EXAM 1

This test aims to assess overall proficiency in English. It evaluates some language main
skills: Structure, Written Expression, Reading Comprehension, Vocabulary, etc.
Candidates are provided with an answer sheet to record their answers, PLEASE DO
NOT WRITE ON THE EXAM.

Part I: Structure
Directions: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each word or
sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked (a), (b), (c) or (d).
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. Hello, Samantha. _____ Are you?

a. Who b. is
c. How d. Hi

2. Are your clothes dry?

a. No, they aren´t b. Yes, it is.
c. Yes, they do d. Yes, the does.

3. Is this your t-shirt?

a. Yes, my t-shirt is light blue b. No, it is probably Peter´s.
c. Yes, it is your t-shirt. d. No, it is hers.

4. My sister is going to stay with me?

a. How do you do b. How was it
c. How long d. How late

5. How many_________?
a. money do you have b. brothers do Maria and Joyce have
c. rooms is there d. does she has

6. Is your teacher from Puerto Rico?

a. Yes, he does b. Yes, we are
c. No, he is not d. Yes, he was

7. Who´s that?
a. She´s my sister b. We are brothers
c. That is a table d. This book is his

8. How old is your father?

a. He is 40 years old b. He has 40 years
c. He is 40 d. He have 40 years

9. What are your parents like?

a. They like potatoes b. They don’t like to eat
c. They´re nice d. They work a lot

10. When do you work?

a. Library b. In the evenings
c. At school d. Outside

11. I can´t find my keys anywhere? I_________ have left them home.
a. can b. must
d. ought to d. would
12. It is too hot today.
a. I am not wearing boots! b. I am wearing my coat
c. I am wearing gloves d. I am wearing my new jacket

13. The builders are_________ good progress with the new building.
a. getting b. doing c. making d. taking

14. Do you______ have coffee for breakfast?

a. don´t b. never c. ever d. ever not

15. What color are Victor´s jeans?

a. It is dark green b. Victor doesn´t like white jeans
c. They are purple d. They are tight

16. My father______ his new car for two weeks now?

a. has b. has had c. is having d. had

17. You should not have a pet, if you are no_____ to look after it.
a. adapted b. arranged c. prepared d. decided

18. A:________________
B: I was born in the United States.
a. Were where you born? b. Where you were born?
b. Where were you born? d. Where are them from?

19. Were you and Pablo at the fair?

a. Yes, we did b. No, we weren´t c. Yes, we are d. Yes, I did

20. She______go because____ time.

a. went / there was b. didn´t / there were
c. didn´t / there wasn´t d. wasn´t go / weren´t

21. He______ going to wait because he_____ have time.

a. isn´t / doesn´t b. don´t / doesn´t
c. doesn´t / isn´t d. don´t / doesn´t

22. A:________________
B: I grew up in San Francisco.
a. Where you grew up? b. Where did you grew up?
c. Where did you grow up? d. Where did they grow up?

23. A: When can we meet again?

a. It was two days ago b. When are you free?
c. Can you help me? d. It was yesterday.

24. We are all_____ the opinion that hydrocarbons in the atmosphere

contribute to global warming.
a. in b. on c. of d. with

25. Not all currencies that are brokered on the world´s major
exchanges_____ enough to generate windfall profits for the everyday
investor.
a. valued b. to be valuable c. of value d. are valuable
26. Virtually all doctors agree_________________ a second diagnosis in the
event of a potentially major disease.
a. that patients should seek b. patients should be sought
c. patients they seek d. patients that should seek

27. Three responsibilities___________________ are to search out, identify,

and assess patentable inventions and technologies.
a. to a patent manager b. with a patent manager
c. on a patent manager d. of a patent manager

28. The cotton dress is________ than the polyester one.

a. nicest b. nice c. nicer d. The nicest

29. Ink stains, commonly regarded__________ difficult stains to remove, will

not succumb to the usual array of detergents and cleaners found in
supermarkets.
a. as the most b. to the most
c. in the most d. through the most

30. A:_____________________
B: It was fantastic.
a. How the first day of school was ? b. When was the first day of school?
c. How was the first day of school? d. How were your first day?

31. A:_____________________
B: My friends and family.
a. Who with you go? b. Who went with you?
c. Who did went with you? d. Who were you go with?

32. I´ve been waiting here_______ 3 hours.

a. since b. after c. for d. on

33. A:____________________
B: Math and science.
a. What classes was you like? b. What classes you doesn´t like?
c. What classes didn´t you like? d. What class have you take?

34. A:____________________
B: Because I had to travel.
a. Why you don´t go to school last week?
b. Because you don´t went to school last week.
c. Why didn´t you go to school last week?
d. Because I need to go.

35. ___________ subject was your favorite?

a. Who b. How c. Which d. When

36. A:____________________
B: For self-portraits.
a. What is for Frida Kahlo famous? b. What for is Frida Kahlo famous?
c. What is Frida Kahlo famous for? d. What was Frida Kahlo famous?

37. Where is your brother right now?

a. He´s in a trip b. He´s at a trip
c. He´s on a trip d. He´s after a trip
38. I______ to speak Chinese, but I________.
a. can / I am not anymore b. used / don´t anymore
c. could / can yet d. can´t / can

39. A: Should I give the money to you and Joshua?

B:________________________
a. Yes, give them to it b. Yes, give it to them
c. Yes, give it to us d. Yes, give it to they

40. A: Are you going to go bowling with Mark?

B:________________________
a. Yes, I am going with he b. No, I go with me
c. Yes, I going with him d. No, I´m not going with him

41. Would you like to see a movie with me?

a. Yes, I love it b. Yes, I´d love to
c. Yes, I love you d. Yes, I´d love it

42. That´s the boy______________.

a. I met yesterday b. that I met him yesterday
c. who is met me yesterday d. who is met him

43. A:___________________
B: Well-done, please.
a. What do you like? b. How would you like it?
c. Where did you like it? d. Where do you like it?

44. A:____________________
B: It´s a about an Austrian man who saved the lives of many people.
a. What is about Shindler´s List movie?
b. What´s the movie Schindler´s List about?
c. What´s the movie Shindler´s List about?
d. What is about the Shindler´s List movie?

45. We had our mail_________ every day.

a. deliver b. delivered
c. delivering d. was delivered

46. Our house needs_________.

a. remodels b. remodeling
c. remodeled d. was remodeled

47. I confronted him with the story, but he_______ it.

a. allowed b. forget
c. denied d. was forgotten

48. She won´t have finished by next year, _______ it.

a. is she b. won´t c. will she d. would she

49. When I woke up this morning I realized that a window____________.

a. had been broken b. was broke
c. had being broken d. had broken
50.__________ his had sense of humor, he´s a nice colleague.
a. Because b. Despite c. Whether d. Besides

51. If I________ a car. I__________ drive to work.

a. will have / could b. had / could
c. had / will to d. will to / had to

52. If you________ driving so fast, you wouldn´t_________ the accident.

a. didn´t / have b. haven´t been / have had
c. hadn´t been / have had d. have / didn´t

53. There is a new bridge_________ across the river.

a. being built b. building c. to build d. being build

54. I´m exhausted. I don’t´feel like___________.

a. gone out b. to go out c. going out d. gone out

55. A: Why are you buying new shoes?

B: Because my old ones are_____________.
a. worn down b. worn out c. worn up d. worn after

56. It really upsets me_________________.

a. the people arrive late for appointments
b. when people arriving late for appointments
c. when people arrive late for appointments
d. when people is arriving late for appointments

57. Fish supplies______________ through overfishing.

a. have been depleted b. are being deplete
c. are deplete d. is being deplete

58. A: Do you know who can tell my future?

B:_________________________________
a. You can have Madame Tarah to read your palm
b. You can have Madame Tarahh reads your palm
c. You can have Madame Tarah read your palm
d. You can have to read your palm by Madame Tarah

59. I_______________ more generous when I was younger.

a. have be b. should has being
c. should have being d. should have been

60. Able to sing religious arias in Latin by the time she was four, _________
reported to have repertory of some 10,000 songs.
a. that Margaret Church is b. Margaret Church who
c. Margaret Church is d. Margaret Church is who

Part II: Vocabulary

Directions: Choose the word that best completes sentence. Mark (a), (b), (c)
or (d) on your answer sheet.

61. The chess players tried very hard to____________ each other with every
move in the tournament.
a. outclass b. outweigh c. outcome d. outwit
62. A__________________ in shining armor is very girl´s dream.
a. night b. knight c. nay d. knive

63. A______________ is a narrow passage of water.

a. straight b. strait c. astray d. portrait

64. A dolphin and a___________ a similar in some way.

a. porpoise b. purpose c. tortoise d. walrus

65. A low mark on one quiz should not have a strong_______ on your grade.
a. affect b. effect c. dedfect d. affection

66. A man of his_______ is impressive.

a. statue b. stature c. statute d. state

67. A skunk smells its own______ first.

a. scent b. sent c. cent d. essence

68. A snowy owl________ upon mice, rabbits and other small animals.
a. praise b. prays c. preys d. pry

69. A wild pig is also known as a_____________.

a. boar b. bore c. bored d. born

70. Bread tastes better the longer you_________ the dough.

a. need b. knead c. knit d. neat

Part III: Written Expression

Directions: In these questions, each sentence has four underlined words or
phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C),
and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in
order for the sentence to be correct.

71. One of the most difficult problems in understanding sleep is determining

what the functions of sleep is.

72. Electrical disturbances on earth are frequently caused with storms on the

surface of the sun.

73. A deficient of folic acid is rarely found in humans because the vitamin is

contained in a wide variety of foods.

74. The gopher digs with the big strong claws of its two front foot and which

its overhanging front teeth.

75. As two nuclei move closer together, their mutual electrostatic potential

energy becomes more large and more positive.

76. Having weekly family talks can be an important means of exploring

sensitive family issues, redefining sibling relationships, and to foster new

familial bonds.

77. Three goals of the Sierra Club are to encourage environmental

conservation, lobbying for environmental issues in Washington, D. C., and

develop youth awareness of environmental concerns.

78. There has been an alarming increase in the incidental of babies of babies

addicted to cocaine.

79. Lincoln´s ability to hold the Union together and waging war successfully

amazes historians even today.

80. Evaluation potential Supreme Court justices is one of the most important

prerogatives of the House and Senate Judiciary Committees

Part III: READING COMPREHENSION
Directions: In these section, you will read a passage, which is followed by
questions about it. Choose the one best answer, (a), (b), (c) or (d) for each
question.

Reading #1.

1. One of the most dangerous drugs for pregnant women to consume is alcohol.
Because is 2. delivered quickly into the blood and passes quickly into the tissues and
membranes; the human 3. fetus is particularly vulnerable to its effects. In fact, the
negative effects on a fetus are so 4. pronounced that babies born after exposure to
alcohol are said to be suffering from fetal alcohol 5. syndrome.

6. As a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, the alcohol is passed into her bloodstream
almost 7. simultaneously. Moreover, because the bloodstream of the fetus is
inextricably tied to that of the 8. mother, the alcohol passes directly into the
bloodstream of the fetus as well. And, what is more, 9. the concentration of alcohol
passes directly the same as in the mother.

10. For the mother, this concentration is not a problem because her liver can remove
one ounce of 11. alcohol from her system per hour. However, the fetus´s liver is not
completely developed (how 12. developed it is depends on its stage of development).
The rate at which it is able to eliminate the 13. alcohol from the blood of the fetus is
much slower.
14. Eventually, the alcohol will be returned to the mother´s system by passing across
the placenta, but 15. this process is slow. By the time this takes place, major
neurological can produce significant, 17. irreversible damage to the fetus.
18. babies born after exposure to alcohol generally exhibit facial distortion, inability to
concentrate, 19. and difficulty in remembering. Simply speaking, it is imperative that
pregnant women avoid 20. alcohol.

81. What is the main topic of this reading?

a. Women and drugs b. The dangers of pregnancy
c. The fetus and alcohol d. Drinking and the human body

82. In line 3, the word “its” refers to:

a. the fetus b. the blood c. the tissue d. the alcohol

83. In line 4, the word “pronounced” most closely means:

a. evident b. spoken c. describe d. unfortunate

84. How much time can it be inferred that it takes alcohol to enter a woman´s
bloodstream after she takes a drink?
a. about one hour b. a few seconds c. several minutes d. at least 24 hours

85. In line 7, the word “inextricably” most means:

a. unexplainably b. formely c. forcefully d. inseparably

86. According to the passage, how does the concentration of alcohol in a fetus
compare to that in the mother?
a. The concentration is more b. The concentration is less
c. The concentration is equivalent d. The concentration cannot be measured
87. It can be inferred that the development of a fetal liver depends on:
a. how many months pregnant the mother is
b. how much alcohol the mother has consumed
c. how large the fetus is
d. how well the mother has taken care of the fetus

88. According to the passage, how is alcohol finally returned to the mother´s
system?
a. it is carried through the bloodstream
b. it is transferred across the placenta
c. it is expelled by the fetus´s liver
d. it is not completely returned

89. Which one of the following was NOT mentioned as a sing of fetal alcohol
syndrome?
a. disfigurement of the face b. concentration difficulties
c. increased aggression d. memory problems

90. At what place in the passage does the author discuss the quantity of
alcohol necessary to produce negative results?
a. Lines 18-20 b. Lines 10-13
c. Lines 1-5 d. Lines 14-17

Reading #2.

Michael Moshier steps up and straps himself in and hopes to realize a dream.

Michael Moshier is the inventor of the Solo Trek, ―So, to take off, the pilot would
increase the throttle, machine would lift off."

Someday soon, Moshier or a test pilot will fire up the 120 horsepower engine of the
twin fan Solo Trek, and if things go as planned, fly above the rooftops like an action
hero.

Michael Moshier says of his invention, "You have unrestricted visibility and actually,
when it flies fast, it will lean forward slightly so you're out there, in the air, flying,
much like Superman, might fly, as an analogy, and I dream of this every night."

It may seem odd that a former navy jet fighter pilot could be inspired by the fantasy of
simple, one-person flight, a la the Jetsons on t-v.

Or the actual but never quite practical rocket belt.

Michael Moshier, "I look at the jet belt and the rocket belt that was developed 20, 30
years ago, and I say, where's the follow up product? Where is something that works
that I can have?"

Not that inventors haven't tried to make it easy for ordinary folks to fly.

Paul Moller's has been working on his flying car for 30 years, and now says it's ready
for tests. It would take off and land vertically, go 600 miles an hour, and deliver 20
miles to the gallon. A computer would do the actual flying. He says it could be on the
market next year with a sticker price of about a million dollars.
NASA just signed on with Moshier to help develop his flying machine. The first uses are
likely to be military.

It's been 50-years since Robert Fulton invented his airphibian, a flying car. It flew, and
ultimately landed in the Smithsonian Museum. But never found its way into any family
garage. Getting dreams to fly is never easy.

GLOSSARY:
straps - a strip of leather, cloth, or other flexible material, used for fastening,
securing, carrying, or holding on to
inventor - a person who is created or designed a new device, process, etc.
throttle - a device controlling the flow of fuel or power to an engine.
vertically - a vertical line or plane @ an upright structure.
ultimately- being or happening at the end of a process.

91. Paul Moller´s flying car is different than an airplane because_________.

a. it has no wings b. it uses solar power
c. it takes off and lands vertically d. it can land on water

92. When a pilot______________ the throttle, the plane takes off.

a. decreases b. shuts off c. breaks d. increases

93. A____________ would fly Paul Moller´s flying car.

a. man b. computer c. pilot d. woman

94. Inventors have________________________________________.

a. not really been interested in letting people fly.
b. not bad success building solo machines
c. never thought of the idea of solo flying
d. made several different tries at making flying machines

95. NASA is interested in working with Michael Moshier because_________.

a. the Solo Flyer might be useful for the military
b. the Solo Flyer would be great for commuting
c. they want the Solo Flyer for the Smithsonian Museum
d. the Solo Flyer is a fuel saver

96. The idea about solo flights_____________.

a. is new b. has a product on the market
c. has been around for a long time d. hasn´t been thought of before 20 years ago

Reading #3.

A new hearing device is now available for some hearing-impaired people. This device
uses a magnet to hold the detachable sound-processing portion in place. Like other
aids, it converts sound into vibrations. But it is unique in that it can transmit the
vibrations directly to the magnet and then to the inner ear. This produces a clearer
sound. The new device will not help all hearing-impaired people—only those with a
hearing loss caused by infection or some other problem in the middle ear. It will
probably help no more than 20 percent of all people with hearing problems. Those
people who have persistent ear infections, however, should find relief and restored
hearing with the new device.

97. What is the author´s main purpose?

a. To describe a new cure for ear infections
b. To inform the reader of a new device
d. To urge doctors to use a new device

98. According to the passage, which of these is true.

a. This is the only device that converts sounds into vibrations
b. This device represents a cure for most people with hearing problems
c. This device shortens the transmition process of vibrations, thus improving sound
quality.
d. This device is not yet available in the market

99. Which kind of force is used to hold the sound –processing portion or the
device in place?
a. Electrical b. Gravitational c. Normal d. Magnetic

100. The word “relief” in the last sentence means:

a. Less distress b. Assistance c. Distraction d. Relaxation

Reading #4.

The following passage refers to questions 8 through 14.

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her
husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer,
and studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable
collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.

Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of
physics. At the early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her
great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high
school. She became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in
Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly
left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned
her master's degree and doctorate in physics.

Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest
scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in
1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A
short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in
1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune and endured heartbreaking
anguish. Despondently she recalled their close relationship and the joy that they had
shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by
herself greatly increased her distress.

Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her
husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given
a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in
chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness
from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work.
Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing
the mysteries of the physical world.

8. The Curies' ____ collaboration helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.
a. friendly b. competitive c. courteous
d. industrious e. chemistry
9. Marie had a bright mind and a _____________personality.
a. strong b. lighthearted c. humorous
d. strange e. envious

10. When she learned that she could not attend the university in Warsaw, she
felt____________.
a. hopeless b. annoyed c. depressed
d. worried e. none of the above

11. Marie ____________ by leaving Poland and traveling to France to enter

the Sorbonne.
a. challenged authority b. showed intelligence c. behaved
d. was distressed e. answer not available in article

12. __________she remembered their joy together.

a. Dejectedly b. Worried c. Tearfully
d. Happily e. Sorrowfully

13. Her ___________ began to fade when she returned to the Sorbonne to
succeed her husband.
a. misfortune b. anger c. wretchedness
d. disappointment e. ambition

14. Even though she became fatally ill from working with radium, Marie Curie
was never ____.
a. troubled b. worried c. disappointed
d. sorrowful e. disturbed
THE NAME OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the
heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died - as she nearly did - upon her return to
England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would have come
down to us almost as we know it today - that gentle vision of female virtue which first
took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of
fact, she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the
greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary
nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of
unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean
triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even
than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a
mere incident - scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was
the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For
more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life
began at the very moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.

She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless
efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was
affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical
prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her- a complete and
prolonged rest. But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to
do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now?

Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron was hot, and it was
time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The
doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her
friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad possessed -
perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she
devoured blue-books, dictated letters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked
jokes. For months at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest.

At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, she would become an
invalid for life. She could not help that; there was work to be done; and, as for rest,
very likely she might rest ... when she had done it.

Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among
the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of
Scutari - the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay
that phantom, or she would perish. The whole system of theArmy Medical Department,
the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How
could she rest while these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity were to
arise again, the like results would follow? And, even in peace and at home, what was
the sanitary condition of the Army?

The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life.
'You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot
them,' she said. After inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. 'Yes,
this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000
men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous
reputation was at her back - an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie
before her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look to the health of
the Army.

Adapted from: Eminent Victorians, Lytton Strachey (1918)

1. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of
Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea,
all of the following except

A. less dramatic

B. less demanding

C. less well-known to the public

D. more important

E. more rewarding to Miss Nightingale herself.

2. The 'fulcrum' (line 17) refers to her

A. reputation

B. mental energy

C. physical energy

D. overseas contacts

E. commitment to a cause

3. Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who is

A. an incapacitated invalid

B. mentally shattered

C. stubborn and querulous

D. physically weak but mentally indomitable

E. purposeful yet tiresome

4. The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is to

A. account for conditions in the army

B. show the need for hospital reform

C. explain Miss Nightingale's main concerns

D. argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions

E. delineate Miss Nightingale's plan for reform

5. The series of questions in paragraphs 2 and 3 are

A. the author's attempt to show the thoughts running through Miss Nightingale's
mind

B. Miss Nightingale questioning her own conscience

C. Miss Nightingale's response to an actual questioner

D. Responses to the doctors who advised rest

E. The author's device to highlight the reactions to Miss Nightingale's plans

6. The author's attitude to his material is

 A. disinterested reporting of biographical details

B. over-inflation of a reputation

C. debunking a myth

D. uncritical presentation of facts

E. interpretation as well as narration

7. In her statement (lines 53-54) Miss Nightingale intended to

A. criticize the conditions in hospitals

B. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were living

C. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospital

D. ridicule the dangers of army life

E. quote important statistics

Gestantes y el feto

1. Uno de los fármacos más peligrosos para las mujeres embarazadas a

consumir es el alcohol. Porque es 2. entregados rápidamente a la sangre y
pasa rápidamente en los tejidos y las membranas; 3. el feto humano es
particularmente vulnerable a sus efectos. De hecho, los efectos negativos
sobre el feto son tan 4. pronunciado que los bebés nacidos después de la
exposición al alcohol se dice que sufre de síndrome de alcoholismo fetal 5..

6. A medida que una mujer embarazada bebe alcohol, el alcohol pasa a su

torrente sanguíneo casi 7. simultáneamente. Por otra parte, debido a que el
torrente sanguíneo del feto está inextricablemente ligado al de la 8. madre, el
alcohol pasa directamente al torrente sanguíneo del feto también. Y, lo que es
más, 9. la concentración de alcohol pasa directamente el mismo que en la
madre.

10. Para la madre, esta concentración no es un problema debido a que su

hígado puede eliminar una onza de 11. alcohol de su sistema por hora. Sin
embargo, el hígado fetus's no se desarrolla por completo (lo 12. desarrollados
es depende de su grado de desarrollo). La velocidad a la que es capaz de
eliminar el alcohol 13. de la sangre del feto es mucho más lento.

14. Finalmente, el alcohol se devuelve al sistema de la Madre haciendo pasar a

través de la placenta, pero 15. Este proceso es lento. Por el momento esto
tiene lugar, importante neurológica puede producir, 17. daños irreversibles
significativo para el feto.

18. bebés nacidos después de la exposición al alcohol generalmente exhiben

distorsión facial, incapacidad para concentrarse, 19. y dificultad para recordar.
En pocas palabras, es imperativo que las mujeres embarazadas eviten 20.
alcohol.

Lectura # 2

Michael Moshier pasos y correas a sí mismo en y espera hacer realidad un

sueño.

Michael Moshier es el inventor del solitario Trek, "Así que, para despegar, el
piloto aumentaría el acelerador, la máquina podría despegar."

Algún día pronto, Moshier o un piloto de pruebas serán encender el motor de

120 caballos de fuerza del ventilador doble Solo Trek, y si las cosas salen
según lo planeado, volar por encima de los tejados como un héroe de acción.

Michael Moshier dice de su invención, "Usted tiene una visibilidad sin

restricciones y, de hecho, cuando vuela rápido, va a inclinarse ligeramente
hacia adelante por lo que está por ahí, en el aire, volando, al igual que
Superman, podría volar, como una analogía, y Sueño con esto todas las
noches ".
Puede parecer extraño que un ex piloto de combate jet marina podría estar
inspirado en la fantasía de vuelo simple, de una sola persona, al estilo de los
Supersónicos en la televisión.

O el cinturón real, pero nunca absolutamente práctico de cohetes.

Michael Moshier, "me mira el cinturón de chorro y el cinturón cohete que se

desarrolló el 20, hace 30 años, y yo digo, ¿dónde está el producto de
seguimiento? ¿Dónde es algo que funciona que puedo tener?"

No es que los inventores no han tratado de hacer más fácil para la gente
ordinaria para volar.

Paul Moller de ha estado trabajando en su coche volar durante 30 años, y

ahora dice que está listo para las pruebas. Sería despegar y aterrizar
verticalmente, vaya 600 millas por hora, y entregar 20 millas por galón. Una
computadora haría el vuelo real. Él dice que podría estar en el mercado el
próximo año con un precio de etiqueta de alrededor de un millón de dólares.

La NASA acaba de firmar con Moshier para ayudar a desarrollar su máquina

voladora. Los primeros usos es probable que sean militar.

Han pasado 50 años desde que Robert Fulton inventó su airphibian, un coche
volador. Voló, y finalmente aterrizó en el Museo Smithsonian. Pero nunca
encontró su camino en cualquier garaje de la familia. Conseguir los sueños de
volar nunca es fácil.

Lectura # 3.

Un nuevo dispositivo auditivo es ahora disponible para algunas personas con

discapacidad auditiva. Este dispositivo utiliza un imán para sujetar la parte de
procesamiento de sonido desmontable en su lugar. Al igual que otras ayudas,
que convierte el sonido en vibraciones. Pero es única en que puede transmitir
las vibraciones directamente al imán y luego al oído interno. Esto produce un
sonido más claro. El nuevo dispositivo no ayudará a todas las personas con
discapacidad auditiva sólo aquellos con una pérdida de audición causada por
una infección o algún otro problema en el oído medio. Probablemente le
ayudará a no más del 20 por ciento de todas las personas con problemas de
audición. Aquellas personas que tienen infecciones del oído persistentes, sin
embargo, deben encontrar alivio y restaurado la audición con el nuevo
dispositivo.

Lectura # 4.

Marie Curie fue uno de los científicos más logradas de la historia. Junto con su
marido, Pierre, descubrió el radio, un elemento muy utilizado para tratar el
cáncer, y el uranio estudiada y otras sustancias radiactivas. Colaboración
amistosa Pierre y Marie más tarde ayudó a desbloquear los secretos del átomo.

Marie nació en 1867 en Varsovia, Polonia, donde su padre era profesor de

física. A la edad temprana, ella muestra una mente brillante y una
personalidad alegre. Su gran exuberancia para el aprendizaje la impulsó a
continuar con sus estudios después de la secundaria. Ella se convirtió en
descontento, sin embargo, cuando se enteró de que la universidad de Varsovia
fue cerrado a las mujeres. Decidido a recibir una educación superior, ella
definitivamente dejó Polonia y en 1891 entró en la Sorbona, una universidad
francesa, donde obtuvo su maestría y doctorado en física.
Marie tuvo la suerte de haber estudiado en la Sorbona con algunos de los más
grandes científicos de su época, uno de los cuales era Pierre Curie. Marie y
Pierre se casaron en 1895 y pasaron muchos años productivos trabajando
juntos en el laboratorio de física. Poco tiempo después se descubrió el radio,
Pierre fue asesinado por un carro tirado por caballos en 1906. Marie fue
sorprendido por esta horrible desgracia y soportaron la angustia desgarradora.
Con desespero, recordó su estrecha relación y la alegría que habían compartido
en la investigación científica. El hecho de que ella tenía dos hijas pequeñas
para levantar por sí misma aumenta considerablemente su angustia.

Sensación de Curie de la desolación, finalmente comenzó a desvanecerse

cuando se le preguntó para suceder a su marido como un profesor de física en
la Sorbona. Ella fue la primera mujer en ser dado una cátedra en la
universidad de fama mundial. En 1911 recibió el Premio Nobel de Química para
aislar el radio. Aunque Marie Curie finalmente sufrió una enfermedad mortal de
su larga exposición a la radio, ella nunca se desilusionó de su trabajo. Sin
importar las consecuencias, ella misma había dedicado a la ciencia y para
revelar los misterios del mundo físico.
EL NOMBRE DE FLORENCIA NIGHTINGALE

El nombre de Florence Nightingale vive en la memoria del mundo en virtud de

la aventura heroica de la guerra de Crimea. ¿Había muerto - como ella casi
hizo - a su regreso a Inglaterra, su reputación casi no habría sido diferente; su
leyenda habría llegado hasta nosotros casi como lo conocemos hoy en día -
que suave visión de la virtud femenina que primero tomó forma ante los ojos
adoradores de los soldados enfermos en Scutari. Sin embargo, como cuestión
de hecho, vivió durante más de medio siglo después de la Guerra de Crimea; y
durante la mayor parte de ese largo período toda la energía y toda la devoción
de su extraordinaria naturaleza estaban trabajando en su más alto grado. Lo
que lleva a cabo en aquellos años de la mano de obra desconocida podría, de
hecho, apenas han sido más glorioso que sus triunfos de Crimea; pero era sin
duda más importante. La verdadera historia era mucho más extraño aún que el
mito. En ojos de la señorita Nightingale la aventura de la guerra de Crimea fue
un mero incidente - poco más que un útil escalón en su carrera. Fue el punto
de apoyo con la que ella esperaba para mover el mundo; pero no fue hasta el
punto de apoyo. Durante más de una generación que fue a sentarse en
secreto, trabajando su palanca, y su vida real comenzó en el mismo momento
en que, en la imaginación popular, que había terminado.

Ella llegó a Inglaterra en un estado destrozado de la salud. Las dificultades y

los esfuerzos incesantes de los últimos dos años habían minado su sistema
nervioso; su corazón se vio afectada; sufría constantemente de desmayos y
terribles ataques de postración física absoluta. Los médicos declararon que una
cosa sola ahorraría ella- un descanso completo y prolongado. Pero eso fue
también la única cosa con la que no tendría nada que hacer. Ella nunca había
tenido la costumbre de descansar; ¿por qué debería empezar ahora?

Ahora, cuando su oportunidad había llegado por fin; Ahora, cuando el hierro
estaba caliente, y ya era hora de huelga? No; ella tenía trabajo que hacer; y,
venga lo que podría, ella lo haría. Los médicos protestaron en vano; en vano
su familia lamentó y suplicó en vano sus amigos señalaron a ella la locura de
tal curso. Locura? Mad poseído - tal vez ella era. Un frenesí se había apoderado
de ella. Mientras yacía en el sofá, jadeando, ella devoró azul-libros, dictó las
letras, y, en los intervalos de sus palpitaciones, chistes. Durante meses de un
tirón que nunca salió de su cama. Pero ella no descansaría.

A este ritmo, los médicos le aseguraron, incluso si ella no murió, ella se

convertiría en un inválido de por vida. No pudo evitar que; no había trabajo
por hacer; y, para el descanso, es muy probable que pudiera descansar ...
cuando ella lo había hecho.

Dondequiera que iba, a Londres o en el país, en las colinas de Derbyshire, o

entre los rododendros en Embley, fue perseguido por un fantasma. Era el
fantasma de Scutari - la visión espantosa de la organización de un hospital
militar. Ella pondría ese fantasma, o ella perecería. Todo el sistema de theArm
departamento médico, la educación de los Servicios Médicos, el reglamento
interno del hospital ... descansar? ¿Cómo podía descansar mientras estas
cosas eran como eran, mientras que, si la necesidad como surgiera de nuevo,
los resultados como se siguen? Y, aun en la paz y en la casa, ¿cuál era el
estado sanitario del Ejército?

La mortalidad en el cuartel, era, se encontró, casi el doble de la mortalidad en

la vida civil. "Es lo mismo que tener 1, 100 hombres cada año a cabo sobre la
llanura de Salisbury y dispararles", dijo. Después de inspeccionar los hospitales
en Chatham, sonrió tristemente. 'Sí, esto es un síntoma más del sistema que,
en Crimea, condenado a muerte 16.000 hombres.' Scutari había dado su
conocimiento; y que le había dado el poder demasiado: su enorme reputación
estaba en su espalda - una fuerza incalculable. Otros trabajos, otros deberes,
podría estar ante ella; pero el más urgente, la más obvia, de todo fue a buscar
a la salud del Ejército.

Adaptado de: Victorianos eminentes, Lytton Strachey (1918)

CONSIDERACIONES PARA HACER EL ESSAY

1. Introduction: Reescribe la afirmación (statement) con tus propias palabras para

iniciar el ensayo. Por ejemplo:

In today's world, many teenagers have access to internet and therefore they have a
chance to watch free videos and films online.

2. Development: Da los argumentos a favor y, en contra.

While watching an online film or videos is not a bad activity per se, doing it all the time
is.if parents at home supervise their screen hours it is perfectly possible to keep a
balance between watching online films and videos and reading.

3. Conclusion: Da tu opinión personal que conectará con tus últimos argumento.

In my opinion, therefore, teenagers can watch video or films online and continue to
have the habit of reading if they have the discipline to organise their time well.

In today's world, many teenagers have access to internet and therefore they have a
chance to watch free videos and films online. (1) As it is a passive activity it is very
likely that they spend much more time watching videos than reading.(2)

While watching an online film or videos is not a bad activity per se, doing it all the time
is. (3) This is precisely what teachers and parents fear, teenagers becoming just
passive consumers of any junk videos or worthless information that is presented
online. They point out that good habits such as reading, and acquiring useful
information for their future jobs are being lost.(4)

However, if parents at home supervise their screen hours it is perfectly possible to

keep a balance between watching online films and videos and reading.

(5) Furthermore, there are many books that teenagers love such as those related to
witchcraft and vampires. So the problem is not necessarily reading, but what to
read.(6)

In my opinion, therefore, teenagers can watch video or films online and continue to
have the habit of reading if they have the discipline to organise their time well, and
their parents make sure that they do not exceed a limited number of hours in front of
the computer. (7)