STUDY OF GROUND WATER QUALITY USING GIS-ACASE STUDY OF HYDERABAD

Pendyala Sudha Rani1, Bhogayya Naidu2

Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
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.2Gudivada Bhogayya Naidu, Hyderabad, India..

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Nalla naresh, Hyderabad, India
Psudharani.cegnit@gniindia.org,bhogayya.gudivada@bithyd.ac.in

Abstract:

Ground water has an important role in meeting various uses of water sectors .This resource cannot
be used unless its quality is assessed. The study described here uses geographic information system (GIS)
technology to map groundwater quality for drinking and construction, utilizing data generated from
chemical analysis of water samples collected from the area under study.
For this purpose, water samples were collected from different areas of Hyderabad and various
physico-chemical parameters were determined .All this data was used to interpret a map and digitize it
with the help of Q-GIS software. Using GIS contouring methods, spatial distribution maps of color, pH,
Turbidity, Total hardness, chlorides, alkalinity, acidity, BOD, DO, Mg, Na, K, sulphates, electrical
conductivity and nitrates have been created. An interpolation technique, ordinary Inverse Distance
Weighted (IDW), was used to obtain the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters.

Form this map one can easily assess the quality of water present at various places of this area and
also it helps in taking decision of the improvements that are to be made in the water usage and its quality.
One can easily find out the precautions that are needed to be taken at particular area during construction
regarding water from this map.

Introduction
Ground water is vital component is almost globally important of our life support system. The ground
water resources are being utilized for all purposes like drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. Being
naturally filtered through the ground, it is generally clear, colorless, and also free from microbial
contamination . Hence, it requires minimal treatment .Due to rapid growth of population, urbanization,
industrialization and agriculture activities a threat is posed and ground water resources are under stress.
Major chemical elements including Na+ , K+ , Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO4 2- play a significant role in and
assessing groundwater quality. for mainly potable, domestic and agricultural related water needs. The
presumed resilience of groundwater to climate change ,all losses and protection from common sources of
pollution make the resource a preferred source of drinking water supply, since in most cases little or no
1
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Created the first draft of this document
treatment is required prior to consumption as compared to surface water sources [1] .
Many factors determine the quality of ground water ,and it is not safe as weathering of rock and many
other chemical constituents influence it. Furthermore, anthropogenic activities population growth, and
others have also been identified in the literature as sources of groundwater degradation [2, 3–
4]. Therefore, attention should be paid to the quantity and quality of groundwater resources and their
management, especially in dry and semidry areas.[5] The work done by Qamar Sultana and Asma
Sultana about the Ground water quality of Hyderabad shows that the discharge of untreated industrial and
domestic effluents has led to the total degradation of the water quality in surface and sub-surface water
bodies and the sewerage network is low and the treatment facilities are also inadequate. [6]
Geographical Information System (GIS) has emerged as efficient and powerful tool in different fields of
science over the last two decades. The GIS has the ability to store, arrange, retrieve, classify, manipulate,
analyze and present huge spatial data and information in a simple manner .It therefore becomes
imperative to regularly monitor the quality of groundwater and to device ways and means to protect it.
Water quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on overall quality
status of water to the concerned user community and policy makers

Study area:
Hyderabad is located in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, along the banks of the Musi
River, a tributary of Krishna River located on the Deccan Plateau in the northern part of South India.
Hyderabad lies between latitudes 17.3752778 and longitudes 78.4744415. The climate is of semi-arid
nature with moderate rainfall and is characterized by hot season between march and June, cold winter
from November to February and monsoon period from July to October. The depth to water level during
pre-monsoon period varies from 5 m to 20 m below ground level, whereas during post monsoon periods it
varies from 2 m to 15 m.

Methodology
As a part pf study, Ground water samples collected from bore well having a depth of 160 -250ft. 10
water samples were collected during both monsoon (5 samples in pre-monsoon and 5 samples in post
monsoon). The grab sampling techniques was used to collect samples, preservations and analysis were
carried out as per the standard methods.

The water samples thus collected were tested for various chemical properties of water such as total
dissolved solids, hardness, chlorides, sulphates etc.,
The respective data is tabulated in a tabular form. The tabular form thus tabulated with the obtained
properties as follows:
Place Narapally Mallapur Jeedimetla Banjara hills Boduppal
Lat 17° 24' 34.13" 17° 26' 33.29" 17° 30' 57.24" 17° 24' 59.04" 17° 24' 2.63"
Long 78° 38' 37.72" 78° 34' 54.55" 78° 27' 35.6" 78° 26' 20.54" 78° 34' 27.55"
Turbidity 2 1 2 3 1
pH 6.6 6.75 6.75 6.75 6.75
Total
725 600 250 270 250
hardness
Chlorides 559.12 1011.75 1704 1704 1704
Alkalinity 237.5 1100 120 120 120
Acidity 0 32 20 20 20
Iron 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.5 2
Electrical
1.208 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6
conductivity
Fluoride 0.6 0.12 0.2 0.2 0.3
Calcium 154 99 59 66 40
magnesium 28 25 24 20 20
Table-1 Ground water quality parameters

Name of the Experiment WHO Standards BIS Standards

Colour - 5 - 15
Turbidity 10 NTU 1 – 5 NTU

pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5-8.5

Total hardness 300 mg/lit 200 – 600 mg/lit
Chlorides 250 mg/lit 205 – 1000 mg/lit
Alkalinity 200 mg/lit 200 – 600 mg/lit
Acidity - -
Iron 0.3 mg/lit 0.3 mg/lit
Electrical conductivity - 0.3 S/m
Fluoride 1 mg/lit 1 – 1.5 mg/lit
magnesium 30 mg/lit 30 – 100 mg/lit

Table-2 WHO WHO (2004) Guidelines for drinking water quality. and  BIS 10500 (1991) standard of drinking water.

Preparation of water quality maps

The locations of the various points in the city are collected such as the location of each regions of the
city in the study area is collected by using hand held GPS trackers. The latitude longitude of these points
is noted in a tabular form. The points thus collected above are fed up to a excel sheet in order to locate
them on the QGIS map. Now the points are uploaded onto the map by adding the new layer of this
points by defining the suitable layer coordinate reference system.

The points are thus located in the map and then the area of interest is located on map by tracing and
joining feature boundaries by using add feature option which is located in toolbar of QGIS and then the
area is clipped in order to get only the area that we are opted to study

Collection of co-ordinate points

 The coordinates of the bore wells present in some places of the Hyderabad region are found by
using the hand held GPS tracker. The presence of bore wells in the areas are known previously and then
their location with latitude and longitude are located just by placing this instrument over that and by just
tracing the location these data is noted down in a prescribed manner for future use. The trackers work on
the CRS principle i.e., the locations are given corresponding to the CRS of our country.

S.NO DETAILS OF SAMPLE TYPE OF WELL LATITUDE LONGITUDE

1 NARAPALLY BORE WELL 17° 24'34.13" 78° 38' 37.72"

2 JEEDIMETLA BORE WELL 17° 30' 57.24" 78° 27' 35.6"

3 BANJARA HILLS BORE WELL 17° 24' 59.04" 78° 26' 20.54"

4 MALLAPUR BORE WELL 17° 26' 33.29" 78° 34' 54.55"

5 BODUPPAL BORE WELL 17° 24' 2.63" 78° 34' 27.55"

Table-3 The co-ordinates of different borewell points

The above table represents the latitudes and longitudes or the locations of the wells data from which

the samples are collected and the points are uploaded to map in QGIS in order to get the outline map of
the study area

Fig-1:study area map

Fig 2: Map shows chloride concentration in ground water

Fig 3: Map shows fluoride concentration in ground water

Fig 4: Map showing spatial variation in Ph value

Fig5: Map shows pH concentration in ground water

Fig-6: Map shows Total Hardness concentration in ground water

Fig 7: Map shows Turbidity concentration in ground water

 The data of the bore wells are known and the other points data near them are interpolated by the
variation of the details at that area and the distance of that point from the known area one can identify the
data of all the points in the area of interest and thus can plot details of all points in the capital region.

Discussions
In the present investigation an attempt was made to evaluate and to map ground water quality of part of
Hyderabad. Spatial distribution of ground water parameters was carried out through GIS. The analysis of
the results drawn from the work revealed that QGIS is an effective tool for the preparation of various
digital thematic layers and maps showing the spatial distribution of various water quality parameters.
These groundwater quality maps are useful in assessing the usability of the water for different purposes.
Moreover, the maps are made in easily understood format using the QGIS. It is shown that the majority of
the samples presented a pH value within the maximum permissible limit, except for one or two samples
which reflected a pH value exceeding this limit. Total hardness in Narapally and mallapur district area is
more as compared to other areas. Calcium and magnesium the two most common minerals that dissolve
in water and make water as "Hard." Calcium and magnesium content increases the degree of Hardness. It
is related to the multivalent cation concentration dissolved in the water.  Water hardness causes
cardiovascular disease in human beings [15] . The chloride concentration at Jeedimetla, Banjara hills and
Boduppal area is high, as compared to other areas.
Conclusion:
From the above maps ,the quality scenario of the ground water distribution in the particular
area can be clearly understood. One can easily access the properties of water. It is seen that some of
parameters exceed in some of the regions. In such regions, the remedial measures may be taken in order to
reduce the harmful effect of the water. Over period of time, the water usage and management is under
stress for various reasons including pollution in both surface and subsurface.
The groundwater quality decreases due to the solid waste from urban and industrial nodes and its depth
of Water Table available.

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