Rainbow Technology

CHAPTER –I
INTRODUCTION
Rainbow Technology is a developing paper-based data storage technique first demonstrated by
Indian student Sainul Abideen in November 2006. Abideen received his MCA from MES
Engineering College in Kuttipuram in Kerala's Malappuram district. Rainbow Technology, a
breakthrough in digital data storage enables us to store up to a massive 450 GB on just a piece of
paper. Rainbow Storage is a group of techniques to store digital data in some colors, color
combinations and some symbols known as rainbow format, and therefore a rainbow picture will be
generated. The technique is used to achieve high-density storage. With the help of Rainbow system
we would be watching full-length high-definition videos from a piece of paper! The main
attraction is the cheap paper. The Rainbow technology is feasible because printed text, readable by
the human eye is a very wasteful use of the potential capacity of paper to store data. By printing
the data encoded in a denser way much higher capacities can be achieved. Paper is, of course, bio-
degradable, unlike CDs or DVDs. And sheets of paper also cost a fraction of the cost of a CD or
DVD.
Actually Rainbow Storage is not a method to store data on paper but it is a group of
techniques to represent data in the form of color, color groups and some symbols. We can use any
color represent able media as storage medium including paper and plastic sheets. Paper and ink is
not the only way to represent color, there are other efficient methods available now and much kind
of researches are going on in different parts of the world. Definitely, Ordinary sheet of paper with
normal printer and scanner will give poor density, but it can be used for some specific purposes.
(Acid paper with special ink can last to decades and fading problem can be solved considerably by
using some techniques in Rainbow Storage). It put forward the concept of disposable storage. We
can create many useful products like digital catalogue for commercial products.

I prepared Rainbow Storage as my academic seminar paper and it was a study to explore
data representation capability of colors. Most of the living organisms are getting huge amount of
data through vision. Our eyes can only understand colors and colors only. But our brain is doing
many complex operations (like distance calculation of objects by using images from two eyes) by
using this colors. We can identify distance of two objects (which one is closer) in different
environments (e.g.: Brightness difference). So the visible light (colors) contains a huge amount of

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data. Instead of using 0s and 1s here we are using color dots. Each color dot can represent
minimum 8 bits (1 byte). If we are using some powerful mode of representation (forget about ink
and paper) we can represent more data on a single spot. By using some groups and symbols, we
can also increase the density in to some extent. Initial newspaper reports of the technology were
debunked by multiple technical sources, although Abideen says those reports were based on a
misunderstanding of the technology. The paper meant to demonstrate the capability of storing
relatively large amounts of data (and not necessarily in the gigabyte range) using textures and
diagrams. The Rainbow data storage technology claims to use geometrical shapes such as
triangles, circles and squares of various colors to store a large amount of data on ordinary paper or
plastic surfaces.

This would provide several advantages over current forms of optical-or magnetic data
storage like less environmental pollution due to the biodegradability of paper, low cost and high
capacity. Data could be stored on "Rainbow Versatile Disk" (RVD) or plastic/paper cards of any
form factor (like SIM cards). Sainul Abdeen demonstrated his technology to the college and
members of the Indian press in the MES College of Engineering computer lab, Kerala, and was
able to compress 450 sheets plain text from foolscap paper into a 1 inch square. He also
demonstrated a 45-second audio clip compressed using this technology on to an A4 sheet.
Depending on the sampling frequency, bit depth, and audio compression (if any), a 45-second
audio clip can consist of anywhere from a few kilobytes to a few megabytes of data. Abideen
claimed that the technology could be extended to 250 gigabytes by using specific materials and
devices. This technology is a group of techniques to accomplish high density, high speed, cheap
and reliable data storage and retrieval. It is a storage optimization technology based upon the usage
of printed shapes on a variety of media, unlike the traditional magneto-optical standard, to store
data.

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CHAPTER –II
LITERATURE SURVEY

Rainbow Technology is a breakthrough in digital data storage enables us to store up to a

massive450 GB on just a piece of paper. Rainbow Storage’s a group of techniques to store digital
data in some colors, color combinations and some symbols known as rainbow format, and
therefore a rainbow picture will be generated Instead of using 0s and 1s, we use color dots where
each color dot can represent minimum 8 bits (1byte).The rainbow picture will be highly
compressed and can be represented in any color medium. For retrieving the contents from the
medium, picture can be captured and data can be generated from the color combinations.
”Although environmental light differences and color shading is a problem, it can overcome up to a
certain limit by using efficient mapping functions. Purpose of the system: The Purpose of the
rainbow system is the fact that it should cost a lot less to produce than the typical polycarbonate
DVDs, CDs and now Blu-rays. Huge data banks can be constructed out of Rainbow-Based storage
medium. With the popularity of the Rainbow Technology, computer or fashion magazines in future
need not carry CDs in pack.

The manufacturing of pulp and paper has negative impact on environment. The
manufacturing process that transforms wood from trees into thin uniform paper products requires
the intensive use of water energy and chemicals. This process also consumes thousands of gallons
of a finite resource, clean water, to make each ton of paper. Pollution literally represents a waste of
these resources, in the form of air emissions, waterborne wastes (effluent), solid waste and waste
heat. Among primary manufacturing industries, paper manufacturing is the fourth-largest user of
energy and the largest generator of wastes, measured by weight (NREL, 1995). In this resource -
intensive industry, environmental issues will always be an intrinsic part of manufacturing,
especially since awareness of these impacts has increased among communities near mills and
customers alike.
History of paper mill shows that the first writing materials were Egyptian and Chinese silk
cloths and the fibrous cellulose material containing plant material and China grass was first used in
china to manufacture paper (Carruthers, 1947). By the year 1150 the technology of paper making
was entering in to the Europe market through Moorish Spain. The raw material for paper making
from the year 1150 to the middle of the 19th century was recycle cellulosic material such as rags,

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rope, fish nets and burlap. The flax pant was used for the production of special paper that is soft
and strong. Today, most of the world’s bank notes are printed upon a high-value flax paper.
Globally paper industry was distributed all over the worlds. But, in our study we are discussing
about pulp and paper industry located in India. The paper industry holds a considerable share
among the manufacturing sectors. Paper mills in India can be categorized into three groups based
on the raw materials used by the industry.

These are wood/forest based mills, agro-residue based mills and waste paper based mills.
Availability of wood based raw materials on a sustained basis is a challenge and therefore mills
rely on their captive plantation and from the farm forestry by growing trees in the periphery of the
agricultural fields. Due to the problems in availability of wood based raw materials, the share of
non-wood based raw materials and recycled fibers has increased significantly. In 2006, around
70% of the total paper production was from non-wood raw materials and the recycled fibers and
rest 30% comes from wood based raw materials (IPMA, 2006). Today, 715 small and big paper
mills produce a variety of different paper, paperboard as well as newsprint products in India with
an installed capacity of around 10 million tones India is the 15th largest paper producer in the
world. The consumption of paper and paperboard in India was 9.18 million tonnes in 2009-2010.
The growth in production of paper from less than 0.15 million tonnes in 1950 to 8.6 million tonnes
in 2009-2010 is remarkable. During this period, the number of paper mills has increased from just
17 units in 1951 to 715 units. Out of 715 paper mills operating in India, 165 are based on agro-
based raw materials and 30 on bamboo and wood About 194 paper mills, particularly small mills,
are closed due to various reasons like environmental noncompliance.

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CHAPTER –III
EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1 COMPARSION WITH OTHER STORAGE DEVICES:

Currently, of the several options available for data storage, DVDs are the best mode, but are yet
expensive. Sianul Abideen has said that a CD or DVD consumes 16gms of polycarbonate, which is
a petroleum by-product. While a CD costs of Rs 15/-,his paper or plastic-made RVD will cost just
Rs 1.50 and will even have 131 times more storage capacity. Using this technology an A4 sheet of
paper could store 256 GB of data. In comparison, a DVD can store 4.7 GB of data. With the help
of disposable storage, a high density data storage is made possible even on paper or plastic sheets,
any type of computer files can be stored and distributed this way, so instead of giving CDs with the
computer magazines, its content can be printed in a page, video albums, software etc and can be
distributed at a very low cost with the help of disposable storage. Rainbow card can be used in
mobile devices in place of DVDs and VCDs. In a square inch sized rainbow cards, (equivalent to
the size of sim card) more than 5 GB data can be stored. A major crisis faced in the design of the
small digital devices I the huge size of the DVD/CD drives.

Fig: 3.1CD, DVDs a thing of past

Every new technology invented or evolved is compared with the existing technology with
respect to different criteria like cost, time to manufacture, boons and bans etc. so this Rainbow
technology is also compared with the existing storage devices to make an appropriate evaluation of

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the new developing technology. This will provide a clear picture to all of us that how this
technology will change the trend of storing data and nurtures the storage capacity.

 Currently, there are several options available for data storage, like CDs and DVDs, which are
the best mode, but are yet expensive and everyone cannot afford to buy it regularly and are not
rewritable except in few cases, and are not available in remote areas or interior villages.

 While a CD costs Rs.15, his paper or plastic-made RVD will cost just about Rs.1.50 and
will even have 131 times more storage capacity, so by comparing the prices of both technique,
one will surely choose the RVD‘s

 Using this technology an A4 sheet of paper could store 450 GB of data. In comparison, a
DVD can store 4.7GB of data. So again a better side for rainbow technology which will
efficiently make the difference in capacity of storing data.

Paper is, of course, bio-degradable, unlike CDs or DVDs which are made up of plastic and
polymers which are hazardous waste for our environment and creates lot of pollution. And
sheets of paper also cost a fraction of the cost of a CD or DVD.

 So the Rainbow technology is environmentally best and will reveal as Eco-Friendly technique
for data storage

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CHAPTER –IV
PROPOSED SYSTEM

The Rainbow technology is feasible because printed text, readable by the human eye is a very
wasteful use of the potential capacity of paper to store data. By printing the data encoded in a
denser way much higher capacities can be achieved. Paper is, of course, bio-degradable, unlike
CDs or DVDs. And sheets of paper also cost a fraction of the cost of a CD or DVD. Instead of
using 0s and 1s, we use color dots where each color dot can represent minimum 8 bits (1 byte).The
rainbow picture will be highly compressed and can be represented in any color medium. For
retrieving the contents from the medium, picture can be captured and data can be generated from
the color combinations.

”Although environmental light differences and color shading is a problem, it can overcome
up to a certain limit by using efficient mapping functions. It uses geometric shapes such as squares
and hexagons to represent data patterns, instead of the usual binary method that uses ones and
zeros to represent data. Besides, color is also used in the Rainbow system, to represent other data
elements. Files such as text, images, sounds and video clips are encoded in “Rainbow format” as
colored circles, triangles, squares and so on, and printed as dense graphics on paper at a density of
2.7 G per square inch. An RVD therefore looks like a printout of the modern art.

Fig: 4.1 Data stored in rainbow format on an ordinary paper

The paper can them be read through a specially developed scanner and the contents
decoded into their originals digital format and viewed or played. The Rainbow technology is
feasible because printed text, readable by the human eye is a very wasteful use of the potential
capacity of the paper to store data. By printing the data encoded in a denser way much higher

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capacities can be achieved. The retrieval of data is done by scanning the paper or the plastic sheet
containing the data into a scanner and later reading it over monitor.

Basic Principles:
Each and every technology is based on some principle and follows that principle throughout its
life cycle. So this technology is based on two basic principles which are as follows:

 “Every color or color combinations can be converted into some values and from the values
color combination can be regenerated”.
 -” Every different color or color combinations will produce different values.

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CHAPTER –V
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

A chuck of data bits are taken from a data source (Normally Binary File), which is known as a
word. The word can be converted into a value that will be unique for each different combination of
bits. Thus a picture will be generated by representing values as colors. The value will then pass
through some error checking mechanisms. After producing some error correction bits, it will be
attached to the data picture. Thus the final output (Data Picture) will be generated. Now the data
picture can be printed in any printable media.

Fig: 5.0 Representation of data from a file to Rainbow format

The paper can then be read through a specially developed scanner and the contents decoded
into their original digital format and viewed or played. The Rainbow technology is feasible

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 Rainbow Technology

because printed text that can be read by the human. Eye does not make optimal use of the potential
capacity of paper to store data. By printing the data encoded in a denser way higher capacities can
be achieved. The retrieval of data is done by scanning the paper or the plastic sheet containing.
The data into a scanner and later reading it over the monitor. Instead of using 0s and 1s, we use
color dots where each color dot can represent minimum 8 bits (1 byte). The rainbow picture will be
highly compressed and can be represented in any color medium. For retrieving the contents from
the medium, picture can be captured and data can be generated from the color combinations.

5.1 WORKING:

It uses geometric shapes such as squares and hexagons to represent data patterns, instead of
the usual binary method that uses ones and zeros to represent data. Besides, color is also used in
the Rainbow system, to represent other data elements. Files such as text, images, sounds and video
clips are encoded in rainbow format as colored circles, triangles, squares and so on, and printed as
dense graphics on paper at a density of 2.7 GB per square inch. Rainbow storage targets high
availability and survivability of data and performance in the presence of faults and attacks referred
as Ocean Store. The recording media could be either paper or plastic sheets. The piece of paper or
even plastic sheet storing the data has just to be scanned and read over the monitor.

Fig: 5.1 working of rainbow format

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Files such as text, images, sounds and video clips are encoded in rainbow format as colored
circles, triangles, squares and so on, and printed as dense graphics on paper at a density of 2.7 GB
per square inch. Grayscale is a range of shades of gray without apparent color. The darkest
possible shade is black, which is the total absence of transmitted or reflected light. The lightest
possible shade is white, the total transmission or reflection of light at all visible wavelength s.
Intermediate shades of gray are represented by equal brightness levels of the three primary colors
(red, green and blue) for transmitted light, or equal amounts of the three primary pigments (cyan,
magenta and yellow) or reflected light. In some systems that use the RGB color model, there are 2
16, or 65,636, possible levels for each primary color.

When R = G = B in this system, the image is known as 16-bit grayscale because the
decimal number 65,536 is equivalent to the 16-digit binary number 1111111111111111. Data
Picture to data conversion uses just the reverse process. Data Picture is taken as an input and the
parameters like UPD, PBM, etc are read from the header. The actual data is generated by picture to
value conversion. Some image processing methods are used for this stage. Value mapping
functions are used for mapping the arrangements done on actual data. Thus a picture will be
generated by representing values as colors. The value then passes through some error checking
mechanisms. After producing some error correction bits, it will attach to the data picture. Header,
Picture Bounder Mapped (PBM) (for keeping track of the boundary of data picture), universal
Picture Dot (a static value that is used for mapping errors that occurred due to colour fading), etc
will be attached to the picture. Thus the final output (Data picture) will be generated. Now the
original data is encoded into Data Picture and it can be now printed in any printable media.

5.2 WORKING METHODS:

In Rainbow technology, the data in any format termed ‘rainbow format’ has been
designed in such a way that it can be printed out in the form of images. The data is converted to
rainbow format on the basis of Rainbow Algorithm. Trigonometric forms like circle or square,
certain color combinations and certain other forms are being used. Each trigonometric form, color
combination represents a complete pattern. Most modern technologies like image processing,
pattern matching, etc. are used for the purpose. The data which gets converted into an image form
is then printed on paper or any other thing. This is how the data storage is made possible. When the
steps are reversed, the rainbow picture is converted into data.

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It uses geometric shapes such as squares and hexagons to represent data patterns, instead of
the usual binary method that uses ones and zeros to represent data. Besides, color is also used in
the Rainbow system, to represent other data elements. Files such as text, images, sounds and video
clips are encoded in rainbow format as colored circles, triangles, squares and so on, and printed as
dense graphics on paper at a density of 2.7GB per square inch. Rainbow storage targets high
availability and survivability of data and performance in the presence of faults and attacks referred
as Ocean Store. The recording media could be either paper or plastic sheets. The piece of paper or
even plastic sheet storing the data has just to be scanned in the scanner and read over the monitor.

5.2.1 Conversion Procedure:

The following steps are used to convert the original data to the data detected by the
rainbow devices. The process of storing and retrieving data is done in 2 levels. In level1 encoding
of raw data done into rainbow format. In level 2 step an algorithm to convert scanned geometric
shapes undergoes into another process such as digital values techniques i.e. amplitude shift keying
or frequency shift keying to decode digital values again into analog signals.

Figure 5.2.1: Amplitude shift keying for conversion of digital values to analog signals

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5.2.2 Data to Data Picture:

This stage converts data into a rainbow format data picture which means storing the data in
form of colored geometric shapes on paper. Firstly, the audio data which is in the form of analog
signals is converted into digital signals using pulse code modulation. Pulse code modulation is a
technique wherein sample analog waves are converted into digital sine waves. Pulse code
modulation involves 3 stages. They are Sampling, quantization and encoding. In sampling sample
values on analog wave at regular intervals are obtained. Those sample values are quantized and
converted into digital numbers. These digital numbers are converted to binary numbers. For each
different combination of binary numbers, different combination of colored geometric

Figure 5.2.2 Block diagram of PCM

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5.2.3Data Picture to Data:

Data Picture to data conversion uses just the reverse process. Data Picture is taken as an
input and the parameters like UPD, PBM, etc. are read from the header. The actual data is
generated by picture to value conversion. Some image processing methods are used for this stage.
Value mapping functions are used for mapping the arrangements done on actual data. Some errors
that occur due to color fading can also be handled at this stage. The values are passed through
some error correction mechanisms. Fault tolerance and automatic repair is also performed at this
stage. Then the value to word conversion takes place. The encoded Data Picture is hence decoded
into the result data which will be the original data.

The paper can then be read through a specially developed scanner and the contents decoded
into their original digital format and viewed or played. The Rainbow technology is feasible
because printed text that can be read by the human eye does not make optimal use of the potential
capacity of paper to store data. By printing the data encoded in a denser way higher capacities can
be achieved. The retrieval of data is done by scanning the paper or the plastic sheet containing the
data into a scanner and later reading it over the monitor. Instead of using 0s and 1s, we use color
dots where each color dot can represent minimum 8 bits (1 byte). The rainbow picture will be
highly compressed and can be represented in any color medium. For retrieving the contents from
the medium, picture can be captured and data can be generated from the color combinations.
"Although environmental light differences and color shading is a problem, they can be overcome
up to a certain limit by using efficient mapping functions".

In order to read the Rainbow prints, all that is required is a scanner and specialized
software. Smaller scanners could fit inside laptop computers or mobile phones, and read SIM card-
sized RVDs containing 5GB of data. The recording media could be either paper or plastic sheets.
The piece of paper or even plastic sheet storing the data has just to be scanned in the scanner and
read over the monitor. A scanning drive based on the Rainbow software has simultaneously been
developed which will come in smaller sizes to be initially carried with the laptops and later to fit
into their bodies. The technology has used geometric shapes like circles, squares and triangles for
computing which combine with various colors and preserve the data in images. An RVD therefore
looks like a print-out of the modern art. All kinds of data have to be first converted into a common
format called 'Rainbow Format'.

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A. Encoding Data into Data Picture

Step 1: Read the data file to obtain sampled values of data in digital values using pulse code
modulation
Step 2: Convert the above data into binary numbers
Step 3: The binary numbers are again converted to different colored geometric symbols based on
algorithm which generates different combination of colored geometric shapes
Step 4: Each value is replicated two times, so as to control errors, if any
Step 5: For a perfect image these symbols array is converted into a matrix of size 4:3.
Step 6: Obtain a print copy of that image which would work as a final data storage element.

Figure 5.2.3 (A): Encoding of data into a data picture

B. Decoding Data Picture to Data:

1. Scan the data picture
2. Read the content on the paper which are in form of geometric shapes
3. The shapes are converted to binary numbers using decoding algorithm
4. The 4:3 matrixes is converted into a array.

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5. Using two replications, compute average of two successive numbers to get actual value
6. Using amplitude shift keying or frequency shift keying and generate analog signals from digital
data
7. The data is reconstructed from data picture
8. The final data can be can accessed as from the canned picture.

Figure 5.2.3(B): Decoding data picture to data

C. Absolute Rainbow dots:

Absolute rainbow dots are used to detect errors caused by scratches, and whether any
fading has occurred. Absolute rainbow dots are predefined dots carrying a unique value. These
dots can be inserted in the rainbow picture in pre-specified areas. If fading occurs these dot values
will change accordingly, and at the reproduction stage this can be checked and corrected. Absolute
rainbow dots will be microscopically small so that they occupy very little space in the rainbow
picture. These will be colored differently so that each dot will have its own fixed unique value .

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CHAPTER –VI
PRODUCTS FROM TECHNOLOGY
By using Rainbow storage, we can develop many kinds of products. They include:
1. Disposable storage
2. RVD
3. Rainbow cards
4. Data centers

6.1 DISPOSAL STORAGE

Rainbow storage can be used to achieve Disposable storage. We can store any kind of data
in any kind of media that can represent color. It can be used as one time storage. We can use bio-
degradable materials here (because it is not intended for long time). This category of products can
be used for distribution of files, documents, etc. Here we can use even printers, scanners, cameras
and so-on as input and output devices.

6.2 RVD
RVD (Rainbow Versatile Disk) is another product that can be developed by using Rainbow
storage. We need to develop specific drives for reading and writing. It can hold huge amount of
data and it will be very cheap enough to reduce storage price dramatically. The technique vertical
lining is used in RVD to ensure high density. Storage capacity will vary according to the nature of
the mediums used.

Fig6.2: RVD

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The rainbow versatile disc (RVD) is the next generation that follows the CD and DVD. It
uses a Particular kind of paper to store the data. The storage capacity of RVD has 131 times larger
than CD. Here the system called a vertical lining is used. Waste pollution can be profoundly
reduced with this technology.

The cost of making an RVD is only 50ps or Re1 and the material is recyclable. All
kind of files including data files including pictures can be stored on the disc. The vertical lining
system works on the lines of of barcodes. Here, trigonometric forms like circle or square, certain
color combinations and certain other forms are being used instead of the thick and thin lines used
by the conventional barcodes. Data banks containing servers with huge storage capacity can be
easily created using this technology. RVD can be stored for very long without any damage.

6.3 RAINBOW CARDS

Rainbow cards can be constructed as a cheap secondary storage medium for PDAs
(Personal Digital Assistant) and other small digital devices. They can be constructed in many
standards and sizes. The size can vary from visiting card size to the size of a SIM card. Specific
readers need to be attached with such devices.

Fig6.3: Rainbow card

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6.4 DATA CENTRES

Datacenters are the static storage servers that can hold Peta-Bytes of data. It will be a
sequential access storage system that can be used for secondary storage of data. We can construct a
data centre with a cost of around 35 lakhs.

Fig6.4: Data Center

Data centers are not a single thing, but rather, a conglomeration of elements. At a minimum, data
centers serve as the principal repositories for all manner of IT equipment, including servers,
storage subsystems, networking switches, routers and firewalls, as well as the cabling and physical
racks used to organize and interconnect the IT equipment. A data center must also contain an
adequate infrastructure, such as power distribution and supplemental power subsystems, including
Electrical switching; uninterruptable power supplies; backup generators and so on; ventilation
and data center cooling systems, such as computer room air conditioners; and adequate
provisioning for network carrier (Telco) connectivity. All of this demands a physical facility with
physical security and sufficient physical space to house the entire collection of infrastructure and
equipment. Data centers serve as the principal repositories for all manner of IT equipment,
including servers, storage subsystems, networking switches, routers and firewalls, as well as the
cabling and physical racks used to organize and interconnect the IT equipment. A data center must
also contain an adequate infrastructure, such as power distribution and supplemental power

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subsystems, including electrical switching; uninterruptable power supplies; backup generators and
so on; ventilation and data center cooling systems, such as computer room air conditioners;
Data center tiers:
Data centers are not defined by their physical size or style. Small businesses may operate
successfully with several servers and storage arrays networked within a convenient closet or small
room, while major computing organizations, such as Face book, Amazon or Google, may fill an
enormous warehouse space with data center equipment and infrastructure. In other cases, data
centers can be assembled in mobile installations, such as shipping containers, also known as data
centers in a box, which can be moved and deployed as required

6.5 Implementation Requirements:

In order to read the Rainbow prints, all that is required is a scanner and specialized
software. Smaller scanners could fit inside laptop computers or mobile phones, and read SIM card-
sized RVD's containing 5GB of data. The recording media could be either paper or plastic sheets.
The piece of paper or even plastic sheet storing the data has just to be scanned in the scanner and
read over them on it or, a scanning drive based on the Rainbow software has simultaneously been
developed which will come in smaller sizes to be initially carried with the laptops and later to fit
into their bodies.

The developer is simultaneously molding the technology into ‗Rainbow Cards‘which will
be of SIM card size and store 5 GB of data equivalent to three films of DVD quality. As 'Rainbow
Cards' will become Popular. Rainbow Card Readers will replace CD drives of mobile phone and
computer notebooks and will enable more data in portable forms for mini digital readers. Large
scale manufacture of the Rainbow card will bring down its cost tojust50 paisa. Printing at 1,200
dots per inch (DPI) leads to a theoretical maximum of 1,440,000 colored dots per square inch. If a
scanner can reliably distinguish between 256 unique colors (thus encoding one byte per dot), the
maximum possible storage is approximately 140 megabytes for a sheet of A4 paper–much lower
when the necessary error correction is employed.

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Fig6.5: Plastic waste can be used to manufacture RVD’s

If the scanner were able to accurately distinguish between 16,777,216 colors (24 bits, or 3
bytes per dot), the capacity would triple, but it still falls well below the media stories' claims of
several hundred gigabytes. Printing this quantity of unique colors would require specialized
equipment to generate many spot colors. The process color model used by most printers provides
only four colors, with additional colors simulated by a halftone pattern. At least one of three things
must be true for the claim to be valid:

 The paper must be printed and scanned at a much higher resolution than 1,200 DPI.
 The printer and scanner must be able to accurately produce and distinguish between an
extraordinary number of distinct color values.
 The compression scheme must be a revolutionary lossless compression algorithm.
The theory is: If Rainbow's "geometric" algorithm is to be encoded and decoded by a computer, it
would equally viable to store the compressed data on a conventional disk rather than printing it to
paper or other non-digital medium. Printing something as dots on a page rather than bits on a disk
will not change the underlying compression ratio, so a lossless compression algorithm that could
store 250 gigabytes within a few hundred megabytes of data would be revolutionary indeed.

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CHAPTER –VII
ADVANTAGES

1. An ordinary paper can be used as storage device

2. More data stored in less space.

3. Extremely low cost

4. High speed storage.

5. Data in any format can be stored using this technology.

6. Bio-degradable nature of storage device accounts to reduce e-waste pollution.

7. Files in any format like movie files, songs, images, text can be stored using this technology.

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 Rainbow Technology

CHAPTER –VIII
APPLICATIONS

1. It can be used for faster audio transfer over the internet with much less interference.

2. Morphing can be implemented to modify vocal information.

3. It can be used in identification systems.

4. As it is said earlier that we are going to implement it for audio and text file, it can also Be

5. Developed for storing video files, images and any other data.

6. It can be used for faster audio transfer over the internet with much less interference.

7. It is more confidential than any other storage device.

8. It can be used in identification systems.

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 Rainbow Technology

CHAPTER –IX
CONCLUSION

Once the Rainbow technology is in, soon we could be watching full-length high definition videos
from a piece of paper! With the popularity of the Rainbow Technology, computer or fashion
Magazines in future need not carry CDs in pack. One of the major advantages of the rainbow
system is the fact that it should cost a lot less to produce than the typical polycarbonate DVDs,
CDs and now Blu-rays. Huge data banks can be constructed out of Rainbow-Based storage
medium

I prepared Rainbow Storage as my seminar topic and it was a study to explore data
representation capability of colors. Most of the living organisms are getting huge amount of data
through vision. Our eyes can only understand colors and colors only. But our brain is doing many
complex operations (like distance calculation of objects by using images from two eyes) by using
this colors. We can identify distance of two objects (which one is closer) in different environments
(e.g.: Brightness difference). So the visible light (colors) contains a huge amount of data. In
Rainbow Storage, we are converting digital data (any format) into some colors, color
combinations, and some symbols known as rainbow format. Hence a rainbow Picture will be
generated. The picture will be highly compressed (Not in magical) and it can be represented in any
color represent able medium.

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 Rainbow Technology

CHAPTER –X
REFERENCES

1. "Data Can Now Be Stored on Paper" by M. A.Siraj, Arab News (published November 18, 2006;
accessed November29, 2006)

2. Paper storage man misunderstood— The Inquirer article, 12 December2006 (retrieved 15

December2006.

3. "Store 256GB on an A4 sheet "by Chris Mellor, Tech world (publishedNovember24, 2006;

accessed November 29, 2006)

4. http://jalaj.net/blog/2007/01/20/90gb-to-450gb-of-data-on-a4-paper/

5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Technologies

6. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Storage

7. Sean Rhea, Chris Wells, Patrick Eaton, Dennis Geels, Ben Zhao, Hakim Weatherspoon, and

John Kubiatowicz, University of California, Berkeley, ‖ Maintenance-Free Global Data Storage‖,

IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING, 1089-7801/01/$10.00 ©2001 IEEE.

8. Sadik C. Esener, Mark H. Kryder, William D. Doyle, Marvin Keshner, Masud Mansuripur,

David A Thompson., International Technology Research Institute, ―WTEC Panel on the Future of

Data Storage Technologies‖.

9. Peter N.Yianilos, Sumeet Sobti, ―The Evolving Field ofDistributed Storage‖, IEEE

INTERNET COMPUTING, 1089-7801/01/$10.00 © 2001 IEEE.

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