d0i v6i cdc san pham cé gia tri kinh té cao va c6 mii huong tinh té hay Mee duy tri mui vi, mau sac san pham co y nghia quan trong; dién hinh nhu 184 _—¥e i oa oe se ca phé. cac gia vi, mde qua c6 dae hay dang hoa tan, sita bét. thim chi doi voi cdc dong san pham nam, thit, thay sin.... CO dic lanh c6n dug sir dung nhy mot khdu tién xtr IY nguyén Jigy cho qui trinh che bien tiep theo, chang han nhu c6 dic ca phé truée khi thye hién say phun hay say thang hoa, lam tang nong dO ruou (ethanol) cua mrgu vang, gidm.... (Nijhuis, 1998). Doi véi linh vuc vi sinh vat va cong nghé sinh hoc, sé thang hoa va 6 dac lanh con due sti dung dé xtr ly té bao vi sinh vat, nam men, nam mée, dae biét 1 cdc ché pham enzyme, gitip tao thudn loi va kéo dai thoi gian bao quan cae dong san phim nay (Nireesha ey al,, 2013). Trong cae qua trinh 6 dae Janh va sy thang hoa, dau tién nuéc trong thyc pham duge lam lanh dong, Khi cé dac lanh, nude da durge loai bo ra khoi dich c6 dic bang phuong phap co hoe; trong khi dé 6 qua trinh say thang hoa, nuée duoc loai bo bing cach thing hoa khoi thyrc phdm dong lanh. Viée loai b6 nuse bang cach néu trén mang lai nhimg san pham c6 chat lung cao nhung ca hai qua trinh déu dat tien vi tiéu thy nang Iuong cao. Viéc tim hiéu co sé ly thuyét cua nhimg qua trinh nay la can thiét nham giam thiéu nhing thay déi bat Igi, co ké hoach van hanh t6i wu héa cdc muc tiéu (Welti-Chanes ef al., 2004). 2 SAY THANG HOA 2.1 Khai quat chung Say thang hoa (freeze — drying) hay lam kho, p thdp (lyophilization) la qua trinh ma trong do nuée duge chuyén truc tiép tir dang ran sang dang hoi bang su thang hoa. Thang hoa lA su bién adi ctia nuée da tre tiép thanh hoi khéng qua pha long. Su thang hoa xay ra khi ap sudt hoi va nhiét d6 cia bé mat nuée dé nam phia duéi ap sudt hoi va nhiét 46 diém ba (4,58 mmHg ya 0°C), nhu biéu dién trong gian 46 pha nhiét d6 — ap suat cia nuéc tinh khiét (Hinh 8.1) (Karel, 1975). Gian d6 pha 6 hinh 8.1 duge phan chia ra béi cc duéng thanh ba ving tuong trung cho trang thai ran, long va hoi cia nude trong hé thong kin. Cac diém doc theo cdc dubng phan chia biéu dién su két hop cia nhiét 46 va dp suat ma G dé hai trang thai duge can bing: can bang long — hoi (duémg DB), cn bang lng - ran (duéng DA) va ean bang ran — hoi (duéng DC), trong dé sir bién di trén dudng can bang ran - hoi DC 1a méi quan tam chinh trong sy thang hoa. Duy nhat diém D dae trung cho sit két hop cia nhiét d6 va ap suat ma o do ba trang thai cua nude déng théi can bing va duge goi la diém ba (Goff, 1992). 185\ z 70 < khéng nnn nqut gin PROM e. | _thiét bi ngung tu joaneond i hay chit | Jnuée aa pve pham —\ thu \ | ) phong say thiét bi lam lanh | Hinh 8.2. So dé mé ta hé thong say thang hoa (Nguon: Welti - Chanes et al., 2004) phong say 1a noi cdc mau say duc dat vao va qué trinh nang phigviam lanh thurc hién bén trong phong say. Do d6, yéu cau phong say phai kin chan khong va co kiém soat nhiét d6. Thiét bi ngung tu: Hoi ‘ic voi bé mat ngung tu, ching thai nhiét dé tro thanh cdc tinh thé da va sé roi khoi hé thong. Nhiét dé ngung tu -65°C la dic trmg cho phan lon thiét bi say thang hoa thuong mai. Do do, yéu cau din ngung phai co du bé mat ngung tu va kha nang lam lanh dé tap trung hoi nude thoat ra tir san pham. Bom chan khéng logi bo céc khi khéng ngung dé dat d6 chan khéng cao (du6i 4 mmEig) trong phéng say va dan ngumg. Nguon nhiét: cung cap an nhiét thang hoa cho qua trinh tach nue ra khoi thue phém tir trang thai ran sang hoi, nhiét d6 cla nd cd. thé thay doi tir “30°C dén 150°C (Charm, 1978). 23 Cie giai doan cia qua trinh s4y thing hoa Say thing hoa bao gém ba giai doan chi yéu: lanh déng ban dau, say Chinh va sdy phy. 188, >Mue tiéu ctia giai doan lanh déng 1a lam dong phan nude hm dong eta san phim. San pham phai duge Jim lanh dén nhiét do dui diém eutectic cua no. Lanh dong 6 tie dong quan trong dén binh dang. kich thuée va su phan bé tinh thé da, nhu thé cing anh huréng dén cau trie sau cing cia san pham say thing hoa (Welti - Chanes ef a/., 2004). Viée lam lanh déng thue phim co thé duge thye hién trong thiét bi lanh dng truyén théng, Trong trréng hgp nay, cic mau thye pham nho duge lanh déng that nhanh dé tao nén nhimng tinh thé da nho va dé giam sy pha v6 cau tric té bio thue phim. Trong nhimng thyc phim dang long, viée lanh déng. chim duge ap dung dé hinh thanh “ludi” tinh thé nhim cung cap nhimg dung dan cho sy di chuyén ciia hoi nude (Fellows, 2002). Giai doan ké tiép loai bé nude trong khi sdy tiép theo va vi thé lam kho thye pham. Néu ap suat hoi nuéc cua thye pham duge giit 6 duéi 610.5 Pa va nude dirge lanh déng, khi nang nhiét thyre pham, nude dé thang hoa true tigp thanh hoi khong qua sy néng chay. Hoi nude lién tue duge loai bo khoi thue pham bing viéc gitt dp sudt trong tu sdy thang hoa dudi ap si El bé mat cua nude dé. Hoi nude loai ra bing mét bom chan khéng va ngung tu lai trong hé théng lanh. Nhiét cdn dé thu hign su thang hoa (an nhiét thang hoa) dugc dan qua thuc pham hoac dugc tao thanh trong thuc pham do hé tro cia vi song (microwave). Hoi nude di ra khoi thye pham théng qua nhimg duéng din duroc hinh thanh tir sy thang hoa nude da. Trong giai doan sdy chinh, san pham déng lanh duge gia nhiét dudi diéu kién chan kh6ng dé loai bo nude déng bang bang cach thang hoa, trong khi 46 san phim déng lanh duge gitr duéi nhiét d6 “sup” (collapse) dé dam bao dac tinh c4u tric san phim van duge duy tri sau khi sdy khé (Stapley, 2008). Trude d6, Liapis er al. (1996) da dé nghi diéu khién nhiét 46 san pham dudi nhiét d6 eutectic dé dam bao san phim khéng cé hién tugng pha vo céu tric, Trong giai doan nay, khodng 90% tong s6 nuéc trong san pham, phan Ién tat cd nuéc tu do va mét phan nude lién két duge loai bé bang thang hoa. Trong say phy, nude lién két (khong dong bang) duge loai bd theo duéng cong tré hap thy (desorption) ti lop say cla san. pham, tao thanh san pham chita it hon 1 + 3% nude. Giai doan cudi cing nay duge thuc hién boi viéc gia tang nhiét do va giam ap suat hoi nude riéng phan trong thiét bi say. Giai doan say phu doi héi 30 + 50% thoi gian can cho say chinh boi vi ap sudt gitt nuéc lién két thap hon nusc tu do 6 cing mét nhiét 46. Say thang 189a duroc loa bo @ mite dO hoa duge hoain tt khi tit ea nude tr do va lién ket d J mong muén cua sin dm con lai dam bao sw toan ven va 6n dinh cau trie pham (Welti-Chanes ef a/., 2004). han nude ép trai cay, dich thity tinh khi lanh dong sé ham long sir dyng cho qua hay truéng hop Trong mot sé thye phim dang léng (chang trich ly ca phé c6 dc), viée hinh thanh trang th gay kho khan trong di chuyén hoi. Vi the, thyc y thiing hoa can phai duge lanh dong (ging nhwr bot) nude ép can duge sy véi thit qua. Ci hai phuong phap deu tao nén nhing ranh xuyén qua thye phim gitip hoi thoat dé dang. O, phurong phap thir ba, nude ép duge Janh dong va nghién thinh hat nho nham say nhanh hon va kiém soat tt hon kich thude hat ciia thye pham say (Millman er al., 1985). 2.4. Sw truyén nhiét va truyén khéi trong say thang hoa __ Trong tién trinh say thang hoa, ea qua trinh tru én nhiét va trayén khéi déu xay ra trong san phim: nang hrong duge truyén den ving thang hoa va hoi nuéc thoat ra, Trai nguoe voi su truyén kh6i la 1udn Ton di qua lop say, sy trayén nhiét c6 thé thu hién bang sur dan nhiét qua lop say (Hinh 8.3a) hoae qua Iép lanh dong (Hinh 8.3b) va bang sux phat nhiét trong lop lanh déng do microwave (Hinh 8.3c). Vi song duge sir dung nhu mot ngudn nhiét cho qua trinh say boi vi chung co kha nang tham sau vao trong san pham, dem lai su nang nhiét dong nhat va hiéu qua hon. tia thy pham va Téc dé sdy phu thudc phan lon vao 49 dan nhiét c én khéi) tir mat mire dé it hon phy thuée vao tinh can tro dong hoi (truy thang hoa (Hinh 8.3) thiét bi gia nhiét ban mang , truyén nhiét va truyén khdi oom truyén nhiét teuyén koi truyén khéi “| microwave TB ole nhiét bn mang —~ nhiét vao (w) (b). (vy lop vat liéu kha cess lop TP lanh déng Game Hinh 8.3 Cac dang co ban cila say thang hoa (Nguén: Welti Chanes et al., 2004) 190LEEQTe 25983 a 241 Toe dé tr C6 ba phirong thire nhiet truyen dén be mat thang hoa: Fruyén nbigt qua lop sy [inh 8.3()] Pe do truyén nhigt dén mat thang hoa phu thude vao bé day va dign niet cia lop say va chénh IGch nhiét d6 gita ha 4, © ap suat phong say co dinh, nh a Ay cia thure pham c6 d6 dan nhiét rt thip va vi thé ean tro manh dong nhiét. Lite qua trinh say bat dau, lép nay tré nay, day hon va su can tro gia ting. Trong nhime then trinh khac, viée giam kich day cia thie phdm va tang do chénh Iéch nhiét d6 sé Lim , ong say thang hoa, nhiét 49 bé mat bj tich cba thue phim, d6 dan nb mat san phim va mat nude di mat nue da gitt khong doi. Lop 49 ci, thuée hoac be d tang toc do truyén nhiét Tuy nhién, trong hoa, nhi¢ n gioi han tir 40 = 65°C nhim tranh sur bien tinh protein va cde thay 46% hég hoc khac co thé kim giam chat long thyre pham. — Truyén nhiét qua lép lanh déng [Hinh 8.3(b)]. Téc dé truyén nhiét phy thuéc vao chiéu day va dé dn nhiét ciia lop nude da. Liic qua trinh sdy bat dau, bé day chia nude da gidm xudng va téc 6 truyén nhiét gia ting. Nhiét do bé mat gia nhiét bi gidi han dé tranh sy tan chay nude da (Liapis ef al., 1996). — Gia nhiét bang vi s6ng [Hinh 8.3(c)] hiét thoat ra tir mat nude da va téc dé trayén nhiét khong anh hudng boi dé dan nhiét ciia nude da hoac thue pham say, hay bé day cia lop say. Vi song thuong duge sir dung lam nguén cAp nhiét cho qua trinh say do cé kha nang xuyén thau sdu vao bén trong san pham, gitp qua trinh gia nhiét hiéu qua va déng déu (Arsem and Ma, 1990). Tuy nhién, su gia nhiét bang vi song duge kiém soat khéng dé dang va c6 rai ro 1a su qué nhiét cuc bp néu co bat ky nude da tan chay (Fellows, 2002). 2.4.2 Tée dé truyén khoi Khi nhiét tiép cn mat thang hoa sé nang nhiét do va 4p suat cia hoi nude. Khi 46 hoi di chuyén qua thye phim say dé dén ving c6 ap ut hoi thép trong phong say. 1g nude dé tao thinh 2m? hoi & 67 Pa. Vi thé, trong say thang hoa thuong mai can loai bé vai tram mét khéi hoi méi gidy qua cdc i trong thyc pham kh6, Cac nhan t6 dé kiém soat gradient 4p suat hot nuréc 1a: 191Ap svat! “ sper dd nguinge te be uae w dao mat thing hoa. thure 16. ap suit budng sé é thi ot P rong say kinh té thdp nhat ta xp xi 13 Pay 1. npumg tu thap nat khodng chimg -35° oe 1 ly thuyé edd ebe é ve mat by thuyét, nhiét dO cha nurée dé €6 thé due nding len dén dure g bang Tuy nhién, & trén nhiét dO sup (collapse temperature) ten go (Bang 8.2) cae chat tan trong thye phim hun déng du thanh dong c Iwe tae dng trong cau trie thyre phim : ray dure ca pang 8.2 Nhiét dO sup cua thye pham trong siy thing hoa fF are N Thyre pham Dich arich ly @ phé (25%) 20, ie 41,5 - 46 -41 -8=-15 -12 Kem -31+-33 j Pho mat -24 4 ca -6=-12 Thjt bd = 12 | 7 Ngudn: Bellows and King, 1972 va Fennema, 1996). Khi diéu nay xay ra sé xuat hign sw sup khéng thuan nghich tire thot 7 cua edu tric thre pham lam han ché tdc d@ truyén hoi va thye té ket thuc tién trinh séy. Vi thé, trong thye té cé mot nhigt 4 nude da eye dai, mot nhiét 46 ngung tu cur tiéu va mot Ap suat budng sdy thap nhat. Nhimg thong s0 nay kiém soat tc dé truyén khdi. tir mire d6 cao ban dau trong ving lanh Trong khi sdy, ham am giam ti, 0 7 dong xuéng mic d6 thap hon 6 l6ép say, mite 46 nay phu thude vao ap suat hoi nuéc trong budng say. Khi nhiét duge truyén qua lop sfy, moi quan hé gita dp sudt trong bung say va ap suat trén be mat nuce da la: p =p +42@,-6,) @.1) ' daa ‘sO day P. (Pa) Ap suat riéng phan cia nude 6 mat thing hoa Ps (Pa) ap suat riéng phan eta nude 6 bé ka (Wim.K). d6 din nhiét cua lop say b (kg/s.m): dG thim hoi cua lop say Qs (Wkg): fin nhiét thang hoa AC). nhiét dé bé mat va 0; (°C) — nhiét dé 6 mat thang hoa. Cac nhan 16 kiém soat thai gian say duoc thé hién boi Karel (1975). _xeM,- MDA. (8.2) 8k.0,-) O day ta(s): théi gian say x(mm): _ bé day cita the pham Pp (kg/m): khéi long riéng cua thue pham séy Mr: ham am ban dau va M2 — ham 4m cuéi trong Iép sdy. Chi y 1a thoi gian sdy ty 1é voi binh phuong bé day thye phdm. Vi thé, E tang gap d6i bé day sé tang thoi gian sdy lén 4 lan. Thi du 8.1: Thue phim cé him dm ban dau 1a 400% (can ban khé) duge 46 thanh nhimg lop day 0,5 cm trén mét khay va duge dat trong may sdy thang hoa van hanh 6 ap suat 40 Pa. Thue pham duge sdy dén 8% am (can ban khé) 6 nhiét 46 be mat t6i da la 55°C. Gia sir ring dp sudt & mat nuéc da giit c6 dinh & 78 Pa, tinh: a) Thdi gian séy b) Thdi gian séy néu tang bé day dp thc phdm lén 0,9 cm va say dudi cae diéu kién tuong tu. Biét thu pham say cé dé dan nhiét 1a 0.03 W/m.K, khéi long riéng 14 470 kg/m’, d6 tham hoi 1a 2,4.10° ke/s va an nhiét thing hoa la 2,95.10? kJ/kg. 193a) Tir phuong tinh (8.1) p=p+4i@.-0) bi. SRA hae es OT 2.4. 10%.2,95.10° Vi thé, 0) = -35,7°C Tir phuong trinh (8.2) xPM.-M)A. 8k,(0,.- 0) = (0:005)°. 470.(4 - 0,08). 2.95 . 10° i 8 . 0,03.[55 - (-35.7)] =6.238,5s = 17h b) Tir phuong trinh (8.2) taco: (0,009)°. 470.(4 - 0,08), 2.95 . 10° 8. 0,03.{55 - 35,7] 4s = 56h ¢ ting chiéu day thuc pham tir 0,5 cm lén 0,9 cm dan dén kéo dai thdi gian say thém 3,9 gid. 2.5 Thiét bi May sy thing hoa bao gém mit budng chan khéng véi cac khay chita the pham trong qué trinh sy va m6t bd phan gia nhiét dé cung cép an nhiét thang hoa. Cae Ong xodn rudt ga lanh duge sir dung dé ngung tu hoi true tigp tir nude da. Chiing phi hgp voi thiét bi tan gia ty dong dé gitt lai dién tich ty do cua Ong xoin t6i da cho vige ngume ty hoi (Fellows, 2002), Day lA diéu can thiét boi vi ning Itong vao dug sir dung chii yéu trong lam lanh binh ngung tu va tinh kinh té cita say thang hoa duge xac dinh béi hiéu suat cia binh ngung. 194| Nhiét dé thing hoa Miu suat a Nhieér dé tae nhan lanh trong binh ngung Bom chan khong loai bo cde khi khong ngung nhau dure dae tmg bai phrong phap cung cép nh) | pham. Loai dan nhiét va bite xa duoc su dung nhic quan trong trong chin khéng riéng phn ctia may say thing hoa) va hign nay | say thang hoa bang microwave ciing duge st dung. hai kiéu gian doan ya | lién tue déu thay trong moi loai may say. Trong say gidn doan, thu phim due lim kin trong budng say, nhiét d6 gia nhiét duge duy tri o 100 + 120°@ trong giai doan dau, sau dé dan dan giam trong thoi gian say 6 ~ 8 gid. Cac dieu kign say chinh xae dirge xée dinh cho timg thye pham nhung nhiét do bé mit thi khng vuot qua 60°C (Donsi e/ al., 2001). Trong say thang hoa tién tc, cae khay thyre pham vao va ra may say xuyén qua khéa chan khéng, “ac loai may sy kha 1 dén bé mét cla thye (d6i liu nhiét thi khong Cac dang may say thong sir dung 1a: May say thang hoa dang tiép xtic (Contact freeze dryer) May sdy thang hoa tang t6c (Accelerated freeze driers) May sdy thang hoa bite xa (Radiation freeze driers) May say thing hoa dang microwave (Microwave and dielectric freeze driers). 2.6 Anh hung ciia cic thong sé trong qué trinh s4y thing hoa dén higu sudt va die diém cia san phim Mot s6 thong s6 cia qué trinh lam anh huong dén higu suat ctia qui trinh say thang hoa va dic diém cua sin pham cuéi. 2.6.1 Lanh déng Téc dé lanh dong cd anh. huong quan trong dén hinh dang nuce da va vi thé cing anh hung dén cau tric sau cing cia san pham Janh dong. Toc d6 lanh d6ng cham tao digu kién hinh thanh cac tinh thé da lon, dan den cae 16 lon hon, dong vat chat manh hon va vi thé thoi gian say thang hoa ngan hon (King, 1970). 2.6.2 Ding nhiét _ Dong nhiét di dén san pham la mét yéu t6 quan trong dé giam téc 46 say. Tuy nhién, néu qua trinh say bat dau qua nhanh (déng nhiét cao), sa 195,h hav. xep uOng hode Nd bao bi (Lorentvven. 1974) Diéu nay re 1 * an phim va sé thay d6i tinh ehét vat ly cua v ye ia <3 it ligu sy ‘ jim banh ngot sy bi chiy khét hoe co lai. Tée dé gia nhigt quate how trong khi vain han nhim diéu chinh nbiét dé san phim Je ee pat thang hoa (Lombrana and Villaran, 1997) @ the Ay vi + {p swat budng say goa AP cq sf quan trong nhat ctia lien trinh say thang hoa fa ap swat buong val kiém soat gia tt trung binh eta nhiét d6 thing hoa va diéu thing so van chuyén c6 anh hudmg dén dng hoe eta vige loai bo « nhiét dO da cho, vige giam Ap suat buéng say s¢ lam ha thap ap pt ey gmat ngodi cia san phdm (Pe) vai vi thé dong lire (pr ~ pe) cua svat si sly tang lén. nghia 1a tong thoi gi gidm. Tuy nhién, 6 ap suat gu 5 thang hoa co thé kim han ch cua hoi nuée qua san tp su di chuyén cia hoi nuée roi vao ché dé dong phan tir ty do im né aysem and Ma, 1990). (ars pie inh cat chi Ap suat budng say anh huong dén ede dac diém di chuyén, d6 dan aigt va 66 Khuéch tan hoi nude, Trong khodng dao dng ap swat cla tién vvnh say thang hoa, dO dan nhiét ca lop say cng cao khi dp swat buong say | kat qua la tc do truyén nhiét tir be mat dén Iép nude da cao. Tuy 7 éch tan hoi nude qua lép say lai thap khi ap suat buong say wrinl cao, ket qué nhign, hé so khuéch t 1a Ig J D ting cao, lam_cho tc d6 truyén Khoi thap. Vi thé, khi ap suat thap (nhiét d6 thing hoa thap), say thang hoa thudng 1a mét qua trinh kiém soat nhiét, hung ¢ ap suat tuong déi cao say thang hoa tré thanh qua trinh kiém soat khoi lugng. Trong da s6 truémg hgp, toc dO say bj han ché boi toc d6 truyen: 7 nhiét qua lop say (Litchfield ef al., 1981). 2.6.4 Nhiét d6 ; Dé khuéch tan mai thom rat gidng voi ciia nude khi ham 4m cén cao. Vid duy tri nhiét d6 thap trong khi say chinh sé giam ton that huong thom. Diém néng chay cd anh huong 1én dén vige Ia chon dp suat van va day 1a yéu t6 co sé d6i v6i nhiét d6 thang hoa. Théng thudng, khi boat dong phai gitr chan khong rat cao dé khong xay ra su tan chay trong Sin pham. Néu nhiét d6 cia nuée da trong binh ngung cao hon nhiét do san Phim, hr nude sé cé khuynh huéng di chuyén vé phia san pham va qua ‘rnh say dimg lai (Niranjan ef al., 2002). thot Mbit A sy thang hoa di cao, san phim déng khdi chju mgt tén “u Irie manh liét va durge goi Ia trai qua giai doan sup (collapse). Hign 196trong sup co anh huong lon dén vie gitt min, dong khot lai va ket dinh, kha ning hydrate héw lai cing nhis dé Am cudi cua san phim. Nhiét do sup (Te) 66 hién quan dén niet d6 chuyén pha thuy tinh (T_) ma n6 lin luet phy thuge vio nhiét do va him dm (inh 8.7). O nhiét do cao hon Ty, dO nhot eta hon hop khdng Ket tinh giam manh liét, D6 nhet giam dén mite dé dang Jam bién dang. hon hop c6 thé chay tran ra va sur dé v6 edu tric cé thé xay ra. D6 nhét toi han dao déng trong khoang 10° + 10* Pa (Levi and Karel, 1995). 2.7. Tinh chat cua thyre phim say thang hoa Cie thuge tinh cua thire phim say thing hoa Neu qua trinh say thing hoa duge k cac thude tinh sau (Welti-Chanes ¢7 al., 2004: (i) Nhiét d6 sup cia mot san pham sdy thang hoa t6t thing c6 gia tr cao hon rat nhiéu so vai nhiét d6 mai trudng, diéu nay gitip cho san pham c6 cau trie ctmg chic 6 nhiét dé théng thuréng va c6 théi gian bao quan én dinh. Gi) Mau duoc duy tri 6 nhiét d6 thap hon nhiét d6 sup trong sudt qua trinh say sé gitip hinh thanh cac khoang trong ma truéc dé tinh thé nuse da chiém vi tri. San pham sdy cé cau tric xdp va cé kha nang hut nude lai hiéu qua. Uu diém nay gitp nang cao gid tri cla cac san p) ‘thit, tom say thang hoa. Hon thé nita, cdc 16 chan léng trén da heo cing a yéu t6 giup thie day qua trinh thing hoa cua nuéc da. (iii) Qué trinh sdy thang hoa duge thye hign & nhiét 46 thp hon cac gua trinh say thong thuéng, do dé ngan can mot phn cdc bién doi va phan img héa hoc duge xiic téc boi nhiét d6 cao, dién hinh nhir phan img Maillard. (iv) Thye pham say thang hoa it chiu sur bién doi, tir do gir durgc cdc d&c tinh cam quan ciing nhu chat lugng dinh duGng rat cao va théi han bao. quan dai hon 12 thang khi dong goi phi hop. Cac hop chat mii dé bay hoi Kh6ng bi cudn theo hoi nude duoc hinh thanh tir su thang hoa va duge gitt lai trong thuc pham. Két qua la hoan toan cé thé gitr lai durac 80 = 100% mii. Nhin chung, dac tinh cdu trie cia thu pham sdy thang hoa durge bao — quan rt t61, chi co lai mét it va khong cé tinh trang cing bé mat nhu say bang khéng khi nong. Hinh 8.4 mé ta su khac biét ve mat hinh dang va mau she cia ca rot duge say bing 3 phuong phap: sdy bang khéng khi néng, say chan khng co sur hé tro clia vi song va say thang hoa. 197Say bang khong khi Siiy dong kho Say chan khang microwave ‘Ss 0S ese Hinh 84 So sanh higu qua eda 3 phuong thire say dén dic tinh ben ngoai cua car mt (Nguén: Nguyén Van Midi, 2007) Cau trie x6p, ho (Hinh 8.5) cho phép tach nude nhanh va hoan toan, nhung no dé gay va yéu cau bao vé khdi cdc ton hai co hoc. Chi co vai thay doi nho cua protein, tinh bét va carbohydrate khac. Tuy nhién, eau tric xop, ho cia thue pham cé thé giup oxygen di vao va gay nén su hu hong chat béo do oxy héa, gay nén su giam sit mét sé hop chat bay hoi va vitamin. Vi thé, thue phim thudng duge bao géi trong khi tro, Diéu nay cing gop phan han ché sir hut am lai lam giam chat Iugng san pham. Chat kha Nuoc da Hinh 8.5 Cau tric xép cita thye pham say thang hoa (Nguén: Fellows, 2002) Su thay déi ham long thiamin va acid ascorbic khi sy thang hoa 1a vira phai va ton that ciia cde vitamin khac la khong dang ké (Bang 8.3). 198Bang 8.3 Ton that vitamin trong say thang hoa Ton that, % Acid if Fire phim Vitamin Viti" Thiamin Riboflavin |AIE Niacin | Aci = . ; Pantothenie 2 - D Ee 0 au sanh 26-60 0-24 : ; ; 8 : pau HaLan — 8-30 5 $ . Be : 3 2 Nurde cam ép 3 3 a . 2 F Thit bo z : 2 ‘ 0 z Thit heo : E <10 0 ¥ (Nguén: Flink, 1982) 2.72 Nmwoe diém vé chat hrong ciia thre phim sy thang hoa y; giai php kiém soat Say thing hoa duge biét dén nhu ky thuat say hang dau gitip bao quan chat Iuong sin phim say, day cing 1a 1 do chinh say thang hoa duge jy dung doi véi nhiéu nhém thuc pham va ca trong cong nghé sinh hoe, y hoe hay cdc linh vurc khac, mac di ky thuat nay lam tang dang ké chi phi sin xuat. Mac di vay, bat oir ky thudt ché bién ndo cing c6 cae anh huéng khong mong muén dén chat Iugng sin pham cudi. Trong qua trinh say thing hoa, 3 van dé chinh vé chat Iugng can quan tam 1a (i) sur pha hity té bio, giam chat Iurong do sy hinh thanh tinh thé da trong sudt qué trinh lanh dong: (ii) su mat mat cac chat dé bay hoi va hgp chat mii trong giai doan say; va (ii) kha nang hit am lai sau qua trinh say. Tuy nhién, thanh phan va tinh chat nguyén liéu ban dau, phuong phdp chun bi, tién xir ly, dac biét 1 cong doan chan rau, vé can ban co thé anh huong dén chat long dinh duéng sau cing ctia thuc phim say thang hoa. Déi voi cde san pham nhu nude giti khat, buée c6 dac trudc khi dua vao sy théing hoa cé tac déng kha 1én dén chat luong san pham cudi (Stapley, 2008). 2.7.2.1 Ste gidm stit chat luong trong giai doan lanh dong 4 Nhu da dé cap @ chuong 5 va muc 2.6.1, lanh déng kh6ng cai thign m4 van lam giam sit chat lugng thyc phim, cha yéu do su hinh thanh tinh the da lam pha hiy cu tric té bio, kéo theo su mat mat chat dinh dudng dat trung cho san phim. D6i voi céc thye phim, su c6 dac lanh cae chat tan /8 nguyén nhan lam thay d6i lye ion, thic day su tach nue tham thau cia !© bao thuc vat, dc biét khi tdc d@ lanh déng cham, dan dén cée bién doi sinh h6a khéng mong muén, bao gém ca su bién tinh protein (Jeremiah, 1996): 199)yr > sw sy giam chat Leong trong gy ii doan sdy yu yeu 8 sie MAL MAE CAC hop ehAt bay ho} (Stapley, 2008) chu ye Ra cia cae hop chat bay hoi pip nhan ve phuong dign cam quan eta oi MP go nén mii hap din khi neti ben atte : thich hoat dong cua cdc gide quan khi con hie tam qui nhieu s ngo 4n, an trong rat kin dai an pham thre phim cde hop chat bay hoi Jey (2008) ghi xing hoa nhi _tién trinh sdy 14 nguyén nh et al. (1998) da ghi nhan t ac dit co tinh chat huit 4m | Supe ere im siy i cich Kh juong nay. ! khong cO V! han chinh din dén rudng hop san phan ai rat tt. ‘ay thang hoa Chinh vi vay, vige tim ra gidi php dé kiém soat cae chat bay hoi — dé bj igi cubn cing voi muSe trong qua trinh sdy, cn duge quan tam. Thijssen va Rulkens (1968, trich din b6i Stapley, 2008) da dé Xuat sit dung ly thuyét ~{huéch tan chon loc” dua trén wu diém ctia qua trinh say thang hoa la nuée & giaidoan séy chinh s& durge thang hoa tir trang thai rin (made da) sang hoi ma king qua trang thai long. Do chi e6 nude tinh khiét déng bang nén trong giai doan say chinh hau nhu cé rat it chat bay hoi bi mat mat. Néu diéu chinh té qué trinh dong bang va say chinh, 46 am eta nguyén liéu sé gidm dang Céc hop chat bay hoi duoc gitr trong “ma tran” ctia thanh phan nguyén ligu duge ¢6 dac do qua trinh théing hoa, tach nude tre dé va chi bi mat mat 6 giai doan say thir cp. King (1990, trich din bei Stapley, 2008) da dua ra méi ‘wong quan cia hé s6 khuéch tan aceton va nude trong maltodextrin khi thay dé ham luong am va cho thay, & 46 4m thap, hé s6 ‘hap hon rat nhiéu so véi hé sé khuéch tan nude (hinh 8.6). Khuech tan ctia aceton Tren co s6 d6, Coumans ef al. (1994) da tim ra quy Iuat; khi ham trong am trong neuyén ligu lie bat dau qua trinh say thit cp thap hon rat thieu so voi di am ban dau cua nguyén liéu sé 1am giam hé so khuéch tan $a hop chat bay hoi. Do d6, dé gitip céc hop chat bay hoi én dinh, ean dieu chinh chigu day, lop nguyén ligu gitta céc tinh thé da tang, diéu nay c6 Wi thvc ign bing cach diéu chinh qua trinh lan Aéng ban dau cham hen e0 "Oi thong thuing,Nuoc / bcetone He sé khuéch tan / | / | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 100 Ham lugng am (%) Hinh 8.6 Anh hung ciia ham Ivong am dén hé sé khuéch tan cla nude va aceton trong maltodextrin 6 nhiét dO 25°C (Nguén: King, 1990, trich dan bai Stapley, 2008) 2.7.2.3 Sue suy giam chat lwong trong giai doan bao quan Thuc pham say thang hoa thuéng duoc dé nghi bao quan trong céc thing. keo chtra duoc han kin miéng dé tranh su mat mat cdc chat bay hoi. Tuy nhién, néu théi gian t6n trit mau kéo dai, cdc phan t img gay hur hong san pham xay ra, dac biét 1a phan img Maillard lam s§m mau va bién tinh protein. Kiem soat tot dieu kién ché bién va ton trit, dién hinh nhw duy tri thuc phai 6 trang thai thuy tinh, str dung khi tro dé bao quan, co thé lam cham céc bién doi khéng mong muon nay (Kawai ef al., 2005). Su oxy héa va 61 hoa chat béo cing 1a méi nguy déi véi san phdm say thang hoa tir thye pham chtra ham lrgng béo cao. Chinh vi vay, Stapley (2008) dé nghj han ché 4p dung ky thuat say thang hoa déi voi nguyén liéu nhieu chat béo. 2.7.2.4 Kha nang hilt dm lai Uu diém cia san pham say d6ng khé 1a kha nang hit a am lai rat higu qua khi so sanh vdi cdc san pham say khéc, nha vao cau tric rong, xdp duge _ hinh thanh nhér su thing hoa ciia nude dé trong qua trinh sa Gi ca ~ loai rau qua duge kiém soat tt qué trinh say, sur pha hity cau trite té bao 1a. thdp nhdt, khi dé kha nang hit am lai va hoan nguyén lén dén 90% khi so anh voi nguyén Jiéu ban dau (Lin ef al., 1998). 2012S Hien name sup Nan ché hign trong sup — co kha nang xay ra trong suot bean sity thang hoa cing nh hao quan tiép theo, la yéu t6 quan trong nhit dé xée ‘tinh chat Heng cin sin phim siy thing hoa (Levi and Karel, 1995). 1ién “ong sup li nguyén phin gia ting manh me sur mat mat cde chat bay hoi, F MAL di mai vj dac trmg cia san phim, mat cfu tric va mat di kha nang hot am |, ing tc d6 cde phan img pha huy, gdy hur peaks ¢ trinh hign tong sup cin duge kiém soat thiing hoa, dong thoi vie xac dinh mot an ché bién ddi niy xy ra rat due quan tim. MOt s6 nghién ciru da chime minh, hign tugng sup co thé xdy ra @ mhigt 46 2-3 K trén nhiét dé 7;(Pikal and Shah, 1990) hay nam giita gid tri 7, va 7» (Knopp er al., 1998) dan dén sy ai cting nhur lam n phim. Chinh vi vay, vi chat ché trong sudt piai bién d6 an ton dé hy doan 3. CODACNHIET DO THAP Boc hoi 14 mét trong nhimg phurong phap c6 dac duoc str dung rong rai va kinh té nhat. Tuy nhién, qua trinh nay ¢é hai han ché: (1) mat mat cae cau ttr dé bay hoi hon nue (cde chat mbi) va (2) kha nang gay tén hai do nhiét doi vi chat Ivong san phim. Viée c6 dc nhiét dé thap ddi khi duoc su dung dé kha phuc nhimg han ché vira néu (Fellows, 2002). Qué trinh nay bao gom viéc lanh déng mét phan san phdm va loai bé cdc tinh thé nude a nguyén chat. Han ché cua qua trinh la chi phi tuong déi cao, nhimg khé khan trong vige phan ly higu qua céc tinh thé nude da lai khéng mat mat chat khé thye pham va néng d6 chat kh6 ting sé ca thye phdm tuong di thap hon gidi han (Welti-Chanes, 2004). Co dac nhiét 4 thap duge ime dung chit yéu khi cé sw quan tam vé chat Iugng, cu thé su can thiét git cdc chat hiru co dé bay hoi la méi quan tam hang dau nhw trong viée lam dam dic rugu vang va bia (nhimg san pham cén gitr Ii aleohol va mui) hay c6 dae ca phé (6 day gitr mii la myc tiéu quan trong). 3.1 Ly thuyét C6 dae nhiét dO thap dya trén gin do nhiét dong (Hinh 8.7). ~néng dO khi lanh 202 a a Y .~ C6 dae rou tio va sin xudt gidm trén 40% acid acetic = CA phé duoc 6 dae trude khi sy thing hoa va 66 dae trude khi say phun. Néng d6 dat dirge vuot 45% chat kho. Tom lai, mac dit vige img dung han ché & quy m6 cong nghiép cua cae qué trinh say thang hoa va c6 dic nhiét dé thap trong inh vue thye pham nhumg ca hai qué trinh la v6 cing quan trong dé c6 duge nhimg sin pham chat ltrong cao. Kién thire co so én pha clia mude trong thyc pham va vé anh huang c qua cing nhur chi phi co the mé ra co hdi moi cho viée ap dung ca hai qua trinh dé nhan duge nhimg thc pham chat lugng cao. CAU HOI THAO LUAN 1. Yéu td quan trong nhat can duge kiém sodt trong qua trinh say thang hoa? 2. So sanh chat hong ctia san pham say thang hoa va phuong thie say bing khéng khi néng, say bang dy chan khéng. 3. Tai sao nguyén ligu giau béo dé 4. Uw diém cia c6 dae nhiét 46 thép khi so sénh v6i c6 dae 6 Ap suat khi quyén, c6 dac chan khéng va c6 dic mang. 5. Méi quan hé cia nhiét do Ts, Tm déi voi viée duy tri chat Iugng san pham sy thang hoa va c6 dae nhiét d6 tha TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ‘Arsem, H.B. and Y.H. Ma (1990). Simulation of a combined microwave and radiant freeze dryer. Drying Technology 8(5): 993-1016. Bai, Y., M.S. Rahman, C.O. Perera, B. Smith, L.D. Melton (2001). State diagram of apple slices: glass transition and freezing curves. Food Research International 34:89-95. Bellows, RJ. and C.J. King (1972). Freeze drying of aqueous solutions: maximum allowable operating temperatures. Cryobiology 9: 559. Charm, S.E. (1978). The Fundamentals of Food Engineering. 2nd ed. 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Swinkels (1986). Recent New York: Marcel Dekker, 127-209, Welti-Chanes, J., D. B Alzamora (2004), Y.H. Hui (Editor), developments in freeze concentration. sided. A. Valdez-Fragoso, H. Mijica-Paz, and S. a Principles of Freeze-Concentration and Freeze-Drying. I" Handbook of frozen food. Marcel Dekker, New York. ail