NATIONAL STANDARD

OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

中华人民共和国国家标准
GB 50037-1996

Code for Design of Ground Surface and

Floor of Building

建筑地面设计规范

Issued on July 26, 1996 Implemented on January 1, 1997

Issued by the Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China
 Notice on publishing the national standard of Code for Design

of Ground Surface and Floor of Building

Jian Biao［1996］No. 404

According to the requirements of Ji Zong [1987[ No. 2390 Issued by the State Economic Planning
Commission, the Code for Design of Ground Surface and Floor of Building which was edited by
related departments organize by the Ministry of Machine Building has past the joint examination.
The Code for Design of Ground Surface and Floor of Building has been approved as a national
standard of coerciveness with a serial number of GB 50037-1996, and implemented on January 1,
1997.The former national standard of Code for Design of Ground Surface and Floor of Industrial
Building with a serial number of TJ 37-79 shall be abolished simultaneously.

The Ministry of Machine Building is in charge of the administration of this code, and the Second
Design and Research Institute of the Ministry of Machine Building is taking the charge of the
explanation of the standard. This code is published and distributed by the Ministry of Construction
of China's Construction Industry Standards Organizations Fixed Institute.

Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China

July 26, 1996

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 Contents

1 General rules ..................................................................................................................................1

2 Terms and symbols ........................................................................................................................2
2.1 Terms ..................................................................................................................................2
2.2 Symbol ................................................................................................................................3
3 Ground types..................................................................................................................................3
4 Under layer of ground ..................................................................................................................10
5 Foundation of ground...................................................................................................................12
6 Ground structure ..........................................................................................................................14
Appendix A The thickness of surface course, combined course, filler course, troweling course and
the layers of isolating course...........................................................................................................20
Appendix B Option table for thickness of concrete under layer .....................................................23
Appendix C The calculation of thickness of concrete under layer..................................................25
C.1 General Requirement........................................................................................................25
C.2 Calculation of ground loading ..........................................................................................27
C.3 Calculation of cushion coat thickness ..............................................................................30
C.4 Example of calculation .....................................................................................................31
Appendix D Explanation of Wording in this code ..........................................................................35
Additional explanation....................................................................................................................36

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 1 General rules
1.0.1 This code is formulated with a view to make the design of building ground and floor meet
the requirements of production characteristic, architectural function and usage, make the most of
local material, industrial waste, save timber, cement, rolled steel and valuable material, attain the
purposes of technique forward, economy reasonable, safety applicable, insuring the quality.
1.0.2 The code is applicable to the design of ground floor, ground surface as well as apron, open
ditch, foot step, step and ramp of the general industry and civil architecture.
1.0.3 Not only the requirements stipulated in this standard, but also those in the current relevant
ones of the nation shall be complied with in the design of ground surface and floor of building.

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 2 Terms and symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Surface course
The surface course of the ground surface and floor of building that supports all kinds of physical
and chemical action directly.
2.1.2 Combined course
It is the connection layer between the surface course and its under-structural layer.
2.1.3 Troweling course
It is the structural layer which is processed surface rolling and ditch searching on the under layer
or floor surface.
2.1.4 Isolating course
It is the structural layer which is used to protect the ground surface from the seepage of all sorts of
liquids of ground surface and floor of building or ground water and moisture.
2.1.5 moisture-proof course
The structural layer which is used to protect the ground surface from the subsurface moisture or
the one of foundation ground.
2.1.6 Filler course
The structural layer which is set on the reinforced concrete floor, it is provided with the functions
of sound proof, insulation work, slope-searching or pipeline hidden spreading.
2.1.7 Under layer
The structural layer which is set on the building foundation, it is provided with the functions of
supporting and transfer topside loads.
2.1.8 Shrinkage crack
The shrinkage crack, provided with the purposes of protecting the production of random crack of
the under layer of concrete when temperature is decreasing.
2.1.9 Stretching crack
The expansion joint, provided with the purposes of protecting the smash and arching of the under
layer of concrete when temperature is rising.
2.1.10 Lengthwise shrinkage crack
The shrinkage crack runs parallel with the construction direction.
2.1.11 Transverse stretching crack
The shrinkage crack runs perpendicular to construction direction.

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2.2 Symbol
Clause Symbol Meaning
2.2.1 h thickness of concrete under layer
2.2.2 h1 The thickness which is designed
according to the limit of bearing
capacity state under the action of P1
2.2.3 hi The thickness which is designed
according to the limit of bearing
capacity state under the action of P1
2.2.4 Eo The deformation modulus of
compacted backfill foundation
2.2.5 L Radius of relative stiffness of
concrete under layer
2.2.6 β Integrative rigidity factor
2.2.7 S Design value of basic load
combination
2.2.8 Ss Design value of short-term load
combination
2.2.9 Sos Combined equivalent load situated
at multi-loading calculation centers
2.2.10 So The biggest equivalent circular
loading in loading position zone
2.2.11 Si Either equivalent circular loading in
loading position zone
2.2.12 Soi The equivalent value of equivalent
circular loading of P1
2.2.13 γ Radii or equivalent circular radii of
supporting surface of circular
loading
2.2.14 γj The calculated radii of circular form
or equivalent circus
2.2.15 h' The integral thickness of each
structural layer above under layer
2.2.16 kc Loading position factor
2.2.17 Romax Radii of loading position zone
2.2.18 Roi Distance between the counting
center bases on So and the loading
of No.i in loading zone
2.2.19 aoi Loading influence angle

3 Ground types
3.0.1 The selection of ground types shall be determined according to the general technical
economy comparison of the production characteristics, architectural functions, operating
requirements and technical economy conditions.

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It is suitable to adopt part measures when local sections are subjected to seriously physics or
chemical action.
3.0.2 The basic structural layer of bottom layer ground should be surface course, under layer and
foundation; the basic structural layer of floor surface should be surface course and floor slab. If
ever the basic structural layers of bottom layer ground and floor surface can not meet the
requirements of usage or structure, it is suitable to add other structural layers related to combined
course, isolating course, filler and troweling course, and so on.
The required thickness of surface course, combined course, filler course, troweling course and
number of layers of isolating course may be adopted according to the different materials and
characteristics in Appendix A in this code at the time of selecting ground types.
3.0.3 The ground types of the sections with the requirements of cleanness and flexibility shall
comply with the following requirements:
3.0.3.1 It should be adopted surface course of cement-screening, surface course of crushed sands
concrete if there is general cleanness requirements. 3.0.3.2 It should be adopted surface course of
terrazzo or surface course of cement type of coating, or other surface course of board and block if
there is higher cleanness requirements.3.0.3.3 It should be adopted surface course of magnesite or
polyvinyl chloride panel if there is higher cleanness and flexibility operating requirements. It is
suitable to adopt surface course of board or surface course of other materials if ever the above
material is incapable of meeting fully of operating requirements. The surface course of magnesite
shall not be applied to the section influenced by humidity or heat frequently. It is suitable to adopt
non-metal material isolation at the contacting section between metal pipeline, hardware and
magnesite.
3.0.3.4 It is suitable to set moisture-proof course if there is higher cleanness requirements for the
bottom layer ground .
3.0.3.5 The plank floor shall be adopted relevant measures of fire prevention, corrosion protection
and anti borer according to the operating requirements.
3.0.4 The ground surface and floor of building with air cleanliness requirements, its surface course
shall be smooth, non-polishing, non-dusty and easy dedusting and cleaning. Its bottom layer
ground shall be set with moisture-proof course. The surface course shall be adopted
noninflammable, flame resisting material or the materials which have no production of toxic gas
when they are burning, and it should be with lower and flexibility. The surface course shall avoid
the glare, and the luminous reflectivity of materials of surface course should be 0.15~0.35. It shall
not be easy to gather statical electricity if necessary.
The section with the air cleanliness of Class 100, Class 1,000 and Class 10,000 should not be set
with movement joint.
3.0.5 The ground surface and floor of building of vertical laminar flow whose air cleanliness is
Class 100 shall adopt ventilative-floor of grid type, the materials may be adopted the cast
aluminium of electroplate or coating after plate welding, and so on. The underside of
ventilative-floor shall adopt the surface course of compos of in-situ terrazzo, brushing coating of
resinae or tile, and so on.
3.0.6 The sections whose air cleanliness is Class 100 of horizontal laminar flow, Class 1,000 and
Class 10,000 respectively should adopt natural flow plane layer related to surface course of plastic
overlay of statical electricity conduction and polyurethane, and so on. The surface course of
plastic overlay course of statical electricity conduction should be paved and pasted in coiling or

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biggish blocks of materials, and agglutinated in self-contained statical electricity conduction
adhesive.
3.0.7 The section whose air cleanliness is Class 10,000 and Class 100,000 may adopt surface of
in-situ terrazzo, also, it is suitable to coat resene coatings related to polyurethane coating, epoxy
coating on surface course of cement type.
The surface course of in-situ terrazzo should mesh divisions in bar copper or aluminium alloy,; if
ever the metal filler rods are harmful to some production technologies, it is suitable to mesh
divisions in glass strips.
3.0.8 The sections with electrostatic prevention requirements during production or use process
shall adopt surface course materials of statical electricity conduction, the key technical indexes
related to its surface resistivity and mass resistivity shall meet the producing and operating
requirements, and it shall be set with electrostatic grounding.
Each technology index of ground of statical electricity conduction shall comply with the
requirements of the current relevant national standard of Design Code for Electronic Computer
Room.
3.0.9 The sections where dipped in water or non- subversive liquid frequently should adopt
surface course of cast-in-situ cement type. The bottom layer ground and cast-in-situ reinforced
concrete floor should be set with isolating course; the reinforced concrete floor shall be set with
isolating course.
The sections where water flows frequently shall adopt surface materials of no absorbing water,
ease of flushing, skid prevention, and it is suitable to set with isolating course.
3.0.10 The isolating course may be made in materials related to waterproof coiled material type,
underwater paint type and asphalt mortar type.
The bottom layer ground whose moisture protection requirements are lower may adopt isolating
course of puddle coating type of asphalt type, or the under layers which is added gray soil, mix of
macadam and asphalt.
3.0.11 The bottom layer ground of non- air condition building in moist heat region may adopt
micropore hygroscopic and matte surface course.
3.0.12 The ground of heating room may not adopt heat preservation measure, but it is required to
adopt insulation work measure for parts if one of the following situations is occurring:
3.0.12.1 The overhead or overhanging sections directly face to the floor ground of outdoor heating
room or the floor ground of non-heating room;
3.0.12.2 If ever there is not heating and ventilation pipe ditch around the building, for the bottom
layer ground of frosty regions , the scale within 0.5~1.0m of external wall inside should adopt heat
preservation measure, its heat proof value shall not be less than the heat proof value of external
wall.
3.0.13 The ground of heating room and apron, open ditch, foot step, step and slope in the regions
of seasonal freezing should adopt macadam and mine refuse ground or the surface of precast
concrete slab precast concrete slab when the standard frost penetration of soil is large than 600mm
and the soil is frost-heaving soil or strong frost-heaving soil in the scale of frost penetration. It is
suitable to add frost heaving proof layer under the under layer if the concrete under layer must be
adopted.

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In the heating room which meets above edaphic conditions in aforesaid regions shall be adopted
proper hibernation measure if heating has not already been provided for concrete under layer after
completing.
The frost heaving proof layer shall be made in non- frost heaving materials related to medium
coarse sands, sands gravel, slag or madisonite gray soil, and so on.Its thickness shall be
determined according to local experience; also, it may be selected according those specified in
Table 3.0.13.

Table 3.0.13 Thickness of frost heaving proof layer

Standard frost penetration of thickness of frost heaving proof layer(mm)
soil(mm) soil (frost-heaving soil) soil (strong frost-heaving soil)
600~800 100 150
1200 200 300
1800 3500 450
2200 500 600
Note: The standard frost penetration and frost heaving classification of soil shall be determined according to the
requirements of the current national standard of Code for Design of Building Foundation.
When madisonite gray soil is adopted for frost heaving proof layer, the weight mixing ratio should be
7:2:1( slag: plain soil: slack lime), the compacting factor should not be less than 0.85 and age before frozen
shall be large than 30d.

3.0.14 The bottom layer ground where contacts with scorching object or influenced by high
temperature may adopt surface course of plain soil, mine refuse or macadam, and so on. When the
requirements of leveling and certain cleanness are put forward synchronously, it is suitable to
adopt relevant measure according to the contact or influence of temperature: when the temperature
is below 300℃, it is suitable to adopt chamotte course; when the temperature is between
300~500℃, it is suitable to adopt blocked stone surface course; when the temperature is between
500~800℃, it is suitable to adopt surface course of refractory concrete or firebrick; when the
temperature at parts are between 800~1400℃, it is suitable to adopt board surface course. The
combined course materials of aforesaid blocked materials surface course should adopt sands or
slag.
3.0.15 The ground with nonpyrophoric requirements should adopt surface course of pea gravel
concrete, cement-screening, terrazzo, and so on, but their skeletal material shall be nonpyrophoric
limestone, and marble, and so on, also, it is suitable to adopt non-static insulating material to make
whole surface course.
3.0.16 In the sections where is used for producing and storing or medicine and directly contact
with surface by any possibility, the surface course shall be strictly prohibited to adopt virose
plastic, coating or materials of soluble glass type, and so on. The virulence of material shall be
identified by relevant health and quarantine departments.
It is suitable to avoid adopting ground materials of sheding peculiar smell at the time of producing
or storing the food stuffs with stronger smell absorbency.
3.0.17 The section where is dripped in mercury, it is suitable to adopt surface course of cement
type or polyvinyl chloride panel integral surface course of brushing coat. The bottom layer ground
shall adopt concrete under layer; the floor ground shall enhance its rigidity and bulking property.

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The ground shall be with certain slope.
3.0.18 The selection of oil seepage proof ground shall comply with the following requirements:
3.0.18.1 The section whose floor ground is directly acted by mobile oil frequently shall adopt
concrete surface course of oil seepage proof; the cast-in-situ reinforced concrete may be not set up
with isolating course of oil seepage proof; the precast reinforced concrete construction floorslab
and cast-in-situ reinforced concrete with stronger mechanical equipment vibrating action shall be
set up with isolating course of oil proof
3.0.18.2 The section where acted by less mobile oil may adopt surface course of cement type
which coated with oil seepage proof coating, and it may be not set up with isolating course of oil
seepage proof.The coating of oil seepage proof shall be in possession of wearing qualities, it is
suitable to adopt polymer mortar, coating of polyester type, and so on.
3.0.18.3 The surface course of mattess of oil seepage proof shall not be chapped; the section of
mesh division joint of surface course is request not to seep.
3.0.18.4 The sections of wiring tube, junction box, service sleeve which coming up to grass and
joints with wall and pillar shall be added oil seepage proof measure.
3.0.19 The sections where supports mechanical wear and hammering action frequently, the
selection of its ground type shall be determined according to the following requirements:
3.0.19.1 The section where past by accumulator vehicle, truck, fork lift truck and unloaded or
overturned small parts and components, it should adopt cast-in-place concrete under layer
concurrently surface course or pea gravel concrete surface course.
3.0.19.2 The section where is past by vehicle with metal wheels, rolled by firm circular heavy and
sharp line metalwork hauls on should adopt concrete under layer concurrently surface course, rust
cement surface course. The concrete strength of under layer shall not be less than C25.
3.0.19.3 The violent abraded section where ran by transport vehicles of crawler type or chain type
should adopt those ones combine with sands related to blocked stone surface course, concrete
precast block surface course, combination of compo and cast iron board surface course or
reinforced concrete surface course of steel grating. The precast block concrete strength shall not be
less than C30.
3.0.19.4 The section where is piled up heavy goods of slab, steel ingot, casting foundry flask and
impacted by hard heavy frequently should surface courses related to plain soil, mine refuse,
macadam and so on.
Note: The section where is abraded consumingly shall adopt other new style non-polishing and
shock proof ground materials which past the reliability demonstration.
3.0.20 The section where is installed metal cutting machine directly on ground, its surface course
shall meet the requirements of certain wearability, compactness and bulking property. It should
adopt cast-in-place concrete under layer concurrently surface course or pea gravel concrete surface
course.
3.0.21 The section with air cushion transport, its surface course shall be gas-proof, seamless and
difficult to produce dust. It should adopt surface courses related to resin slurry, wear-resistant paint
and high class cast-in-situ terrazzo; the ground slope shall not be large than 1‰, and no
incontinuous long slope. The interstice shall not be large than 2mm when surface smoothness is
inspected in guiding rule of 2m.
3.0.22 For the public building, the section where supports large amount of ambulant persons or ran
by mini cart, its surface course should adopt blocked material surface course and whole surface

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course of cement type related to unglazed floor tile, marble, granite, cement tile which are
non-polishing, nonskid, difficult to produce dust.
3.0.23 The section where is in possession of higher tranquilization requirements in indoor
environment, its surface course should adopt flexibility materials of carpet, plastic or rubber.
3.0.24 The main section where is used for the public activity for children and old people, the
surface course should adopt warm materials of wood floor, plastic or carpet.
3.0.25 The section adopting carpet, the selection of carpet shall comply with the following
requirements:
3.0.25.1 The section where supports large amount of ambulant persons or ran by mini cart should
adopt carpet with better pressure proof, wear proof and higher fuzz density.
3.0.25.2 The ground of bedroom and sitting room should adopt the carpets with soft materials and
mezzo shag and fuzz density.
3.0.25.3 For the section with special purpose, the carpet fiber shall respectively meet the
requirements of mould proofing, anti borer and prevention of statical electricity.
3.0.26 The ground of dance floor should adopt surface course materials related to wood floor and
terrazzo whose surface is smooth, non-polishing and stretchy.
3.0.27 The ground of restaurant, bar, coffee house with requirements of dustless, easy-cleaning,
greasiness smirch proof should adopt terrazzo, glaze floor tile, ceramic mosaic, wood floor or
carpet of smirch proof, and so on.
3.0.28 The spaces related to indoor sports center, rehearsal hall and show hall shall adopt willowy
ground of wood floor, and so on. The ground of indoor skate land shall adopt the surface course
materials related to hard, non-polishing and smooth cast-in-situ terrazzo and non-polishing compo,
and so on.
3.0.29 The paper characteristic storehouse storing books and periodicals, files or records, the
ground of storehouse treasuring different kinds of cultural relics or artworks and valuables, they
should adopt dustless and easy-cleaning surface course related to board, plastic and terrazzo, and
so on. The bottom layer ground shall adopt moisture protection and condensation protection
measures.
Note: The storehouse where storing valuables should be added flexible surface course in relevant
range at the time of adopting terrazzo floor.
3.0.30 Not only the relevant requirements of material characteristics and construction, but also the
following requirements shall be complied with at the time of determining the thickness of surface
course of ground surface and floor of building:
3.0.30.1 The mixing proportion of compo surface course is 1:2; the cement mark should not fall
down the No.425.
3.0.30.2 The blocked stone of blocked stone surface course shall be measured truncated cone, its
super face section shall be scabbled and aimed to a purpose of smooth, its area of base shall not be
less than the 60% of super face area.
3.0.30.3 The mixing proportion of tabia surface course should be 1:2:4(slack lime: sands: rubble),
the mixing proportion of gray soil surface course should be 2:8 or 3:7 (slack lime: clay soil).
3.0.30.4 The cement mark of terrazzo surface course shall not be less than No. 425, the gravel
particle diameter should be 6~15mm, the mesh division shall not be large than 1m.
3.0.30.5 The use of proportioning of concrete of oil seepage proof and compounded additive shall
be determined according to the test.

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3.0.30.6 The brush application and spraying of surface course coating is request not to less than
three times, its mixing proportion and preparation and construction shall be made strictly
according to the requirements of different kinds of coatings.
3.0.31 The combined course material and thickness of ground surface and floor of building shall
be determined according to the classifications of surface course and those specified in Table A.0.2
of Appendix A in this code. The combined course materials whose cementing agent is cement may
blend in proper chemical glue (plasm) materials at the time of mixing up. It is not suitable to adopt
1∶2 compo as combined when the glowing object temperature of cast iron board surface course
is more than 800℃.
The dead weight of filler course of ground surface and floor of building shall not be large than
9KN/m3.
3.0.33 The troweling course materials of ground surface and floor of building may adopt compo of
lower number and the concrete whose strength level is C10~C15.
3.0.34 It is suitable to adopt alkali-free fiberglass mesh when daub glass cloth of oil seepage proof
are used for isolating course, the integral thickness of one cloth and two glue should be 4mm.

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 4 Under layer of ground
4.0.1 The type selection of under layer of ground shall comply with the following requirements:
4.0.1.1 The blocked material surface course combined in cast-in-situ whole surface course and
agglomerant or mortar should adopt concrete under layer.
4.0.1.2 The blocked material surface course combined in sands or slag should adopt under layers
related to macadam, mine refuse, gray soil or tabia, and so on.
4.0.2 The minimum thickness of under layer of ground shall comply with those specified in Table
4.0.2.
Table 4.0.2 The minimum thickness of under layer
Name of under layer Material lightness class or Thickness (mm)
mixing proportion
Concrete ≥C10 60
Soil-mixture (mixed in four 1: 1: 6: 12( cement: lime paste: 80
materials) sands: brickbat)
Tabia 1: 3: 6(slack lime: sands: 100
brickbat)
Gray soil 3: 7 or 2: 8(Slack lime, clay 100
soil)
Sands, slag, macadam (pebble) 60
Mine refuse 80
Note: ① The minimum thickness of concrete under layer in common civil architecture may adopt 50mm.
② The slack lime listed in the table may be replaced in coal ash and carbide slag, and so on; sands may be
replaced in slag; brickbat may be replaced in macadam, mine refuse and slag, etc.

4.0.3 The strength class of concrete under layer shall not be fall below C10; the strength class of
concrete under layer concurrently surface course shall not be fall below C15.
4.0.4 The thickness of concrete under layer shall be determined according to the basic loading of
ground and meet the following requirements:
4.0.4.1 When there are two or more basic loading of ground types in a same section, it is suitable
to determine the thicknesses respectively, and take the maximal one as the under layer thickness
for this section.
4.0.4.2 It is suitable to adopt different thicknesses when the under layer thickness are repugnant in
adjacent sections. When the technical economy is reasonable, it is suitable to adopt selfsame
thickness.
4.0.4.3 For the section where exists single heavy loading, it is suitable to adopt local
intensification measure, but it is request not to add the under layer thickness for the whole section.
4.0.5 When the basic loading of ground is dense stacking in large area, plain metal stock removing
machine or flexible transport vehicles. the shrinkage crack of concrete under layer shall adopt
flat-head joint, the under layer thickness may be adopted according to the requirements of
Appendix B in this code.
4.0.6 When the thickness of concrete under layer is required to be determined according to the
calculation, it is suitable to proceed according to the quantity of supporting surfaces of basic
loading of ground, spacing and geometric shape, and the requirements of Appendix C in this code.

10
4.0.7 When the ribbed concrete under layer (periphery) adopts the shrinkage crack of flat-head
joint structure, its under layer formula (C.3.1) of Appendix C of this code, at this point, the Kc in
the formula shall be equal to 1.0. But the thickness should not be large than 120mm.
Note: ① When it is determined according to the isolated loading, it is suitable to recompute punching strength of
board according to the current national standard of Code for Design of Concrete Structures.
② The ribbing ribber of plate edges should not be used in the section where piles up dense loading in large
area.

4.0.8 The concrete under layer reduction coefficient, whose shrinkage crack is flat-head joint
structure, the under layer thickness may multiplied by 0.75 of reduction factor and meet the
following requirements when the gray soil is used for foundation stabilization measure under the
under layer:
4.0.8.1 The under layer thickness shall not be large than 150mm before processing the reduction.
4.0.8.2 The under layer thickness shall not be less than less than 60mm after processing the
reduction.
4.0.8.3 The thickness of gray soil shall not be less than 150mm.
4.0.9 The thickness of concrete under layer of shrinkage crack of rabbet structure may be
determined according to the formula C (C.3.1) in Appendix C of this code in the way of
determining the thickness in critical load position, and then multiply by 0.8 of reduction factor.

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 5 Foundation of ground
5.0.1 The ground under layer shall be laid on the well-proportioned and dense foundation. For the
soft soil foundations related to silt, mucky soil, rinse fill and miscellaneous fill, they are suitable to
be utilized and treated according to the production characteristics, operating requirement,
earthiness situation and the relevant regulations of the current national standard of Code for
Design of Building Foundation, and make them meet the requirements of ground surface and floor
of building.
5.0.2 The ground work which utilizes the compacted backfill of compaction in layers as
foundation shall put forward the quality requirements of compacted backfill according to the
method of work of ground structure, loading condition, padding property, field condition before
grading. It is allow to act as ground foundation after the backfill quality past the relevant
requirements of construction and acceptance standard.
5.0.3 The backfill under the ground under layer shall adopt sandy soil, silty soil, clay soil and
other effective padding, it is request not to use over-wet soil, silt, humus soil, frozen soil, swelling
soil and the soil whose organic content is large than 8%. The quality and construction
requirements of padding shall comply with the requirements of the current national standard of
Specifications for Construction and Acceptance of Earthwork and Explosion Engineering.
5.0.4 The compaction degree and moisture content of compacted backfill foundation shall meet
the following requirements:
5.0.4.1 The compacting factor (λc) shall not be less than 0.90.
5.0.4.2 The control moisture content Wo (%) shall be :
Wo＝Wop±3(5.0.4)
Where, Wop---the optimum moisture content of soil (%), it may be determined according to
the local experience or adopt Wp±2, the silty soil may adopt 14~18; Wp is the plastic limit of soil.
5.0.4.3 The compacting factor shall be determined according to the field test. It is suitable to
require the construction compaction equipment, lift thickness of each layer and compactor pass of
each layer to meet those specified in Table 5.0.4 when there is no test condition.
Note: ① The compacting factor is the ratio of control dry density ρd and maximum dry density ρ dmax of soil.
② The maximum dry density of soil should be determined by adopting compaction test, or calculated
according to the relevant regulations of current national standard of Code for Design of Building
Foundation.
③ It is suitable to adopt feeler inspection to work in inspection for the importance project or laige project
workload. For instance, plain fill N10＞20, and so on.

Table 5.0.4 The lift thickness and compactor pass of each layer of compacted backfill
Compaction equipment lift thickness of each compactor pass of each layer
layer(mm)
Drum roller 200~300 6~8
Sheep-foot roller 200~350 8~16
Frog rammer 200~250 3~4
Manual ramming Not large than 200 3~4
Note: ① This table is applicable to adopting silty soil, clay soil and more to act as soil aggregate, the padding of
gray soil gray soil and sandy soil type shall be implemented according to the current national standard

12
 of Code for Design of Building Foundation.
② This table is applicable to the backfill whose backfill is within 2m.

5.0.5 The weak soils of silt, mucky soil, rinse fill or miscellaneous fill which has been treated shall
respectively ram the materials related to pebble, gravel, macadam, brickbat, mine refuse or sands
into soil according to the physical circumstances after tamping, and proceed the stabilization of
foundation surface layer, the thickness should not be less than 60mm. The backfill of foundation
ditch and foundation pit shall be treated like recent backfill.
5.0.6 The ground of outdoor goods yard, apron and slope influenced by atmosphere directly
should be laid the sands, slag, macadam, mine refuse and gray soil with preferable water stability
under the under layer when under layer is adopted, the thickness should not be less than those
specified in Table 4.0.2 of this code.
5.0.7 The ground of workshop building, warehouse and importance building with ground loading
of large area shall be considered with the foundation design issuable inhomogeneous deformation
of foundation and its adverse impact on building, and adopt relevant technical measures according
to the current of Code for Design of Building Foundation.

13
6 Ground structure

6.0.1 The ground elevation of the ground floor of building shall be 150mm overtop the outdoor
ground. It is suitable to add indoor and outdoor height difference if any other causes of producing
and using special requirement or larger proleptic settling volume of building.
6.0.2 It is suitable to station bar mat whose diameter is 4mm and spacing is 150~200mm at the
section of 20mm below the concrete super face when the production and operating requirement
disallow surface course dehiscence of concrete type.
6.0.3 The setting of ground movement joint shall comply with the following requirements:
6.0.3.1 The settlement joint of ground floor ground and settlement joint, stretching crack and
setting of earthquake-proof joint of floor ground shall be accordant with the relevant joint position
of structure, and it shall interpenetrate each structural layer of ground.
6.0.3.2 The movement joint shall be set on the watershed line of drainage slope, and it is request
not to transit the section where flows or accumulates liquid.
6.0.4 The structure of movement joint shall not be bared, destroyed and it shall not destroy the
ground at the time of producing displacement or deformation; the selection of materials shall
adopt measures of fire prevention, waterproof, heat preservation vermin-proof and oil proof
according to the various requirements.
6.0.5 The concrete under layer of ground floor ground shall be set with lengthways shrinkage
crack and transverse shrinkage crack, those one shall comply with the following requirements:
6.0.5.1 The lengthways shrinkage crack shall adopt flat-head joint or rabbet (Figure 6.0.5 (a), (b),
the spacing may adopt 3~6m.
6.0.5.2 When rabbet is used for lengthways shrinkage crack, the structure thickness of under layer
should not be less than 150mm; the concrete compressive strength shall not be fell below 3MPa at
the time of form removal of rabbet joint.
6.0.5.3 The transverse shrinkage crack should adopt dummy joint (Figure 6.0.5 (C), the spacing
may adopt 6~12m; the ground where is constructed in high temperature season, the dummy joint
spacing should adopt 6m.The width of dummy joint should adopt 5~20mm; the height should be
1/3 of under layer thickness; the joint inside shall be filled in compo.

14
6.0.6 The gap of flat-head joint and rabbet is request not to place isolation material, it must cling
each other.
6.0.7 The concrete under layer of outdoor ground should be set with stretching crack, the spacing
should adopt 20~30m, joint width shall be 20~30mm, the joint width shall be filled in materials of
bitumen type, the concrete edge along the both sides of joint shall be reinforced for parts.
6.0.8 The ground where piled up with dense stacking in large area, the lengthways and transverse
shrinkage crack of concrete under layer shall adopt flat-head joint, its spacing should adopt 6m.
6.0.9 At the juncture of different under layer thickness, it is suitable to adopt transition measure of
continuous mode (Figure 6.0.9 (a)) hen the thickness ratio of adjacent under layer is greater than 1,
less than or equal to 1.4; it may set settlement joint of discontinuous mode (Figure 6.0.9 (b)) hen
thickness ratio is large than 1.4.

15
16
 Figure 6.0.5 The rough drawing of flat-head joint, rabbet and dummy

joint

Figure 6.0.9 Two kinds of variable cross-section

6.0.10 For the ground where set up with frost heaving proof layer, the lengthways and transverse
contraction shall adopt flat-head joint and its spacing should not be large than 3m when concrete
under layer is adopted.
6.0.11 When the periphery of concrete under layer is added rib, it is suitable to used in interior, the
lengthways and transverse shrinkage cracks shall adopt flat-head joint (Figure 6.0.11), the spacing
should be 6~12m, and the lengthways and transverse spacing shall be equal. The spacing should
adopt 6m at the time of constructing in high temperature season.

Figure 6.0.11 Under layer structure of adding rib at periphery

17
6.0.12 The dividing joint of surface course laid on the concrete under layer shall comply with the
following requirements:
6.0.12.1 The surface course of bitumen type and surface course of blocked material may be not set
with joint.
6.0.12.2 The alignment based on the dividing joint of surface course of pea gravel concrete and
shrinkage crack.
6.0.12.3 The dividing joint of surface courses of terrazzo, compo and polymer mortar shall make
the alignment base on the shrinkage crack of under layer; also, it shall reduce spacing according to
the detailed design requirements. The both sides and circumference of kingpost should be set with
dividing joint respectively.
6.0.12.4 The surface course division joint of isolating course may not to line up with the stretching
crack of the under layer.
6.0.12.5 The work method of dividing joint of oil seepage proof surface course shall comply with
the following requirements:
(1) The width of dividing joint may adopt 15~20mm, the depth may be equal to the surface course
thickness.
(2) For the jointing material of dividing joint, the under layer should adopt puddle of oil seepage
proof to seal the joint, the top layer should adopt expanding cement mortar to seal the joint.
6.0.13 When water or other liquid is required to remove, the ground shall be set the slope with
orientational drain or floor drain. It is suitable to set drain of the drain slope is longish.
The drain or floor drain shall be set on the position without prejudice to use and be able to drain
fleetly.
6.0.14 For the large drainage area, when the drain amount is smaller and it may control or scour
randomly at the time of draining, it may just set the drain slope in a certain range around the floor
drain.
6.0.15 The slope of ground floor ground should adopt modified foundation and vertical slope
construction. The slope of floor ground should adopt the thickness of variational filler course and
troweling course or uprise from the structure.
6.0.16 The gradient of ground drain slope shall comply with the following requirements:
6.0.16.1 The whole surface course or the blocked material surface course whose surface is more
slippery may adopt 0.5%~1.5%.
6.0.16.2 The blocked material surface course whose surface is unshaped may adopt 1%~2%.
6.0.17 The longitudinal gradient of drain should not be less than 0.5%.
6.0.18 The isolating course at the circumference of floor drain, drain trench and the bolted
connection between ground and metope shall be added number of layers properly or the local may
adopt isolating course material with preferable property. The isolating course of bolted connection
of ground and metope shall be crimped; the height should not be less than 150mm.
6.0.19 The bolted connection of ground and wall or column where influenced by water or other
liquid shall be set with mopboard or wainscot respectively. The height of mopboard should not be
less than 150mm.
6.0.20 The space of the section where water or other liquid flows and adjacent section shall be set
with water holding or adjusted the height difference of adjacent grounds.6.0.21 For the foot step,
slope or the ground where frequently exists different kinds of easy sliding objects of water, grease,
oil and more shall be considered to adopt skid prevention measure. 6.0.22 The circumference of

18
pore space of the floor ground and the surface structural edge of platform where water or other
liquid flows along shall be set with flanged edge or safeguard on the ground, the height should not
be less than 100mm.
6.0.23 For the ditch edge where influenced by sharp pounding or abrasion, it is suitable to adopt
strengthening measures. It is suitable to adopt strengthening measure for step and foot step edge
according to the service conditions.
6.0.24 The apron, open drain or combination of apron and open ditch shall be set at the
circumference of building. The setting of apron shall comply with the following requirements:
6.0.24.1 The width of apron shall be determined according to the soil characteristic, climatic
condition, building height and roof drainage type, it should be 600~1000mm; the width of apron
may be put out 200~300mm according to the cornice line when inorganization drain is adopted.
6.0.24.2 The gradient of apron may be 3%~5%. It is suitable to set stretching crack according to
the spacing of 20~30m when concrete is used for apron. It is suitable to set joint between apron
and external wall, the joint width may be 20~30mm, the joint inside shall be filled in materials of
bitumen type.

19
 Appendix A The thickness of surface course, combined course, filler

course, troweling course and the layers of isolating course

A.0.1 The thickness of surface course shall comply with those specified in Table A.0.1.
Table A.0.1. Thickness of surface course
Name of surface course Class of material strength Thickness(mm)

concrete(under layer concurrently surface ≥C15 To determine according to the under layer.

course)

Pea gravel concrete ≥C20 30~10

Polymer cement mortar ≥M20 5~10

Compo ≥M15 20

Rust cement M40 30~35(Include combined course)

Cement screenings ≥M30 20

oil seepage proof concrete ≥C30 60~70

Oil seepage proof coating - 5~7

Refractory concrete ≥C20 ≥60

Bituminous concrete - 30~50

Bituminous grout - 20~30

Magnesite ( monolayer) - 10~15

(double layers) - 20~25

Mine refuse, macadam (concurrently under - 80~150

layer)

Tabia (concurrently under layer) - 100~150

Gray soil - 100~150

Precast concrete ( side length:≤500mm) ≥C20 ≤100

Common clay brick ( carvel built) ≥MU7.5 53

(side built) 115

Gangue, firebrick (carvel built) ≥MU10 20

25~30(含 combined course)

Cement tile ≥MU15 25

Cast-in-situ terrazzo ≥C20 5~8

Precast terrazzo tile ≥C15 8~20

Ceramic mosaic(mosaic) - 80~120

Ground ceramic brick (board) - 20

Granite set ≥MU60 100~150

Marble, granite - 7

Blocked stone ≥MU30 18~22

Cast iron board - 12~18

Wood block ( monolayer) - 8~12

(Double layers) - Height: 300~400

Thin type wood floor - 2~3

Grid type ventilative-floor - 1~2

20
 Flexible vinyl board - 1-2

Plastic floor( felted carpet) - 3~4

Plastic board of static electricity - 5~10

conductive

Polyurethane self-leveling - 5~12

Resin slurry -

Carpet -

Note:① The layer thickness of wood floor of double layers does not include the thickness of
carcass flooring; the net thickness of board should be 12~18mm when its layer is made of hard
wood.
② Without exception, the material of bitumen type indicates petroleum bitumen in this code.
③ The barrier property of oil proof concrete should be checked according to the current national
standard of Standard for Test Methods of Long-term Performance and Durability of Ordinary
Concrete; it shall adopt media in mobile oil No.10, the specimen shall not appear oil seepage
phenomenon and the maximal oil-tight pressure shall be 1.5MPa
④ The adhesivedirect tensile strength of oil seepage proof coating is ≥0.3MPa.
⑤ The cast iron board thickness indicates the thickness of surface course.

A.0.2 The thickness of combined course shall comply with those specified in Table A.0.2.
Table A.0.2 The thickness of combined course
Name of surface course combined course materials Thickness(mm)
Precast concrete slab Sand, slag 20~30
Ceramic mosaic(mosaic) 1:1 Compo 5
or 1:4 stiff consistence compo 20~30
Common clay brick, coal shale Sand, slag 20~30
brick, firebrick
Cement tile 1:2 Compo 15~20
or 1:4stiff consistence compo 20~30
Blocked stone Sand, slag 20~50
Granite set 1:2 compo 15~20
Marble, granite, precast 1:2 compo 20~30
terrazzo tile
Ground ceramic brick (board) 1:2 compo 10~15
Cast iron board 1:2 compo 45
Sand, slag ≥60
Plates of plastic, rubber and Agglomerant --
polyvinyl chloride plastic, etc
Wood floor Agglomerant, wood block --
spike nail
Plastic board of static Supporting static electricity --
electricity conductive conductive agglomerant

A.0.3 The thickness of filler course shall comply with those specified in Table A.0.3.
Table A.0.3 The thickness of filling materials

21
 Filler course materials Either strength class or mixing thickness(mm)
proportion
Cement, slag 1: 6 30~80
Cement, lime, slag 1: 1: 8 30~80
Lightweight aggregate C7.5 30~80
concrete
Air entraining concrete block -- ≥50
Cement expanded perlite block -- ≥50
Bitumen expanded perlite -- ≥50
block

A.0.4 The thickness of troweling course shall comply with those specified in Table A.0.4.
Table A.0.4 The thickness of troweling course
Troweling course materials Either strength class or mixing Thickness(mm)
proportion
Compo 1:3 ≥15
Concrete C10~C15 ≥30

A.0.5 The thickness of isolating course shall comply with those specified in Table A.0.5.
Table A.0.5 The number of layers of isolating course
Isolating course materials Either number of layers( or number of tracks)
Petroleum bitumen treated felt Layer 1~2
Bitumen glass cloth treated felt Layer 1
Regenerated rubber treated felt Layer 1
Flexible vinyl coiled material Layer 1
Waterproof cold stock 1 cloth 3 glues
Waterproof film coating ( polyurethanes Track 2,3
coating)
Hot bitumen 1 cloth 2 glues
Note:① The petroleum bitumen treated felt shall not be fell down 350g.
② Generality, the integral thickness of waterproof film coating is 1.5~2mm.
③ If ever the water proof membrane ( agricultural film) is used as isolating course, the thickness
shall be 0.4~0.6mm.
④ If ever the bituminous grout is used as isolating course, the thickness shall be 10~20mm.
⑤ For the oil seepage proof isolating course, it may be made of the waterproof emulsion coated
material with oil seepage property.

22
Appendix B Option table for thickness of
concrete under layerB.0.1 Table B.0.1 Option table for thickness of
concrete under layer
Loading type Thickness of concrete under layer(mm)
Strength Deformation modulus of compacted
class of backfill foundation Eo
2
concrete (N/mm )
8 20 40
Dense 20 C10 70 60 60
stacking in C15 60 60 60
large area 30 C10 100 80 70
2
(KN/m ) C15 90 70 60
C20 80 60 60
50 C10 160 130 110
C15 140 110 100
C20 120 100 90
horizontal lathe CW6163, capstan turret
lathe CQ31125, relieving lathe CB8925,
Common semi-automatic lathe C7625, contour lathe
metal cutting C7125
machine Radial drilling machine Z35, vertical drill
Z575, horizontal type internal broaching
machine L6110
Circular grinding machine M131W, C10 160 140 120
internal grinding machine M250A, plain
surface grinding machine M7132H,
centerless grinding machine M1080B,
crankshaft grinding machine MQ8260
Hobbing machine Y38, gear generator
Y236, gear planer Y75150, shaving C15 150 130 120
machine Y4245
Vertical miller X5032, horizontal milling
machine XA6140A, horizontal boring and
milling machine TAX61T
Shaping machine BC6063B, slotting
machine B5032 C20 140 120 120

Trackless 2t accumulator vehicle, 1t fork lift truck C10 90 80 70

haulage fork lift truck, 2.5t truck C15 80 70 60
vehicle 4t truck, 2t fork lift truck C10 130 120 110
C15 120 110 100
C20 100 90 80

23
 3t fork lift truck C10 140 130 120
C15 130 120 110
C20 110 100 90
8t truck, 5t fork lift truck, 12t three-axle C10 160 150 140
truck C15 150 140 130
C20 140 130 120
Crane load(t) ≤1 C10 80 70 60
C15 70 60 60
3 C10 100 90 80
C15 90 80 70
C20 80 70 60
5 C10 120 110 100
C15 110 100 90
C20 100 90 90
10~15 C10 140~160 130~150 120~140
C15 130~150 120~140 110~130
C20 120~140 110~130 100~120
Note: ① If ever the cast-in-situ pea gravel concrete facing exists on the cushion coat, the tabular thickness shall
subtract the thickness of facing, but it shall not be less than 60mm.
② If ever the ribber is added at the plate edges of concrete cushion or the foundation reenforcements
related to plotting is set under the cushion coat, the tabular thickness may be multiplied by the 0.75 of
reduction factor; it the plate edges ribbing ribber and foundation reinforcement are adopted
simultaneously, it is not suitable to do quadric reduction. For the section where installed common metal
cutting machine directly, the thickness shall not be less than 100mm after reducing.
③ For the objects whose supporting spacing≤80cm and supporting area ≥30×30(cm2), and the weight in
average≤50kN/m2 calculated accordong to the projected area, the thickness of cushion coat may be
adopted according to "dense stacking in large area"
④ The crane load in the table shall not be the gist for selecting thickness of cushion coat at the time of
utilizing crane to stack steel plates, rough parts and other heavy, or there is special maintenance field
for the cranes that used to repair facility, or assembling work is proceeded on special station, or the
post-installation products contact with ground in large area.
⑤ The calculated value of the deformation modulus of compacted backfill foundation Eo may be adopted
according to those specified in Table C.1.5 in this code.
⑥ It is suitable to combine with local climate, soil quality, filling, service experience and construction and
curing condition at the time of adopting the tabular thickness, and make a cushion coat thickness of
economic feasibility and matches with the operating requirement.

24
 Appendix C The calculation of thickness of concrete under layer

C.1 General Requirement

C.1.1 The calculation of thickness of concrete under layer shall adopt the limit state design bases
on probabilistic theory and calculate in the design expression of partial coefficient.
C.1.2 All the concrete under layer shall be designed according to the limit of bearing capacity state
and meet the requirements of regular service limiting state.
Note: According to the structural specialty of concrete slab on foundation, the regular service
limiting state of concrete under layer shall be the state at the time of the circumferential break is
on the point of appearing on the slab influenced by short-term loading.
C.1.3 The under layer shall be divided into three safe classes and importance factors according to
the ponderance of the aftermaths that may be produced (economic loss, social impact, and so on)
after the breakage of concrete under layer. It is suitable to adopt according to specific
circumstances when it is calculated according to the limit of bearing capacity state design.
Table C.1.3 The safe class and importance factor of concrete under layer
Ground type Safe class Importance factor γo
Important building Class 1 1.1
Common building Class 2 1.0
Secondary building Class 3 0.9
Note: For the special building ground, its safe class may be determined in addition according to specific
circumstances.

C.1.4 The indices of concrete design shall be adopted according to those specified in Table C.1.4.
Table C.1.4 The indices of concrete design
Concrete C10 C15 C20 C25 C30
strength class
Tensile 0.65 0.90 1.10 0.30 1.50
strength

f t (N/mm2)

Elasticity 1.75x104 2.20x104 2.55x104 2.80x104 3.00x104

modulus
Ec(N/mm2)

C.1.5 The deformation modulus of compacted backfill foundation Eo shall be adopted according
to those specified in Table C.1.5.

Table C.1.5 The deformation modulus of compacted backfill foundation (Eo)

Backfill type Quality control index Deformation modulus Eo (N/mm2)
Normal subject of soil Soil over-wet subject
humidity

25
 Sandy soil N>30 high spissitude 40 36
15<N  30 32 28
intermediate
spissitude
10<N  15 little 24 18
spissitude
Silty soil 5<N  10 Ip  10 22 14
Clay soil 15<N10  25 20 10
10<Ip  17
N10>25 Ip>17 18 8
Plain fill N10  20 20 10
Note: ① The soil overwet subject indicates the states of the backfill supporting course of post-compaction is
situated at range of underground capillary water rising height, or relative water content Ws ( Ws = W/W1,
W is natural moisture content natural moisture content, ,W1 is liquid limit) reaches to 0.55.
② Generality, the height of lift of ll sorts of soil underground capillary water is: sandy soil 0.3 ~0.5m, silty
soil 0.6m, clay soil 1.3 ~2.0m.
③ The plain fill indicates the compacted backfill combined in clay soil and silty soil.
④ N in the table indicates standard penetration test blow count; N10 is light sounding test blow count, lp is
plastic indices of soil.

C.1.6 The integrative rigidity factor related to the thickness of concrete under layer β shall be
adopted according to those specified in Table C.1.6 when it is designed according to the limit of
bearing capacity state.

Table C.1.6 Integrative rigidity factor  (x10-3l/mm)

Concrete C10 C15 C20 C25 C30
strength
class
E0(N/mm2)
8 1.50 1.19 1.03 0.94 0.89
20 2.63 2.09 1.80 1.64 1.56
40 4.20 3.34 2.89 2.63 2.49
Note: The integrative rigidity factor may value in interpolation method when the deformation modulus of backfill
is between tabular numerical values.

C.1.7 The radius of relative stiffness of concrete under layer (L) shall be calculated according to
the following equation at the time of regular service of limiting state checking calculation.

(C.1.7)
Where, L-- radius of relative stiffness (mm);
h----thickness of concrete under layer (mm);

26
Ec-- concrete elasticity modulus (N/mm2), it is suitable to adopt according to C.1.4;
Eo---The deformation modulus of compacted backfill foundation (N/mm2), it is suitable to adopt
according to C.1.5.

C.2 Calculation of ground loading

CC.2.1 The ground loading may be divided into single circular loading, single equivalent circular
loading and multi-loading and equivalent load according to its amount of supporting surface,
spacing and geometric shape.
C.2.2 It shall be calculated in single circular loading if one of the following situations is met:
(1) The subject just has one supporting surface and its geometric shape is circular form.
(2) The subject has some supporting surfaces and their geometric shape is circular forms, and all
the supporting surface centre is not in the loading zone. C.2.3 The equivalent circular loading shall
comply with the following requirements:
(1) When the loading supporting surface is sub-circular and the rectangle or approximate rectangle
whose aspect ratio of supporting surface is a/b＜2, it may be turned into equivalent circular form,
its loading is equivalent circular loading.
(2) The equivalent circle radii may be calculated according to the following equation:

(C.2.3)
Where, r--- equivalent circle radii (mm);
A--loading supporting surface area (mm2)
C.2.4 The calculation of multi-loading and equivalent loading shall comply with the following
requirements:
(1) The single equivalent loading shall be the equivalent value of two or more single equivalent
circular loading, and it may be determined according to the equivalence requirements of ultimate
bearing capacity.

(C.2.4-1)
( 2) When the loading supporting surface is a rectangle whose aspect ratio is a/b  2 or be in
possession of complicated geometric shape, it is suitable to divide into some loading calculation
units according to the principles of equal areas and similar shapes, and change into some
equivalent circular loading according to the equation of C.2.3.
(3) The radii of equivalent loading circle shall not be large than the radius of relative stiffness of
concrete under layer (namely r  L)
(4) When the supporting surface is line shape line shape (namely formed by the sides of
cylindrical object), its width of supporting surface may be calculated in 1/10 of radius of relative
stiffness, namely b (width) = 0.1L.
(5) The worst loading shall be the maximal single equivalent load in loading zone.

27
(6) The combined equivalent loading shall be the summation of all the single equivalent loading in
loading zone; it is suitable to calculate according to the following equation:

(C.2.4-2)
Where, Sos-- combined equivalent load situated at multi-loading calculation centers
So-- the worst loading situates at multi-loading calculation centre, in order to easy to recount, it is
presumed as So;
Si--Any equivalent circular loading in loading zone;
Soi--Any single equivalent loading of equivalent circular form in the loading zone center on the
counting center of So, all are acquired by calculating according to the equation(C.2.4 - 1);
ho, hi ----the under layer thickness acquired according to the equation(C.3.1) that impacted by So
and Si respectively;

 oi -- Loading influence angle, shown as Figure C.2.10

C.2.5 The calculated radii of circular form or equivalent circus shall comply with the following
requirements:
(1) When the surface course is cash-in-situ pea gravel concrete or concrete under layer
concurrently surface course, to calculate the radii Rj:
Rj=r (C.2.5-1)
Note: Under the above conditions, it is suitable to take the integral thickness of surface course and
under layer as calculation thickness at the time of calculating the thickness of concrete under layer,
and adopt required design value according to the concrete strength class of under layer.
(2) When the surface course of other types, namely surface course and under layer can not support
force together, to calculate the radii rj:

(C.2.5-2)
Where, r--- radii of circular loading supporting surface or the radii of equivalent circle (mm);
h’ -- The integral thickness of all structural layers above under layer (mm)
C.2.6 The design value of loading may be calculated according to the following equation:
(1) Design value of basic load combination S:

(C.2.6-1)
Where, Gk-- normal value of permanent loading
Qki -- Normal value of changeable loading

 G -- The partial coefficient of permanent loading, adopt  G =1.2;

 Qi -- the partial coefficient of changeable loading, adopt  Q =1.4;

C G , C Qi --Respectively for effect factor of loading, without exception, aopt 1.0;

28
 Ci --For the dynamic factor of transit, handling and wheel remove, skid, it is suitable to adopt
1.1~1.2.
(2)Design value of short-term load combination Ss:

C.2.7 The critical loading position shall be the worst position of carrying capacity when the
ground board is supporting loading. The critical loading position in this code shall adopt the
position where influenced by the worst loading action (also known as computation center loading,
control loading) related to shrinkage crack whose board angle is flat-head joint.
The loading factor shall be the ratio kc of ultimate bearing capacity in board and angular limit
carrying capacity of board. When the loading acts on critical loading position, the loading position
factor kc may adopt 2.0; when the loading acts on the board, the loading position factor kc may
adopt 1.0.
C.2.8 The radii of loading position zone indicates base the origine of computation center, the
maximal effective distance of bending moment action influenced by ground loading may be
calculated according to the following equation:

(C.2.8)
Where, Romax – radii of loading position zone (mm);
rj -- the calculation radii of equivalent circle of computation center loading supporting
surface(mm);
L -- Radius of relative stiffness, it is suitable to calculate according to (C.1.7).
C.2.9 The critical loading position zone shall be the 1/4 circle region (Figure C.2.9 (a)) formed by
the radii of loading position zone (Romax) whose separation angle is 90°when the worst loading So
acts on the board angle.
In the board, the loading position shall be the circle region which is formed in the radii of Romax,
and based the center of circle at action section of the worst loading (S0).(Figure C.2.9 ( b).
Ri is the distance from So to Si.

29
Figure C.2.9 Loading position zone
C.2.10 The loading influencing angle shall be the appointed separation angle whose origine is at
the computation center loading,(Figure C.2.10), it may be calculated according to the following
formula

Figure C.2.10 The sketch of loading influencing angle

Note: In order to easy to recount, all the So are presumed as calculation centre, Si is any loading in the radii in
loading zone.

C.3 Calculation of cushion coat thickness

C.3.1 For the concrete cushion whose contraction is flat-head joint structure, the thickness which
is designed at the state of limit of bearing capacity when it is acted by single circle(or equivalent
circle)loading shall be calculated according to the following equation:

30
Where, h—cushion coat thickness(mm, respectively for ho, h1, h1+1……
S---the design value of basic combination of loading(N), respectively for So, S1, S1+1……
γo-----importance factors, it is suitable to adopt according to those specified in TableC.1.3;
κc-----loading position factor; κc=2.0;
rj-----Calculation radii of circle or equivalent circle loading(mm);
fi-----Design value of concrete tensile strength(N/mm2)
β---integrative rigidity factor (1/mm), it is suitable to value according to C.1.6.
C.3.2 When the thickness of concrete cushion whose shrinkage crack is flat-head joint structure is
made the checking calculation of crack proof, it may be calculated according to the following
equation:

Where, hf-------Concrete cushion meet the minimum required thickness of crack proof (mm);
h------concrete cushion meets the minimum required thickness of ultimate bearing capacity,(mm),
it is suitable to calculate according to the equation of C.3.1.
Ss-----The design value of short term combination of loading, respectively for Sso, Ssi, Ssi+1, ……
ft---- design value of concrete tensile strength, it is suitable to adopt according to the equation of
C.1.4.;
L----- radius of relative stiffness of concrete cushion(mm), it is suitable to calculate according to
the equation ofC.1.7.
κc-----loading position factor, κc=1.0.
Note: The condition of undoing crack proof checking computation is : rj≤0.8, but for the biggish
loading and higher foundation strength, it is not applicable incompletely.
C.3.3 When rj≤0.2, it is suitable to do accessional die-cut checking calculation according to the
cureent national standard of Code for Design of Concrete Structures.

C.4 Example of calculation

C.4.1 Example
The work piece deposited on the ground whose maximal rated weight is 14t, length is 3.5m, and
its weight is halved by two rectangle supporting surfaces, the centre distance of supporting surface
is 2.8m. The underlying soil is the silty soil with normal humidity. Figure 4.1-1.2).The pea gravel
concrete whose thickness is 30mm is adopted for the facing, and the facing may make the
combined action with cushion coat together; the shrinkage crack is flat-head structure. It is
required to calculate the thickness of concrete cushion (Figure 4.1 - 1.2).

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 Figure C.4.1-1 Support ichnography Figure C.4.1 Calculation sketch
C.4.2 Computational data
It is required to calculate the single equivalent circle loading respectively.
Qk1= Qk2=1/2×14×104=7×104N
Gk=0(Deadweight of cushion coat shall be ignored.)
γQ=1.4
CG=CQ=1.0
φc=1.1
Acquired from equation(C.2.6-1):

Acquired from equation (C.2.3)and(C.2.5—1):

To adopt concrete as C20, viz. ft=1.1N/mm2, Ec=2.55×104N/mm2

Silty soil of normal humidity, looking up the Table C.1.5, acquired: Eo=22N/mm2
C.4.3 The cushion coat thickness of critical loading position zone shall be calculated according to
the limit of bearing capacity state.
(1) To calculate respectively according to the critical loading position:
Adopt:

(Looked up Table C.1.6 and acquired)

Acquired from equation (C.3.1):

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(2) To determine the critical loading position:
Acquired from equation(C.1.7):

Acquired from equation (C.2.8):

Namely, the second loading is not in the critical loading position, it is known from the above
calculation:h1＞h2, interim board thickness is h1, and S1 is the worst loading.
C.4.4 The crack proof checking calculation of regular service limiting state
Acquired from equation (C.2.6-2):

Ssubstitute into equation (C.3.2), acquired:

The checking calculation of crack proof meets the requirements.

In this example, rj/L=0.411＜0.8, foundation strength is moderate, therefore, it is free of checking
calculation.
C.4.5 To calculate the cushion coat thickness according to the combination equivalent loading
action.
(1) To consider the influence between adjacent loadings.
Given that: R12=2800mm, S1 is the computation center which is selected according to the worst
loading.
The loading position zone is studied out from equation (C.2.8): Romax＜R12.
This shows S2 is in the loading position zone of board, and meets 2rj≤R12≤2Romax, , therefore, the
equivalent loading and loading influencing angle of S2 may be calculated according to C.2.4-1),
(C.2.10-1).
(2)the equivalent load S12 of S2 is acquired from equation (C.2.4.-1).

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(3)The loading influencing angle is acquired from equation (C.2.10-1):

(4) The combination equivalent loading converted into computation center:

thereby, acquired from (C..4-2):

(5) To substitute the combination equivalent loading S1s into equation(C.3.1) and ( C.3.2)
respectively, and extract the required cushion coat thickness.
A critical loading position zone shall be calculated according to the limit of bearing capacity state.

b. The crack proof checking calculation is made for the loading position zone in noard, then
h′s=145mm.
C.4.6 Checking calculation of die-cut proof:

C.4.7 The result, it is suitable to adopt pea gravel concrete facing of 30mm and concrete cushion
of C20 of 130mm from h1, hf, hs, h′, they may bring into play combined action, and the integral
thickness is 160mm.

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Appendix D Explanation of Wording in this code

D.0.1 Words used for different degrees of strictness are explained as follows in order to mark the
differences in executing the requirements in this code.
1) Words denoting a very strict or mandatory requirement:
“Must” is used for affirmation; “must not” for negation.
2) Words denoting a strict requirement under normal conditions:
“Shall” is used for affirmation; “shall not” for negation.
3) Words denoting a permission of a slight choice or an indication of the most suitable
choice when conditions permit:
“Should” is used for affirmation; “should not” for negation.
D.0.2 “Shall comply with…” or “shall meet the requirements of…”is used in this code to indicate
that it is necessary to comply with the requirements stipulated in other relative standards
and codes.

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 Additional explanation

List of the chief development organization, participating organizations and chief drafting staff of
this code:
Chief Development Organization: The Second Planning & Research Institute of the Ministry of
Machine Building
Participating Organizations:
The Fifth Institute of Project Planning & Research of China Machinery Industry
The Tenth Planning & Research Institute of the Ministry of electronic industry
The Fifth Planning & Research Institute of the Ministry of Machine Building
East China Architectural Design & Research Institute
Shanghai Research Institute of Building Science
Jiangsu Province Construction Engineering Administration
Tongji University
This code was prepared by: Qian Shikuai, Lu Wenying, Shi Shaolian, Shi Zhaofu,Da Zhiyuan,
Miu Shifen, Zhang Sihao, Ju Cahngzheng, Fan Shouzhong, Zhanghua, Huang Yinghong, Zhu
Heming, Xiong Jiemin, Shentu Longmei Jiang Dahua.
This code is translated by Amy Ai.

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