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The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva,
with revision of the species described by Lamarck and by Chenu,
and notes on nomenclature
(Bivalvia: Pectinoidea: Spondylidae)
Abstract
The Museum d’Histoire naturelle, Geneva, holds most of the historical Spondylus collections of
Lamarck, Delessert and Chenu. These collections have recently been curated by first author (YF).
Resulting from this work, 32 species have been isolated, photographed and records made of the
status of the species; the location of the original illustrations (if any), as well as comments by early
curators at the MHNG, are included. 14 species described by Chenu are listed from the Delessert
collection. 16 species described by Lamarck are catalogued from both the Lamarck and Delessert
collections. Additionally, 2 linnean species, Spondylus gaederopus and Spondylus regius, are also
listed, with comments on the material contained in the Lamarck/Delessert collection.
Comparison of the type of Spondylus ambiguus Chenu 1844 with that of Spondylus ictericus
Reeve 1856, indicates that the latter is a junior synonym of the former and therefore Spondylus
ambiguus is a prior name for that species.
Key words: Spondylus, Spondylidae, Lamarck, Chenu, type material, nomenclature, Muséum
de Genève.
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Introduction
Curatorial work at the Zoological Museum, Univer- Ludovicae Ulricae); this specimen was selected as lecto-
sity of Copenhagen, has recently catalogued six speci- type by Lamprell & Dekker, 2001.
mens of Spondylus from the Spengler and Moltke collec- The present paper, in isolating the historical speci-
tion, which were figured in the Chemnitz Cabinet. This mens of that same period housed in the MHNG is of
has resulted in lectotypes being selected for Spondylus major importance in establishing the nomenclature for
foliaceus Schreibers 1793; Spondylus sinensis Schreib- many Spondylid taxa. The study of the species described
ers 1793; Spondylus squamosus Schreibers 1793 (Lam- by Lamarck in the collection of the MHNG is great-
prell & W illan , 2000), Spondylus croceus S chreib - ly facilitated by the handwritten annotations made by
ers 1793 and Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers 1793 Lamarck’s daughter Rosalie de Lamarck in the margin
(Lamprell & Dekker, 2001). The Museum of Evolution, of the original volumes of Anim. Sans Vert. which per-
Uppsala, Sweden, now houses a syntype of Spondylus tained to Lamarck. These notes and comments state how
regius Linnaeus 1758 (previously housed in the Museum many specimens were originally in her father’s collec-
Authors’ addresses:
1
Dr. Yves Finet, Museum d’Histoire naturelle, Geneva, Case Postale 6434, CH –1211 Geneve 6, Switzerland; yves.finet@ville-ge.ch
2
Kevin L. Lamprell, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
tion, and are thus important in deciding which specimens in Geneva, among them Pictet de la Rive (1809–1872),
were those chosen by Lamarck for his descriptions. chief zoologist at the Academic Museum of the City of
Geneva, as well as with the famous botanist Alphonse
de Candolle (1806–1893). In addition, the Delessert
family was of Swiss origin from Canton de Vaud near
Lausanne, with one of the two daughters of François De-
History of Lamarck and Delessert collections lessert, Caroline, also married to a Swiss banker named
Hottinguer. Their combined efforts led to the acquisition
Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Comte de
of the Delessert collection by the Academic Museum of
Lamarck (to give him his full title) was appointed Pro-
the City of Geneva, ancestor of the current Museum of
fessor of Zoology in the natural History Museum in
Natural History, in 1869.
Paris. His collection of shells was one of renown but
the Paris Museum in France could not purchase it when
Lamarck was approaching the end of his life. We know
he tried to sell it to the Museum, as his daughter Rosa-
lie de Lamarck prepared the collection for sale, using A collation of Chenu’s “Illustrations Conchyli-
Lamarck’s own volumes of Anim. Sans Vert. as a sale ologiques” for the genus Spondylus
catalogue by making handwritten annotations in the mar-
gin. This detailed the quantity of specimens present in Sherborn & Smith (1911) have published a complete
the collection for each species listed. But personal and collation of Chenu’s “Illustrations Conchyliologiques”.
political problems and antagonisms like the one oppos- We hereby provide an excerpt of this collation for the
ing Lamarck and Cuvier, prevented the Paris Museum genus Spondylus, with the actual dates of description for
from buying the collection. After Lamarck’s death, the the different parts that include Spondylus species.
collection was sold to Prince Masséna, L.C. Kiener be-
coming its scientific curator. In 1840, it was acquired by parts 8–10 (10. viii. 1843): Spondylus, pl. 6: 1843.
Baron Jules Paul Benjamin Delessert (Dance, 1986; parts 14, 15 (undated): Spondylus, pls. 16–18: 1843.
Cailliez, 1995; Cailiez & Finet, 1997), who incorpo- parts 16–19 (7. xii. 1843): Spondylus, pls. 1–2, 7–10,
rated it in his own collection, which already held several 20: 1843.
collections of different origins. Jean-Charles Chenu (a parts 20–22 (7. iii. 1844): Spondylus, pls. 3, 11–13, 19,
medical practitioner) later replaced Kiener as curator 21–22: 1844.
of the malacological collections of Delessert. Chenu
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
parts 23, 24 (5. vi. 1844): Spondylus, pls. 14, 23: 1844.
became a well-known malacologist, who edited the fa- part 25 (undated): Spondylus, pls. 4, 5, 15, 24–26: 1844.
mous Illustrations Conchyliologiques ou Description parts 26, 27 (5. vi. 1844): Spondylus, pls. 28, 29: 1844.
et figures de toutes les coquilles connues, vivantes et parts 29, 30 (26. vii. 1844): Spondylus, pls. 27, 30:
fossiles, among many other publications. Many shells 1844.
from the Delessert collection were eventually described parts 38, 39, 43 (12. vi. 1845): Spondylus, pp. 1–9, pls.
as new species by Chenu, and figured by him in these 31–32: 1845.
volumes. The collection of Benjamin Delessert was
then the largest private collection of molluscan shells in Abbreviations used in the text.
the world, even outnumbering the malacological collec-
tions of the Paris Museum! Delessert illustrated many Anim. Sans Vert. = Animaux sans Vertèbres
specimens from Lamarck in his “Recueil de coquilles Illustr. Conchyl. = Illustrations Conchyliologiques.
décrites par Lamarck dans son Histoire naturelle des MHNG = Museum d’Histoire naturelle, Geneva
Anim. Sans Vert., et non encore figurées” (Delessert MNHN = Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris
1841). When he died in 1847, the collection became the pv = pair of valves
property of his brother François Delessert who retained lv = left valve (upper valve)
it for twenty years, until his death in 1868. There was rv = right valve (lower valve)
then another attempt to allow the collection to go to the
Paris Museum, however we understand that the director N o t e : On the plates, the measurements for the valves
in charge of the Museum, Lacaze-Duthiers, was too are given. In case there are any long protruding spines
busy with the construction and funding of the biologi- or foliaceus expansions that are projecting much beyond
cal research station at Roscoff, Brittany to consider the the regular edge of the shell, they are not included in the
proposition. The Delessert family had close and friendly dimensions given; H = height from dorsal beak to ventral
scientific relationships with several scientists of renown edge, L = length from anterior to posterior edge of valve.
Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
The species
Spondylus arachnoides Lamarck 1819 corresponding to fig. 2 (pl. 23) of Chenu, is in Paris Mu-
Plate 6, Figs 26‑28 seum. However, it could be that the Paris specimen cor-
responds well to the species illustrated by Chenu, but is
1819 Spondylus arachnoides Lamarck: 188, sp. n° 3.
1844–45 Spondylus arachnoides, – Chenu: pl. 5 fig. 4–4 a
not necessarily the same shell. There is no doubt that the
(1844), 3 (1845). specimen illustrated by Chenu is MHNG 1089/12.
1938 Spondylus arachnoides, – Lamy: 281 (under discus- C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : synonym of
sion of Spondylus americanus). Spondylus versicolor Schreibers 1793.
T y p e l o c a l i t y : “les mers de la Chine, etc.”. 1819 Spondylus coccineus Lamarck: 190, sp. n° 11.
1844–45 Spondylus coccineus, – Chenu: 4 (1845), pl. 14 figs
Material in MHNG: Lamarck collection: 1 to 5 (June 5 1844), pl. 15 figs 1 to 3 (1844), pl.
Probable syntype MHNG 1089/12 (figured herein, Plate 7 Figs 25 fig. 2–2 a (1844).
29–31), figured by Chenu, pl. 23 fig. 2–2 a; locality on the la- 1938 Spondylus coccineus, – Lamy: 203.
bel: “Amérique” (in error). Another possible syntype is MHNG 1993 Spondylus punicus Bernard, Cai & Morton: 55 (no-
1089/11. — D e l e s s e r t c o l l e c t i o n : 13 lots totalling men novum pro coccineus Lamarck).
17 specimens, all with “Océan Indien” or without locality in-
dicated on the labels: MHNG 30784, 30785, 30786, 30787, T y p e l o c a l i t y : none.
30788, 30790, 30791, 30792, 30793, 30794, 30795, 30796 &
30797. MHNG 30796 (figured herein, Plate 7 Figs 32a, b) is a Material in MHNG: Lamarck collection:
right valve figured by Chenu on pl. 23 fig. 4 a. MHNG 30797 is probable holotype MHNG 1088/96 (figured herein, Plate 9 Figs
1 pv (figured herein, Plate 8 Figs 33–35) and was figured by 39–40), with a handwritten label by Lamarck, and figured by
Chenu on pl. 23 fig. 3. Chenu, pl. 15 fig. 3–3 a; the locality on a more recent label is
“Amérique ?”. — O t h e r m a t e r i a l : MHNG 1089/1, with
a (faded) inscription inside the valves stating that it is species
R e m a r k s : The specimen MHNG 1089/12 bears a # 11 (in Anim. Sans Vert.), figured by Chenu, pl. 15 fig. 2–2 a
“18” handwritten annotation by Lamarck (now almost en- (no type status); locality: “Amér.”. — D e l e s s e r t c o l l e c -
tirely faded) on the inner side of both valves. Lamy (1938: t i o n : 11 lots totalling 12 specimens; MHNG 31187: 1 speci-
192–193) stated that a specimen identified by Lamarck, men, figured by Chenu, pl. 15 fig. 1–1 a, locality “Amérique”;
Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
MHNG 31188: 1 specimen of “var. a”, figured by Chenu, pl. 1938 Spondylus costatus, – Lamy: 294 (under synonymy of
14 fig. 4–4 a, locality “Amérique” with a comment (dated 1947) Spondylus foliaceus Chemnitz).
by G. Mermod accompanying this specimen, stating (free Eng-
lish translation) “According to Lamy, 1938, p. 203, it could be T y p e l o c a l i t y : “la mer Rouge, les mers de l’Inde
the type of Lamarck, var. a (from the Defrance collection)”; et de la Chine”.
MHNG 31189: 1 specimen of “var. b”, figured by Chenu, pl.
14 fig. 1–1 a, locality “Amérique”; MHNG 31190: 1 speci- Material in MHNG: Lamarck collection:
men of “var. b”, figured by Chenu, pl. 14 fig. 2–2 a, locality probable holotype MHNG 1088/97 (figured herein, Plate
“Amérique”; MHNG 31191: 1 specimen of “”ar. b”, figured by 9 Figs 41–43), with a handwritten label by Lamarck; figured
Chenu, pl. 14 fig. 3–3 a, locality “Amérique”; MHNG 31192: 1 by Chenu, pl. 22 fig. 3–3 a; locality on the label: “Oc. indien”.
specimen of “var. c”, figured by Chenu, pl. 14 fig. 5–5 a, locality — D e l e s s e r t c o l l e c t i o n : 3 specimens. MHNG 31223:
“Amérique”; MHNG 31193: 1 specimen of “var. c”, figured by 1 specimen, figured by Chenu, pl. 22 fig. 1–1 a, locality “Oc
Chenu, pl. 25 fig. 2–2 a, locality “Amérique”. Also material not indien”; MHNG 31224: 1 specimen, figured by Chenu, pl.
figured by Chenu: MHNG 31194 (1 specimen), without locality, 22 fig. 2–2 a, locality “Oc. indien”; MHNG 31225: 1 specimen
MHNG 31195: (2 spms), no locality, MHNG 31196 (1 spm), (not figured), without locality.
locality “Amérique”, MHNG 31197: 1 spm, no locality.
R e m a r k s : In the original volumes of Anim. Sans
R e m a r k s : In the original volumes of Anim. Sans Vert., an annotation by Rosalie de Lamarck states that
Vert., an annotation by Rosalie de Lamarck states that there was 1 specimen of the main species in her father’s
there was 1 specimen in her father’s collection. An collection, and 2 specimens of the variety [b]. For the
original handwritten label accompanies the specimen latter, Lamarck indicated also “Mus. n°”, which means
1088/96 currently in the Lamarck collection. There is collection of the Paris Museum. An original handwrit-
no type locality indicated. A more recent label with the ten label accompanies the specimen 1088/97 currently
specimen states “Amérique ?” as possible locality. An- in the Lamarck collection. A more recent label with the
other specimen is also currently in the Lamarck collec- specimen states “Oc. indien” as the locality. Lamy (1938:
tion: MHNG 1089/1; it bears a (faded) inscription (by 293–296) placed S. costatus in synonymy with S. fo-
Lamarck ?) inside the valves (“species 11”), but it does liaceus Chemnitz, and recognized a type in the collection
not seem to have type status, although it is undoubtedly of the Museum of Paris (see pp. 295– 296); it probably
the shell figured by Chenu on pl. 15 fig. 2–2 a. refers to the variety b (then not a true type, according to
Extract from Lamprell, Stanisic & Clarkson, 2001: ICZN), as Lamarck stated that there were specimens of
“Spondylus coccineus Lamarck (non Schreibers 1793) the var. b in Paris Museum, but only 1 specimen of the
was briefly described by Lamarck (188, sp. 11), without main variety in “his cabinet”, hence the status of prob-
a stated locality. Examination of the Lamarck specimen
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
3–3 a, locality “Colombie ?”; MHNG 31228: 1 specimen, fig- 1089/10 in the Lamarck collection bears handwritten an-
ured by Chenu, pl. 11 fig. 3–3 a, locality “Mers de l’Inde, Oc. notations by Lamarck on the inner side of the valves, and
indien ou Pacifique ?”; MHNG 31229: 1 specimen, figured by is accompanied by a handwritten label by Lamarck stating
Chenu, pl. 6 fig. 1–1 a, locality “Oc. Pacifique”.
“Spondylus croceus n. Chemn. 7 t. 45. f. 463”, Loc.: “Oc.
Indien ?”. It is probably the original specimen of Lamarck,
R e m a r k s : In the original volumes of Anim. Sans
and thus probably a syntype, together with earlier Chem-
Vert., an annotation by Rosalie de Lamarck states that
nitz’ specimens, as croceus is a validation of Chemnitz’
there was 1 odd valve of the main species in her father’s
name (ICZN 72.4.4, 72.5.6, and 73.2.1; see also the discus-
collection, and 1 specimen of the variety [b], although
sion under Spondylus albus Chenu, another validation of an
for the latter, Lamarck indicated also “Mus. n°” (Paris
earlier description by Chemnitz). The earlier non-binomial
Museum). There is also a comment by G. Mermod ac-
description is by Chemnitz (Conchylien Cabinet, Vol. 7
companying this specimen, stating (free English trans-
(1784): 77, pl. 45 fig. 463).
lation from French) (March 10, 1947): “This specimen
However, one has to note that specimen MHNG
does not bear any visible sign and is not accompanied by
1089/10 does not match Lamarck’s illustration in the En-
any original label which would certify that it pertained to
cyclopédie Méthodique (pl. 191, fig. 4), as indicated by
the Lamarck original collection; but the fact that there is
Chenu (Illustr. Conchyl. text, p. 4). It is neither the speci-
only 1 odd valve, exactly matches the handwritten anno-
men figured by Chenu on pl. 24 fig. 6, nor on pl. 27 fig.
tation by Rosalie de Lamarck in our copy of Anim. Sans
1 (the latter being in the Delessert collection in MHNG).
Vert., vol. 7 p. 191”. The specimen MHNG 1088/98 of
Lamy (1938: 199–200) mentioned other shells labelled
the Lamarck collection, figured by Chenu on pl. 11 fig.
“croceus” by Lamarck personally in the Paris Museum.
4–4 a, and bearing a handwritten annotation by Lamarck
C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : synonym of
inside the valves, is likely the “type” of the var. b in-
Spondylus croceus Schreibers 1793.
dicated by Rosalie de Lamarck, although it should be
noted that, according to the ICZN, an original specimen
of a variety has no actual type status. Spondylus delesserti Chenu 1844
According to Lamy (1938: 288), S. crassisquama is Plate 12, Fig. 51
a synonym of S. pictorum Chemnitz (= Spondylus fo-
1844–45 Spondylus delessertii Chenu: 5 (1845), pl. 12 (March
liaceus Schreibers 1793) (based on Chemnitz 1784: 85, 7 1844).
pl. 46 figs 472–473). 1938 Spondylus delesserti, – Lamy: 299 (as synonym of
C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : synonym of Spondylus varius).
Spondylus foliaceus Schreibers 1793. eschweizerbartxxx sng-
1997 Spondylus delesserti, – Cailliez & Finet: 25, pl. 3 figs
1–2.
Spondylus croceus Lamarck 1819
T y p e l o c a l i t y : “les mers de l’Inde”.
Plate 11, Figs 47–50
Material in MHNG: Delessert collection:
1816 Lamarck: pl. 191, fig. 4 (figure only).
2 specimens, both from “Mers de l’Inde”. MHNG 31240, 1 odd
1819 Spondylus croceus Lamarck: 192, sp. n° 17.
valve (figured herein, Plate 12 fig. 51), not figured by Chenu,
1844–45 Spondylus croceus, – Chenu: 4 (1845), pl. 24 fig. 6
figured in Cailliez & Finet, 1997: 25, pl. 3 fig. 1; no type
(1844), pl. 27 fig. 1 (July 26 1844).
status. A comment (dated 1947) by G. Mermod accompanies
1938 Spondylus croceus, – Lamy: 199.
this specimen, stating (free English translation): “It is not the
original from Chenu (pl. 12), the details do not correspond”.
T y p e l o c a l i t y : “Océan indien”. MHNG 31241, 1 odd valve (not figured by Chenu), figured in
Material in MHNG: Lamarck collection: Cailliez & Finet (1997: 25, pl. 3 fig. 2); no type status. An at-
MHNG 1089/10 (figured herein, Plate 11 Figs 47–48), not fig- tached comment by G. Mermod also states (free English trans-
ured in earlier literature, bearing handwritten inscriptions by lation): “It is not the original from Chenu (pl. 12), the details
Lamarck inside the valves, and accompanied by a handwritten do not correspond”.
label by Lamarck with the locality “Oc. indien ?”. This specimen
is a probable syntype (see remarks hereunder). — D e l e s s e r t R e m a r k s : The MHNG should hold the type figured
c o l l e c t i o n : 4 specimens, all with “Océan indien” as local- by Chenu on his pl. 12 (see Chenu 1845: 5: “Collection
ity. MHNG 31231: 1 specimen (figured herein, Plate 11 Figs de M. Benj. Delessert”), but it is not currently in its col-
49–50), figured by Chenu, pl. 27 fig. 1–1 a, locality on the label
lections. According to Lamy (: 299), it could be in the
“Oc. indien”; not figured material: MHNG 31232 (1 specimen),
MHNG 31233 (1 specimen), MHNG 31234 (1 specimen).
MNHN, Paris.
C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : synonym of
Spondylus varius Sowerby 1829.
R e m a r k s : In the first edition of Anim. Sans Vert. (spe-
cies # 17, vol. 6, p. 192), Rosalie de Lamarck (handwritten
annotation) indicated the presence of 1 specimen in the Spondylus dentatus Chenu 1844
personal collection of her father. Current specimen MHNG Plate 13, Figs 54–58
Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
1844–45 Spondylus dentatus Chenu: 5 (1845), pl. 25 fig. 1 ?”. The 3 other lots contain material not figured by Chenu:
(1844), pl. 27 fig. 2 (July 26 1844). MHNG 31513 (1 specimen), locality on the label “Oc. Indien”;
1938 Spondylus dentatus, – Lamy: 190 (under synonymy of MHNG 31514 (1 spm), locality “Oc. Indien”; MHNG 31515
Spondylus aculeatus). (1 empty box: specimen[s] missing), locality “Oc. Indien”.
1088/86, an odd valve, not figured. MHNG 1088/90, an odd valve, 1938 Spondylus imperialis, – Lamy: 297.
figured by Chenu, pl. 2 fig. 5. — Delessert collection: 15 lots to-
talling 21 specimens, all with “Méditerranée” as locality on the T y p e l o c a l i t y : “les mers de l’Inde”.
labels. Material figured: MHNG 31256, 1 specimen, figured by
Chenu, pl. 1 fig. 2; MHNG 31257, 1 specimen, figured by Chenu, Material in MHNG: Delessert collection: 2 syntypes MHNG
pl. 2 fig. 2; MHNG 31258, 1 specimen, figured by Chenu, pl. 31498/1–2; locality on the label: “Chine”. Syntype MHNG
1 fig. 3; MHNG 31260, 1 specimen, figured by Chenu, pl. 1 fig. 31498/1 (figured herein, Plate 18 Figs 81–82), figured by
4. Material not figured: MHNG 31255 (1 odd valve), MHNG Chenu on pl. 26 fig. 2–2 a; specimen MHNG 31498/2 (figured
31259 (1 specimen), MHNG 31261 (4 specimens), MHNG 31262 herein, Plate 18 Figs 83–84), figured by Chenu on pl. 26 fig.
(1 spm), MHNG 31263 (1 spm), MHNG 31264 (1 spm), MHNG 3–3 a–3 b; two other specimens (both with locality “Chine”)
31265 (1 spm), MHNG 31266 (1 spm), MHNG 31267 (1 spm), were not figured by Chenu: MHNG 31499, MHNG 31500.
MHNG 31268 (2 spms), MHNG 31345 (3 spms). C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : valid species.
88–90), figured by Chenu, pl. 13 fig. 1–1 a; locality on the (1938: 287) that S. longitudinalis could be a synonym of
label: “Amér”. S. gaederopus most likely should be discounted (see also
Fulton 1915: 360).
R e m a r k s : The possible type MHNG 1088/100 bears C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : synonym of
a handwritten annotation, possibly by Lamarck, on the Spondylus americanus Hermann 1781.
inner side of the valves (“N° 8”). In the original vol-
umes of Anim. Sans Vert., an annotation by Rosalie de
Lamarck states that there was 1 specimen of the species Spondylus microlepos Lamarck 1819
in her father’s collection. This MHNG 1088/100 speci- Plate 21, Figs 97–99
men was figured by Chenu on pl. 13 fig. 1–1 a. How-
1819 Spondylus microlepos Lamarck: 192, sp. n° 16.
ever, it does not seem to match (pattern of distribution of
1845 Spondylus mycrolepos, – Chenu: 4 (1845) (as a vari-
spines, etc.) the original illustration by Lamarck (Ency- ety of Spondylus coccineus).
clopédie Méthodique: pl. 194 fig. 2), which is the reason 1938 Spondylus microlepos, – Lamy: 206.
why it is considered as a questionable type. Lamy (1938:
277, 282) already considered S. longispina as a synonym T y p e l o c a l i t y : “l’Océan indien ?”.
of S. americanus.
C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : synonym of Material in MHNG: Lamarck collection:
questionable type MHNG 1089/9 (figured herein, Plate 21 Figs
Spondylus americanus Hermann 1781
97–99), not figured by Chenu; locality on the label: “Chine ?”.
Material in MHNG: Delessert collection: 1819 Spondylus radians Lamarck: 192, sp. n° 19.
Holotype MHNG 31507 (figured herein, Plate 21 Figs 100– 1844–45 Spondylus radians, – Chenu: 5 (1845), pl. 28 figs 2–4
101), figured by Chenu, pl. 26 fig. 5–5 a; locality on the label: (June 5 1844).
“Oc. indien”. 1938 Spondylus radians, – Lamy: 265 (under synonymy of
Spondylus nicobaricus).
R e m a r k s : possibly a prior name for Spondylus
smythae Lamprell 1998 (p. 49, figs 3 A–3 B). T y p e l o c a l i t y : “aux îles de Nicobar, à Timor”.
C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : possibly a
Material in MHNG: Lamarck collection:
valid species. no material; specimens are held in the Delessert and general
systematic collection, but it is difficult to establish whether or
Spondylus “multilamellatus Lamarck” sensu Chenu not they are type material. — D e l e s s e r t c o l l e c t i o n :
1844 (non Lamarck 1819) 3 specimens MHNG 31526 (one of them figured herein, Plate
23 Figs 107–108), figured by Chenu, pl. 28 fig. 2–2 a; locality
Plate 22, Figs 102–106 on the label: “Oc. indien”; MHNG 31527 (figured herein, Plate
1844–45 Spondylus multilamellatus, – Chenu: 3 (1845), pl. 23 Figs 109–110), possibly figured by Chenu, pl. 28 fig. 3 ?;
11 figs 1–2 (March 7 1844). locality on the label: “Ile Maurice” (N.B.: there is a manuscript
1938 Spondylus multilamellatus, – Lamy: 285–286 (under note by G. Mermod with this specimen, stating [free English
synonymy and discussion of Spondylus ictericus). translation]: “this specimen seems to come from Mauritius, but
its resemblance to the specimen figured by Chenu, pl. 28 fig. 3,
T y p e l o c a l i t y : “les mers de l’Inde”. raises the question of a possible labelling error”; MHNG 31528
(figured herein, Plate 24 Figs 111–112), figured by Chenu, pl.
Material in MHNG: Delessert collection: 28 fig. 4–4 a; locality on the label: “Oc. indien”.
Syntype MHNG 31508 (figured herein, Plate 22 Figs 102–104),
figured by Chenu, pl. 11 fig. 1–1 a; locality on the label: “Oc. R e m a r k s : In the original volumes of Anim. Sans
indien”; syntype MHNG 31509 (figured herein, Plate 22 Figs Vert., Rosalie de Lamarck indicated the presence of two
105–106), figured by Chenu, Illustr. Conchyl., pl. 11 fig. 2–2 a; specimens in her father’s collection. Among the three speci-
locality on the label: “Oc. indien ?”. mens in the Delessert collection, two are undoubtedly those
figured by Chenu, but it is hard to say whether one of them
R e m a r k s : Lamy (1938: 285, 286, 293, 295) recog- is also that figured by Lamarck in the Encyclopédie Mé-
nized the distinction between the S. multilamellatus of thodique, pl. 191 fig. 5; the closest would probably be spec-
Lamarck and the S. multilamellatus of Chenu. Lamarck imen MHNG 31526, figured by Chenu on pl. 8, fig. 2.
describes a white species “flowered” with pink and purple C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : synonym of
streaks, while Chenu’s specimens are brown. In the orig-eschweizerbartxxx sng-
notation for S. regius Lamarck, meaning that there was presence of three specimens (1 of the principal species,
no material in her father’s personal collection. There and 2 of the variety b, later corrected, also manually, into
is no type material in the collection of the MHNG, but “2 of the principal species and 1 of the variety b”).
the famous specimen bought by Richard (on which he C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : synonym of
sat down, breaking 1 or 2 spines, after his wife discov- Spondylus squamosus Schreibers 1793.
ered that he sold her silver-ware to get the money to
buy that shell ...) is in the MHNG collection. This spec-
imen from the Richard cabinet was later included in Spondylus striatospinosus Chenu 1844
the Lamarck/Delessert collection and is now registered Plate 27, Figs 132–133
MHNG 1089/17 (see Dance, 1986: 98–99; also Cail- 1844–45 Spondylus striatospinosus Chenu: 7 (1845), pl. 23 fig.
liez & Finet, 1997: 17). Lamarck, in the Encyclopédie 1 (June 5 1844).
Méthodique on pl. 193 fig. 1, figured the specimen. But 1938 Spondylus striatospinosus, – Lamy: 197 (under dis-
it was more faithfully figured with its broken spines by cussion of Spondylus asperrimus).
Chenu, pl. 7 fig. 1.
C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : valid species. T y p e l o c a l i t y : “les mers de l’Inde”.
Material in MHNG: Delessert collection:
Spondylus rostratus Chenu 1844 Holotype MHNG 31629 (figured herein, Plate 27 Figs 132–
133), figured by Chenu, pl. 23 fig. 1–1 a; locality on the label:
Plate 25, Figs 120–122
“Oc. indien”.
1844–45 Spondylus rostratus Chenu: 7 (1845), pl. 26 fig. 4 C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : Appears to be
(1844). a variety of Spondylus varius Sowerby 1829.
1938 Spondylus rostratus, – Lamy: 272 (under discussion
of Spondylus nicobaricus).
Spondylus variegatus Lamarck 1819
T y p e l o c a l i t y : “les mers de l’Inde”. Plates 28–29, Figs 134–141
Material in MHNG: Delessert collection: 1819 Spondylus variegatus Lamarck: 189, sp. n° 7.
Holotype MHNG 31538 (figured herein, Plate 25 Figs 120– 1843–45 Spondylus variegatus, – Chenu: 3 (1845), pl. 10 figs
122), figured by Chenu, pl. 26 fig. 4; locality on the label: “Oc. 1 to 3 (December 7 1843).
indien”. 1938 Spondylus variegatus, – Lamy: 206–207.
C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : valid species.
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T y p e l o c a l i t y : “l’Océan indien”.
Spondylus “violacescens Lamarck” sensu Chenu 1844 1819 Spondylus zonalis Lamarck: 193, sp. n° 20.
(non Lamarck 1819). 1843–45 Spondylus zonalis, – Chenu: 5 (1845), pl. 7 figs 3 & 4
(December 7 1843).
Plate 29, Figs 142–144
1938 Spondylus zonalis, – Lamy: 266.
1844–45 Spondylus violacescens Chenu: 5 (1845), pl. 27 fig. 3
(July 26 1844). T y p e l o c a l i t y : “l’Océan des grandes Indes”.
1938 Spondylus violacescens, – Lamy: 201.
Material in MHNG: Lamarck collection:
T y p e l o c a l i t y : “les mers de la Nouvelle-Hol- Holotype MHNG 1089/13 (figured herein, Plate 30 Figs 145–
lande, au port du Roi-Georges”. 147), figured by Delessert 1841, pl. 16 fig. 10, and by Chenu,
pl. 7 fig. 3–3 a; original handwritten label by Lamarck with
Material in MHNG: Delessert collection: the locality “des Grandes Indes”; locality on more recent label:
specimen MHNG 31648 (figured herein, Plate 29 Figs 142– “Oc. indien”. — D e l e s s e r t c o l l e c t i o n : 1 specimen
144), figured by Chenu, pl. 27 fig. 3–3 a, locality on the label MHNG 31653 (figured herein, Plate 30 Figs 148–150): speci-
“Oc. indien”. men figured by Chenu, pl. 7 fig. 4–4 a, locality on the label
“Oc. indien” (no type status).
R e m a r k s : According to Lamy (1938: 202), the
specimen (MHNG 31648) figured by Chenu cannot be R e m a r k s : In the original volumes of Anim. Sans
a S. violacescens of Lamarck 1819. The collections of Vert. there is an annotation by Rosalie de Lamarck stat-
the MHNG do not contain any material of the true viol- ing that there was only 1 specimen in her father’s col-
acescens of Lamarck, for which, in the original volumes lection.
of Anim. Sans Vert., Rosalie de Lamarck did not men- C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : valid species.
tion the presence of any specimen in her father’s col-
lection. Lamarck indicated only “Mus. n°” (= MNHN,
Paris), and Lamy (1938: 202) recognises a specimen of
37 mm in the MNHN (Paris) as the type of violacescens
Lamarck. Acknowledgment
C u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n : synonym of The first author (Y. Finet) is very grateful to the Society of
Spondylus coccineus Lamarck 1819 (non Schreibers Friends of the Museum of Natural History of Geneva for the
1793), preoccupied; nomen novum for the preoccupied financial support having made possible the publication in color
name of Lamarck: Spondylus punicus Bernard, Cai & of most specimens and types from the Lamarck and Delessert
Morton 1993: 55. (types of Chenu) collections of the Geneva Museum. Many of
eschweizerbartxxx sng- these Spondylid specimens were illustrated in color by Chenu
in his “Illustrations Conchyliologiques”, but it’s valuable infor-
Spondylus zonalis Lamarck 1819 mation to see this material, and more, now figured using color
Plate 30, Figs 145–150 photographs for the first time.
References
Bernard, F.R., Cai, Y.-Y., & Morton, B. (1993): Catalogue Chenu, J.C. (1844): Notice sur le Musée conchyliologique de
of the Living Marine Bivalve Molluscs of China. M. le Baron Benjamin Delessert. — 39 pp. (2 nd
— 1–146 pp.; Hong Kong University Press. edition in 1849: 40 pp.); Paris ( Béthune et Plon).
Cailliez, J.C. (1995): Notice sur les collections malacologiques Chenu, J.C. (1845): Illustrations Conchyliologiques ou De-
du Muséum de Genève.— 50 pp., 23 illustr., por- scription et figures de toutes les coquilles connues,
traits; Genève (Edité par l’auteur). vivantes et fossiles, Vols.1–4, 85 livraisons – Paris.
(For collation of this work, see Sherborn, C.D. &
Cailliez, J.C. & Finet, Y. (1997): Benjamin Delessert (1773–
E.A. Smith, 1911, Proceedings of the Malacological
1847) et la malacologie. — Bulletin de la Société
Society of London, 9: 264–267).
internationale de Conchyliologie, Lausanne, 19 (3):
1–44, pls., figs. Dance, S.P. (1986): A History of Shell Collecting. — I– VI,
1–265, 33 pls.; E.J. Brill - Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden.
Chemnitz, J. H. (1784–1786): In Martini & Chemnitz (1769–
1795): Neues systematisches Conchylien Cabinet, D elessert , B. (1841): Recueil de coquilles décrites par
vol. 7: xvi + 356 pp. (1784); vol. 9: xvi + 194 pp. Lamarck dans son Histoire naturelle des Animaux
(1786); vols. 1–11 (pls. 1–213 + 1–193); Nürnberg sans Vertèbres, et non encore figurées. — 40 pls.;
(G.N.Raspe). [Non-binomial] Paris, Fortin, Masson & Cie.
Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva 13
Fulton, H.C. (1915): List of the Recent species of Spondy- Lamprell, K.L., Stanisic, J. & Clarkson, P. (2001): Some
lus Linne with some notes and descriptions of six Spondylids from the North and South Pacific Oceans
new forms. — Journal of Conchology, London, 14: with the description of a new species (Mollusca, Bi-
331–360. valvia, Spondylidae). — Memoirs of the Queensland
Museum, 46 (2): 623–628.
Gmelin, J.F. (1791): Caroli a Linné Systema naturae per regna
tria naturae. Edicio decima tertia., Vol. 1, pt. 6, cl. 6, Lamy, E. (1938): Révision des Spondylus vivants du Muséum
Vermes: 3021–3910; Leipzig (“Lipsiae”). national d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. — Journal de
Conchyliologie, 82 (3): 177–214, 265–306.
Lamarck, J.B. (1791–1816): Tableau encyclopédique et mé-
thodique des trois règnes de la nature. — pp. i–viii, Linnaeus, C. von (1758): Systema naturae per regna tria natu-
1–83, pls. 1–95 (1791); pp. 85–132, pls. 96–189 rae. Edicio decima, reformata, vol. 1, Regnum ani-
(1792); pls. 190–286, par Bruguière (1797); pls. male: 824 pp.; Stockholm.
287–390 (an VI [1798 ]); Mollusques et Polypes
— — — (1766–1767): Systema naturae per regna tria naturae.
divers, pls. 391–488 [publiées sous la direction de
Edicio duodecima, reformata, vol. 1, Regnum ani-
Lamarck] (1816), avec 16 pp. de texte, « Liste des
male, Pt. 1: 1–532 (1766); Pt. 2: 533–1327 (1767);
objets représentés », par Lamarck. Paris [for a col-
Stockholm.
lation of the « Tableau encyclopédique », see C.D.
Sherborn & B.B. Woodward, 1906, Annals and Reeve, L. (1856): Monograph of the genus Spondylus. — Con-
Magazin of Natural History, (7) 17: 577–582 ]. chologia iconica or illustrations of the shells of mol-
luscous animals, 9: pls 1–18; London.
— — — (1819): Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertè-
bres, 6 (1): 343 pp. [genre Spondyle (Spondylus): S chreibers , K. (1793): Versuch einer vollständigen Con-
186–194]; Paris. chylienkenntniss nach Linnaeus System. — 2 vols.
([12], 446, [1] p.; [8], 416) [Spondylus vol2: 151–
Lamprell, K.L. (1998): Recent Spondylus species from the
171]; Joseph Edlen v. Kurzbeck, Vienna, Austria.
Middle East and adjacent regions, with the descrip-
tion of two new species. — Vita Marina, 45 (1–2): Sherborn, C.D. & E.A. Smith (1911): A collation of J.C.
41–60. Chenu’s Illustrations Conchyliologiques, and a note
on P.L. Duclos’ Hist. Nat. Gén. et Part. Coquilles.
Lamprell, K.L. & Willan, R.C. (2000): Rectification of no-
— Proceedings of the Malacological Society, 9:
menclature for three species of Spondylus Linnaeus
264–267.
(Bivalvia: Pectinoidea: Spondylidae) from the Indo-
Pacific based on re-examination of type specimens. Sowerby, G.B. (1829). Appendix. Observations on a few of
— Vita Marina, 47 (1): 1–8. the most remarkable Shells collected by Mr Samuel
Stutchbury on the coast of some of the Islands of the
Lamprell, K.L. & Dekker, H. (2001): Rectification of nomen-
Australasian and Polynesian groups, together with
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Plate 1
Figs 1–2. Spondylus albus Chenu 1845 (non Sowerby 1847, nec Schreibers
1793). Syntype MHNG 30634.
1a, b) left valve (H = 59 mm, L = 50 mm).
2a, b) right valve (H = 60 mm, L = 54 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 1
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16 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 2
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Plate 2
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18 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 3
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Plate 3
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20 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 4
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Plate 4
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22 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 5
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Plate 5
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24 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 6
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Plate 6
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26 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 7
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Plate 7
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28 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 8
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Plate 8
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30 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 9
Figs 39–40. Spondylus coccineus Lamarck 1819, non Schreibers 1793. Prob-
able holotype MHNG 1088/96.
39a, b) left valve (H = 62 mm, L = 61 mm).
40a, b) right valve (H = 59 mm, L = 61 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 9
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32 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 10
Figs 45–46. Spondylus crassisquama Lamarck 1819. MHNG 1088/98 (var. b).
45a, b) left valve (H = 90 mm, L = 83 mm).
46a, b) right valve (H = 91 mm, L = 84 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 10
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34 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 11
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Plate 11
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36 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 12
Fig. 51. Spondylus delesserti Chenu 1845. MHNG 31240, Delessert col-
lection, no type status.
51a, b) right valve only (H = 227 mm, L = 165 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 12
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38 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 13
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Plate 13
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40 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 14
Figs 59–60 Spondylus ducalis Lamarck 1819. Syntype MHNG 1089/3.
59a, b) left valve (H = 49 mm, L = 48 mm).
60a, b) right valve (H = 51 mm, L = 47 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 14
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42 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 15
Figs 63–66 Spondylus ducalis Lamarck 1819. Syntype MHNG 31251.
63) left valve above right valve.
64a, b) left valve alone (H = 86 mm, L = 70 mm).
65a, b) lateral views.
66) internal view of right valve (H = 95 mm, L = 71 mm).
Figs 67–68. Spondylus ducalis Lamarck 1819. Syntype MHNG 31512 (as
Spondylus muricatus Chemnitz).
67a, b) left valve (H = 45 mm, L = 44 mm).
68a, b) right valve (H = 46 mm, L = 44 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 15
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44 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 16
Figs 69–72 Spondylus excavatus Chenu 1845. Holotype MHNG 31252.
69) left valve above right valve.
70a, b) left valve alone (H = 70 mm, L = 65 mm).
71a, b) right valve (H = 78 mm, L = 72 mm).
72) lateral view of right and left valves.
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 16
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46 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 17
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Plate 17
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48 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 18
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Plate 18
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50 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 19
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Plate 19
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52 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 20
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Plate 20
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54 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 21
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Plate 21
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56 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 22
Figs 102–104. Spondylus multilamellatus Chenu 1845, non Lamarck 1819. Syn-
type MHNG 31508.
102) left valve above right valve.
103a, b) left valve alone (H = 56 mm, L = 51 mm).
104a, b) right valve (H = 64 mm, L = 51 mm).
Figs 105–106. Spondylus multilamellatus Chenu 1845, non Lamarck 1819. Syn-
type MHNG 31509.
105a, b) left valve (H = 40 mm, L = 33 mm).
106a, b) right valve (H = 39 mm, L = 33 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 22
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58 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 23
Figs 107–108. Spondylus radians Lamarck 1819. MHNG 31526, specimen from
the Delessert collection.
107a, b) left valve (H = 42 mm, L = 43 mm).
108a, b) right valve (H = 43 mm, L = 46 mm).
Figs 109–110. Spondylus radians Lamarck 1819. MHNG 31527, specimen from
the Delessert collection.
109a, b) left valve (H = 36 mm, L = 31 mm).
110a, b) right valve (H = 34 mm, L = 31 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 23
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60 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 24
Figs 111–112. Spondylus radians Lamarck 1819. MHNG 31528, specimen from
the Delessert collection.
111a, b) left valve (H = 46 mm, L = 39 mm).
112a, b) right valve (H = 50 mm, L = 39 mm).
Figs 113–115. Spondylus regius Linnaeus 1758. MHNG 1089/16, specimen from
the Delessert collection.
113) left valve above right valve.
114a, b) left valve alone (H = 104 mm, L = 92 mm).
115a, b) right valve (H = 117 mm, L = 95 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 24
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62 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 25
Figs 116–119. Spondylus regius Linnaeus 1758. MHNG 1089/17, specimen from
the Delessert collection.
116) left valve above right valve.
117a, b) left valve alone (H = 97 mm, L = 91 mm)
118) right valve above left valve.
119a, b) right valve alone (H = 102 mm, L = 91 mm).
eschweizerbartxxx sng-
Plate 25
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64 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 26
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Plate 26
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66 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 27
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Plate 27
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68 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 28
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Plate 28
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70 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 29
Figs 142–144. Spondylus violacescens Chenu 1845, non Lamarck 1819. MHNG
31648.
142) left valve above right valve.
143a, b) left valve alone (H = 80 mm, L = 73 mm)
144a, b) right valve (H = 88 mm, L = 73 mm).
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Plate 29
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72 Finet, Y. & Lamprell, K. L.: The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva
Plate 30
Figs 148–150. Spondylus zonalis Lamarck 1819. MHNG 31653, Delessert collection.
148) A. left valve above right valve
149a, b) left valve alone (H = 44 mm, L = 42 mm)
150a, b) right valve (H = 51 mm, L = 42.5 mm).
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Plate 30
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