Day 11

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 Shame is a policing tool, and it has been one since the rst clans
of humans roamed the savannas of Africa. According to
evolutionary psychologists, shame—much like pain, its rst
cousin—shields us from harm. Pain protects our bodies,
teaching us to watch out for res and sharp blades, and to run
away from angry hornets. Shame represents another dimension
of pain. It is administered by a collective whose rules and taboos
are etched into our psyches. Its goal is the survival not of the
individual but of the society. In this sense, shame is borne of the
con ict between an individual’s desires and the expectations of
the group.

Shame, by de nition, is something we carry inside. It’s a feeling,

one derived from a norm, whether of body, health, habits, or
morals. And when we sense that we’re failing to meet these
standards, or when classmates or colleagues or Super Bowl

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 advertisements make these departures all too clear, shame
washes over us. Sometimes it just feels bad. But the damage can
run much deeper, hollowing out our sense of self, denying us our
dignity as human beings, and lling us with feelings of
worthlessness. Shame packs a vicious punch.

Stigma, another one of shame’s close cousins, is a mark that we

wear on the outside. It is a signal to the rest of society that this
person misbehaves or is intrinsically abominable. Sometimes a
stigma is carried as a physical indicator, like a dunce cap. Other
times a single word will suf ce, branding a person as an addict
or a felon.

Shame and stigmas enforce taboos. And some of their work, from
an evolutionary standpoint, makes sense. The shame of incest,
for example, pushes humans to spread out and enrich the gene
pool. In most societies, shame discourages antisocial behavior,

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 such as hoarding food. Making sense of such signals is a
survival skill. The shame denotes one’s fragile place within the
tribe or community. In a Darwinian sense, it issues a warning,
which is received as a foreboding. This alert dates back to our
early days, when the shamed could be shunned, or even killed.
The dread of abandonment is so powerful that it can make us feel
nauseous or suicidal.

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 Q1. (Shame pack a vicious punch) by this line How intense does
the author go in explaining the damage done by shame?

A. Shame affects the social stigma for us.

B. Shame in icts pain that obliterates our psyches.
C. A felling of worthlessness creeps in because of shame.
D. A person may think he is of no worth depriving of dignity.

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 Q2. How does shame debar misanthropic behaviour ?

A. Shame discourages objectionable behavior, such as hoarding

edible items.

B. By a suicidal feeling a person may forsake engaging in any

antisocial behaviour.

C. Shame is so dreadful that it may give a feeling of

abandonment.

D. According to Darwin shame may make a person

foreboding.

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 Q3. What is the primary purpose of the passage?

A. To show the in uence of shame from historical time till date

and how it has dominated a person’s psyches.

B. To express that shame is a tool for moral policing and may

keep a person’s immoral behaviour at bay and is essential for
survival.

C. To work as an indicator that may save a person from

abomination or foreboding.

D. To express that shame is a phenomenon that we carry inside

to keep ourselves on track for survival.

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