Teacher's Grammar Book

TEACHERS’ GRAMMAR BOOK Proactive English System ®
LESSON PROACTIVE TEACHER’S GRAMMAR PAGE OBJECTIVE
1 PHONETIC BOARD AND EXAM REVIEW - EXAM REVIEW
2 “TO BE” VS. “AUXILIARIES” 2 GRAMMAR
“WILL” VS. “GOING TO”,

3 5 GRAMMAR
FUTURE PREGRESSIVE & PERFECT
THERE IS / ARE
4 8 GRAMMAR
& COMPARATIVES
PRESENT
5 15 GRAMMAR
& PAST PERFECT
MODAL AUXILIARIES
6 21 GRAMMAR
& PERFECT MODALS
CONDITIONALS
7 27 GRAMMAR
& WISH
WATAI
8 33 GRAMMAR
& VERBS WITH TWO COMPLEMENTS
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
9 37 GRAMMAR
& WORD ORDER
10 PASSIVE VOICE 41 GRAMMAR
11 INDIRECT IDEAS & QUESTIONS 44 GRAMMAR
12 REPORTED SPEECH 47 GRAMMAR
13 CAUSATIVES 51 GRAMMAR
14 PARTS OF SPEECH 55 GRAMMAR
15 PARTS OF SPEECH II 61 GRAMMAR
16 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 65 GRAMMAR
17 ADVERB CLAUSES 70 GRAMMAR
18 NOUN CLAUSES 76 GRAMMAR
19 REVIEW - REVIEW
20 EXAM - EXAM
1
LESSON 2 CONTRAST OF “VERB TO BE” VS. “AUXILIARIES”
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The verb “To be” and “Auxiliaries” do not combine! We use “To be” for
expressing “Descriptions”, “Professions”, “Nationality”, etc, but not for “Actions” (Except for
“ING”). When we want to talk about “Actions”, we use “Auxiliaries”. Study the following
comparative and examples:
STRUCTURE
DESCRIPTIONS ACTIONS
EXAMPLES:
1. What does your brother do? A: How are you today?

He studies accounting in Harvard. B: I’m fine, thank you. What about you?
2. What does a policeman do? A: I’m so-so.
He protects the citizens. B: Why? Do you have a problem?
3. What time does the class star? A: Yes, I’m a little sick.
It starts at ________________. B: Oh, I’m sorry! Do you need anything?
4. Where does the president of the U.S. live? A: Yes, please. Do you know a good doctor?
He lives in “The white house”. B: Yes, I know one. Here is his phone number...
EXERCISE 1. Contrast of tenses. Complete the questions with either the “Verb to be” (Am, are, is) or
simple present “Do” or “Does”, and then answer them in complete sentences.
Examples: What does your father do ? (Do)

He is a dentist .
1. you ? (Dance)
.
2. your brother still ing? (Study)
.
2
3. What time your father ? (Wake up)

.
4. Do you think this a good time to start your own business?
.
5. What time your mother to the supermarket? (Go)
.
6. How long the class ? (Take)
.
7. you and your girlfriend / boyfriend out on Saturdays? (Eat)
.
8. How often you your favorite sport? (Play)
.
9. your sister an English student?
.
10. How much a hamburger ? (Cost)
.
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The verb “To be” in past also expresses “Descriptions”, “Professions”,
“Nationality”, etc., but not “Actions” (Except for “ING”). When we want to talk about “Actions” in
past, we use the auxiliary “Did” for asking questions and expressing negative ideas; in
affirmative sentences, we use the verb in simple past. Remember there are regular and
irregular verbs. Study the following comparative and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. They were watching T.V. last night. 4. What did he tell you?
2. What were you doing? He wanted to go with us,
I was reading a book. but he didn’t ask for permission.
3. Were they eating pop corn? 5. Yesterday, I went out with my friends.
Yes, they were drinking soda pop, too. We saw a movie and had tacos for dinner.
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PRONUNCIATION RULES FOR REGULAR VERBS IN PAST
Regular verbs in past only have an “Ed” ending. However, they can be pronounced in three different ways
depending on the last sound of the verb in simple form:
// Final voiceless sound (With no vibration).

(Sounds , , , , , , , and )
// Final voiced sound (With vibration).
(Vowel sounds, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , and )
// Final // or //.
EXERCISE 2. Indicate the correct pronunciation using “Phonetic symbols”. Choose from ,  and .
Barked _______ Laughed _______ Started _______

Brushed _______ Missed _______ Stopped _______
Called _______ Played _______ Tied _______
Changed _______ Protected _______ Typed _______
Erased _______ Seemed _______ Walked _______
Explained _______ Selected _______ Watched _______
Imagined _______ Smiled _______ Worked _______
EXERCISE 3. Contrast of tenses. Complete the questions with either the “Verb to be” in past (Was
/ were) or simple past “Did”, and then answer them in complete sentences.
Examples: What did your father give you on your birthday? (Give)
He gave me a portable CD player .
1. you to your parents about the excursion? (Talk)

.
2. What your grand father?
.
3. What time your father ? (Arrive)
.
4. Do you think this a good deal?
.
5. What time you breakfast today? (Have)
.
6. How long the exam ? (Last)
.
7. you and your girlfriend / boyfriend out last Saturday? (Go)
.
8. How long ago you from junior high school? (Graduate)
.
9. your sister ing last night? (Study)
.
10. How much the combo ? (Cost)
.
4
LESSON 3 “WILL” VS. “GOING TO”, FUTURE PROGRESSIVE AND PERFECT
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The modal auxiliary “Will” expresses a “Future action”, just like
“Going to”. We can use one or the other in practically any situation. However, some formal
grammar books indicate that there is a tendency to use “Will” for middle or long term
future or for very important actions or resolutions.
EXAMPLES:
1. What will you do when you finish high school? 3. What time are we going to start the meeting?
I’ll go to college. They’ll be here at 10:00.
2. What will you study? 4. What are we going to have for dinner?
I will study administration. We are going to have some sandwiches.
EXERCISE 1. Complete the sentences using “Will” or “Going to” and the verb in parenthesis.
Example: A: Why are you turning on the radio?

B: I’m going to listen to the news. (Listen)
1. Guess what? I didn’t bring a pencil with me.

Don’t worry, one. (Lend)
2. I need to get a good mechanic shop around here.
Wait there, and the yellow pages for you. (Get)
3. Why are you packing?
on vacation. (Go)
4. I’ve decided to repaint my car.
What color it? (Paint)
5. Where are you going?
We tennis. Do you want to come with us? (Play)
6. What are you going to do with your problem?
I’m not sure. to my parents about it. (Talk)
7. Would you like some coffee?
Yes, I think a cup of coffee. (Have)
8. Did you check the schedule of the movie on internet?
Oh, I completely forgot. it right now. (Do)
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EXERCISE 2. Supply a second sentence using either “Will” or “Going to” and the words in parenthesis.
Example: Gina has already decided about her boyfriend’s proposal.

They are going to get married next November . (Next November)
1. Ed’s car needs a new battery.

. (The mechanic)
2. The class is about to start.

. (Ring the bell)
3. Mr. Warner is selling his house.

. (To another city)
4. What would you like to eat, ma’am, chicken or beef?

. (Chicken)
5. Steve does not want to work for his company anymore.

. (Another job)
6. I need a little break.

. (On vacation)
7. We all want to go to Los Cabos.

. (Next December)
8. Did you see Julia was working until late last night?
. (An audit tomorrow)
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Future Progressive” is used when we refer to actions that will be in
progress in a specific moment in the future. Check the formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. We will be studying Phonetics in a month.

2. My mother will be taking a shower tomorrow by 7:00 a.m.
3. What will you be doing next Sunday morning?
I will be washing my car.
EXERCISE 3. PAIR WORK. Tell a classmate what you will be doing at these times:
For the rest of the class Next vacation

Within five hours In six months
At 11 O’clock tonight In three years
Tomorrow at 3:00 pm In ten years
Next Sunday at 9:00 am When you get retired
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EXERCISE 4. Tell us what you will be doing when…
a) You get married d) You finish the Teachers’ course at PES

b) You finish your studies e) You become a parent / grandparent
c) You get a promotion in your work
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Future Perfect” is used when we refer to an action that hasn’t happened
yet, but in a certain moment in the future, will have occurred. Check the formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. By next year, we will have finished the Teachers’ Course.

(Now it is future, but next year, it will be in past)
2. I will have bought a new car by the end of the year.
3. They will have done their homework at 11:00 pm.
4. She will have graduated in December.
5. My father will have retired within 5 years.
EXERCISE 5. PAIR WORK. Tell a classmate what you will have done at these times:
At the end of the class Next vacation

In three hours In six months
At 11 O’clock tonight In three years
Tomorrow at 3:00 pm In ten years
Next Sunday at 9:00 am When you get retired
EXERCISE 6. Complete the following examples using either “Future progressive or Perfect”.
1. By the end of the semester, .

2. We in the next course.
3. By the year 2030, .
4. My brother by 11:00 pm tonight.
5. My teacher next Saturday night.
6. Cars within 30 years.
7. By the end of the year, .
8. At 10:00, .
9. My favorite singer next Saturday night.
10. I in 10 years.
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LESSON 4 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “THERE IS”, “THERE ARE”AND COMPARATIVES
GRAMMAR REVIEW. "There is" and "There are" express “Existence of countable and
uncountable nouns”.
“Countable nouns” are those that we can count such as cars, chairs, people, flowers, etc.
We use “There is” for singular nouns and “There are” for plurals.
EXAMPLES:
1. There is one teacher in the classroom.

2. There is a nice movie showing tonight.
3. There are many students at PES.
4. There are just a few cyber-cafes in the city.
“Uncountable” or “Mass nouns” are those we can’t count unless we have a unit to measure
them. We can’t count air for example, but we can count cubic meters of air; we are not able to
count sugar, but we can count sacks of sugar or kilograms of sugar. We always use “There is”
when we talk about “Uncountables” without a unit of measure.
EXAMPLES:
1. There’s some sugar in my coffee.

2. There’s a lot of traffic in Mexico City.
3. There’s a little milk in my glass.
We use “Any” for asking questions or expressing negative ideas about existence.
EXAMPLES:
1. Is there any cream for my coffee?

Sorry, there isn’t any cream.
2. Are there any questions?
No, there aren’t any questions.
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Take a look at the following chart. It is very useful for expressing quantities of “Countable” and
“Uncountable nouns”:
EXERCISE 1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of “There is” or “There are” in interrogative,
affirmative or negative form.
Examples: There are some students in reception.

Is there any tomato for my sandwich?
1. a very interesting movie at the cinema this week.

2. any way you can lend me a hand?
3. any milk in the refrigerator?
4. several ways to send a package.
5. How much money in your bank account?
6. much, I have little money in my account.
7. How many seats in the classroom?
8. space for about ten students.
9. a couple of seats in the non-smoking section?
10. Sorry, ma’am, any. But space outdoors.
EXERCISE 2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate quantity. Pick from the list below.
A An Many Several
A few Any Much Some
A lot of Little One Three
1. Please pass me the salt shaker; there is salt in my salad.

2. Is there cheese? I want for my hamburger.
3. There are people in the city.
4. There is excellent program tonight.
5. Is there good boutique around here?
6. Excuse me! I need a bottle of red wine, which one do you recommend?
There are options; we have Marqués de Cáceres, Concha y Toro …
7. How T.V. sets are there in your house?
8. How time is there to finish the job?
There are only hours; the boss wants to get it this afternoon.
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GRAMMAR REVIEW. “There was” and “There were” express “Existence” in past. Actually, you can
express “Existence” in any tense. You only use “There + to be” in the corresponding tense.
EXAMPLES:
1. There was much traffic last night. 5. There have been a lot of them lately.
2. There were two world wars last century. 6. There had never been Soccer World Cups in
3. Was there an exam last week? Asia before 2002.
No, there wasn’t an exam. 7. There must be a library in every school.
4. There will be an interesting debate tonight. 8. There could be some wind later.
EXERCISE 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of “To be”.
1. The president is promising that there electricity in every rural place in the country.
2. There a collection of ancient Egyptian art on exhibition at the Art museum next week.
3. Let’s go to the mall. There a very fancy cafeteria there.
4. There already Olympic Games here in Mexico.
5. a good public transportation system in the city?
Not yet. But I heard there one soon.
6. There never a black president in the United States before Mr. Obama.
7. Ladies and gentlemen, this is a library! There silence in this room.
8. anybody with you in your office last night? I heard you were talking to somebody.
9. There any women in the presidency of the country so far.
10. The only telephone company there in the past was Telmex, but now
there many companies supplying that service in Mexico.
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GRAMMAR REVIEW. There are two structures to be used when we are comparing two different
items, depending on the characteristic of the items we are comparing:
 For one-syllable adjectives and for two syllable adjectives ending in “Y”, we are to add the suffix
“Er” to the adjective. (Faster than, taller than, easier than, etc.)
 For two syllable adjectives not ending in “Y”, and for three or more syllable adjectives, we are to
add the adverb “More” before the adjective. (More interesting than, more famous than, etc.)
Check the following formulas and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. This exam was easier than the last one. 4. The exercise is more difficult than we expected.
2. Can you walk a bit faster? 5. Can you speak a bit more slowly?
3. Last night I went to bed earlier than usual. 6. I’d like to have a more reliable car.
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES
Good / well  Better Far  Farther / further Few  Fewer

Bad / badly  Worse A lot / many  More A little  Less
EXERCISE 4. Complete the sentences using the comparative form of one of the words on the list and the
connector “Than” when necessary.
Big Crowded Early Easily High

Peaceful Serious Easy Thin Important
1. I had many things to do, so I woke up usual.

2. Unfortunately her illness was we thought at first.
3. You look . Have you been doing exercise?
4. We want a table. We don’t have sits for everybody.
5. The intention is the present.
6. The procedure is very complicated. It should be .
7. There were a lot of people on the subway. It was usual.
8. I like living in the suburbs. It’s living in a town.
9. You could find the place if the car had a GPS.
10. Ferrioni has prices C&A.
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GRAMMAR REVIEW. There are two structures to be used when we talk about the “Champion” of
something, depending on the characteristic we are considering:
 For one-syllable adjectives and for two syllable adjectives ending in “Y”, we are to add the
article “The” and the suffix “Est” to the adjective. (The fastest, the tallest, the easiest, etc.)
 For two syllable adjectives not ending in “Y”, and for three or more syllable adjectives, we are to
add the article “The” and the adverb “Most” before the adjective. (The most interesting, the
most famous, etc.)
EXAMPLES:
1. Russia is the biggest country in the world. 4. The Beatles were the most famous group.
2. My favorite actress is the friendliest. 5. Bentley is the finest car in the world.
3. Mexico City is the most populated in the country. 6. Ducati is the most beautiful bike in the world.
IRREGULAR SUPERLATIVES
Good / well  The best Far  The farthest / furthest Few The fewest
Bad / badly  The worst A lot / many  The most A little  The least
EXERCISE 5. Complete the sentences with a “Superlative” (The -est or most…) or a “Comparative” (-Er
or more…)
Examples: We stayed at the most elegant hotel in town. (Elegant)
1. Canada is very large, but China is . (Large)

2. What’s mountain in the world? (High)
3. He was a bit sick yesterday, but he looks today. (Good)
4. It was a terrible movie. It was film I’ve ever seen. (Bad)
5. What is kind of music in your country? (Popular)
6. The WTC is building in the city. It is than any other building. (High)
7. We had a great party. It was the party we’ve ever had. (Fantastic)
8. I prefer the minivan over the car. It’s definitely . (Comfortable)
9. What’s way of getting downtown? (Fast)
10. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson have got three sons. is only 12 years old. (Young)
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GRAMMAR REVIEW. When we are comparing two similar items, we have to use the connector “As”
before and after the adjective we’re comparing. In this case, it really doesn’t matter how many
syllables the adjective has. Check the following formulas and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. The subway wasn’t as fast as usual.

2. There’s plenty of beer. You can have as much as you like.
3. Wall-e is as cute as E.T.
4. No other school is as good as PES.
EXERCISE 6. Complete the sentences using “As … as”. Choose one of the following:
False Long Soon
Comfortable Often Well
Fast Quietly Good
Example: I’m sorry I’m a bit late. I came as fast as I could.
1. It was a delicate job. I did it I could.

2. How long can I practice today?
You can stay you want to.
3. I need the information very badly, so please give it to me possible.
4. I really enjoy my grandparents’ company, so I visit them I can.
5. I didn’t want to wake anybody, so I left I could.
6. I’m going to sit on the floor. It’s just sitting on the sofa.
7. Why do you prefer imported products? I think national products are imported ones.
8. I thought you were different, but you’re the others.
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The “Double comparative” is used to express a direct or an inverse

proportion between two comparative adjectives. That is, if one of them increases, the other one
either increases or decreases proportionally as a result. Check the formula and examples:
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EXAMPLES:
1. The sooner we star, the earlier we will finish.

2. The more you practice, the easier it is for you.
3. The more I know people, the more I love my dog!
4. The more you care for people, the more friends you have.
EXERCISE 7. Complete the following sentences using “Double comparatives”:
1. The more problems someone has, .

2. The stricter a teacher is, .
3. The less exercise you do, .
4. The more impatient you are, .
5. The more a doctor cures people, .
6. The newer a car is, .
7. The smaller a town is, .
8. The less publicity a product has, .
9. The more you sleep, .
10. The more you study, .
GRAMMAR REVIEW. It is possible to reduce “Double comparatives”; we only keep the article
“The” and the comparative adjective in both parts, check the formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. The longer the speech, the more boring.

2. The simpler the procedure, the better.
3. The sooner, the better.
4. The bigger the car, the more comfortable.
EXERCISE 8. Complete the following examples either with complete or reduced “Double comparatives”.
1. The more famous a singer is, .

2. The younger a boy is, .
3. , the better professional you will be.
4. The more secure someone is, .
5. The bigger the engine of the car, .
6. The more you study English, .
7. The newer a house is, .
8. The more free time you have, .
9. Talking about movies; the more visual effects, .
10. The poorer the neighborhood, .
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LESSON 5 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “PRESENT” AND “PAST PERFECT”
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Present perfect” expresses:
 An action that has happened in the past, but we don’t know exactly when (Indefinite
past), or an action that has happened many times.
 An action that started in the past and continues happening in the present.
We use two different auxiliaries in present perfect: “Have” and “Has” (He, she, it) and an action in
“Past Participle”. For asking questions we only have to switch the “Subject” and the “Auxiliary”.
EXAMPLES:
1. He has never eaten lasagna.

2. Have you ever read “Don Quixote”?
No, I haven’t read any of Cervantes’ books.
3. I’ve visited a lot of museums in my life.
4. How long have you studied English?
I have studied English for about a year.
EXERCISE 1. Answer the following questions:
1. Have you ever visited Canada? 5. Has the president’s wife helped him a lot?
. .
2. Has Madonna given any concerts in Mexico? 6. Has everybody participated in class?
. .
3. How long have you studied English? 7. What have you planned for Christmas?
. .
4. How many times have you gone to the stadium? 8. Who has read the homework chapter?
. .
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GRAMMAR REVIEW. There are some words (Adverbs) that we use with “Present Perfect” to
express different ideas:
 Already Expresses that an action occurred before we expected.

 Yet Expresses that an action hasn’t occurred when it is supposed to. (Used also in questions)
 Just Expresses that an action has happened very recently.
EXAMPLES:
1. Would you like something to drink? 4. What time is the boss leaving?
No, thanks. I’ve just had some soda. He’s just gone!
2. May I speak to Mr. Robson, please? 5. Has your sister already finished her homework?
Oh, sorry, he has already left. No, she hasn’t finished yet.
3. Don’t forget to send the package, please. 6. Has it stopped raining yet?
I’ve already sent it. No, it’s still raining.
EXERCISE 2. Fill in the blanks using “Present perfect” and “Just”, “Already” or “Yet”.
1. Would you like something for dinner? 4. Shall I phone to ask for a pizza?
No, thank you, . (Have lunch) No, it. (Do)
2. May I speak to Dr. Davis? 5. John (Graduate)?

I’m sorry, . (Leave) No, he . (Finish)
3. May I get the exams, please? 6. Is Ann still at the supermarket?

Wait, . (Not finish) No, she . (Come back)
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GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Present Perfect Progressive” expresses that an action has been
happening lately. It is formed with the auxiliaries “Have” or “Has” (He, she, it) + “Been” + “Verb
ING”.
EXAMPLES:
1. You’re in very good shape. Have you been working out?

2. Paul is very tired. He’s been working over time.
3. Why is your hair so untidy? What have you been doing?
4. I can finally play that song. I’ve been practicing!
NOTE: There are some verbs that are normally not used in the continuous form. For example, you say: I’ve
known Susan for a long time, but never in continuous form.
The following verbs are never used in continuous form:
Like Want Know Mean Remember Consist

Love Need Realize Understand Belong Depend
Hate Prefer Suppose Believe Contain Seem
EXERCISE 3. Put the verb in “Present perfect” or “Present perfect continuous”.
1. Where have you been?

I (Study) at the library.
2. Look! Somebody (leave) a message on the windshield.
3. You look tired. (Sleep) well lately?
4. (Work) on weekends?
Yes, (Work) on Saturdays for some time.
5. Jane is out of town.
Oh, is she? Where (Go)?
6. My brother is an architect. He (Participate) in several projects.
7. Where (Be)? We for almost 20 minutes (Wait).
8. Are they still negotiating?
No, they (Cut) a deal.
9. I (Lose) my cellular phone. (You / see) it?
10. I (Read) the report, but I (Not/ finish) yet.
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EXERCISE 4. Ask a question for each situation using either “Present perfect” or “Present prefect
progressive” and the words in parenthesis.
1. Jessica is learning Italian.

? (How long / study)
2. You are late, everybody’s waiting for you.
? (How long / wait)
3. You see a friend downloading music from internet.
? (How many songs / download)
4. Some friends of yours are organizing a chess tournament.
? (How many people / invite)
5. A friend of yours is a painter.
? (How long / paint)
6. You meet somebody who is a reporter.
? (How many celebrities / interview)
7. Karen is saving money to buy a car.
? (How long / save)
? (How much money / save)
GRAMMAR REVIEW. We use “Simple past” when we talk about actions that happened and
finished in the past. On the other hand, “Present Perfect” is used to express an action that started
in the past, but continues happening in the present. Some actions are “Instantaneous” and finish
very quickly like “Get married” (You say “I do” and that’s it), but other actions like “Be married”
continue happening. Check the following formulas and examples.
NOTE: “Since” indicates the moment in which the action started, while “For” indicates a period of time.
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EXAMPLES:
1. WHEN did you start studying English? HOW LONG have you been studying?
I started studying a year ago. I’ve been studying for a year.
2. WHEN did you and your sweetheart first meet? HOW LONG have you known each other?
We met _________________ ago. We’ve known each other for ___________________.
3. WHEN did Mexico become independent? HOW LONG has Mexico been independent?
We became independent in 1821 We have been independent since 1821.
EXERCISE 5. Read the situations and complete the sentences with the verbs in parenthesis in “Simple
past” or “Present Perfect”. Pay special attention to the time expressions.
1. So, Lucy is a dentist now. She (Graduate) three years ago.

2. Joe and I are friends. We (Know) each other for ten years.
3. Ben got punished last week. He (Be punished) since last week.
4. Ben got punished last week. He (Get punish) a week ago.
5. Janet is retired. She (Be retired) since 2005.
6. My dog is very old. I (Get) it ten years ago.
7. Sue is in town now. She (Arrive) two weeks ago.
8. Arthur’s working at the Sheraton Hotel. He (Start) last month.
EXERCISE 6. Write questions with “How long” (Present perfect) and “When” (Simple Past) and an
appropriate verb.
Example: It’s raining. How long has it been raining ?

When did it start raining ?
1. Alexander is studying medicine. 4. Elvis Presley is dead.

How long ? How long ?
When ? When ?
2. I work with Marti. 5. My sister plays the piano very well.
When ? When ?
3. Marti and Gloria are partners. 6. Leslie lives in Alaska.
When ? When ?
19
GRAMMAR REVIEW. We use “Past Perfect” in different situations. One of which is when we want
to emphasize that one specific action happened before another one in the past. It doesn’t matter
which action we mention first; the one in “Past Perfect” occurred first in time. We also use it to
indicate when we had or hadn’t done something before.
Past perfect past
EXAMPLES:
1. When Linda arrived at the office, Paul had already gone home.
2. When we got home, we found that somebody had ruined the garden.
3. Madeleine had already read the book when we saw the movie.
4. I had finished the TOEFL course before I started the teachers’ course.
5. The woman at the maternity ward was very nervous. She hadn’t had a baby before.
EXERCISE 7. Read the situations and write sentences from the words in parenthesis.
Example: I went to your house, but you weren’t there.

You had gone out . (Go out)
1. So, this is your first time at the Eiffel Tower.

Yes, I never (Be) here before.
2. I invited Vanessa to the party, but she couldn’t come.

She (Promise) to take care of her sister.
3. You arrived very late to school.

The class already (Begin).
4. So you saw your college friends at the party.

Yes, I (Not / see) them in years!
5. Richard hasn’t eaten anything. Is he sick or something?

Oh, no! He (Have) dinner before he arrived.
20
LESSON 6 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “MODAL AUXILIARIES” AND “PERFECT MODALS”
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Modal auxiliaries” express different concepts, but they have the same
structure. They all require a verb in simple form, and they don’t need any connector. For asking
questions, we only switch the “Modal auxiliary” and the “Subject”. Check the formula and
examples:
EXAMPLES:
MODAL MEANING EXAMPLE

SHOULD Advisability, Moral obligation You should practice your English every day.
MUST Strong obligation We all must honor our home land.
Deduction in present Wow! He drives a Ferrari. He must be rich.
CAN Ability in present My uncle can play the guitar very well.
COULD Ability in past Pedro Infante could sing and act very well.
Formal favors Could you open the door, please?
Possibility I could study at the university.
MIGHT Possibility in future It might rain tonight; it is very cloudy.
Where is your brother now?
Speculation in present
I don’t know; he might be hanging around.
MAY Possibility in future We may go to Orlando in December.
Permission May I come in, teacher?
WILL Future action We will soon finish the Teachers’ course.
WOULD Imaginary situation I would live in Monaco if I were rich.
Formal favors Would you pass me the salt shaker, please?
+ “Like” = Formal invitation Would you like some coffee?
= “Used to” When I was a kid, I would ride a bicycle all day long.
SHALL Future action (Very formal) Shall we go now?
21
EXERCISE 1. Write some comments using the indicated “Modal auxiliaries”.
1. Janet keeps on getting bad colds all the time.

She . (RECOMMENDATION)
2. Mr. Nicholson has 2 Ferraris, a Lamborghini and a Porsche.
He . (DEDUCTION)
3. How come they are smoking in a restaurant?
They . (STRONG OBLIGATION)
4. They are organizing an excursion to Valle de Bravo.
I . (POSSIBILITY)
5. Are you planning to buy an apartment?
You . (RECOMMENDATION)
6. Allan didn’t come today. That’s strange. He never misses his class.
He . (DEDUCTION)
7. Loretta hasn’t arrived. I think she hasn’t finished her presentation yet.
She . (DEDUCTION)
8. The Iraqis know everything about the plan.
They . (DEDUCTION)
9. I haven’t seen Laura; do you happen to know where she is?
She . (SPECULATION)
10. This information is “Classified”.
You . (STRONG OBLIGATION)
GRAMMAR REVIEW. Each of the “Perfect modals”, or modal auxiliaries in past, expresses
different ideas although they present the same grammar structure. Study the following cases:
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Should have + past participle” expresses recommendations in past usually
when you didn’t do something you had to, but for some reason you didn’t and you regret. The
contraction “Should’ve” , - is rather informal. Check the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. You should have checked the schedule before.

2. I should have waited a little more to buy the car. Now they’re giving free insurance!
3. Nemo shouldn’t have gotten near the boat.
4. You see? You should’ve reserved a table!
5. Eve shouldn’t have offered Adam that apple.
22
EXERCISE 2. Say recommendations in past using “Should have” for the following situations:
Example: My sister was not accepted at the university because she doesn’t speak English.
She should’ve registered at PES one year ago .
1. My cousin forgot the keys inside his apartment last night.

.
2. I didn’t buy a present for my mother and now I don’t have time to go.
.
3. My neighbors’ car was stolen, they left the keys inside.

.
4. I didn’t do the homework because I didn’t write it down, and I don’t remember what it was.
.
5. Susan didn’t go anywhere during the spring break because she didn’t have enough money.
.
6. My sister tried to repair the iron, but she broke it down.

.
EXERCISE 3. Take turns talking about one incident or accident that you remember, explain it in
detail. Then, the rest of the group will give you lots of recommendations in past. (Too late, sorry!)
Example: my cousin crashed his car because he was gritting a pretty girl while driving.
Student 1: He should’ve paid more attention while he was driving.
Student 2: He should’ve stopped driving for a moment. Etc…
GRAMMAR REVIEW. In a similar way, “Must have + past participle” expresses that you didn’t do
something really important you had to, but for some reason you didn’t. It can also express a
conclusion you make about something that happened in the past, based on some information. The
contraction “Must’ve” , - is rather informal. Check the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. The jury must have voted “Not guilty”, the evidence wasn’t very strong.
2. He must have called 911 immediately.
3. She must’ve been very hungry because she ordered two hamburgers.
4. He is not a very good at mathematics, but he got a 100! He must have studied a lot!
23
EXERCISE 4. Give logical conclusions for the following situations using “Must have”.
Example: I fell asleep in that movie!

You must have been vey tired .
1. Nobody understood the math problem in class.

.
2. The album “Born in the U.S.A.” by Bruce Springsting got 7 songs on the top 10.
.
3. John got an academic award at Harvard University.

.
4. Cynthia’s parents separated when she was a little girl.

.
5. My cousin lost 15 kilos in only 6 months.

.
6. The highway was closed for some hours.

.
7. He was rescued after being lost for three days in the jungle.
.
8. Princess Fiona decided to keep her look when she fell in love with Shrek.
.
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Might have + past participle” expresses speculation about a possible
action in past, it’s used when you don’t have any reference about that fact. The contraction
“Might’ve” , - is rather informal. Check the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. I don’t know why they haven’t arrived. They might’ve found some traffic.
2. I don’t know why she was so irritable. She might have had a bad day.
3. They don’t talk to each other now. They might have had a problem.
4. She was very disappointed! She might have expected something different.
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EXERCISE 5. Speculate about the following past events. Use “Might have”.
Example: It’s strange the package hasn’t arrived yet!

They might’ve written the address incorrectly .
1. There’s nobody home. That’s strange because they are usually here.
.
2. They became sweethearts the very day they first met.
.
3. Nobody knows why they demolished the bridge.
.
4. I invited my girlfriend to the movies, but she didn’t want to go out!
.
5. I don’t know how they managed to buy the house.
.
6. Nobody knows why they got divorced.
.
7. They still don’t know who donated the money.
.
8. She moved to the U.S.A., but she came back after some months.
.
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Could have + past participle” expresses a past possibility or opportunity
that for some reason was not taken. We usually finish these sentences with either “But + past” or “If
+ past perfect” in order to explain why the opportunity wasn’t taken. The contraction “Could’ve”
, - is rather informal. Check the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. I could have gotten a job in Cozumel, but I didn’t want to live there.
2. The candidate could’ve won the elections if he hadn’t made so many mistakes.
3. The University team could have won the Orange bowl, but they were intercepted three times.
4. I could’ve gone to England to study a semester last year, but I preferred to stay here.
5. I couldn’t have finished on time if you hadn’t helped me.
25
EXERCISE 6. Write alternative courses of action for the following past events. Use “Could have”.
Example: Andrea didn’t have enough money to buy a new car.

She could’ve asked for credit .
1. My friends were going to the stadium last night, but I had to take care of my niece.
.
2. I spent a lot on money on taxis on my trip to New York.
.
3. It was at a very good price, but I didn’t have enough cash with me.
.
4. I wanted to call home while I was out of town, but the hotel rate was very high.
.
5. I didn’t have time to go out for lunch, and I was starving!
.
6. My computer was not working. That’s why I couldn’t finish my homework, teacher.
.
7. I wanted to see you on your birthday, but I was out of town.
.
8. I had to stay all the afternoon at my mother’s office. It was very boring.
.
9. We didn’t have time to paint the house for the party.
.
EXERCISE 7. Make other sentences based on the first one using the indicated “Perfect modals”.
Example: The police found weapons and a million dollars in cash.

They must’ve been drug dealers . (MUST’VE)
1. The hurricane hit the coast last week.

. (MUST’VE)
. (SHOULD’VE)
2. Somebody broke a window.
. (MIGHT’VE)
. (COULD’VE)
3. Only a few people went to the concert.
. (MIGHT’VE)
. (SHOULD‘VE)
4. They are not coming tomorrow but the day after tomorrow.
. (MUST’VE)
. (SHOULD’VE)
5. I heard they took Mrs. Smith to the hospital last night.
. (MIGHT’VE)
. (SHOULD’VE)
6. They were watching on the street when the thieves left the bank.
. (MUST’VE)
. (SHOULD’VE)
7. He didn’t find the address and got lost downtown.
. (COULD’VE)
. (SHOULD’VE)
26
LESSON 7 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “CONDITIONALS” & “WISH”
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The “Zero conditional” expresses a “Logical consequence” that will
almost for sure happen if we satisfy the condition in present (If), which normally appears first in
the sentence.
EXAMPLES:
1. If it rains, the traffic gets crazy.

2. If you pay the whole year, you get a discount.
3. If you don’t educate your children, they get spoiled.
4. If congress authorizes, the president gets the funds.
5. The car loses its warranty if we don’t take it to the dealer for service.
EXERCISE 1. Complete the following “Zero conditional” sentences:
1. If the afternoon the sunny, children .

2. If you eat vegetables, .
3. If you don’t pay your credit card on time, .
4. If you eat too much at night, you .
5. if you forget your boyfriend’s / girlfriend’s birthday.
6. If you arrive late to class, .
7. If nobody claims for a lost dog in 72 hours, .
8. The teacher if we speak Spanish in class.
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The “First conditional” expresses a “Future action” that will very possibly
happen (REAL POSSIBILITY), depending on one little condition in present (If).
27
EXAMPLES:
1. She will help him if he asks her to. 4. If you wash the dishes, you can watch T.V.
2. I will change my car if I have money. 5. If you need something, you can call the front desk.
3. They will go to the movies if they finish early. 6. If we ask for directions, we can arrive on time.
EXERCISE 2. Complete the following “First conditional” sentences:
1. I will go to the concert .

2. My father will buy a plasma T.V. set .
3. You can come with us .
4. My teacher will help us .
5. If our team goes to the Super Bowl, .
6. You can get it at a lower price if .
7. My girlfriend / boyfriend will be very happy if .
8. If you don’t pick me up today, .
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The “Second conditional” expresses an “Unreal present”, an “Imaginary

situation” that would happen if things were different. The “If” condition contains a verb in past
tense, though it does not mean a past action, but an imaginary situation in present. If this
imaginary action is the verb “To be”, it takes the form “WERE” for every person.
EXAMPLES:
1. I would live in France if I had a million dollars.

2. If I won the lottery, I would buy my parents a house.
3. If I were you, I would think it over.
4. They would participate if they had time.
5. I wouldn’t do that if I were in your shoes.
28
CONVERSATION. Discuss the following questions in class using “Second conditional”.
1. What would you do if your favorite actor/actress invited you out?

2. Would you betray your country if you were offered a million dollars?
3. What would you do if you got lost in the jungle?
4. What would you do if you lost all of your money in the stock market (Wall Street)?
5. What would you do if somebody offered you stolen things at a very low price?
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The “Third conditional” expresses an “Unreal past action”. Though we
can’t change the past, we use it to say how we would have liked it to be if circumstances had been
different. (Like in the picture “Back to the Future”) The contractions “Would’ve” and “Could’ve” are
considered informal. Check the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. If I had known you needed money, I would’ve lent you some.

2. I wouldn’t have gotten sick if I had taken an umbrella with me.
3. I would’ve passed the exam if I had arrived on time.
4. If they had told us they were coming, we could’ve prepared some sushi.
5. If it hadn’t been raining, we would’ve swum in the pool.
6. She couldn’t have gone on vacation if they hadn’t offered her that incredible price.
7. If the Queen hadn’t helped Christopher Columbus, he wouldn’t have discovered America.
In the first example, you didn’t know about the problem, so you couldn’t help. You can’t change that, but
you can say you would have liked to. In the second example, you didn’t take an umbrella with you, and you
got sick. Sorry! But, there is not much you can do about that. The same in the third example, you didn’t
arrive on time, so you didn’t pass… and so on.
29
EXERCISE 3. Complete the following “Third conditional” sentences:
1. I wouldn’t have sold my house if .

2. I would have invited you if .
3. If we hadn’t received the information on time, .
4. If you hadn’t told me about the meeting, .
5. John Lennon could’ve written many more beautiful songs if .
6. If the hurricane hadn’t lost power, .
7. She could have gotten the job if .
8. If I had had a yard in my house when I was a child, .
EXERCISE 4. Complete the following “Third conditional” sentence using the verbs below in the
appropriate tense. There are more verbs than those you’ll need.
Arrive Finish Go Read

Back up Forget Help See
Check Get Know Stay
Feel Give Lose Take
1. I didn’t know you wanted that CD. If I had known ,I would‘ve given it to you on your birthday.
2. We got the last tickets. If we ten minutes later, we the film.
3. Thank you for helping me. I my homework if you me.
4. I didn’t check my e-mail yesterday. If I it, I your message.
5. We longer if Daniela sick.
6. They flight to Leon was delayed. We faster if we the bus.
7. If you the information , you all your work.
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Wish” can be used to express things we desire (Imaginary situations). It’s
like a simplified form of “Second conditional”. It requires a verb in past tense that does not mean
past, but an imaginary situation. If we want to use the verb “To be”, this takes the form “WERE” for
every person. Check the following formula and examples:
30
EXAMPLES:
SECOND CONDITIONAL SIMPLIFIED FORM (WISH)
1. If I knew her address, I would send her a postcard. I wish I knew her address.
2. If I had a mini van, I could take all my family with me. I wish I had a mini van.
3. I would be happy if I didn’t work on weekends. I wish I didn’t work on weekends.
4. We could go on vacation if he didn’t have to work. We wish he didn’t have to work.
5. I would help if I had enough money. I wish I had enough money.
EXERCISE 5. Read the situations below and write some comments using “Wish”.
1. I don’t talk to all of my classmates. I wish I got along with them .

2. I have to wait for my mother to pick me up. .
3. My sister isn’t here, and I miss her. .
4. I love beach volleyball, but I don’t know how to play. .
5. She lives in a dangerous area. .
6. He can’t go out with his friends because he has to study. .
7. I have a terrible headache. .
8. I don’t know anything about girls, and I don’t understand them. .
9. My favorite singer hasn’t given a concert in the city. .
10. I just can’t get a taxi, and it’s getting very late. .
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Wish” can also be used to express we didn’t like something that already
happened, and that we would like to change it if we could (Though that’s impossible). It’s like a
simplified form of “Third conditional” that we just checked. It requires a verb in past perfect. Check
the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. I wish I’d known you needed money because I could’ve helped you.
2. I feel sick. I wish I had taken an umbrella with me.
3. They didn’t tell us they were coming. I wish they had called before.
4. Do you wish you had studied science instead of languages?
5. It was raining and we couldn’t swim. I wish it hadn’t been raining.
31
EXERCISE 6. Imagine that you are in each of the following situations; write a sentence with “I wish“.
Example: You’ve lost your cell phone.

I wish I hadn’t lost it .
1. There was a very good night sale, but you didn’t know about it.
.
2. You never learned how to dance tango.
.
3. You’ve cut your hair a little too much, and you didn’t like the result.
.
4. You opened a suspicious e-mail, and your computer got infected with a virus.
.
5. They gave you a surprise party, but you didn’t dress up and you feel uncomfortable.
.
6. You saw a nice sweater, but you didn’t buy it. The next day you find out they had sold it.
.
7. It’s the last day to get your electoral ID, and you forgot your papers at home.
.
8. You don’t testify against a suspected criminal, and he is set free.
.
9. You would like to see your childhood friends, but you lost contact.
.
10. You missed an important telephone call because you were taking a shower.
.
NOTES:
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LESSON 8 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “WATAI” AND “VERBS WITH TWO COMPLEMENTS”
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The acrostic “WATAI”, (Want, ask, tell, advise and invite in any tense)
expresses what we want another person to do, so it includes two persons and two actions. The
second action is always in simple form because it comes after the connector “To”. We use the
different actions to express:
 Want Desire
 Ask Favor
 Tell Order
 Advise Suggestion
 Invite Invitation
Check the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. The teacher wants us to study the list of verbs.

2. George asked John to help him with his homework.
3. The boss told the secretary to prepare the documents.
4. The doctor has always advised us to do light exercise.
5. We will invite our friends to play poker next Friday.
EXERCISE 1. Write a second sentence using “WATAI” and a verb in simple form in each case.
Example: John is reluctant to move to another city.
His boss wants him to move to Chicago . (His boss / “Desire” / Chicago)
1. The kids have been playing all day long and haven’t had lunch yet.
. (I / “Invitation” / Mc Donald’s)
2. Lynn wants to go out tonight, but she has to take care of her little sister.
. (“Favor”/ her neighbor)
3. The boss found out the file was disorganized.
. (“Organize”/ the secretary)
4. Frank was not sure what to order at Chilli’s.
. (Waiter / “Suggestion” / chicken wings)
5. Barry feels too sick to visit the doctor.
. (“Desire” / the doctor / his house)
33
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The negative form of “WATAI” is “ATA…NOT TO” (Ask, tell and advise in
any tense plus “Not to” and a verb in simple form). It expresses what we don’t want another
person to do. It also includes two persons and two actions.
To express negative ideas with the verbs “Want” and “Invite” we use a “Negative auxiliary”, “Don’t”
“Doesn’t”, “Didn’t”, “Won’t”, etc. as we usually do in English.
Check the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. The doctor advised me not to drink much coffee.

2. My mother tells me not to arrive very late.
3. The teacher asked me not to get distracted in class.
4. I don’t want you to tell me what to do.
5. They didn’t invite me to participate in the committee.
EXERCISE 2. Fill in the blanks using the correct negative form of “WATAI” (Ata…not to) or “Auxiliaries”.
Example: So you are feeling better now, aren’t you?

Yes, the doctor advised me not to eat. (Advise / eat) so much fat.
Are you still angry with your cousin?

Yes, he didn’t invite her to go . (Invite / go) to his birthday party.
1. Why didn’t you train with the team this week?

The coach (Want / have) more problems with my ankle.
2. What happened with the divorce agreement?
My lawyer (Tell / sign) any papers before consulting with him.
3. Why didn’t you buy the motorcycle?
My mother (Ask / buy) a motorcycle.
4. Why didn’t you stay for a while at her house last night?
She (Invite / come in).
5. Would you like to drink something?
No, thank you. The doctor (Advise / consume) so many calories.
34
GRAMMAR REVIEW. There are other “WATAI” verbs like “Recommend”, “Request”, etc. that follow
the same structure. However, one of such verbs, “Let” (Which means something like “Permit”),
doesn’t use the connector “To”. The negative form needs an auxiliary. Check the following
formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. They don’t let you enter the theater if you arrive late.
2. Samuel doesn’t let anybody use his computer.
3. Lucy will not let her children go out until they finish their homework.
4. I’ll let you use my car if you wash it.
5. We let the students use an English-English dictionary in class.
GRAMMAR REVIEW. There are verbs that can have two complements (Direct and indirect object).
Some of them can be used in two different ways, by switching the order of the complements with or
without a preposition. Others can only be used in one way with a preposition. Study the following
structure and examples:
GROUP 1 (2 options)
Give to
Lend to
Sell to
Send to
Show to
Write to
Bring for
Buy for
Leave for
EXAMPLES:
1. I gave a gift to my girlfriend. I gave my girlfriend a gift.

2. She sold her apartment to me. She sold me her apartment.
3. She left some food for the dogs. She left the dogs some food.
4. He bought a book for his daughter. He bought her a book.
5. She sent a letter to me. She sent me a letter.
35
GROUP 2 (Only 1 option)
Explain to
Teach to
Read to
Take to
Cash for
Change for
Cook for
Repeat for
Sign for
Borrow from
EXAMPLES:
1. The supervisor explained the procedure to us.

2. The grandpa told a story to the children.
3. Can you cash this check for me please?
4. Please repeat your address for me.
5. My grandmother cooked spaghetti with meatballs for us.
6. They will borrow a part time apartment from their cousin.
EXERCISE 3. Answer the questions using “Verb”, “Direct, indirect object” and a “Preposition” if necessary.
1. What do you have to do with your driver’s license when a policeman pulls you over?
. (Sow)
2. How do you keep in touch with your childhood friends?
. (Write)
3. What did Geraldine do with her house?
. (Rent / her brother)
4. How did you get the money for the trip?
. (Borrow / my mom)
5. Did the new secretary adapt quickly?
. (Explain / the procedures)
EXERCISE 4. Write sentences with each one of the following verbs and two complements.
1. . (Repeat / for)
2. . (Buy / for)
3. . (Send / to)
4. . (Bring / for)
5. . (Change / for)
6. . (Explain / to)
7. . (Cook / for)
36
LESSON 9 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS” & “WORD ORDER”
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The reflexive pronouns are:
SINGULAR PLURAL
MYSELF OURSELVES
YOURSELF YOURSELVES
HIMSELF, HERSELF AND ITSELF THEMSELVES
We use reflexive pronouns when:
 The “Subject” and the “Object” are the same person; when the action returns to the doer.
 We want to emphasize that the doer did the action without anybody’s help.
 We want to say that the doer did something without company (With the preposition “By”).
Study the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. Hilary cut herself when she was chopping onion.

2. Hey guys, here are the hot dogs, serve yourselves.
3. The computer turns itself off after 20 minutes.
4. Don’t call a carpenter; do it yourself.
5. The kids assembled the model themselves.
EXERCISE 1. Read and analyze the following examples, write on the right side what the reflexive
pronoun expresses:
a) When the action returns to the doer
b) No help
c) Alone
1. When she entered collage, Jacqueline started to live by herself. __________

2. It’s my fault. I blame myself. __________
3. Imagine yourself driving that fabulous car. __________
4. Abraham repaired the microwave oven himself. __________
5. Nobody can help you this time. You have to do it yourself. __________
6. I bought myself a nice birthday present. __________
7. Do you enjoy traveling by yourself? __________
8. Let’s paint the house ourselves. It will be much cheaper. __________
37
EXERCISE 2. Complete each sentence using “Reflexive pronouns” and one of these verbs:
Blame Cut Express Put

Burn Enjoy Hurt Buy
William cut himself while he was shaving this morning.
1. Charles shaved for the first time today; fortunately, he .

2. It isn’t your fault. You shouldn’t .
3. They had a great vacation together. They really .
4. Please try and understand how she feels. in her shoes.
5. Be careful! The plate is very hot. Don’t .
6. Sometimes I don’t understand him. I wish he could better.
7. Be careful with those sheets of paper; don’t .
8. The young couple finally an apartment.
EXERCISE 3. Fill in the blanks using “Reflexive pronouns” (Myself, yourself, ourselves, etc.) or
“Object pronouns” (Me, you, him, her, us, etc.).
1. Jane had a great day at the museum. She really enjoyed herself.
2. It’s not my fault. They can’t really blame .
3. I just couldn’t answer the question. I’m ashamed of .
4. We’re going to the convention. I hope you can come with .
5. Can I have some more coffee?
Of course. Serve !
6. Take some umbrella with in case it rains later.
7. We’ll be fine. We can take care of .
8. I gave her a credit card, so she could buy whatever she needs.
GRAMMAR REVIEW.
“Each other” is used to express “Reciprocal actions”.
 Joe helps Jane, Jane helps Joe. They help “Each other”.
It’s different from saying:
 “Joe and Jane help themselves” because in this case Joe helps Joe, and Jane helps Jane.
EXAMPLES:
1. Rudolf and Wendy like each other.

2. They gave each other a Valentine’s present.
3. They listened to each other’s experiences.
4. They asked for each other’s phone number.
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EXERCISE 4. Complete the sentences using “Reflexive pronouns” or “Each other”.
1. How long have you and Paul known each other ?

2. If you work too hard, you can make sick.
3. I love you and you love me. We love .
4. Friends and sweet hearts often give Valentine’s presents.
5. They are a close family. They care for .
6. He’s very narcissist. He only thinks of .
7. We shouldn’t have said anything; we put in a very embarrassing position.
8. They are still mad, and they don’t speak to .
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The order of the words (SYNTAX) in Spanish, for example, is very flexible.
You can say:
 “Vamos a estudiar matemáticas en casa de Luis mañana.”,

 “Mañana en casa de Luis vamos a estudiar matemáticas.” or
 “Vamos a estudiar matemáticas mañana en casa de Luis.”
In English, however, we have to follow a very strict “Word order”. When you have an “Object” in a
sentence, this has to be placed right after the “Verb”. Any other extra information is given after the
“Object” that receives the action. First we give information about “Place”, and then about “Time”.
Study the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. I like sport very much.

2. They dance Mambo at the club on Saturdays.
3. She prepares her clothes at night.
4. He reads the news during breakfast every morning.
5. We have coffee at “Starbucks” every afternoon.
6. My father takes the kids to Sunday school every week.
7. She doesn’t like movies very much.
8. I’d love to have a cup of tea after lunch.
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EXERCISE 5. Complete the sentences. Put the parts in the right order.
Example: (For a long time / lived / in the city) They lived in the city for a long time .
1. (To the movies / every Friday / go) I .

2. (Your office / did you leave / so late) Why ?
3. (Her bicycle / rides / every day / to school) Kate .
4. (Gone / recently / on vacation) I haven’t .
5. (On the top of the paper / the date / write) Please, .
6. (Her name / after a minute / forgot) I .
7. (Around the park / for a while / walked) We .
8. (Last night / saw her / at the theater) I .
GRAMMAR REVIEW. Some “Adverbs” like “Always”, “Also”, “Definitely”, etc. are placed before the
“Verb”, but between the “Auxiliary” and the “Verb” if the sentence contains an “Auxiliary” such as
“To be”, “Don’t”, “Didn’t”, “Have”, “Has”, “Had”, “Will”, “Can”, etc. Check the following formula and
examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. Tara always runs in the morning.

2. The sun is usually shining in Acapulco.
3. Your application has probably been accepted.
4. I washed the car and I also refilled the gas tank.
5. Lucca hardly ever buys CD’s.
Note: The adverbs “Probably” and “Usually” go before negatives.
1. I usually don’t watch T.V. in the morning.

2. They probably shouldn’t call now; it’s very late.
3. She probably won’t come today.
4. They usually don’t play that song on the radio.
EXERCISE 6. Complete the sentences. Use the words in parenthesis in the correct order.
1. I can never remember my cellular phone number. (Remember / never / can)

2. I cream in my coffee. (put / usually)
3. I hungry when I get home from school. (Am / usually)
4. Where’s James?
He out. (Has / gone / probably)
5. They in Liverpool. (Both / were born)
6. Paola is a good guitar player. She very well. (Sing / also / can)
7. Our dog our shoes. (Often / bites)
8. We share many classes at the university, but I to them. (Never / have / spoken).
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LESSON 10 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “PASSIVE VOICE”
GRAMMAR REVIEW. There are two different ways of expressing ideas in most languages. When we
speak in English, we normally use “Active Voice” (When the subject does the action), but sometimes
we use “Passive Voice” (When the subject receives the action). We use “Passive Voice” when:
 The action is more important than the doer of the action.

 When we don’t know who did the action.
 To say what happened to the subject.
We form “Passive Voice” with the verb “To be” in any tense and another verb in “Past Participle”.
Check the following structure and examples:
EXAMPLES:
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
1. Drunk drivers cause many accidents. Many accidents are caused by drunk drivers.
2. Somebody delivers the news paper everyday. The news paper is delivered everyday.
3. The receptionist prepares coffee everyday. Coffee is prepared by the receptionist everyday.
4. Graham Bell invented the telephone. The telephone was invented by Graham Bell.
5. They will make the decision tomorrow. The decision will be made tomorrow.
EXERCISE 1. Rewrite these sentences in “Passive Voice”. It’s not necessary to mention who did the action.
1. Somebody washes the car every other day. The car is washed every other day .
2. They canceled all game because of rain. .
3. People don’t consult this book very often. .
4. Somebody accused me of spying the documents. .
5. The committee will analyze the document. .
6. They took the patient to the emergency room. .
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EXERCISE 2. Put the verb in “Simple present or past”, “Active” or “Passive form” depending on the case.
1. Five hundred computers (Manufacture) at the factory every day.

2. Chocolate (Cover) most of the cake.
3. Most of the cake (Cover) by chocolate.
4. The park gates (Open) at 10:00 a.m. every day.
5. The package (Send) last week, but it just (Arrive) this morning.
6. The fire (Burn) the building quickly, but fortunately everybody (Rescue).
7. While I was buying a coke, my car (Disappear).
8. Why Monique (Quit) her job? Didn’t she like it?
9. Why Oscar (Fire) from his job? Did he have any problems?
10. Mazda is not independent anymore. It (Buy) by Ford Motor Company.
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The continuous form of “Passive Voice” indicates that something is or was
happening to the subject in a specific moment. It is formed by the verb “To be” (Usually in present or
in past) plus the continuous form of “To be” (Being) plus a verb in “Past Participle”. Check the
following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
1. Somebody is painting the room at the moment. The room is being painted at the moment.
2. Somebody was asking me for directions. I was being asked for directions.
3. The plumber is checking the bathroom right now. The bathroom is being checked right now.
4. The secretary was typing the letter this morning. The letter was being typed.
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EXERCISE 3. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using “Somebody” or “They”, write a passive sentence.
1. Somebody has opened the window. .

2. They have postponed the convention. .
3. Somebody is using the bathroom at the moment. .
4. Be careful! They’re following us. Be careful! We .
5. We made the decision before they arrived. .
6. They are building a hospital near here. .
7. The teacher is giving the exams away. .
8. She paid the telephone bill this morning. .
EXERCISE 4. Make sentences from the words in parenthesis. Sometimes the verb is active (When the
subject does the action), sometimes passive (When the subject receives the action). (All tenses)
Example: There’s somebody watching the production line.

I think we are being supervised . (I think / we / supervise)
1. Your office looks different.

? (You / redecorate?)
2. My camera has disappeared.

! (It / steal!)
3. I can’t find the book.

. (Somebody / take)
4. Gary is a hard working man.

. (He / promote)
5. Sorry, you can’t use the bathroom at the moment.

. (It / repair)
6. The car broke down yesterday, but now it’s OK.

. (It / fix)
7. The company finally found the director they were looking for.
. (The director / hire)
8. We won’t be able to see the show because one of the musicians is sick.
. (The show / cancel)
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LESSON 11 INDIRECT IDEAS AND QUESTIONS
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Direct questions” in English are formed by a “Question word” (QW),
optional, an “Auxiliary”, a “Person” and an “Action”; however, if there is an “Introductory question”
preceding the “Real question”, this takes the form of an “Affirmative sentence”; that is, the
“Auxiliary” disappears or moves after the “Subject”, and the “Verb” takes the corresponding tense:
“Present”, “Past”, “Future”, etc. Just like in an “Affirmative sentence”.
The “Question word” (QW) becomes a connector that joins the “Introductory question” and the
“Real question“. If there is no “Question word”, we use the connector “If”. Study the following
formulas and examples: They’ll help you avoid very typical mistakes.
DIRECT QUESTION:
INDIRECT QUESTION:
EXAMPLES:
DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION
1. Where is the reception? Can you tell me where the reception is?
2. Where does she study? Do you know where she studies?
3. What time will they come back? Who knows what time they will come back?
4. Has he ever been to Quebec? Do you remember if he has been to Quebec?

5. Is he the director? Do you know if he is the director?
6. Do they like to play poker? Do you know if they like to play poker?
44
GRAMMAR REVIEW. If there is an “Introductory phrase” instead of an “Introductory question”

preceding the “Real question”, the result is what we call an “Indirect idea”. The formula is exactly
the same. Check the following examples out:
DIRECT QUESTION:
INDIRECT IDEA:
EXAMPLES:
DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT IDEA
1. Where is the reception? I wonder where the reception is.

2. Where does she study? I don’t know where she studies.
3. What time will they come back? I would like to know what time they will come back.
4. Does she speak French? I don’t remember if she speaks French.

5. Did she receive the invitation? I wonder if she received the invitation.
EXERCISE 1. Change the following questions into “Indirect ideas” or “Indirect questions”.
Example: Where has Natalie gone? Do you know where Natalie has gone ?
1. Where is the cafeteria? Could you tell me ?

2. What time does the show start? I wonder .
3. What do you mean? I want to know .
4. What time did they call? Do you know ?
5. Is Gabby coming today? I don’t know .
6. Where does Helen work? Do you have any idea about ?
7. Where did I park the car? I can’t remember .
8. Is there an ATM near here? Can you tell me ?
9. What can I do for you? Please tell me .
10. Will the pop star give a concert here? Nobody knows .
11. What does she want? I’d like to know .
12. Can I call right now? Do you know ?
45
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “Indirect ideas” and “Indirect questions” are more formal and educated
ways of asking questions. We use them when the person we are asking has a certain degree of
authority or when we don’t know this person and we want to be very polite. Let’s remember the
formula:
EXERCISE 2. SUBSTITUTION DIALOG. Read the following dialog as it is shown.
ORIGINAL QUESTION: “Where is the director’s office?”
STUDENT A: Do you know where the director’s office is?

STUDENT B: No, I don’t know where it is. Maybe (Name of student “C”) knows where it is.
STUDENT A: Can you tell me where the director’s office is?
STUDENT C: Yes, I know where it is. It is next to the reception.
Now, repeat the same dialog using these questions:
1. Where is the snack bar? 4. Do we have to read chapter 5 for tomorrow?

2. How old is the teacher? 5. Where can I find a pharmacy?
3. What’s a “Pediatrician”? 6. Does the receptionist like chocolates?
EXERCISE 3. THE EXPERT. Everybody is good at doing something. Pretend you are an “Expert” in a
specific area, and the rest of your classmates will ask you a lot of “Indirect questions”.
Example: One student is an expert in electronics; he passes to the front of the room and the rest of the
group asks him / her questions like: “We wonder which the best system is, LCD or plasma.”; “Can you tell
us where we can get the best price?” Etc…
EXERCISE 4. Role-play. Pretend you are going to a department store to buy:
a. A computer d. A pair of tennis shoes

b. A microwave oven e. A used car
c. A leather jacket f. A fixed bicycle
Note: Use only “Indirect ideas and questions” like “Can you tell me what the price of this car is?” Etc…
46
LESSON 12 REPORTED SPEECH & QUESTIONS
GRAMMAR REVIEW. When we repeat what somebody said, exactly word for word, we have what
is called “Direct Speech”. A direct speech should appear between “Quotation Marks”, and the first
letter must be capitalized. Check the following formula and examples:
DIRECT SPEECH:
The teacher said: “The final exam is easy.”
EXAMPLES:
ORIGINAL SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH
Henry: I’m confused! He said, “I’m confused.”

Melanie & John: We love each other! They said, “We love each other!”
Galileo: The earth moves. Galileo said, “The earth moves.”
G. Washington: I cannot tell a lie. G. Washington said, “I cannot tell a lie.”
GRAMMAR REVIEW. However, we normally don’t repeat the same words of the speaker; we only
express the original idea using our own words. When this happens we have what is called
“Reported Speech”. In reported speech the pronouns usually change from those used in the original
speech. We also have to respect the “Sequence of Tenses” to help the sentence flow naturally.
The sequence of tenses requires a change in the tense of the original speech, as follows:
ORIGINAL TENSE REPORTED TENSE
Simple present Simple past

Present progressive (ING) Past progressive (ING)
Can Could
Will Would
Simple past Past perfect
Present perfect Past perfect
Past perfect Past perfect
Study the following information and examples:
47
REPORTED SPEECH:
The teacher said the final exam was easy.
EXAMPLES:
ORIGINAL SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Henry: I’m confused! He said (that) he was confused.

Melanie & John: We love each other! They said (that) they loved each other.
Galileo: The earth moves. Galileo said (that) the earth moved.
G. Washington: I cannot tell a lie. G. Washington said (that) he could not tell a lie.
Millhouse: I really enjoyed the ride! Millhouse said (that) he had really enjoyed the ride.
Christian: I graduated last year. Christian said (that) he had graduated last year.
Ana Guevara: I have never consumed drugs. Ana said (that) she had never consumed drugs.
Tamara: My boyfriend has never done so. Tamara said (that) her boyfriend had never done so.
EXERCISE 1. Interview one classmate using the following questions, and then write his/her answers in
reported speech.
EXAMPLE: Do you like football? STUDENT: “Yes, I really like it.”

REPORTED SPEECH: Charlie told me that he really liked football.
QUESTIONS ANSWERS IN REPORTED SPEECH
1. Are you a good son / daughter? _________________________________________________.

2. What did you do last Saturday? _________________________________________________.
3. Will you watch T.V. tonight? _________________________________________________.
4. Does your mother speak English? _________________________________________________.
5. Have you ever eaten octopus? _________________________________________________.
6. Can you drive? _________________________________________________.
7. Do you have a boyfriend /girlfriend? _________________________________________________.
8. Have you ever ridden a motorcycle? _________________________________________________.
9. Where were you last December? _________________________________________________.
10. Has it been raining lately? _________________________________________________.
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EXERCISE 2. Change the following statements into reported speech. Assume that the pronouns may differ
from those of the original statements.
1. “The guests will be arriving at twelve o’clock”, said Moses.

.
2. “It will rain today”, said the man on TV.
.
3. “My brother has been acting strangely”, said Gloria.
.
4. “We are trying to get a copy of the file”, said the lawyer.
.
5. “We are going to fix all the streets this year”, said the Mayor.
.
6. “We prepared spaghetti Alfredo with shrimp”, said the chef.
.
7. “The researchers have been collecting evidence at the scene of the accident”, said the sergeant.
.
8. “The new campaign must start in December”, said the sales manager.
.
9. “The car cannot be ready before 6:00 p.m.”, said the mechanic.
.
10. “Everything is under control”, said the baby sitter.
.
REPORTED QUESTIONS
GRAMMAR REVIEW. When we report a question we have to be careful because we have the
introductory phrase “He asked”, so you have to do it the way we learned in “Indirect Ideas”; that is,
you cancel the auxiliary or you move it after the person. The question word becomes a connector, but
if there’s no question word, you use the connector “If”. In addition to that, you also have to follow the
“Sequence of tenses” we learned in “Reported Speech”. Check the following information out:
ORIGINAL QUESTION:
REPORTED QUESTION:
49
EXAMPLES:
ORIGINAL QUESTION REPORTED QUESTION
Claude: Are you still angry? She asked if you were still angry.
Allan: Does Pete play tennis? He asked if Pete played tennis.
Giovanni: Where did they buy the cake? He inquired where they had bought the cake.
Boss: Why didn’t Ernie come today? The boss asked why Ernie hadn’t come today.
Doctor: Can you move your arm? The doctor asked if I could move my arm.
EXERCISE 3. Report these questions:
1. “What are you studying?” Asked Mark.

.
2. “What time do they close the museum?” Asked the teacher.
.
3. “How did you solve the problem?” Asked the reporter.
.
4. “Are you going to need the limousine?” Asked the chauffer.
.
5. “Why didn’t you tell me when the problem started?” Asked the plumber.
.
EXERCISE 4. THE INTERVIEW
You are at a very important press conference with a famous rock star. You are supposed to be a reporter.
You start asking questions, but the rock star is not supposed to speak English. (Of course you will all be
speaking English, but will pretend they don’t understand) There will be an “Interpreter” that will report what
you both are saying and asking.
Example:
Reporter: How DO YOU FEEL in our country?

Translator: The reporter asked how you FELT in our country.
Rock star: I FEEL like at home because EVERYBODY IS very kind to me.
Translator: He said he FELT like at home because EVERYBODY WAS very kind to him.
Reporter: Thank you.
Keep on asking questions. Change rolls.
50
LESSON 13 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “CAUSATIVES”
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The “Active causative” expresses an action that is commanded by a person,
who has certain authority, to be done by somebody else. That is the person doesn’t do the action
himself; he has another person do it for him. Check the formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. Mr. Smith has his secretary prepare coffee every morning.

2. The Pope had Michelangelo paint the sixteenth chapel.
3. The teacher will have us give a complete class next course.
4. The president’s wife has Giorgio Armani make her clothes.
5. My mother has me wash the dishes after dinner.
6. The Hard Rock Cafe had Karol King compose their song.
EXERCISE 1. Fill in the blanks using the verb “To have” in the appropriate tense and one of the actions
in simple form listed below. There are more verbs than you’ll need.
Bring Iron Prepare

Buy Lead Read
Design Participate Serve
Invade Pay Set
1. Nelson (Have) Bart him a sandwich every day.

2. Ma Baker (Have) her sons in bank robberies.
3. I (Have) my little sister the table for dinner.
4. My boss (Have) me a presentation for the convention.
5. I (Have) the housekeeper the clothes today.
6. The Aztecs (Have) other tribes as slaves for centuries.
7. The King (Have) his people unfair taxes.
8. Ferrari (Have) Sergio Pininfarina some of their most beautiful models.
9. Hitler (Have) his troops Poland, Belgium, Denmark and other countries.
10. God (Have) Moses the Jews out of Egypt.
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EXERCISE 2. Combine elements from the three columns to form sentences using “Active causatives”.
THE TEACHER HER DANCERS CALL THE SUPPLIER

BOSS LIGHT YEAR R2D2 & C3PO PREPARE SOMETHING FOR DINNER
THE U.S. PRESIDENT HER BOYFRIEND HELP HIM RESCUE WOODY
I MY MOTHER PRACTICE THE NEW COROGRAPHY
LUKE SKYWALKER THE VICE PRESIDENT GO WITH PRINCESS LEA
MY SISTER THE HOUSE KEEPER STUDY CHAPTERS 3 & 4
THE BOSS THE SECRETARY CLEAN MY BEDROOM
MY FATHER HIS STUDENTS PICK HER UP AFTER CLASS
THE AMBASSADOR THE WAITER BRING A BOTTLE OF CHAMPAIGN
THE GENTLEMAN HIS CHAUFFEUR GIVE A PRESS CONFERENCE
THE POP STAR ALL THE TOYS WAIT FOR HIM AT THE ENTRANCE
Example: My father had my mother prepare something for dinner .
1. ________________________________________________________________________________.
2. ________________________________________________________________________________.
3. ________________________________________________________________________________.
4. ________________________________________________________________________________.
5. ________________________________________________________________________________.
6. ________________________________________________________________________________.
7. ________________________________________________________________________________.
8. ________________________________________________________________________________.
9. ________________________________________________________________________________.
10.________________________________________________________________________________.
EXERCISE 3. Complete the conversations using “Active causatives”.
1. Could Alice paint her house herself? No, she .

2. Did you decorate the room yourself? No, I had .
3. The cake is delicious. Did you bake it? No, I had .
4. Will Julius wash his car? No, he will have .
5. Does Caroline do the laundry herself? No, she has .
6. It’s very hard for me to do the house chores.
Why don’t you ?
7. That’s a great dress; where did you buy it? Nowhere! I had .
8. Who sang the national anthem at the Super Bowl? They had .
9. How could you prepare 100 hamburgers for the pick nick? I had .
10. My car was giving off a lot of smog, so I .
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PASSIVE CAUSATIVES
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The “Passive causative” expresses an action that is commanded to be

done to an object by somebody else. That is, the person doesn’t do the action himself; he has
another person do it for him. Since it’s passive, the verb should appear in past participle. Check
the formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. Mr. Smith has coffee prepared (By his secretary) every morning.
2. The Pope had the sixteenth chapel painted by Michelangelo.
3. The teacher will have a complete class given by us in the next course.
4. The president’s wife has her clothes made by Giorgio Armani.
5. My mother has the dishes washed (By me) after dinner.
6. The Hard Rock Cafe had their song composed by Karol King.
EXERCISE 4. Combine elements from the three columns to form sentences using “Passive
causatives”.
THE DIRECTOR MY COMPUTER BUILT TO CELEBRATE INDEPENDANCE

MY FATHER LUCKE SKYWALKER COMPLETELY REFURNISHED
THE U.S. PRESIDENT HER HANDS DONE EVERY FRIDAY
I THE LAUNDRY ANALIZED BY HIS COUNSILORS
THE JEDI COUNCIL THE TAX PROPOSAL CHECKED BY A TECHNICIAN
MY SISTER THE AMBASSY TRAINED BY YODA
THE BOSS THE BOOKS FIXED BY THE PLUMBER
MY MOTHER THE MEETING MANICURED BY A BEAUTICIAN
THE MAYOR THE BADROOM POSTPONED UNTIL NEXT MONDAY
THE AMBASSADOR A NEW MONUMENT PRINTED EVERY MONTH
Example: My mother has the laundry done every Friday .
1. ________________________________________________________________________________.
2. ________________________________________________________________________________.
3. ________________________________________________________________________________.
4. ________________________________________________________________________________.
5. ________________________________________________________________________________.
6. ________________________________________________________________________________.
7. ________________________________________________________________________________.
8. ________________________________________________________________________________.
9. ________________________________________________________________________________.
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EXERCISE 5. Use the verb “To have” in the appropriate tense and the verbs in the list to complete the
sentences with “Passive causatives”.
Change Fix Paint Print

Dye Make Plant Ship
1. We are having the washing machine fixed at the moment.

2. I lost my photocopies. I’ll others tomorrow morning.
3. When was the last time you your house ?
4. Please the materials as soon as possible!
5. What are those workers doing in the garden?
We some palms .
6. Can I see the material of the presentation?
I not it yet.
7. I blew a tire up. I need to it .
8. Why don’t you your hair in a different color?
EXERCISE 6. Write a second sentence using the information provided using “Active or passive
causatives”.
Example: The pop star needs a new look.

She will have a new designer supply her clothes . (A new designer)
1. Many students do not have access to public Universities in Mexico.

. (New universities)
2. The public hospital has fallen behind the technological trend, its instruments are old-fashioned.
. (New equipment)
3. The boy got behind because he couldn’t attend school for three weeks.
. (A private teacher)
4. The rock star has money problems. He’ll have to sell some of his fancy cars.
. (In a public auction)
5. Some actresses are always very well dressed.

. (Private designers)
6. Though he didn’t seem to be hurt, the man was taken to the hospital after the accident.
. (A doctor)
7. There are a lot of urgent documents to print at the office, and the printer broke down.
. (At Office Max)
8. The sales clerks are not selling much.

. (A sales course)
54
LESSON 14 PARTS OF SPEECH
GRAMMAR REVIEW. The “Parts of speech” are the different functions words perform in a
sentence. There are nine categories:
NOUNS VERBS PREPOSITIONS

PRONUONS ADVERBS CONJUNCTIONS
ADJECTIVES ARTICLES INTERJECTIONS
Check their definitions, types and examples:
NOUNS. A “Noun” is something with a name. There are different kinds of them. Check the following
types and examples:
1. PROPER NOUNS. They are names of a particular person, city, geographical place, day, etc…
Examples: Robert, Italy, Burger King, Friday, Halloween…
2. COMMON NOUNS. They are names given to items of a general group.
Examples: Girl, student, city, plate, friendship, player, jacket, ocean…
3. CONCRETE NOUNS. They are names given to things perceived by the senses; they are things you can
touch, hear, see, smell or taste.
Examples: Book, watch, water, candy, rabbit…
4. ABSTRACT NOUNS. They are things you cannot touch, hear, see, smell or taste. They always appear
in singular form.
Examples: Intuition, Confidence, rivalry, joy…
5. COUNTABLE NOUNS. They are names of things that can be counted. They can be singular or plural.
Examples: Oranges, a photograph, children, desks, song, a woman…
6. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (ALSO CALLED “MASS NOUNS”). These nouns can’t be counted unless
we have a unit to measure them. These nouns always appear in singular form.
Examples: Coffee, coke, salt, pepper, marmalade, traffic…
55
TEACHERS’ GRAMMAR MANUAL Proactive English System ®
PRONOUNS. “Pronouns” are words that substitute a noun. Check the following types and examples:
1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. They are divided into 2 groups:
a) Subject Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, you, we, and they
b) Object Personal Pronouns: Me, you, him, her, it, you, us, and them
2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. They indicate possession and substitute (Not modify) nouns:
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, yours, ours, and theirs
Examples: Your car is more beautiful, but mine is more versatile. (“Mine” substitutes “Car”)
My dog is small, but hers is very big. (“Hers” substitutes “Dog”)
3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, yourselves, ourselves, and themselves
There are three functions:
a) Without help Example: She baked the cake herself.

b) Without company (By) Example: I usually eat by myself.
c) When the action returns to the doer Example: He bought himself a beautiful present.
4. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. They refer to no person in particular. Check the following list:
Everybody Somebody Anybody Nobody Both

Everyone Someone Anyone No one Each
Everything Something Anything Nothing Several
5. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. They indicate something and substitute (Not modify) a noun.
This, that, those, and these
This is a good example. “This” is substituting a noun; it’s a “Pronoun”.
This topic is easy. “This” is modifying the noun “Topic”, so it’s not a pronoun; it’s an “Adjective”!
6. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. They are used to ask questions. They take the place the noun will have
in the answer.
Who, whom, which, whose, and what
Examples: What are you doing?

They substitute, not modify a noun.
Whose is this?
7. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. They are used as connectors. (We will study how further in this course)
Who, whom, which, whose, and what
Examples: Hugo is the boy who lives next door.

They substitute, not modify a noun.
I don’t remember whose this is.
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GRAMMAR REVIEW. Both “Nouns” and “Pronouns” can function either as “Subjects”, “Objects
of a verb”, or “Objects of prepositions”. Check the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. Landon studied law.
2. Julian speaks Portuguese.
3. The math book is next to the calculator.
4. The broom is behind the door.
5. Marcello plays the violin.
6. We will have coffee after lunch.
EXERCISE 1. Read the following sentences. Underline all the “Nouns” and “Pronouns”, and then indicate
if they are “Subjects”, “Objects of a verb” or “Objects of a preposition”:
1. They will fix the garden that is behind the house.
2. They are giving free samples at the supermarket.
3. Patric gave me the password of the computer.
4. They met at the theater.
5. Sean and Jason were classmates in some courses.
6. Why don’t you take her to the movies?
7. The chauffer left us in front of the auditorium.
8. Can we play X-Box?
Ask your father!
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ADJECTIVES. “Adjectives” are words that modify nouns or pronouns. They normally come before
the noun or pronoun they describe, but they can also appear after the verb “To be” or other linking
verbs. (See verbs) Check the following types and examples:
1. ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY (OR MODE). They describe or say how the noun or pronoun is. They are
always singular.
Examples: Tall, pretty, economical, cold, soft, difficult, etc…
2. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES. These words indicate a noun, but they do not substitute it.
This, that, those, and these
This exercise is easy. “This” is modifying the noun “Exercise”, so it’s an “Adjective”.
This is an easy exercise. “This” is substituting a noun; it’s a “Pronoun”.
3. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. They modify a noun indicating possession. They do not substitute the noun.
My, your, his, her, its, your, our, and their
Examples: That is my pencil.

Where did you leave your glasses?
4. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES. They express a comparison between two items
or indicate the most prominent item in a group.
SHORT ADJECTIVES (ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES)

Examples: Short Shorter The shortest
Fast Faster The fastest
Smart Smarter The smartest
LONG ADJECTIVES (TWO OR MORE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES)

Examples: Humorous More humorous The most humorous
Predictable More predictable The most predictable
EXERCISE 2. Read the following sentences and underline all the “Adjectives” you can find. Draw arrows
to indicate the noun or pronoun they’re modifying.
1. This teacher is the best.
2. Do you want the blue one or the green one?
3. My room is full of beautiful posters.
4. What’s that strange thing?
5. Did you see those big black limousines? They’re incredible!
6. My sister has a very nice classmate. He’s really kind!
7. Your dress is very cool. I love it!
8. Where are my blue jeans?
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5. VERBAL ADJECTIVES (OR PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES)

These are adjectives derived from a verb, either from the past participle form (ED or irregular ending) or
from the present participle (ING). The “ED” ending means a “Passive idea”; the nouns they describe are
influenced by an external factor while the “ING” ending indicates an “Active idea”; the nouns they
describe somehow influence others.
Examples: The speech interests the audience.

It’s an interesting speech. (It makes others interested)
The audience was really interested. (They were interested by the speech)
6. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES. “Adjectives of mode” can also be a little more elaborate. We can form a
“Compound adjective” by joining an adjective and a part of something with a final “ED”. (Just like
regular verbs in past)
Examples: She’s a blue-eyed girl.

The Vikings were strong-armed men.
EXERCISE 3. Fill in the blanks combining elements from the two boxes to form “Compound adjectives”.
Big Long Tan Arm Eyebrow Eye

Blond Open Thick Hair Leg Hand
Sexy Strong Thin Fin Skin Mind
Example: I love long finned classic cars like the ’57 Cadillac.
1. All of the guys of the Greco-Roman wrestling team are .

2. My neighbor is the boy at the door.
Which one? The guy in the black jacket?
3. Rita is an girl. She lets’ her boyfriend go out with other girls!
4. Look at that beauty!
Come on! She’s too for me.
5. Arnold is a man. He lifts 150 kg.
6. I really like my girlfriend. She is a lady.
VERBS. “Verbs” indicate actions or a state of being. Check the following types and examples:
1. REGULAR VERBS. Their past and past participle forms are made by adding “ED”.
Examples: Talk Talked Talked

Dance Danced Danced
Invite invited invited
2. IRREGULAR VERBS. They don’t follow any rule to form past nor past participle.
Examples: Ride Rode Ridden

Swim Swam Swum
Take Took Taken
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3. TRANSITIVE VERBS. They need an object (Direct or indirect) to receive the action. They can be used
either in “Active” or in “Passive Voice”.
Example: They gave me a present.

The transitive verb “Gave” has two objects that receive the action:
The “Direct Object”, “Present”, answers the question “WHAT?”
The “Indirect Object”, “Me”, answers the question “TO WHOM?” Or “FOR WHOM?”
4. INTRANSITIVE VERBS. They don’t take an object, and they can’t be used in “Passive Voice”.
Examples: My father walks a lot. .

It was raining this morning.
5. ACTION VERBS. They express actions. They can be modified by adverbs.

Run, think, play, study, believe, accept, ask, lie, sleep, etc…
Example: My wife works very hard.

6. LINKING VERBS. These verbs join the subject and the complement. They are used to express
descriptions, condition or state of being. They are always followed by adjectives, not by adverbs.
Appear, be , become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste, and sound
Examples: He is good at playing the piano.

Your hair looks good.
7. AUXILIARY VERBS. They help us make the different tenses, ask questions and express negative ideas.
They can’t express ideas by themselves.
Be, do, and have
Examples: Does your girlfriend / boyfriend live near?

They had never come to Mexico City.
8. MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS. These auxiliaries express different ideas; they are always used with a
verb in infinitive. Unlike other auxiliaries, “Modal Auxiliaries” have a meaning themselves.
Can, could, shall, should, must, might, may, would and will
Examples: Everybody must honor his homeland.

They might come tomorrow.
VERBS CAN APPEAR IN SIX FORMS WITHIN A SENTENCE:
PRESENT SIMPLE PAST

INFINITIVE SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST
PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
TO DANCE DANCE DANCING DANCE (S) DANCED DANCED
TO FIX FIX FIXING FIX (ES) FIXED FIXED
TO PLAY PLAY PLAYING PLAY (S) PLAYED PLAYED
TO TALK TALK TALKING TALK (S) TALKED TALKED
TO WATCH WATCH WATCHING WATCH (ES) WATCHED WATCHED
TO GET GET GETTING GET (S) GOT GOTTEN
TO SPEAK SPEAK SPEAKING SPEAK (S) SPOKE SPOKEN
TO WRITE WRITE WRITING WRITE (S) WROTE WRITTEN
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LESSON 15 PARTS OF SPEECH II
ADVERBS. “Adverbs” are words that can modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Check the
following types and examples:
1. ADVERBS OF MANNER (OR MODE). They modify verbs. They describe how actions happen.
Examples: She speaks quickly.
I checked it carefully.
He sang amazingly.
They danced well.
2. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY. They explain how often an action is done.

Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, and never
Examples: They barely do exercise.

I have always tried to help them.
Sandy often comes on Fridays.
3. ADVERBS OF DEGREE. They only modify adjectives or other adverbs.
Examples: She took the baby very carefully.
He is so stubborn.
He eats too quickly.
They swim really well.
EXERCISE 1. Read the following sentences and then underline all the “Adverbs” you can find. Draw
arrows to indicate the verbs, adjectives or adverb they’re modifying.
1. He runs really fast.
2. They are so nicely done.
3. He never says why he arrives late.
4. Where was this incredibly delicious pizza ordered?
5. That speaker was quite enthusiastically presented.
6. It sounds rather strange.
7. How did you finish so quickly?
8. Where did you learn to dance so well?
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"
ARTICLES. They are words we use to limit a noun. There are three articles. The definite article
“The” and the indefinite articles “A” and “An”.
DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE”. We have studied the use of the article “The” before, and though its use is
rather complicated because there are many rules and exceptions, we can mention that it is used with
specific singular, plural or uncountable nouns.
Examples: Please pass me the book. (Not any book, but the one we’re talking about)
The tea is hot. (Not tea in general, but the one we are drinking right now)
The kids are a little bored. (Not any kids, but the specific ones we’re talking about)
The refrigerator is in good condition. (Not any refrigerator. It’s our refrigerator)
The soup is cold!
INDEFINITE ARTICLE. The “Indefinite articles” are used with singular non specific nouns. We use “A”
before a noun that starts with a CONSONANT SOUND while “An” is used before a noun that starts with a
VOWEL SOUND. We have to be particularly careful with words beginning with the letters “U” and “H”
because both can be pronounced either as vowels or consonants!
Examples: I want to buy a used car. (The “U” in “Used” has a consonant sound)
He’s an honest person. (The “H” doesn’t sound in “Honest”)
Do you want a cup of coffee?
I need a pencil. (Any pencil, this one or that one; it’s the same)
She bought a magazine. (We don’t know which one)
PREPOSITIONS. “Prepositions” are used to connect words. The use of “Prepositions” is also
complicated, because there are no rules. Different verbs require different “Prepositions”, and so do
adjectives. There are also plenty of idioms formed with verbs and different “Prepositions”. Only
custom determines the correct “Prepositions” to be used in every case. Check the following list:
About Behind For Outside Until

Above Below From Over Up
Across Beneath In Past Upon
After Beside Inside Since Versus
Against Between Into Through With
Along Beyond Like Throughout Within
Among By Near To Without
Around Despite Of Toward
As Down Off Under
At During On Underneath
Before Except Onto Unlike
EXERCISE 2. Fill in the blanks using the correct “Preposition”.
1. The notebook is the table. 6. They are very nice me.

2. Listen me! 7. It depends the committee.
3. Look that skyscraper. 8. It was kind them to help us.
4. It’s up my parents. 9. I’m tired her attitude.
5. Have you seen Diane? I’m looking her. 10. Guadalajara is famous Mariachis.
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CONJUNCTIONS. “Conjunctions” are words we use to connect words, phrases and even clauses.
(We’ll study clauses further on in this course) There are “Coordinate conjunctions”, “Correlative
conjunctions” and “Subordinating conjunctions”. Check the following list:
Coordinating conjunctions: And, but, or, so and yet
Correlative conjunctions: Both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor and

whether…or
Subordinating conjunctions: Time: After, as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the
time, once, since, while, when, until, and whenever.
Cause: As, because, in as much as, now that, since.
Condition: If, in case, whether, provided, providing and unless.
Contrast Although, even though, though, while and whereas.
Manner: As, in that.
Place: Where, and wherever.
INTERJECTIONS. They are words that express strong feelings or emotions. They don’t have any
grammatical rule or relation with the other words in the sentence.
Examples: Ouch! Oops! Sure! Oh! Gosh! Oh boy! Oh my god! Gee! Damn! Wow! Super! Great!
Terrific! Ah! Yes! Jesus! My goodness!
EXERCISE 3. Answer the crossword.
ACROSS: 1) Frequency adverb; almost never. 2) Indefinite pronoun that involves all the people. 3) Modal auxiliary
for future possibility. 4) A word that modifies a noun or pronoun. 5) Irregular verb in past participle;
opposite of “Come” 6) Possessive pronoun first person in singular. 7) “To be” in present first person. 8)
Personal object pronoun third person feminine. 9) Auxiliary verb for third person in simple present.
DOWN: 1) Transitive verb in present participle that means to elevate. 2) Object personal pronoun first person
singular. 3) Adjective that means related to a king or queen. 4) Personal object pronoun for the third
person in plural. 5) Interjection to express pain. 6) Subordinating conjunction of condition. 7) Preposition,
in back of. 8) Comparative of “Tall” 9) Linking verb that means to “Transform” in simple past.
1 2
1 3
2
7 9
4 8
3 4
5
5 6
6 7
9
8
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EXERCISE 4. Classify each word of the following sentences:
Example: My mother is at work.

Possessive Common Auxiliary Preposition Common
Adjective noun as verb noun as
mod. the subject of the object of the
noun “Sister” sentence preposition.
1. Did you do exercise in the morning?
2. Could you help me with this package?
3. We invited them to our team, but they preferred theirs.
4. This book isn’t mine! That is my book!
5. Mr. Taylor has always had very good taste.
6. The boss is checking applications in the office.
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LESSON 16 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
GRAMMAR REVIEW. “A clause” is a group of words that contains a “Subject” and a “Verb”.
There are different types of them:
MAIN CLAUSES (OR INDEPENDENT CLAUSES) are the most important clauses within complex
sentences because they contain the main idea and can stand alone. They are independent because they
don’t need another clause to be understood.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES (OR DEPENDENT CLAUSES) cannot stand alone; they are meaningless if
they aren’t used with a “Main clause”. Subordinate clauses are divided into: “Adjective clauses”, “Adverb
clauses”, and “Noun clauses” depending on the function they perform in the sentence.
NOTE: To join the “Subordinate clause” and the “Main clause”, we need a “Connector”. Sometimes the
“Connector” is also the “Subject” of the “Subordinate clause”. (Connector subject)
EXAMPLES:
1. Nelson Mandela, who was in prison for many years, became the president of South Africa.
2. I like cars that have a sunroof.
3. We will move to another city as soon as I graduate.
4. We went to the mall because we needed to use an ATM to get some cash.
5. You have to ask the teacher whatever you don’t understand.
6. They didn’t mention when they would re open the cafeteria.
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EXERCISE 1. Read the following sentences. Circle the “Connectors”, underline all the “Clauses” and then
indicate if they are “Main” (MC) or “Subordinate clauses” (SC).
Example: I just can’t concentrate when I don’t sleep well.
1. I invited Lucy, who is my neighbor, to the party.
2. They had dinner at the restaurant where they used to gather after class years ago.
3. She planned everything very carefully so she could really enjoy her vacation.
4. Could you tell me when they will start selling the tickets?
5. I love how she dances!
6. Bill Clinton, who was an actor when he was young, became the president of the United States.
7. I want to rent Wall-e, which is my favorite picture, from Blockbuster.
8. If I were you, I would make a reservation first.
9. She has been going to bed late since she started attending collage.
10. I don’t like people who don’t respect different points of view.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES. We have commented that adjectives are words that modify or describe
nouns and pronouns; in a like manner, “Adjective Clauses” describe or give additional information
about nouns or pronouns (Subjects or Objects). Unlike normal adjectives, they usually appear right
after (Not before) the nouns they describe. Check the following formulas and examples:
NOTE: Adjective connectors are sometimes omitted in spoken and informal English.
NOTE: The commas are not used when we refer to indefinite nouns such as “The man”, “Books”, etc.
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EXAMPLES:
1. Ferruccio Lamborghini, who was once Ferrari’s customer, is now their main competitor.
2. I love reading books that contain certain suspense.
3. Flight 909, which should depart in one hour, is delayed.
4. Chicago, where a lot of Mexicans live, is a windy city.
5. The dentist whom I visited last week works really well.
6. Leonardo Da Vinci, whose work was very prolific, is recognized as one the greatest geniuses.
7. The movie (that) you recommended me is very interesting.
“Adjective Clauses”, as we mentioned before, can also describe objects appearing right after
them. Check the following formula and examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. That is the bookstore where I got that strange book.
2. I like the blouse (that) you are wearing.
3. The evening is the time when I can relax a little bit.
4. Please pass me the files that are on the desk.
5. They awarded my father, who is a really remarkable engineer.
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EXERCISE 2. Complete the sentences using the “Connectors”: “Who”, “Whom”, “Whose” and
“Where”.
1. What’s the name of the man ID you found?

2. A pet shop is a place people buy animals such as cats and dogs.
3. A vegetarian is a person does not eat meat.
4. My grand father was a man principles were an example to follow.
5. The place the reception was held was fantastic.
6. This nursery is only for children parents work for the Federal Government.
7. I don’t remember the name of the man to I sold my car.
EXERCISE 3. Make one sentence from two. Use “Who”, “Which” or “That” as “Connectors”.
Example: Linda is a hardworking girl.

Linda was promoted last month.
Linda, who is a hard working girl, was promoted last month .
1. A boy fell off his bicycle.

He was taken to the hospital.
.
2. A woman answered the phone.

She told me that you didn’t work there anymore.
.
3. Hilary is a teacher.
She is very polite and patient.
.
4. The movie theater was being remodeled.

It was finally reopened last week.
.
5. Frank graduated last year.

He got a great job at the American Embassy.
.
6. A train goes around the amusement park.

It runs every ten minutes.
.
7. The boy is sitting at the counter.

The boy has been watching you.
.
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EXERCISE 4. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending and change it into an
“Adjective clause”. Number one has been done for you.
He discovered penicillin It provides burial services

He wants to be an inventor It guides you through the city
They don’t say the truth It won the championship
They got lost in the forest It gives the best gas millage
They were on the table It must be restored
1. Angie works for a company that provides burial services .

2. What was the name of the team ?
3. The rangers have found the kids .
4. Alexander Fleming was the man .
5. What happened to the cookies ?
6. A classic is a car .
7. A GPS is a devise .
8. I don’t like people .
9. The Smart is the commercial car .
10. The book is about a boy .
EXERCISE 5. “Adjective clauses” with indefinite nouns are very useful to make definitions. Complete
the definitions of the words using a “Connector subject” and one of the complements from the list.
Fixes machines and electronic devices Is being instructed to perform a task

Hires professional services We cannot ignore
Checks animals Products are manufactured
Doesn’t believe things easily Directs a company
Abolished slavery You can buy books
Leads a church We use for listening to music everywhere
1. A veterinarian is a person who checks animals .

2. A technician is someone .
3. A client is someone .
4. A book store is a place .
5. A manager is someone .
6. Abraham Lincoln was the president .
7. A skeptic is a person .
8. A factory is a place .
9. A minister is someone .
10. A trainee is someone .
11. Global warming is a problem .
12. An i-pod is a device .
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LESSON 17 ADVERB CLAUSES
ADVERB CLAUSES. We have commented that adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives
or other adverbs. “Adverb Clauses” modify verbs. They tell us when, why, where, and how an
action happens; they can also express condition, purpose, consequence and unexpected results
(Contrast). Check the following types, formulas and examples:
RESULT CLAUSES. “Result clauses” are used to express the “Consequence” of an action.
They normally have the connector “So” preceded by a comma, though you can also use
connectors like: “Therefore”, “Hence”, “Consequently”, etc…
EXAMPLES:
1. I was not feeling well, so I decided to visit the doctor.

2. There was a lot of traffic, so they preferred to take the subway.
3. We have to depart very early tomorrow, so we will go to bed early today.
4. She didn’t know what to do, so she asked her mother for advice.
5. It was a beautiful Sunday morning, so we decided to go swimming.
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EXERCISE 1. Make up a “Chain” of “Result clauses”.
Example: Student 1: -I have a lot of work, so I will have to work over time.
Student 2: -I will work over time, so I won’t see my girlfriend tonight,
Student 3: -I won’t see my girlfriend tonight, so she will get angry with me. Etc…
Make up “Chains” of “Result clauses” starting with the following sentences:
a) He doesn’t have a job, so he is always short of money…

b) She is going to be 15 years old next year, so they need to save money to give a party…
c) John got a scholarship, so he is going to study a PhD…
d) My brother needs to speak English, so he’s going to come to PES…
PURPOSE CLAUSES. They are used to express the “Purpose”, “Objective”, or “Intention” of a
certain action. They use the connectors “So” or “So that”. They answer the question: “What for?”
EXAMPLES:
1. -I am going to work a double shift.

-What for?
-I am going to work a double shift so that I can save money for my wedding.
2. -I bought my children a computer.
-What for?
-I bought my children a computer so that they could do their homework.
3. -Mr. Smith is saving Euros.
-What is he saving Euros for?
-He’s saving Euros so he can go to France next year.
EXERCISE 2. Tell us what you’re doing right now and what you’re doing it for.
Example: I’m studying English so that I can get a better job.

Both of my parents work so that they can provide us everything we need.
My brother is working out hard so he can enter the football team next year.
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ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONTRAST. They express a contrast between two situations or that no
mater a given difficulty, the final result differs from what was expected. Check the formula an
examples:
EXAMPLES:
1. Although the minister wasn’t feeling well, he lectured last Sunday.

2. The minister gave his speech although he was a little sick.
3. At PES, students learn the correct pronunciation whereas in other schools they don’t’ practice much.
4. While in other schools students don’t’ pronounce well, at PES we have excellent pronunciation.
EXERCISE 3. Match the ideas from the columns using “Connector of contrast”.
Example: Though boys are bigger than girls, they get sick less frequently.
1. My father hates going to the supermarket ___ ___ I didn’t take a jacket with me
2. My kids are very mischievous _______ Others continue hunting them in numbers
3. I had a bad cold _______ I love them very much
4. We had a lot of math homework _______ The exercise were rather easy
5. Many countries are protecting whales ___7___ They get sick less frequently
6. Pick up trucks are considered light vehicles _______ He usually buys the groceries
7. Boys are bigger than girls _______ They can carry more than a ton
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GRAMMAR REVIEW. We have studied some kinds of “Adverb Clauses”. However, there are
several of them. Check the following formulas, chart and examples:
* NOTE: “Purpose” and “Result clauses” can only appear after the “Main clause”.
NOTE: “Purpose clauses” require a comma in the middle of the sentence.
ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS
TIME CAUSE CONDITION CONTRAST MANNER PLACE PURPOSE RESULT
After As If Although As Where So that So

As Because In case Even though In that Wherever Therefore
As long as Inasmuch as Provided Though Hence
As soon as Now that Providing While
Before Since Unless Whereas
By the time Whereas
Once Whether
Since
Until
When
Whenever
While
NOTE: A comma is often used in the middle of the sentence before a “Contrast connector”.
Example: The flight from L.A. arrived at 2:00, while the one from Miami arrived one hour later.
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EXAMPLES:
1. Before she sent the package, the secretary attached a set of brochures.
2. We visited the art gallery because Vanessa wanted to see it.
3. Although Lourdes has a strong French accent, her pronunciation is excellent.
4. I will take some cash with me in case they want to eat out.
5. This combo is actually cheaper in that it includes more things than the other one.
6. Wherever you are , we can keep in touch by internet.
7. She studied really hard so that she could get a scholarship.
8. His car run out of gas, so he had to walk to the gas station.
9. Providing that Mr. Bones fulfills all the requirements, he will be hired.
10. Now that the government reduced taxes, the economy seems to be recovering.
EXERCISE 4. Read the following sentences. Underline each “Adverb clause”, circle the “Connector” and
indicate what type of “Adverb clause” it is.
Example: We have to answer the exercise as it is shown in the example. Adverb clause of manner
TYPE
1. They didn’t arrive on time because they got lost.
2. Although the weather wasn’t that good, they went camping.
3. Unless you have a special card, you can’t park here.
4. The met where they had agreed the day before.
5. While everybody was helping, Millhouse just didn’t do anything.
6. They have to do it whether they like it or not.
7. We have to connect it as it is shown in the diagram.
8. Since nobody confirmed in time, the event was canceled.
9. As soon as I knew, I took an airplane to come.
10. By the time the pizza arrives, the lemonade will be ready.
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EXERCISE 5. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate “Adverb connector”.
1. the deadline is tomorrow, we have to finish today.

2. There usually is a lot of traffic it rains a lot.
3. They made a reservation they didn’t have to wait long.
4. She loves that movie, I gave it to her as a birthday present.
5. The computer didn’t work the hard disk was full.
6. you are operated on, ask for a second opinion.
7. Please stop you see a pharmacy. I’d like to buy some aspirins.
8. Just let me know you finish.
9. We walked around the place we wanted to get familiar with it.
10. he got a promotion, he has a great responsibility now.
11. you are healthy, I recommend you to have regular check ups.
12. Call me you have any doubt.
13. I was waiting she was getting ready.
14. I didn’t receive an invitation, I’m not going to the wedding.
15. she seems to be a nice person, there is something I don’t like about her.
EXERCISE 6. Complete the following sentences using “Adverb clauses”.
1. While my mother gave me permission to go, my father .

2. They had to work over time because .
3. You can consult the dictionary if .
4. After , we played bowling.
5. They have an exam today, so .
6. She woke up very early so that .
7. I always wash my hands before .
8. I’m not going to take you with me unless .
9. Although , he helped his son with his homework.
10. As long as , I will continue visiting this restaurant.
11. The museum was closed, so .
12. I always take a second photograph in case .
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LESSON 18 NOUN CLAUSES
NOUN CLAUSES. We have commented that nouns are things that can be either subjects (When
they do the action) or objects (When they receive the action). In a lake manner, a “Noun Clause”
represents a thing, either a subject or an object. Though it is sometimes a little difficult to identify
that a clause is functioning as a subject or an object, but if you can substitute it with a pronoun,
then it is a “Noun Clause”. Check the following formulas and examples:
EXAMPLE:
1. What the reporter said is not true.
2. The news is not true.
3. It is not true.
76
EXAMPLE:
1. I don’t believe what the reporter said.
2. I don’t believe the news.
3. I don’t believe it.
MORE EXAMPLES:
1. What they expect from us is not really important.
2. I didn’t understand what he meant.
3. What she did was not correct.
4. The secretary will confirm what time Dr. James can receive us tomorrow.
5. I just don’t know where the convention will be held.
6. What we are going to do next Christmas will be discussed tonight.
7. I don’t know what* is blocking the door.
8. Whoever* wants to participate must fill this registration form.
9. She goes out with whoever* asks her to.
77
NOTE: Some “Connectors” can function as “Connector subjects” (*); that is they join the “Noun clause”
to the “Main clause” and they take the place of the subject of the “Noun clause” at the same time. Take a
look at the “Noun clause connector” chart.
NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
CONNECTORS CONNECTOR SUBJECTS
What Who *
When Whoever *
Where What *
Why Whatever *
How Which *
Whatever Whichever *
Whenever
Whether
If
That
EXERCISE 1. Read the following sentences. Put boxes around the “Noun clauses” indicating if they are
working as a subject (SNC), an object of a verb (OVNC) or an object of a preposition (OPNC), and then
circle the connectors and underline the noun clause subject (Or connector subject) and its verb:
Example: The manual indicates how you can change the cartridge.
1. I would like to know what they wanted to tell me.
2. What the doctor said was confusing to me.
3. She decided who would represent the group.
4. This book is about what happened to slaves during the Civil War.
5. Whoever wants extra tickets can buy them at the reception.
6. They opposed to whatever we suggested.
7. Can you tell me where I can find a hardware store?
8. How the manager handled the situation was incredible.
9. I wonder how he got my phone number.
10. He didn’t tell me that he was not coming today.
78
EXERCISE 2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate “Noun clause connector” or “Connector subject”.
1. He buys his daughter wants.

2. We didn’t realize he was in trouble.
3. The receptionist must communicate happens in the school to the director.
4. They haven’t announced won the elections yet.
5. they want us to do is really complicated.
6. We don’t know lost these keys.
7. The manual indicated to do in case of paper jam.
8. Do you remember we have to complete exercise 5?
9. wants to bungee jump needs to sign this paper.
10. said that is not important; we have to make them see that it’s not true.
EXERCISE 3. Complete the following sentences using “Noun clauses”.
1. He never says .
2. I don’t know .
3. I don’t understand .
4. I just love .
5. is very welcome.
6. I wonder .
7. is very interesting.
8. Did he tell you ?
9. He just said .
10. I couldn’t find out .
EXERCISE 4. Complete the following sentences using “Adjective clauses”, “Adverb clauses”, or “Noun
clauses”, and then write the type of clause you are using in the blank.
1. I like restaurants . ___________________

2. I won’t be your friend anymore if . ___________________
3. was absolutely true. ___________________
4. The police talked to . ___________________
5. Although , he didn’t get the job. ___________________
6. Look! That’s the man . ___________________
7. I didn’t tell you . ___________________
8. confused the students. ___________________
9. Dallas, , is a nice Texan city. ___________________
10. can be found in internet. ___________________
79
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TEACHERS’ GRAMMAR BOOK Proactive English System ®

LESSON PROACTIVE TEACHER’S GRAMMAR PAGE OBJECTIVE

1 PHONETIC BOARD AND EXAM REVIEW - EXAM REVIEW

2 “TO BE” VS. “AUXILIARIES” 2 GRAMMAR

“WILL” VS. “GOING TO”,

10 PASSIVE VOICE 41 GRAMMAR

11 INDIRECT IDEAS & QUESTIONS 44 GRAMMAR

12 REPORTED SPEECH 47 GRAMMAR

14 PARTS OF SPEECH 55 GRAMMAR

15 PARTS OF SPEECH II 61 GRAMMAR

16 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 65 GRAMMAR

17 ADVERB CLAUSES 70 GRAMMAR

18 NOUN CLAUSES 76 GRAMMAR

LESSON 2 CONTRAST OF “VERB TO BE” VS. “AUXILIARIES”

1. What does your brother do? A: How are you today?

Examples: What does your father do ? (Do)

3. What time your father ? (Wake up)

PRONUNCIATION RULES FOR REGULAR VERBS IN PAST

// Final voiceless sound (With no vibration).

Barked _______ Laughed _______ Started _______

1. you to your parents about the excursion? (Talk)

LESSON 3 “WILL” VS. “GOING TO”, FUTURE PROGRESSIVE AND PERFECT

Example: A: Why are you turning on the radio?

1. Guess what? I didn’t bring a pencil with me.

Example: Gina has already decided about her boyfriend’s proposal.

1. Ed’s car needs a new battery.

2. The class is about to start.

3. Mr. Warner is selling his house.

4. What would you like to eat, ma’am, chicken or beef?

5. Steve does not want to work for his company anymore.

6. I need a little break.

7. We all want to go to Los Cabos.

1. We will be studying Phonetics in a month.

For the rest of the class Next vacation

EXERCISE 4. Tell us what you will be doing when…

a) You get married d) You finish the Teachers’ course at PES

1. By next year, we will have finished the Teachers’ Course.

At the end of the class Next vacation

1. By the end of the semester, .

LESSON 4 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “THERE IS”, “THERE ARE”AND COMPARATIVES

1. There is one teacher in the classroom.

1. There’s some sugar in my coffee.

1. Is there any cream for my coffee?

Examples: There are some students in reception.

1. a very interesting movie at the cinema this week.

1. Please pass me the salt shaker; there is salt in my salad.

Check the following formulas and examples:

Good / well  Better Far  Farther / further Few  Fewer

Big Crowded Early Easily High

1. I had many things to do, so I woke up usual.

Check the following formulas and examples:

Examples: We stayed at the most elegant hotel in town. (Elegant)

1. Canada is very large, but China is . (Large)

1. The subway wasn’t as fast as usual.

Example: I’m sorry I’m a bit late. I came as fast as I could.

1. It was a delicate job. I did it I could.

GRAMMAR REVIEW. The “Double comparative” is used to express a direct or an inverse

1. The sooner we star, the earlier we will finish.

EXERCISE 7. Complete the following sentences using “Double comparatives”:

1. The more problems someone has, .

1. The longer the speech, the more boring.

1. The more famous a singer is, .

LESSON 5 WRITTEN REVIEW OF “PRESENT” AND “PAST PERFECT”

Barked ___ Laughed _ Started _____