ELECTROSTATICS ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS > Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force between two-polnt charges, forces between ‘multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due toa dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. Revision Notes «q Flectric Field and Dipole > Electric Charge > Electric change is the property of a matter due to which, it experiences a force when placed in an electromagnetic Field, > Doint charge is an accumulation of the electric charges ata point, without spatial extent. > Electrons are the smallest and lightest fundamental particles in an atom having negative charge as these are surrounded by invisible force known as electrostatic field, > Protons are comparatively larger and heavier than electrons with positive electrical charge which is similar in strength as electrostatic field in an clectron with opposite polarity > ‘Two electrons or two protons will tend to repel each other as they carry like charges, negative ‘and positive respectively, > The eleetmn and proton will get attracted towards eech other duc to their unlike charges. ‘The charge present on the electron is equal and oppesite to charge on the proton, Charge ona proton = + 16% 10-"C ‘and charge on an electron =- 16% 10°C ¢ Blectrostatie Charge ‘Blectrostatie charge means the charge is at rest Electrostatic charge is a fundamental physical quantity like length, mass and time. (Charge on a body is expressed asq = + ne ‘The magnitude of charge is independent of the speed of the particle, Based on the flow of charge across them, materials are classified as: + Conductors - Allow electric charge to flow freely, eg. metals y vyousgd =gxd=2 a) pea anon roti eee, atimpany woy Sue apeyins Sunoapuo>o} yeusou s& sozeyp jo uonngENSIp a!ADEp Oy aNCI « o= Joronpun & aps pak 2a « ore yun ied afseyp = 0 “yo =4 5 on 5 x= Fea sie compen re sua oop, po=druoou PEM E pega ——_ ee te NL pod ae recce a pays auyjd vO} anp PPELPUPITY + suey ese) ‘yup 33 josuoneonddy NR ctieyp eau on anp py wasoayy see, ms pascp 8 ySnonn xg = Sparro bao eitia® §=>7b= sah nq aur snflompy elgg meron mr = ai ee soup Squiomo sav qwome ap waf-¢ Dun or~6= =F = unsninyS9 245 5860 UI Pruamop =a a Jopan sare = 9 ‘$V = ov ey Toy [aoe roby eq aoiog + aa poe gainpoemumonts ‘Raga jouoTEATUENE)+ Semi-conductors - Behave as the conductor or insulator depending on the number of fee electrons and holes availabilty. e.g. silicon «= Tnsulators - Do nat allow clectrie charge to flow, g. rubber, wood, plastic, ete Net charge on a body is given by: + Charging by friction - Charging insulators + Charging by conduetion - Charging metals and other silk aaa eee be Gass + Charging by induction - Wireless charging Charging by Rubbing > On rubbing a glass rod and silk cloth piece togethes, oS lass rod gets positively charged whereas silk cloth gets negatively changed. > Ifa plastic rod is rubbed with woo}, it becomes negatively charged. Neutrasphere) 4 negative ro nearby ‘Charging by Induction separator +e and ve charges > Charging by induction means charging without contact > If a negatively charged rod is brought 1 cts .t neutral foveto the ‘metal with insulator mounting, it repels free electrons Paria wire and attracts positive charges on metal ron > lar end is connecied to Earth by a wire, electrons will Wiha he negation Wil Towa he postive flow towards ground while positive charges are kept ©! tay edischungsl’ "changes dsibuteeveniy captive by the rod > When the rod is removed, the captive postive charge is distributed evenly. Properties of Electric Charge Addition of charges > Ifa system contains three point charges 443 andl sy then the total charge of the system will be the algebraic addition of gy-q,and q, i, charges will add up. aatnte Conservation of charges > lecte charge i always conserved, Its the sum of postive and nezative charges preset in an isolated system, ‘which remains constant > Charge can neither be crested nor destroyed in the proces, but only exists in postive negative pairs Quantization of charges > Electric charge i alvays quantized i, electric charge is always an integral multiple of charge’. > Net charge que of an object having, electrons, profons and N, neutrons is ON, 40, + ON, = NN) = 2 me L675 % WT? ky = 0 > Proton (p):m = 1.673 x 10” kg: g = +16 x 109°C Electron (es m = 9.11 x 10° kg: q = -1.6 x 10°C Coulomb's Law > The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges 4, anel q, separated by a distance ris direcly proportional fo product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to square of distance between charges, written as: 1 lalla! “ae oF where, Force of attraction/repulsion betiveen charges q, ancy. ‘Magnitades of charge 1 and charge 2 respectively Distance between charges 4) 42 Conant wh vale depo mam whee args ae p= 1 Ase=Kty k= —b— ike 1854 10 Flin ‘gy = Pormittvity of vacuum =K’ = Relative permittivity of medium or dielectric constant, > For vacuum, relative permilivty, K’= 1, 2 Ase = K’ fy therefore fence of altraction/repuilsinn between two eleciric charges gy, gz placed in vacuum and medium will be eee ana) ant Fogel ont Tree, > ‘The unit coulomb (C) is derived from the SI unit ampere (A) of the electric current ay > Currents the rate Pat which charge moves past point or through a region, i= 4 hence 1 C=(L.A) x (13) it Pa," fin an 5 Principle of Superposition : > The force on any charge due to other charges at rests the vector sum of al the forces on that charge due to the other charges taken one at time > The individual forces are unallected duc to presence of other charges P Rea amuaiygin g= bo > Net force exerted on qis vector sum of Fis and Fas Flectric field > The space around a charge up to which its electric force can be experienced is calle electric field > Ifa test charge gis placed ata point where electric fold is F, then force on the test charge is F = ak ‘The electric field strength due toa point source charge’g’ at an observation point N’at E a distance’ from the source charge is given by: > The unit of electri field is NIC. A > FFlectric field inside the cavity of a charged conductor is zero > Ia charged/uncharged conductor is placed in an external field, the field in conductor > Incase of charged conductor, electric field is indepenctent ofthe shape of conductor. WA Se aK AN nnegalive charge. > Direction of electric field lines around positive change is imagined by positive lest charge qy located around source charge > Electric field has same direction as force on positive test charge. > Electric field lines linked with negative charge are directed inward described by foree ‘on postive test charge qy. > The electric field lines never intersect each other > Strength of electric fold is encocted in density of field lines, Electric Dipole > The system formed by two equal and opposite charges separated by. small distance 4.9 G) + ‘sealed an cet dipole > The deci ik ents due toa dipole.> ‘The force on a dipole in a uniform electric field is zero in both table as well as unstable equilibrium. > The potential energy of @ dipole in an uniform electric field is minimum for @ stable equilibrium and maximum foran unstable equilibrium. Torque oma dipole > Ina dipole, when net force on dipole due to elect ied is zero andi center of mass of dipole remains fixed, the forces on charged ends produce net torque t about its center of mass, Fain px + 166 = 0° oF 369, dipole exists in stable equilibrium stat. + IF) = 184P, dipole exists in an unstable equilibrium slate. In uniform cletrc field, dipole experionces torque, net force on dipole In uniform electric field, dipole experiences a ratory motion. In non-uniform electric field, dipole experiences torque and net force. In non-uniform electric field, dipole experiences rotatory and translatory ‘motion. + The torque aligns dipole with electric field anit becomes zero, ‘The direction of torque is normal to the plane going inward, Electric Dipole Moment y vvy > Dipole moment ise veutor quantity whee units coulorxbanetre (Can) > Dipole moment vector of electric dipole is f= 4%2n between pair of charges 4, ~q along the line, separated by distance 2a lecrie field due to a dipole > For point Pat distance r from centre of dipole on charge 4, fr r> >a, total fick at point Pis 490 Sree 1p yh Uacen > For point P on the equatorial plane due to charges +9 and ~~, electric field of dipole ata large distance, «@ Gauss's Theorem and its Applications » lectric Flux > Electric fluxis proportional to algebrnic number of electric field lines passing through the surface, outgoing lines with positive sg, inconiny lines with negative sign > Due to arbitrary arrangement of electric feld lines, electric flux can be quantify 08 @;=EA > If vector 4 is perpendicular to surface, magnitude of vector A parallel to electric field is A Acs 8 = Ay = Acos 9) c= FAy = EAcos8 > [non-uniform electric field, the flux will be @;=JEdA. Continuous Charge Distribution > Iv system in whieh the ehurge is uniformly distributed over the muaterial. In this syste, infinite number of charges are closely packed and have minor space among them. Unlike the discrete charge system, the continuous charge distribution is uninterrupted and continuous in the material. There are three types of continuous charge distribution system,wh hee > For linear charge distribution (#), F (Where, 2. = linear charge density) > For surlace charge distribution (), F= "J Sst (Where «= surince chrge density) > Forvolumechargeisbuton F=f av vher, 9 = volume charge density oe Gauss theorem > ‘Ihe net outward normal electric lux through any closed surface of any shape is equal to Lig times to net charge enclosed by the surface. > The lactic ed Mux al all poison Gaui surfaces @= EGA =f > If theresa postive fay, not postive charge is enclosed. > Udhereisa negative a, net negative charges enclosed > It thereis ero Tux, no net charge is enclosed > ‘Theexpresion fr eect ikl due to point charg om Gaussian surface is 2 juss theorem works in cases of cylindrical, spherical and rectangular symmetries. y nan insulating sheet, charge remains in the sheet, so electric field, ni, where, Ihe field outside the wite points radially outward which depends on distance from wire, E= gr dis linear density of charge. > Closed surlace It isa surface which divides the space inside and outside: sogion to another without crossing the surface. > Gaussian surface : It is a hypothetical closed surface having similar symmetry as problem on which we are working. > Electrostatic Shielding : It isthe phenomenon of protecting ¢ certain region of space from external electric field. > Dielect is called dielectric, eg. ie, Hy gas, glass, mica, parafin wax, transformer oil, ete egion, where one can’t move from one ‘The non-conducting material in which charges are easily produced on the application of electric field lata rted ul Cot) eee es ‘Mnemonics: India Starts Playing Night Cricket Tournament Daily with New Inspiration. How to remember all the 5 characteristics ? Remember this sentence. na Starts Playing Night Cricket Tournament Daily with New Inspleation. | | Lo Intersects Never Direction Tangent 3 Elosed at any point fe tops Never forme Positive Start coulomb: When two point charges placed at a distance of 1 m in vacuum, repel/attract each other with force of 9% 10°N, the charge om each is known as I coulomb. > Electric line of force: Its a curve drawn in such a way thatthe tangent at each point to curve gives the direction ‘of the net field at that point Know the Formulae > Coulomb's force where all alphabets have their usual meanings > Hectic eld due to point charge: etl» A > Fay esi due toadipole ata point onthedipoesix E=L22 (3354) ne 7 > Ele ld at point on equatorial pane: E=-<1 2. ¢>>>4) Esin® > ‘Torque on an electric dipole placed in an electric field, EA= EAcos 8 > Electric flux through an area A: > Bletrie Nux through a Gaussian surface: $= Els Ges. / > GausssLaw: o= / \ Ama } > Electric Field due to an infinite line of charge: E = \ Z Braye where, F = electric field [N/C],2 = charge per unit length [C/m] stance (m), = 9 * 10° N mC 85. 10 [CAN mr 1 @ ay (Pay Fy = permittivity of free space es Electric field due to a ring at a distance xis: E When odor Bagi a > When xe Flectr field due toa charged dise: E where electric field [N/C] fy = B85 10" [CYN] radius ofthe disc [m] charge per unit area [Cf stance from change [mi] > Electric field due toa thin infinite sheetSTAND ALONE MCQs (1 Mark each) Q.1, Plastic rod rubbed with fur and glass rod rubbed with silk (A) repel cach other (B) mix up with each other (©) altract each other {D) None of the above ‘Ans. Option (C)is correct. Explanation: Rubbing a rod with certain ‘materials wll eause the rod to become charged. ‘A plastic rod when rubbed with fur becomes negatively charged and a glass tod when rubbed with silk becomes positively charged. Q.2, Electric charge between two bodies can be produced by’ (A) sticking (8) rubbing, (siting (©) passing AC current ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: The tribo-clecric effect is a type ‘of contact electrification on which certain materials become electrically charged after they come into frictional contact with a Aifforent material Q.3, Electric charges under action of electric forces is called {A) electrostatic (©) electric field ‘Ans. Option (A) is correct. Txplanation: Coulomb force, also. called clectrostatic force or Coulomb interaction, attraction or repulsion of partiles or objects because of their electric charge. Q.4, Law stating that “force is directly proportional to product of charges and inversely proportional to square of separation between them’ is called (A) Newton's law, (B) Coulomb's law (C) Gause's law. (©) Ohm's law Ans. Option (B) is correct. (B) electric ux (D) electric fie lines Explanation: Coulomb's law states that ‘The magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two-point charges is directly proportional to the product ‘of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them. G5. In given figure, two positive charges g, and gs fixed along the v axis, exert a net electric force in the + x direction on a charge g fixed along the x axis. a positive charge Q is added at (x,0), the force on, (A) shall increase along the positive sans, (8) shall decrease along the positive + axis, (©) shall point along the negalive x-axis, (D) shallincrease but the direction changes because of the intersection of Q with q and gy Ans. Option (A) is correct Explanation: Net force on charge ay, by other charges 4, and qs along the + x-direction, so nature of force between 9, and q, and q, and 95, is attractive. This is possible when charge 4, is negative. Now, if positive charge Q is placed at (x0), then, the force on 9, will increase. The direction will be along positive »-axis. Q.6, The magnitude of electric force, Fis (A) directly proportional to the multiplication of both charges. (8) directly proportional to the distance between Doth charges. (C) directly proportional to the square of the distance between both charges (D) constant ‘Ans. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: The magnitude of the electric force F is directly proportional to the amount ofan electric charge, 9), multiplied by the other, go, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance’? between their centres. Q.7. A body is negatively charged means (A) It has only negative charges. (B) Positive charges have been neutralized by negalive charges (C) The quantity of negative charge present is more than the quantity positive charge present (D) The positive are displaced from their original positions Ans. Option (C) is correct, Explanation: When a neutral body gains electrons, il becomes negatively charged. Tt ‘means that the quantity of negative char present is more than the quaniity of positive Charge present8 Ans. 9, When a body is charged by conduction, its mass (A) remains same. (B) increases. (©) decreases. (Dy increase or decrease, Option (D) is correct. Explanation: When a body is negatively charged by conduction, it gains electrons. Hence, its mass increases. When a body is positively charged by conduction, it loses ‘electrons, Hence, ils mass decreases. ‘A point positive charge is brought near an isolated conducting sphere in Figure. The electric fold is best given by @ wy wy 2B ww) (A) Fig (Og ai) (B) Fig (ii) Fg Gv ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Qi. Explanation: As given change is + q and lines ‘of forces in positive charge must be outwards from positive charge 9. Now, as the positive ‘charge is kept near an isolated conducting sphere, due to induction, left part of sphere ‘gets accumulated negative charge and right Part gets positive, and lines of force from Fight part of sphere must emerge outwards rormally. So, verifies the answer (B) [As lines of forces are not perpendicular to the surface of sphere, so options (ii) and (iv) are nol true again, [ence option (C) is not correct A point charge +g, is placed ata distance d from an isolated condueting plane. The field at a point P on the other side of the plane is {A) directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane. (B) directed perpendicular to the plane but towards the plane (©) directed radially away from the point charge, (D) directed radially towards the point charge. Ans, Option (A) is correct, Explanation: When you place a positive charge near a conducting plane, then electric field lines from positive charges will enter into the conducting plane (from the side where positive charge is kept) and emerge from opposite side of the plane In both cases, the direetion of electric field lines will always be perpendicular to the surface of the plane Q.11. A hemisphere is uniformly charged positively: The ‘electric field ata pointon adiameter away from the ‘contre is directed (A) perpendicular to the diameter (8) porallel tothe diameter. (©) atan angle tilted towards the diameter. (D)at an angle tilted away from the diameter. Ans, Option (A) is correct Explantion: As the side or diameter of hemisphere is plane surface, and whole homisphore is charged with positive charge s0, the electric field line of forces emerging, outward will be perpendicular to the plane surface or diameter Q.12. The electric fux through the surface ‘ (i) i) ‘ 5 a () w cA] (ayn Figure is th largest (8) in igure iis the est (©) inFigure (i) issameas Figure (if)but issmaller than Figure (i). (D)is the same for all the figures. Ans. Option (D) is corroet,Explanation: Hlectric fx, through the closed surface (or space) depends only onthe charge fenclosed inside the surface. Here, charges inside all figures are same. So, electric fx will remain same, Q.13, Figure shows electric field lines in which an clectrie pole pis placed as shown. Which ofthe following tatements is correct? digicam Seca P cg Saeetee eee ss es (A) The dipote will not experience any force, () The dipole will experience a force towards Fight (C) The dipole will experience a force towards lett (D) The dipole will experience a force upwards. Ans. Option (C) is correct Explanation: We know electric field emerges racially outward from positive point charge In the figure given above, space between field lines is snereasing, (or density of electric fild line is decreasing). In other words, the electric force is decreasing while moving from left to right. ‘Thus, the force on charge ~ q is greater than the force on charge + 4 and in turn, dipole will ‘experience a force towards left direction. Q.14, Five charges gy so, 4» gu. and gs are fixed at their positions as shown in Figure. § is a Gaussian surface, The Gaus’ law is given by: $Eds = 4/0 Gaussian surface ” is “0 t Which of the following statements is correct? (A) E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from gy qsand qs, while gon the RES will have a contribution fom q, and 9, only. (B) E on the LHS of the above equation will have «2 contribution from all charges, while gon the RAIS will have a contribution from and ge only. (©) Eon the L1IS of the above equation will have ‘2 conteibution from all charges, while g on the RHS will havea contribution from 44,93 and qs only, (D)Both Eon the LHS and gon the RHS will have ‘contributions from q, and gy omly. Ans, Option (B) is correct. Explanation: As all charges are positive (or of same signs), 9 electric field lines on RHS. off Gaussian surface will be due to g, and 9, only. On LHS. of Gauissian surface, the electric field lines on E will be due tog, 42. 4.4,and 45.S0, answer (8) is verified Q.15. The Electric field ata pointis (A) always discontinuous, (B) discontinuous if there is a positive charge at that point. {€) discontinuous only if there sa negative charge fat that point (D) discontinuous if there isa charge at that point Ans, Option (D) is correct. Explanation: Bither positive or negative charge will interact with the lines of electric field, $0 the electric field will become discontinuous Q. 16, If there is only one type of charge in the universe, then (A) fds # 0.0n any surface (B) {ais ~ sygif the charge is outside the surface. (©) fais cannot not be defined (D) $E.ds = gly if charges of magnitude qis inside the surface Ans, Option (D) is correct. Explanation: If a charge 4 is enclosed inside Gaussian surface then according, to Gauss law $Bads = qty. (1 Mark each) ASSERTION AND REASON BASED MCQs Directions: in the following questions, A statement fof Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of ‘Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as. (A) Both A ond R are true and R is the correct explanation of A {B) Both A and K are true but K is NOT the correct ‘explanation of A (©) Ais true but Ris false {D) Ais false and Ris trueQ.1. Assertion (A): In a non-uniform electric field, a Ans, dipole will have translatory as well as rotatory rotion ‘Reason (R): Ina non-uniform clectrc field, a dipole experiences a force as well as torque. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: When an electric dipole is placed. ina uniform clecric field at an angle 8 with the field, the dipole experiences a torque. ‘The torque produced by two parallel forces gE acting as couple T= gb @lsin®) In case of non-uniform field, force acting on both the ends of the dipole will not be equal. So, there will be a combination of couple and ‘a net force. In this way, dipole will have both rotational as well as linear motion, So, both assertion and reason are true, Reason also explains the assertion, Q.2 Assertion (A): The basic difference between Ans. a3 Qn Ans, ‘magnetic ines of force and electric lines of fore is electric lines of force are discontinuous and ‘magnetic lines of force are continuous, Reason (R): Magnetic lines of force exist in a magnet but no electric lines of force exists in a charged body. Option (A) is correct Explanation: Let us consider an electric dipole. ‘The electric. lines of force exists outside only and not inside the dipole. Let us now consider a magnetic dipole, The rmagnetic lines of force exist outside as well as inside the dipole So, it can be said that magnetic lines of force are continuous and electric lines of force are discontinuous. So assertion and reason both are true and reason explains the assertion too. Assertion (A): Hlectric lines of force cross each other, Reason (R}: The resultant electri field at a point is the superimposition of the electric fields at that point. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: Electric lines of force never cross ‘each other If they cross each other, then al that point, we get tio directions of electric field at that point, which is not possible. So, the ‘assertion is false, The resultant electric Geld at ‘a point is a vector sum ofthe electric fields at that point Assertion (A): When bodies are charged through friction, there is transfer of charge from one body to another. No charge is erated or destroyed, Reason (R): This is according to the law of conservation of electric charge Option (A) is correct as. 26. Ans. Option (B) Explanation: When two bodies are rubbed, cleetrons move from one body to another The ‘body which loses electrons becomes positively charged. The body which receives the electron, ‘becomes negatively charged. $0, the assertion is true, Law of conservation of electric charge states that electric charge can neither be created nor destroyed. In a closed system, the amount of charge remains same. Hence the reason is also true and properly explains the assertion, Assertion (A): IF two. spherical conductors of different radii have the same surface charge dorcitis, then their electric field intensities will be equal Total charge Reason (R): Surface charge density correct. Explanation: If & be the surface charge dlonsily of the ‘wo spheres of radius rand R, then electric fields for the lwo spheres are respectively: xdno B= AF tsa wie ~ = dno Ata So electric field intensities are equal. The assertion is true. Surface charged density is charge per unit area, = Total charge/area. So reason is also true, But the reason does not explain the assertion Assertion (A): In cavity in a conductor the electric field is zero, Reason (R): Charges in a conductor reside only at its surface, Option (A) is correct Explanation: The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface surrounding the cavity zero. Henee, the electric fields also zero. S the assertion is rue. Charges in a conductor reside only at its trace. So, in cavity there fe no charge. So, the reason is also true and properly explains the assertion. . Assertion (A): Three point charges Q,, Q, and Qs are shownin the figure. The flux over the Gaussian ‘surface depends on only one charge point ‘Gaussian surfaceReason (R): Hlectrc flux depends on the all charges nearby. ‘Ans. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: Aecording to Gauss law, electric flux depends on the enclosed charges only. Hire the enclosed charges are Q; and Q, only. Hence the assertion is false and the reason is true, QB. Assertion (A): Using Gauss lay iis possible to find the electric field at any point CTC oon Ans. Reason (R): Gauss law is applicable for any type of charge distribution. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: Considering, suitable Gaussian surface ve canes fsd te lected st any point So, the asertion is true Bat itis very very felt fo apply Gauss law, if the charge distribution is 66 that the Gavesian surface complicated in shape 50, reasons false, ‘Atterpt any 4 sub-parts out of 5. Each sub-part cearries 1 mark. I. Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Taraday Cage: A Taraday cage or Paraday shield is an enclosure made of conducting, material The ficlds within a conductor cancel out with any external fields, «0 the electic field within the tencloser is zero, These Faraday cages act as big hollow conductors you can pout things in to shielel them from electrical fields, Any electrical shocks the cage receives, pass harmlessly around the ‘outside of the cage Which of the following material can be used to ‘make a Faraday eage ? (A) Plastic (©) Copper Option (C) is correct. Explanation: A Faraday cage or Faraday shield isan enclosure made of a conducting materiel Since copper ie the only metal given in the list ‘of options, copper isthe correct answer. Example of a real-world Faraday cage is (ear B) plastic box (C) lighting rod (D)melal rod (Option (A) is correct (8) Glas Wood Ans. Ans, Explanation: Cars are example of Faraday Cages in the real world. Cars can help keep tus sale from lightning, Its metal body acts as a Faraday Cage. What is the electrical force inside a Faraday cage ‘when itis struck by lightning ? Ans. 4 Ans. a8. Ans. (A) The same as the lightning. (8) Holf that ofthe lightning. (©) Zero (D)A quarter of the lightning Option (C) is correct. Explanation: ‘The field within a conductor cancel out with any external felds, so the lect field within the enclosure is zero. If isolated point charge +q is placed inside the Faraday cage. Its surface must have charge equal 10: (a) Ze10 0) +4 Ow (D425 Option (C) is correct. Explanation: If a charge is placed inside fan ungrounded Faraday shield without touching the walls of the internal face of the shield becomes charged with - 4, and + q accumulates on the outer face of the shield. If the cage is grounded, the excess charges will be neutralized by the ground connection, [A point charge of 2 is placed at centre of Faraday ‘cage in the shape of cube with surface of em edge. ‘The number of electric field lines passing through the cube normally will be (A) 19 x 107 NeviC entering the surface. (B) 19 x 10° Nev leaving the surface. (©) 20 x 10° Next leaving the surface. {D)20 10 Nex entering the surface. ‘Option (D) is correct. Explanation: The nvambor of electric fel lines passing through the cube normally and leaving the surface = Qieg Q=2uc=2x ic fy = 885 x 10% Ne & Qey= 22 1 CNI, Read the following text and answer the following ‘questions on the basis of the sam ‘Triboelectric series: The teiboelectric series is alist that ranks materials according to their tendency to gain orlose electrons. The process of electron transfer as @ result of two ‘objects coming into contact with one another and then separating, is called triboelectric charging, During such an interaction, one of the two objects will always gain electrons (becoming negatively charged) and the other object will lose electrons (becoming positively charged). The relative position of the two objects on the triboelectric series will define which abject gains electrons and ‘whieh object loses electrons. In triboelectric series, materials are ranked from high to low in terms of the tendency for the material to lose electron. If an object high up on this list (Glass, for example) is rubbed with an object low down on the list (Teflon, for example), the glass vill ose electrons to the teflon, The glass will, in this case, bocome positively charged and the teflon vill become negatively charged. Materials in the ‘dale of the list (steel and wood, for example) are items those do not have a strong tendency to give Lup oF accept electrons. ‘Tend to lose electrons Human hand Ghass Human hair Nylon Cat fur sik Cotton Stee! ‘Wood Amber Ebonite Plastic wrap Teflon ‘Tend to gain electrons (Q.1. Materials in the upper position has_tendency tobecome positively charged. (A)low @) high (C)n0 (O)medium Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: In trboelecri series, materials fre ranked from high to low in terms of the tendency for the material to lose electron ie, they are ranked high to low tendency of getting positively charged. Q.2. Name two materials which do not have a strong tendency to give up or accept electrons, (A) Bbonite, Nylon (B) Plastic wrap, Teflon ()Nrlon,cat fur (D) Steel, wood Option (D) is comet. Fsplanation: Materials inthe middle ofthe fist (tee! and wood, for example) are items those do not have a strong tendency to give up of accept electrons. If human hair s rubbed with amber, how those will bbe charged? (A) Both negative (8) Both positive (C) Hair will be positively charged, Amber will be negatively charge (D) Hair will be negatively charged, Amber will be positively charged, Ans. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: Since human haieis placed al the upper portion of the list it will leave electron. and will be positively charged. Since amber is placed at the lower portion of the Tis, it will accept the electron and will be negatively charged, Q.4. Taboelecteic charging is the process of electron transfer between tivo objects (A) By contact (8) Without contact (©) By any one ofthe above (D) By none of the above ‘Ans. Option (A) is correct, Explanation: The process of electron transfer fas-a result of two objects coming into contact with one another and then separating i called triboclectric charging, The object which loses electron becomes charged and the object gains electron becomes charged, (A) negatively, negatively, (B) positively, positively (©) positively, negatively a5. (D) negatively, positively ‘Ans. Option (C)s correct. Explanation: During trboelectri charging, one of the two objects always gains electrons and ‘become negatively charged. The other object lores electrons and become positively charged.