Deflection of Beams 1

1- Deflection of Beams and Shafts

Often limits must be placed on the amount of deflection a beam or shaft
may undergo when it is subjected to a load, and so in this chapter we will
discuss various methods for determining the deflection and slope at
specific points on beams and shafts. The analytical methods include the
integration method, the use of discontinuity functions, and the method of
superposition. Also, a semigraphical technique, called the moment-area
method, will be presented. At the end of the chapter, we will use these
methods to solve for the support reactions on a beam or shaft that is
statically indeterminate.

2- The Elastic Curve

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3- Slope and Displacement by Integration

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3.1 Discontinuity Functions ‫ﻟﻼﻁﻼﻉ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
The method of integration, used to find the equation of the elastic curve for
a beam or shaft, is convenient if the load or internal moment can be
expressed as a continuous function throughout the beam’s entire length.
If several different loadings act on the beam, however, the method
becomes more tedious to apply, because separate loading or moment
functions must be written for each region of the beam. Furthermore,
integration of these functions requires the evaluation of integration
constants using both boundary and continuity conditions. For example, the
beam shown in Fig. 12–14 requires four moment functions to be written.
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4. Slope and Displacement by the Moment-Area Method
The moment-area method provides a semigraphical technique for finding
the slope and displacement at specific points on the elastic curve of a beam
or shaft. Application of the method requires calculating areas associated
with the beam’s moment diagram; and so if this diagram consists of simple
shapes, the method is very convenient to use. Normally this is the case
when the beam is loaded with concentrated forces and couple moments.
To develop the moment-area method we will make the same assumptions
we used for the method of integration: The beam is initially straight, it is
elastically deformed by the loads, such that the slope and deflection of the
elastic curve are very small, and the deformations are only caused by
bending. The moment-area method is based on two theorems, one used to
determine the slope and the other to determine the displacement at a point
on the elastic curve.
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