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STRATEGY

Neuroscience and a Dose of Emotional Intelligence

Reveal a Simple Trick to Learn More With Less
Effort Learning more efficiently is a matter of time--but not in the way
you might think.

BY JEFF HADEN @JEFF_HADEN

Getty Images

A producer for a television business show called and asked if I was

available. He described the theme of the segment and asked if I had
any ideas. I offered some possibilities. 

"That sounds great," he said. "We're live in 30 minutes. And I need you to say
exactly what you just said."

"Ugh," I thought. I'm not great at repeating exactly what I just said. So I

started rehearsing.

Ten minutes later, he called to talk about a series he was developing. I almost
asked him if we could postpone that conversation so I could use the time to
keep rehearsing, but I figured since I had already run through what I would
say two times, I would be fine.

Unfortunately, I was right. I was fine. Not outstanding. Not exceptional. Just ...
fine. My transitions were weak. My conclusion was more like a whimper than
a mic drop. And I totally forgot one of the major points I wanted to make. 

Which, according to Hermann Ebbinghaus, the pioneer of quantitative

memory research, should have come as no surprise. 

Ebbinghaus is best known for two major findings: the forgetting curve and the
learning curve.

The forgetting curve describes how new information fades away. Once you've
"learned" something new, the fastest drop occurs in just 20 minutes; after a
day, the curve levels off. 
 Wikimedia Commons

Yep: Within minutes, nearly half of what you've "learned" has disappeared.

Or not.

According to Benedict Carey, author of How We Learn, what we learn doesn't

necessarily fade; it just becomes less accessible. In my case, I hadn't forgotten a
key point; otherwise I wouldn't have realized, minutes after, that I left it out. I
just didn't access that information when I needed it. 

Ebbinghaus would have agreed with Carey: He determined that even when we
think we've forgotten something, some portion of what we learned is still filed
away.
Which makes the process of relearning a lot more efficient. 

As Ebbinghaus writes:

Suppose that the poem is again learned by heart. It

then becomes evident that, although to all
appearances totally forgotten, it still in a certain
sense exists and in a way to be effective. The second
learning requires noticeably less time or a
noticeably smaller number of repetitions than the
first. It also requires less time or repetitions than
would now be necessary to learn a similar poem of
the same length.

That, in a nutshell, is the power of spaced repetition.

 Courtesy curiosity.com

The premise is simple. Learn something new, and within a short period of
time you'll forget much of it. Repeat a learning session a day later, and you'll
remember more.

Repeat a session two days after that, and you'll remember even more. The key
is to steadily increase the time intervals between relearning sessions.

And -- and this is important -- to make your emotions work for you, not
against you, forgive yourself for forgetting. To accept that forgetting -- to accept
that feeling like you aren't making much progress -- is actually a key to the
process.

Why?
 Forgetting is an integral part of learning. Relearning reinforces
earlier memories. Relearning creates different context and
connections. According to Carey, "Some 'breakdown' must occur for
us to strengthen learning when we revisit the material. Without a
little forgetting, you get no benefit from further study. It is what
allows learning to build, like an exercised muscle."
The process of retrieving a memory -- especially when you fail -
- reinforces access. That's why the best way to study isn't to reread;
the best way to study is to quiz yourself. If you test yourself and
answer incorrectly, not only are you more likely to remember the
right answer after you look it up, you'll also remember that you
didn't remember. (Getting something wrong is a great way to
remember it the next time, especially if you tend to be hard on
yourself.)
Forgetting, and therefore repeating information, makes
your brain assign that information greater importance. Hey: Your
brain isn't stupid.

So what should I have done? 

While I didn't have days to prepare, still. I could have run through my
remarks once, taken a five-minute break, and then done it again. 

Even after five minutes, I would have forgotten some of what I planned to say.
Forgetting and relearning would have reinforced my memory since, in effect, I
would have quizzed myself.

Then I could have taken another five-minute break, repeated the process,

and then reviewed my notes briefly before we went live.

And I should have asserted myself and asked the producer if we could talk

about the series he was developing later. 

Because where learning is concerned, time is everything. Not large blocks of

time, though. Not hours-long study sessions. Not sitting for hours, endlessly
reading and rereading or practicing and repracticing.

Nope: time to forget and then relearn. Time to lose, and then reinforce, access.
Time to let memories and connections decay and become disorganized and
then tidy them back up again.

Because information is only power if it's useful.

And we can't use what we don't remember.

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JUN 25, 2021

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