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    Electromagnetic Induction

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    Deepak Kumar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PART - IV : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION » Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced emf and current; Lena’s Law. > Eddy currents, Self and mutual induction. Revision Notes «q Electric Field and Dipole » (0) Concept Notes Electromagnetic induction > Electromagnetic induction isthe process of generating the clacric eurrent with a changing magnetic Bld > Ittakes place whenever a magnetic field is changing or electric conductors mave relative to one another when they ar in fluctuating magnetic ld. > The eurtent produced by electeomagnetic induction is mote when Ue magnet oF ¢oil moves faster. When magnet oF coil moves back and forth repeatedly, then alternating, current is produc Magnetic flux > Magnetic fax through an enclosed area is the number of magnetic Sel ines cutting through a surface area A, defined by unit area vector: > The unit of magnetic Mux is weber, where, 1Wb = 1 Tn? > Magnetic fx (i related to numberof fed lines passing through a given area. > magnetic field is changing, the changing magnetic flux will be Qu= NBA cos 6, where 0 is the angle betwoen _magnatic field and normal othe plane. a RET Gi 4 Batanange yi te papendicaarioa: Bleue @AG-A0: sagacicane, = Dace orzo yidury = ro104a4 oo} aenucby ‘uononpur peusiewans29 veononpur feminyy nae = =3 4a) coo 24 wpm sup up ‘sa8uryp dooy paso v 43 popumog ‘ygnonp xng opausew 2 Magnetic flux der > The change in magnetic flux per unit change in area s called magnetic fhax density > Magnetic Hx is given by: dy — Beda For B parallel to dA , we have dy = BGdA)eos 0" = BEA) Therefore, pee i) ‘ie, magnetic induction is equal to the magnetic flux density. In other words, the magnetic field may be measured in terms of magnetic fax density. From exuation (i), we fine: ol _ Unit of do hei Unit of ©, ies Tesla = weber per square metre Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. > The induced emf in a closed loop due to-a change in magnetic flux through the loop is known as Faraday’s law. > Faraday's First Law of Electromagnetic Induction stales that whenever a conductor is placed in varying magnetic field, an emf is induced which is known as induced emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, current is also induced which is called alternating current. > Faraday's Second Law of Electromagnetic Inductior slates that the induced! emf is equal to the rate of change of fax linkage where flux linkage is the product of nurmber of turns inthe coil and flux associated with the col. ity “at pis magnetic flux through the circuit and is represented as gy = [B.A With N loops of similar area in a circuit and 9, being the flux through each loop, emf is induced in every loop. ‘Writing the formula for Faraday’s law as vie at where,« = Induced emf [V, V = Number of turns in the oil ‘46 = Change in the magnetic lux [WB], At = Change in time [s} ‘The negative sign indicates that e opposes its cause > IF there sno change in magnetic flux, no emis induced. Induced emf and current > A changing magnetic lux induces an electric eld which induces @ current in the circuit, > A wire moving in the fcld induces a current wich acts same as current provided by a battery, > Changing magnetic flux and induced clectric field are rolated to induced emf as per Faraday’s law. > The induced EMF in ¢ conciuetor moving is related to the magnetic feld as E = B.osin Induced current > When a conductor moves across Fux lines, magnetic Forces on the free electrons induce an electric current, > When a magnet is moved towards a loop of wire connected to an ammeter, ammeter shows current induced in the loop, > Nos aunts stan eb none cents io ve ong emt ene = Sl > When a magnet is moved away from the loop, the ammeter shows opposite current induced in the loop, Motional emf > "The relationship between an induced emf c in a wire or a conductor moving at a constant speed v through a ‘magnetic field Bis given by: - > An induced em from Faraday’s law is generated from a motional ema that opposes the change in flux 1 Magnetic and electric forces on charges ina rod moving perpendicular lo magnetic field i given as Avegullibriam FL =Fe a = eB Lona’s law > Lenz's law is used to determine the direetion of induced magnetic fields, currents and emf > The direction of an induced emf always opposes the change in magretic flux which causes the emf > Texplains the negative sign in Faraday’s flux rule, e= -498 showing that the polarity of induced emt tends to at produce a current that opposes the cause i. change in magnetic fs, > As per conservation of energy, induced emf opposes its cause, making mechanical work to continue with the [process which gets converted into electrical energy: Slide wire containing induced current, magnetic field and magnetic force: + Electric Generators and Back Emf > Lletrie generator rotates a coil in a magnetic field inducing an emf which is given as a funetion of time 2 = NBA asin (ob, 1urn col rotated at constant angular velocity © in uniform magnetic eld B. where, A = Area of > The peak emfof a generator is, «= NBAO 2 Any roaing col produces an induced emi. In motors, ts known as back emf asi opposes the emf input to the moor ( Eddy Currents, Self and Mutual Induction » Eddy Currents > Current ops induced in moving conductors are called eddy currents. They can create significant drag called as ‘magnetic damping. > Eddy currents give rice to magnetic fields that oppose any external change in the magnetic field, > Eddy currents are induced electric currents that flow in a circular path: Wire oop _pistacst ene n J / : Fae : i Feat th sir a No fore s needed 0 A pulling force is S| putttheloop when dee eae onthe induced the magne nthe > Eddy currents flowing in a material will generate their own secondary magnelic field that opposes the co's primary magnetic fold. Mutual Induction > ‘The production of induced emf ina citeuil, when the current in the neighbouring cicuit changes is called mutual induction. When the circuit of the primary coil is closed or opened, deflection is produced in the galvanometer of the secondary coil. This is due to the mutual induetion. > ‘The mutual induction betiveen to coils depends on the following factors: ©The numberof tuens of primary and secondary coils ©The shape, size or geometry of the two cols, the area of crass section and the length of the cols. Coefficient of mutual inductor > Suppose, the instantaneous current in the primary coil is . Let the magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil ‘be 9, Its found that the magnetic flux is proportional to the current. ie, del or ¢=MI ‘ where, M i the constant of proportionality. It is called coefficient of mutual induction. ‘The induced emi ein the secondary coil is given by to yt aoe “i The negative sign i in accordance with the Lenz's nw ic, the induced emf in the secondary coil epposes the variation of eurrent inthe primary coil ‘Taking magnitude of induced emf the equation (i, we find M = array oe teat ati a If my, be the number of turns per unit length in primary and secondary coils per unit length and r be their radius, then coefficient of mutual inductance is given as M = nonymaet SelfInduction: > The production of induced emf in a circuit, when the current in the same circuit changes is known as self induction. ‘Suppose the instantancous current inthe circuit is / and ifthe magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is 6, then it is found that: ve v gelorg =U 0 ‘where, Lis the constant of proportionality. [tis called coefficient of selinduction. ‘The induced emi ein the col is given by 9 __ al ) ae @) ‘The negalive sign isin accordance with the Lenv/slaw ie, the induced emf opposes the varietion of current in the ‘Taking the magnitude ofthe induced em from the equation (i), we find: L =e/(il/a’) ti) ‘Then, the coefficient of selfinduction isthe ratio ofinducedl emf in the eieuit to the rate of change ofthe eurrent in the circuit Unit of L: The unit of selFinduetion is also celled hensy (symbol H). rom equation (i), we find that if idt = 1 Asande =1Y, then L =1H>1¥4 [Fa roof length f moves perpendicular to.a magnetic Feld B with a velocity 0, then the induced emi produced across il is given by © = oh In general, ee have, = Blosind fa metalic od of length I rotates about one of its ends in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, then the induced emf produced across its ends is given by = Bol _ pag “22 Here, @ = angular velocity of rotation, A = nP? = area of circle and f= frequency of rotation. Inductance in the electrical cicuit is equivalent to the inertia (mass) in mechanics. When a bar magnet is dropped into a coil, the electromagnetic induction in the coil opposes its motion, so the ‘magnet falls with acceleration less than that due to gravity ‘The inductance of a coil depends on the following factors: = Hay + area of cross-section, ‘+ number of turns «permeability of the core. Unit of induction, = PEMoo, A ‘The self inductance of a circular col is given by: eee t [eae Here,» = N/1'= Number of turns per unit length and V = Al = Volume of the solenoid. If two evils of inductance F, and 1, are coupled together, then their mutual inductance is given by M =k DL where, kis called the coupling constant “The value of klies between 0 and 1 For perieetly coupled coils, k= 1, it means that the magnetic flux of primary coil is completely linked with the secondary col % Eddy currents do not cause sparking Ua current is et up in geil of inductance L, then the magnetic fel! energy stored in tis given by u, = Lut Mnemonics Concept: Induced emf in a conductor moving in a magnetic field for eee ee eh Interpretation: Ietnduce eat: emf Loaf and: Length of Conductor Boiled: B (magnetic field) Vegetables: V [Velocity] Know the Terms vyvy vyy Electric generator: Device for converting mechanical work into electrical energy that induces an emf by rotating ‘coil in magnetic field Induced electric field: Feld generated due to changing magnetic fax with time Induced emf: A short-lived voltage generated by a conductor or coil, moving in a magnetic field Magnetic damping: A process in which energy of metion is converted in to heat by way of electric eddy currents induced in a coil that passes between the poles of a magnet Magnetic lux: The number of magnetic field lines measured througis a given area Motional ev: Voltage produced by the movement of conducting wire of a conductor in a magnetic fick Peak em: The maximum emf produced by a generator Back emi: The emf generated by a xunning motor due to coil that turns in a magnetic field whieh opposes the voltage that powers the motor Inductor: A device used to store electrical energy in the form of magnetic field when electric current flows EME produced by an electric generator © = NBA&win (o) Know the Formulae Magnetic flux: Faraday’s law: Motional induced emf: Motional emf around a circuit EME produced by an electric generator For Self Induction eo Hy For Mutual Induction The inductance in series is given by L, 1 The inductance in parallel is given by ra Mutual Inductance of to cols is given by M= %"NoNedy = nomNpNsAs 1 i Qa. Ans Ans. whore isthe permeability offre space (4k x 107) {isthe relative permeability ofthe sit iron core Ni isnumber of turns in secondary coi pis numberof tums in primary coil ‘Apis the crossscetional area of primary cil in ‘Acis the cross-sectional area of secondary willim 1s thecostcurrent For A.C. Generator€ = ysinot or¢ = STAND ALONE MCQs sindavi A quare of side L meters fies in the xy plane in a region where the magnetic field is given by By (21+3}-+40) Tela where i isconstant. The ‘magnitude of ux passing through the square is (A) 2841?Wb (@) 284L?Wo (©) AByL? Wo (©) 5090? we Option (Cis correct. Explanation: Magnetic fh is defined as the total numberof magnetic ines of force passing normally through an are placed in a magnetic field and is equal tothe magnetic flax inked vith that area, Square ice in XY planein B so A-LE Q=BA A Joop, made of straight edges ha si comers at NO, 0,0) B(L, 0,0) CLL, ©, XO, L 0, EO, and (00,L).A magnetic field B= (+f Tslais presentin the region. The ux passing through the Joop ABCDERA Gin that onder is (Ay BL We. (B) 23,2 We. (©) J2B9L? Wb (D) BL? Wo, Option (B) is correct. xplanati: The loop can be considered in two plan y foLo Few OLD n x Fano b Poon evra te) (Plane of ARCDA isin XY pane, oils vector F isin Zedinection. Hence, F-ve (4) Plan of DEFAD isin YZ plane a) $0, Q-BA-B,0+ 6.2048) -B,2 -+ii4k8] (60390 =0) BLM 0 +083) = 28, We Q.3. A cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis in the figure. A wire is connected from the axis and 4s made to touch the eylindrical surface through a ‘contact. Then (A) a direct current flows in the ammeter A. (B) no current flows through the ammeter A. (C) analternating sintioidal current flows through the ammeter A with a time period 2. (D)a time varying non-sinusoidal current flows through the ammeter A. Ans, Option (B) is correct. Explanation: The phenomenon of lectromagnetie induction is used in this problem. Whenever the number of magnetic lines of force (magnetic flux) passing through 1 circuit changes (or a moving conductor cuts the magnetic flux), an emf is produced in the (or emf induces across the ends of the conductor) i called induced emt. The induced ceaf persists only as long as there isa change oF cating of flux When cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis, no change influx linked with the circuit takes place, consequently no emf induces and hence, no current flows through the ammeter A.Hence the ammeter shows no deflection. Q.4. There are two coils A and B as shown in figure. A current starts flowing, in B as shown, when A is ‘moved towards B and stops when A stops moving. The current in A is counter clockwise. B is kept stationary when A moves. We ean infer that ’ : O- CO (8) tee Ba ett cue in the dade Seton in 0) free waing cunt (C) there is no current in A. pies eee caret in th eur chek dean in Onion ©) cent. Taplonatio When iA masters cl D sh onto ae chang tgs hs doco eB inca Al be ‘cnt it pescovtantcrantn cal A Shedneionn heal SbytancsI Sena problem st Ae mat ramostoutaver ans gue No caren few ina na rot Tecan ines when he ure in t=O scouted and te calasusdurmatticsinet Ans. (A) constant current clockwise. varying current clockivise, (C) varying current counter-clockwise, (D) constant current counterclockwise. Ans, Option (A) is correct. Explanation: In this case, the direction of the induced electromotive foree/induced current is determined by the Lenz's law. According to the Lenz’s law the direction of induced emf or ‘current in a circuit is such that it oppose the ‘cause that produces it. This law is based upon law of conservation of energy. ‘When the current in coll B at t = 0) is counter- clockwise and the coil A is considered above it ‘The counterclockwise flow of the current in ‘oll Bis equivalent to North Pole of magnet and magnetic field lines are eliminating upward to ‘oil A. When coil A starts rotating at ¢ = 0, the current in coil A is constant along clockwise direction by Lenz's ule a6. Ans. © Ans. a8. Ans, Qa Ans. Qa. ‘The polarity of induced emi is defined by (A) Ampere’scireuital law (B) Biot Savart law. (©) Lenz’s law: (D) Fleming's right hand role Option (C) is correct. Explanation: According to Lenz's law, the direction of an induced em. aloays opposes the change in magnetic flux that causes the emi. - Lenz‘slavrisconsequence of thelawof conservation of (A) Charge (B) mass (©) eneray (D) momentum Option (C) is correct. Explanation: Lena is aconsequence ofthe lawot conservation of ners. Teng lee sys tha induce current aleays lend We oppose the ruc which proccss So work is done against opposing fre. This week w trated wi Utd energy Sota consaquence of law of conservation ee ‘The magnetic fu inked with a ols given by an sation p= 82 263 ‘The induged em in the col at the thin second willbe (aye nits {c) duns Spain (i conrect. Explanation: Induced em = (G+ 20+3)=— 0+ 2) ‘The selkinductanceL of solenoid of engi and aoe of crsssacion 4, with fed mune of ‘arma ineromcs a (ajTand A incense (8)! doceases and A increases {C) increases and A decrees (Dyboth and A decease Option (Bs corect. splanation As we know tat, Lanny (8) 54 units (D) 65 units As Lis constant for coil, 1 LeAand Lt T As u, and N are constant here so, o increase L fora coil, aron A must be increased and I must be decreased. So answer (B) is correct. Important point: The self and mutual inductance of capacitance and resistance depend on the geometry of the devices as well as permittivity/permeability of the medium. An iron-cored solenoid has self inductance 28H, When the core is removed, the self inductance becomes 2 mE. The relative permeability of the ‘material ofthe core is (ay 1400 (©) 2800 (B) 1200 ()2000 Ans, Option (A) is correct. Q.13. Magnetic field energy stored in a coils | Explanation: p, = Lg = 28/2 « 10) = 1400 | (ay? (8) ALi ou (OxLe Q.11, Inwhich of the folowing application, edey current Rigen dey ‘Ans. Option (D) is correct. (A) Fletrc power meters Explanation: {current flows through a oil of (B) Induction furnace selfinductance L, then magnetic field energy iim igita storod initis Li {D) Magnetic brakes in trnns Q.14, Irtwo coils of self inductance Land Ia are coupled Ans. Option (C)is correct together their mutual inductance becomes i e Ly pment emymtimateent | wnt=HViG wy t=o fp e (QM=kJL+L, — (D)None of the above Q.12, Which one of the following statements is wrong? (A)Eddy currents are ‘produced ina steady AN Option (A) is correct impel FaplotoeI wo ce of sf inductance (0) Ei curent suede proce raking foxe rand, ne coupled together he ma inmorng ine ieiesace feared Me Efile her (cyFadyeurenmminimtbyesnglemicd | {cepa comane who wales herve between Oand 1. induce ferme wer ely caren © GL, Ap inductor and Bu ae coed in see os suhadoueeAcf io cor ton ina in ninco sgpaducadwhena | __theindcor What wl app ons of he spr ely cmon wh fan rota is kept in a lime varying magnetic field. Q.12. Ii the back exm induced in a coil, when current (A) atensity ofthe bulb remains the same. changes from 1A to zero in one millisecond, is JP) Rabel ie a> decree. volts, the self inductance of the coils {Intensity ofthe bulb increases. (aH (1H {0)"The bub ceases to glow. (5x 101 (O30 ‘Ans, Option (B) is corret ‘Ans, Option (C) is correct Explanation: When a soft iton core is inserted jn the inductor, the magnetic flux increases. According to Lenz's law, it will be resisted by reducing the current. Since the current ie a Explanation: ¢= 1 SF se-tx 02 reduces, the intensity of the bulb decreases. 107 L=5x 10H ASSERTION AND REASON BASED MCQs_ (1 Mark each) Directions: In the following questions A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Explanation: In electromagnetic induction, Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as magnetic energy, mechanical energy are (A) Both Avand Rare true and Ris the correct converted into electrical energy. So, Faraday’s explanation of A laws of electromagnetic induction are direct (©) Both A and R ae true but R is NOT the correct consequences of aw of conservation of energy explanation of Hine assertion i true. (© Aistrue but Ris false In a LR circuit, 1/R parameter has the (D) Aisfalseand Ris toe dimension of ime, Hence the eason is fae Q.1. Assertion(A): Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic Q.2 Assertion (A) When two identical loops of copper induetion are consequences oflaw of conservation and Aluminium are rlated with same speed in Emery the same magnetic iid, the induced om. will be Reason (X): The poramolor LX in a L-Reircuit his same the dimension of tie. Reason (R): Resistance ofthe two loops are equal Ans. Option (C)is correct. Ans. Option (C) is correct. 3 Ans, Qt. Ans. Ans. Explanation: Induced eam. in a rotating loop in a magnetic field depends on the area of the loop, number of turns, speed of rotation and magnetic field strength. It does not depend ‘on the material of the coil. So, when two identical loops of copper and aluminium are rotated with same speed in the same magnetic field, the induced e:m. will be same, So, the assertion is true. Resistance of the two loops eannet be equa Resistance of copper loop is less than that of the aluminium loop. So, the reason is false. Assertion (A): Lenz's law does not violets the principle of conservation of energy. Reason (R): Induce emf, never opposes the change in magnetic flux thal causes the em. Option (C)is correct Explanation: Lenz's law is based on principle ‘of conservation of energy. So, the asterton is love. Induced em. always opposes the change in magnetic flux that causes the emf So, the reason is also false. Assertion (A): Ifthe number of tums of a coil is inereaved, it becomes more dificult to push a bar magnet towards the coi, Reason (R): The dilficulty faced is according, to Lenz's lave. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: As its tried to push a bar magnet towards a coil, magnetic ux increases. ‘According to Faraday’s law induced em. is generated, As the number of tums increases, induced em. increases. According to Lenz's law, Induced em. always ‘opposes the change in magnetic flux that ‘causes the induction of em. So, the induced ‘em4. will oppose the motion ofthe bar magnet towards the coil, As the number of turns increases, opposition increases, Hence both assertion and reason are true and the reason ‘explains the assertion properly. Assertion (A): When the magnetic flux changes around a metallic conductor, the eddy current is produced. Reason (R): Flectri potential determines the flow of charge. Option (B) is correct. 6 Ans. 7. Ans. Ans. Explanation: Change in flux induces emf in conductor which generates eddy current. So assertion is true. Flectric potential determines the flow of charge. So reason is albo true. But reason is not the proper explanation of generation of eddy current Assertion (A): The cores of electromagnets are Coercivity of salt iron i small ‘Option (A) is correct. Explanation: The core of an electromagnet should be such that it gets magnetized easily. Also, it loses magnetism easily as soon as the magnetizing ficld is removed. Soft iron hhas this property. So, soft iron is used as the core electromagnet. So the assertion is true. Coercivity is a measure of the ability of a ferromagnetic substance to withstand external magnetic field without becoming, demagnetized. For soft iron, it should be very low. Coercivity is low for soft iron. So, reason is alo true. Also, reason properly explains the assertion, Assertion (A): Mutual inductance becomes manimum when coils are wound on cach other. Reason (R): Mutual inductance is independent of ‘orientation of exis ‘Option (C) is correct. Explanation: Mutual inductance depends on size, number of turns, relative position and relative orientation of the 2 coils. So, when coils are wound on each other, the mutual inductance will be maximum. So, assertion is true, But the reason is false 3. Assertion (A): Self inductance may be called the inertia of electricity Reason (R: Due to self inductance, opposing induced emi. is generated in a coil as a rosult of change in current or magnetic ux linked with the cal Option (B)is correct. Explanation: Inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to resists its change of state of motion. Induced em4, in a coil is changed by the change in current or magnetic flux. ‘The property by which a coil opposes these parameters to incur any change in induced emf. is known as selfinductance. Hence, rolf inductance may be called the inertia of clecticity. So, the assertion and reason both are true but reason cannot explain why so happens. ALN cer ‘Attempt any 4 sub-parts out of 5. Each sub-part carries L mark. 1. Read the following text and answer the following, questions on the basis of the same: Bottle Dynamo: A bottle dynamo is a small generator to generate electricity to power the Bicyele light Is ts not a dynamo. Lynamo generates UC but a boltle dynamo generates AC. Newer models are ‘now available with a rectifier The available DC can power the light and small electronic gadgets. This is also known as sidewall generator since it operates using a roller placed on the sidewall of bicycle tyre. ‘When the bicycle is in motion, the dynamo roller is engaged and electricity is generated as the tyre spins the roller. When engaged, a dynamo requires the bicycle rider to exer! more effort to maintain a iven speed than would otherwise be necessary ‘when the dynamo isnot present or disengaged. Bottle dynamos can be completely disengaged uring day time when eyele light is not in use. In ‘wet conditions, the roller on a bottle dynamo can slip against the surfaceof the lyre, which interrupts the electricity generated. This cause the lights to g0 ‘out intermittently Q.1. Why bottle dynamo is not a dynamo? (A) Ie generates AC only B) Ke generates DC only (©) Ielooks lke a bottle (D) Ierequires no fuel to operate Option (A) is correct. Explanation: Dynamo generates DC. But bottle ‘dynamo generates AC. So, itis not a dynamo in that sense, But, it generates electricity for bieyele light. ‘Can you recharge the battery of your mobile phone ‘with the help of bottle dynamo ? (ay Yes (8) No (€) Yes, when a rectifier is used (©) %es, when a transformer is used Ans. Option (C) Is correct, Ans. Ans, os. Ans, Explanation: Newormodelsot bottle generators are now available with a rectifier DC available from such bottle generator can be used directly for charging mobile phone. Otherwise with the old models, a rectifier is to be attached 10 convert AC to DC, 3. Hole generator generates electricity: (A) when fuel is poured in the bottle. (B) when cycle sin motion. (C) when it is mounted properly. (D) when wind blows. ‘Option (B) is correct. Explanation: Boitle generator is also known ‘as sidewall generator since it operates using, a roller placed on the sidewall of hieyele tyre When the bicycle is in motion, the dynamo rollers engaged and electricity is gonerated as the tyre spins the roller. 1. Bulb of bicycle light glows: (a) with ACauppiy only {B) with DC supply only. {© with both AC and DC supply. {Dons wien AC supplyis rected. Option () correct Explanation: Normal lamps work with both AC and DC. So, bolle generaor of older model or newer model can be diet used fr bieyele lamp Which one ofthe following is not an advantages of never modelo bottle dynamo? (A) Works intermittently when it role sips on tyre (0) Sill electronic gugets canbe charge {© Canbe easily disengngedl during day time {D) Requires no fuel Option (A) is correct planation: In wet conditions, the roller on a botle dynam (old model or nev mode) can lip again the surace ofthe tyre, which interrupts the lectly generated This causes the lights to go out intermittently. Thisis not an, advantage. Read the following text and answer the following ‘questions on the basis of the same: lect sagnetic damping: Take two hollow thin

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