Note: There is no need to copy down the question answers. They are only meant for your reference.

Chapter 12: Friction (Topics: 12.4, 12.5, 12.6)

1. Give reasons:
a) Grooves are provided in soles of shoes.
Grooves are made in the soles of shoes to make the soles rough and uneven in
order to increase friction and provide the shoes a better grip on the floor so that a
person can move safely.

b) Kabaddi players rub their hands with soil before playing.

Kabaddi players rub their hands with soil before playing in order to make their
hands rough and increase friction. This is done so that they can have a better grip
on their opponents.

c) Fine powder is sprinkled on carrom board while playing.

This is done in order to reduce friction. Fine powder on carrom board makes the
surface of the board smooth and reduces the friction between the board and the
carrom coins.
2. Give some ways to:
a) Increase friction
i. Brake pads are used in the brake system of automobiles to increase
friction.
For example: While riding a bicycle, the brake pads do no touch the
wheels, but when the brake lever is pressed, the brake pads arrest the
motion of the rim due to friction and as a result of which the wheel stops
moving.
ii. Tyres of vehicles are treaded to increase friction in order to have a proper
grip with the ground.

iii. Wrestlers and gymnasts apply a coarse substance on their hands to

increase friction to provide a better grip.

b) Reduce friction
i. USING BALL BEARINGS IN MACHINES:
Ball bearings are used in machines to replace sliding friction by rolling
friction. This is done as rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction.
For example: Ball bearings are used between hubs and axles of ceiling
fans and bicycles.
 ii. USING WHEELS TO MOVE OBJECTS:
Rolling reduces friction. It is easier to roll than to slide one body over the
other. This is because rolling friction is less than sliding friction.

3. What are lubricants? Explain.

Substances such as oil, grease, graphite etc. reduce friction. They are called lubricants.
When these are applied between the moving parts, they form a thin layer due to which the
moving surfaces do not directly rub against each other and the interlocking is reduced, as
a result of which movement becomes smooth.

4. What is fluid friction?

Force of friction exerted by fluids (liquids and gases) on the objects moving through them
is called fluid friction. The frictional force exerted by fluids is also called drag.
The frictional force on an object in the fluid depends on the speed of the object with
respect to the fluid, shape of the object and nature of the fluid.
5. Why are objects moving through fluids given special shapes?
When objects move through fluids, they have to overcome friction acting on them and in
that process they lose energy. So, they are given streamlined shapes in order to minimize
friction.
In nature- birds, fish have got streamlined bodies that make them lose less energy in
overcoming friction.