PART - Ill : MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM > Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment. Biot ~Savart law and its application to current carying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infiitely long straight wire. Suaight ond toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment, force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic fel, force between two parallel current- carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by @ current loop in uniform magnetic fields ‘moving coil goivanometerits curent sensitivity and conversion to ammeter ond voltmeter Revision Notes q Magnetic Concept of Magnetic field > Magnetic ficld is a region around a magnet where force of magnetism acts which affects other magnets and ‘magnetic materials, » Magnetic feld also known as field can be pictorially represented by magnetic field lines. Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents, which can be macroscopie curtents in wires, or microscopic ‘currents associated with electrons in atomic orbits. > Lorentz Force: When a charge q moving with velocity » enters a region where both magnetic fields and electric Fields exist, both fields exert a force on it, Id & Cyclotron D Lorentz Force, E = aik+ oxy 8 where, F = magnetic force, 1 = charge, v= velocity, B = magnetic field, E electric lds q E = elect fore on the charge 43 B) = magnetic force ac ada ‘Slunitof magnetic field is ‘Testa, while smaller magnetic fields are measured in terms of Gaus, Se Liesla = 10'G > Whena tes! chargegoenlorsa magnetic field H dinecied alang negative axis with a velocity & making an angle Owith the z-axis, then, E, w wyGeB) = gpsin on— en Per paLe pwr pIOs. 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NINA ~ merspaiseg prey aamufous ap Suoqe 0 = 4'0 = 020d # Gxab=¥ ovsag wen SuRH “ESL dyCharacteristics of motion of particle in magnetic field > Velocity and kinetic energy of particle do not change, as force is always perpendicular to velocity. > Direction of velocity will continuously change, if ~ 0, },no force will act on the particle, henee there will be no change in velocity when @ =! > When 0 =90; test charge desrbes acc of radius 5, ‘where, m is mass ofthe particle; larger the momentum, bigger the circle described. > In case of @ being any other angle than (and 94”, test charge will show citcular path of radius 898 _moves along the direction of magnetic field with speed of veos 0 48 whieh > Momentus along the direction of magnetic field will > Angular speed of test charge 10! js independent of init speed of particle. > Centripetal force on test charge 4yp Bsin is independent of the mass of particle. > When the particle enters the magnetic field with the same momentum, then radius of path willbe, oP where, ree Cerstod’s experiment Cersted observed that: > When there is no current, compass needle below a wire shows no deflection > When the flow of current isin single direction, then the compass needle deflects in a particular direction, > When the flow of current is reversed, deflection in compass needle occurs in the opposite direction, > From an experiment, i is concluded that an electrical current produces @ magnetic field which surrounds the Biot Savar’s law > The magnetic field due toa current element at a neaby points given by: g a fp a =| Mo ee Tr ma ll : Pe dB = Magnetic field produced by current element = Vector length of smal section of wize in direction of current Positional vector from section of wire to where magnetic field is measured via Current inthe wire 0 = Anglebetween de and ig = Permeability offre space and ty Biotsavants In 107 Wo/AM The magnitude of magnetic field Applications of Biot Savart’s Law > Magnetic field ata point in citcular loop will be: a > Magnetic fild at the contre ofthe coil 2 Bate? 2R> apse ery heen: B= NA Pew cc 4 PoP where, A= Area of circular loop = nk > Magnetic field due to current carrying circular arc with centre O willbe: ata 8k ® nag ar i bo, 8i i = dar ay other will be: aa « ‘Ampere's Circuital Law and its Applications » > Ampere Iw sso hatte ne ntl of magnetic ld aroun nosed pat Ses of ttl current eras by the path, §at=nol | muses A= Magno od af scat 41 = Infinitesimal segment of the path ic permeability of fe space Ta Endod elect caret bythe pth ae > Mgnt ld ate point wilt dependon theshape of Amperntoopand wit ES srotin same tery ponton he op Forces between two parallel currents 1H = Magne > Two parallel wires separated by distance r having currents. due to current flowing in first wire is given as: Hols and f, where magnetic field strength at second wire 2nr+ In this, the field is orientated at right-angles to second wire where force per unit length on the second wire will be ar + Magnetic field-strength at fist wire due to the current lowing in second wire will be: > One ampere is the magnitude of current which, when flowing in each parallel wire one metre apart, results ina force between the wires as 2 x 10" N per metre of length. Applications of Ampere’s law to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids: 1a) Magnetic Feld due to long straight wire > Ampere's law describes the magnitude of magnetic field ofa straight wire as: Hol Boe ie where, @ + Held Bs tangent toa crcl of radu centered onthe wie lngrate * Magnetic field Band path length will remain panel where magnetic ld tains travels, (ii) Magnetic Field due to Solenold > Solenotd: An electromagnet that generates a controlled magnetic field, > Solenoid isa tightly wound helical col of wire whose diameter is small compared to its length, > Magnetic field generated in the centre, or core of a current carrying solenoid is uniform and is directed along the axis of solencid. > Magnetic field due toa straight solenoid: + atany polnt in the solenold, st + atthe ends of solenoid, Bog = tt where, n = mumber of tums per unit length, = curent inthe co (Gil) Magnetic Field due to Toroid > Toroid: It is an electronic component made of hollow circular ring wound with number of turns of capper wire. > The toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of tums of a wire are closely wound, > Ina toroid with » turns per unit length with mean radius r, where current is owing through i, the magneti field experienced by the toroid with total number of turns N will be: GB.dl=ygi +B x 2 = Ni whore, r= average radius oN yn Here, B Der “Hot ( N [new X) > Atany point, empty space surrounded by toroid and outside the toroid, magnetic field B will be zero as net current is zero. « Torque and Galvanometer J ‘Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field > Ina rectangular loop of length , breadth F with eurrent flowing through it in @ uniform ‘magnetic fold of induction B where angle @ is beeen the normal and in direction of magnotic fied, then the torque experienced will be: ‘where, 1: = number of turns in the coil Further, > Torque will be maximum when the col is parallel to magnetic fell and will be zero when «oils perpendicular to magnetic fel, > Invector notation, torque 7 experienced will beMoving coil galvanometer ie > Iisan instrument used for detection and measurement of small electic currents, > In this, when a current carrying coil is suspended in uniform magnetic field, it C> tenperiences a torque which rotates the cl emma >the free experienced by each side ofthe galvanometer willbe f= Bll which are ‘opposite in direction > Opposite and equal forces form the couple which generates deflecting torque on. the eoil having number of turns is given as: <=Exh NBL b BIA F > Inmoving coil galvanometer, current in the coil will be directly proportional to the angle of the deflection of the coil, 1=8 ‘iy where, 0s the angle of deflection. Current sensitivity of galvanometer > Curtentsensitivty of galvanometeris the deflection produced when unit current passes through the galvanometer. A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it produces large deflection for a small current. 1= So va arnt Senin, ga > Voltage sensitivity of galvanometer is the deflection per unit voltage given as : 0 WBA Voltage Sensitivity, SR where, G = galvanometer resistance, C = torsional constant > Increase in sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer depends on: (0) number of turns i) magnetic field B (it area of coil A and (Iv) torsional constant. Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter > Galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by connecting a low resistance known as shunt in parallel with the galvanometer coil. > If J, being the maximum current with full scale deflection passes through galvanometer, then current through shunt resistance will be i= 0-1) where, G = Galvanometer resistance, § = Shunt resistance and i = Current in circuit > Now, effective resistance of ammeter will be: Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter > Volimeter measures the potential diffrence between the two ends ofa current carrying condctor e > Galvanometer can be converted to volimeter by connecting high rexstance in. —b--(@)——Wn-e}— series with galvanometer coil. 1 8 As reatance Ris connected in series with galvanometer, current through the tgalvanomete willbe,v ae or, ReYG R+G i > Effective resistance of voltmeters R, +R where, R, is very large making the voltmeter to connect in parallel since it can draw less current from the circuit Tattered ul Cet) Path of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field depending on the angle between the magnetic Feld and the Eases Mnemonics : Circle ninety (90°) angle, go straight if It zero (0°), go for helical, all other angle magnet field is zero. [CEREGRETRATRPTagEpp Pathisa circle anglebetween magnetic eld and elocy of charged [Gosmaignrincero(yje> —— Paticies 20 [SSR Path se tight tne age between magneieeé and vlcty of ace aeter charged particlesis 0° Path is helix f any other angle between magnetic fleld and velocity of charged particle Key Formulae > Lorentz force, B = 9(E+uxi) > In uniform magnetic field B, frequency of circular motion of charged particle, and Bio Savas a, eB tate < 2 > Magnetic feld at point due to creularlop, B= ay et 2 RP y Amgeercinamal fha-up wl > Magnetic field a thesurface ofa solid cylinder: B= 2 bs zi 2a > Magnetic field inside the solenoid B= unt > Magnetic field in a toroid with mean radius oN > xl & Mo eta oeSTAND ALONE MCQs (1 Mark each) 21. Two charged pats traverse identical helical pals in compel oppo sons in uniform ragnetic eld B = Byi. {A} They have equal zcomponens of momenta (8) they act have equal charges (C) They necessarily represent a particle. aantiparticle paic (D) The charge to mass ratio satsty (),(G),-° ‘Ans. Option (D) is correct. planation: When chargefass ratio ofthese two particles is sae and charges on theen ae of opposite nature, then the charged paricls wil traverse identical heal pts in ‘Ccompleely opposite sense. Therefore, option (Dyieorrct (0.2. Biot Savart aw indicates tha the moving cletrons (velocity) produce a magni iid Bsc that (@BLe BB [le (©) it obeysinvere cube law (D)it is along the line joining the electron and point of observalion ‘Ans. Option (A) is corzect Esplasetion In WiotSavart’s lw, magnetic field BI i» rand idl due to flow of electron isin opponite direction of v and by direction of ous product of two Vectors op isn According to Biot-Savart law, if magnetic field is not perpendicular to the motion of charge, then if will not move in helical path, which is not possible for motion of a charge in magnetic field. So, the magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of flow of charge verifies answer Q.3.A current carrying circular loop of radius R is placed in the x~y plane with centre at the origin Hal of the loop with x > 0 is now bent so that it now lies in the y= plane. (A) The magnitude of magnetic moment now diminishes. (B) The magnetic moment docs not change, (C) The magnitude of B at (003), :>>R increases. (D)The magnitude of B at (002), = >>R is unchanged, Ans, Option (A) is correct, Explanation + For a citcular loop of radius R, carrying current Tin x-y plane, the magnetic moment M = 1x xR Ue set, perpendicular to the Toop long direction When half of the current loop is bent in y-2 plane, then magnetic moment due to half current loop is © plane, My = I (Ry) acting, along =-direction Magnetic moment due to half current loop in 1p plane, M, = I(sR,/2) along x-direction Net magnetic moment due to entire bent current oop, mera yg BR 2 M we ‘Therefore, My W= MB (cosa — cos.) = 0. Q.5, When a charge of IC moving with velocity L ave normal toa magnetic field experiences a force IN, then the magnitude of the magnotc field is (A) 1Gauss (B) Testa (C)10rested (D)None of the above Ans, Option (A) is correct Explenation :F = qoB sin 0 ‘When g=1C,9= I ms, then B= IT N,O= 90", Q.6.An electron is projected with uniform velocity ‘along the axis of a curront carrying, long solenoid Which of the following is true? (A) The electron will be accolerated along the axis. (B) The electron path will be circular about the(C) The electron will experience a force a 45° tothe axis and hence execute a helical path, (D) he electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis ofthe solenoid ‘Ans, Option (D) is correct. Explanation: ‘The magnetic field inside the long current carrying solenoid is uniform. ‘Therefore, magnitude of force on the electron of charge (-«) is given by F = —eoB sind (0 = 07) as magnetic field and velocity are parallel. The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid. (Q.7. Whena charged particle moves through a magnetic field pexpendicular tots direction, Then (A) Linear momentum changes (B) kinetic energy remains constant (€) Both (A) and (B) (D)Foth linear momentum and kinetic energy Option (B) is correct. Explanation: When charged _ particle perpendicularly enters a magnetic field to the! direction, the path of the motion is circular In circular motion, the direction of velocty| changes at every point (the magnitude remains| constant), Therefore, the linear momentum| changes at every point. But kinetic energy remains conslant since the magnitude of velocity does not change. Ans. ‘A length L of wire carries a steady current LI is bent frst to form a circular plane eoil of one tur. Accurrent I flowing through it produces a magnetic field B at the centre of the coil. The same length is now bent more sharply to form a double loop ‘of smaller radius. The magnetic field at the centre caused by the same current is. aye (8) 2B 4B pa Ans. Option (C)is correct. Explanation: By Here =2, By, B A straight conductor carries a current from south to north. Point P and Qlie to the east anel west of it at the same distance. The magnetic field at Pis (A) equal to magnetic field at Q. () smaller than the magnetic field at Q. (C) greater than the magnetic field at Q (D)cannot be predicted unless the value if 1 is Known, ‘Ans, Option (A) is correct, 8, iB 9, So, if and remains constant, then magnetic fiold at P = Magnetic field at Explanation B 1 Br | Q.10, Magnetic field due to a straight solenoid at any point inside itis B = yi. Magnetic field at the end of the solencid aye (28 ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: Magnetic field at the end of fa current carrying solenoid is half of the ‘magnetic field inside it. BB (ns Q.11. At any point, empty space surrounded by a toroid, the magnetic field is B,. At any point, outside the toroid, the magnetic field is B, (A) By > By (8) B,> By (© B= B= ‘Ans. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: As net current is zero, magnetic fiold at the empty space surrounded by toroid and outside the toroid is zero, Q.12, An infinitely long straight conductor is bent into the shape as shown in the figure. Current in its and the radius of the circularloop is. The magnetic field at its centre is, £ v 6 x se D (a) Zero ©) infinite © 1) Ose) Ans. Option (C)is correct. Explanation: Magnetic field at © due to ABCD straight conductor = HL Magnetic fed at © dae to the DEC circular conducor= 8 ‘The fields are in opposite direction. Hence the wa WW fy resultant et at On = fe Q.13. A solenoid of 15 metre length and 4. em diameter thas 10 turn per em. A current of 5 A ampere flowing through it. The magnetic field at axis inside the solenoid is(a) 21087 (© 2xx107T Option (A) is correct @) 22 «036 (Dy2 «1076 Ans Explanation: B = yyni = Are x 10! x 8 x 10 x 10° = 2x03 T Q.14. The strength of the magnetic field at distance r {from along straight current carrying wie is B. The field ata distance 12-will be (AB (B) 2B oyna An Explanation: Bos ir 12 BY = rin = 2 y= 28, = 28 Q.15. Ina moving col galvanometer,currentin the coils (A) directly proportional to angle of deflection, (B) inversely proportional to the angle of deflection (C) dirvetly proportional to the square root of the angle of deflection, (©) inversely proportional to the square root of the angle of deflection, ‘Ans. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: In a moving coil galvenometes, ‘current in the coil is directly proportional to angle of deflection Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is given by (A) Cofnba (6) nBarc (©) nBACG ()ccinba Option (B) is correct. Explanation: Current sensitivity of a ‘galvanometer isthe deflection produced when, Lunt current passes through i Current sensitivity = 0/1 = nBAC The deflecting torque acting on the coil of @ galvanometer is (A) inversely proportional to number of turns, (B) inversely proportional {o current flowing, (C) inversely proportional to area of the coil (D)direetly proportional to the magnetic field strength. ‘Ans. Option (D) is correct. Q.16, Ans, Quy. Explanation: + = nBIA. So, torque is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength, area of the coil, number of turns and current flowing. Q.18. To convert a galvanometer to ammeter a shunt S 4s to be connected with the galvanometer. The celfective resistance of the ammeter then is (a) 6816. (8) (G+SyG8 (© Gas (D)None of the above ‘Ans, Option (A) is correct, Explanation: Shunt (8) is connected in parallel to the galvanometer (resistance G). So, the effective resistance is GS/(G+5). Q.19, A galvanometer of 1000) resistance gives full sale deflection for 10 mA current, To use it as an anuneter of 10 A range, the resistance of the shunt required is 100 (B) 0100 (© 010 (0.0010 Ans. Option (B) is correct. 2.20, An ammeter gives full seale deflection when ‘current of 1.0 Ais passed init Tt is converted into a 100 A range ammeter, What will be the ratio of the shunt resistance and its resistance ? wis (B91 oil (ut ‘Ans, Option (A) is correct, Q.21. A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a (A) high resistance in series ) high resistance in parallel (C) low resistance in parallel, (D) low resistance in series. ‘Ans. Option (A) Is correct, Explanation: Yo convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, a high value resistance is to be connected in series with itIOS PLC Cy ce Sart eee Directions Inthe following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statomont of Reason (R)- Mark the corzect choice as. (A) Both A and R ore true and R is the comet explanation of A (8) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the coneet explanation of A (© Aistruedut Ris false (D) Aisfalse and Ris true Qt Assertion (A): Magnetic Geld interacts with a moving charge only Reason (R}: Moving charge produces a magnetic field Ans, Option (A) is correct. Explanation: Current carrying wire creates magnetic fiold. Thismagnetic field has noffect ‘on a stationary charge. But when the charge ‘also moves, it creates a current. This current produces a magnetic ficld, Two fields interact land the charge is deflected. So, the assertion is true. Moving charge creates a current which [produces a magnetic eld. So, the reason isalso true, Reason isthe correct explanation of A, (Q.2 Assertion (A): If an electron is not deflected when ‘moving through a certain region of space, then the only possibilty is that no magnetic field is present in that region, Reason (R): Force on electron is. dircetly proportional to the strength of the magnetic fel. Ans, Option (A) is correct, lanation: In absence of magnetic field, wbsence of magnetic field moving electron will not be deflected. This possibility is true. So, assertion i true. F=q(V«B). 80, force on eleciron is directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, 0, reason is true. Reason properly ‘explains the assertion. Q.3. Assertion (A): The energy of a charged particle ‘moving in a uniform magnetic field remains constant. Reasoning (R): Work done by the magnetic field on the charge is zero, ‘Ans, Option (A) is correct. Explanation: ‘The force on a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field always acts in direction perpendicular to the direction of ‘motion of the charge. So work done by the magnetic field, W=FSc0s 9 = FScor 0” So, the eneray of the charged particle does not change. Both, assertion and reason are true and reason also explains the assertion. Q.4. Assertion (Aj: An electron and a proton moving ‘with same velocity enters a magnetic field, The force experienced by the proton is more than the force experienced by the electron. Reason (R}: The mass of proton is more than the mass of the electron Ans, Option (D) Explanation: E =9(%B) So, the force is mass independent. So, the assertion is false Proton is obviously heavier than electron. So, reason is true, But reason does not explain the assertion, Q5. Assertion (A): The magnetic field at the ends of a ‘very long current carrying solenoid is half ofthat at the centre, Reason (R): Maynetic field within. « sufficiently Jong solencia is uniform, ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: Magnetic field inside a solenoid is tt Magnetic field atthe end ofa solenoid is ¥i yi So, the assertion is true. Magnetic field within a sulfidently long, solenoid is uniform. So reason is also true. But it does not explain the assertion. Q-6, Assertion (A): The magnetic ficld produced by a ‘current carrying solenoid is independent of its length and area of cross-section. Reason (R): Magnetic field within a very long solenoid is uniform, Ans, Option (B) is correct.Explanation: Magnetic field inside solenoid B= yy is independent of length and area ‘of eross-tectinn, Fence the assertion is trae, Reason is also true. But it does not explain the assertion, Q.7. Assertion (A): A direct current flowing through a ‘melallic rod. produces magnetic field both inside and outside of the rod. [Reason (R): There isno flow of charge carrier inside the rod. ‘Ans, Option (C) is correct, Explanation: Charge carries flows through whole cross-section, So, the filed exists both Inside and outside So, the assertion is true and the reason is false, 18 Assertion (A): In moving coil galvanometer, the cal is wound on a metallic frame. Reason (R}: The metallic frame helps in making steady deflection without oscillation. ‘Ans, Option (A) is correct Explanation: Coilofamoving coil galvanometer is wound on a metal frame. So, the assertion is true. It is done fo avoid any oscillation and fluctuating reading. The metal frame provides damping, to reduce the oscillation so that the reading, becomes steady. So the reason is also true and properly explains the assertion Q.9 Assertion (A): Torqueon a colis maximum when it js suspended radially in a magnetic fc, ‘Reason (R): Torque tends to rotate a coil ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: The torque on the coil in a magnetic field is given by ‘r= niBA sin O CASE-BASED MCQs (10, Assertion (A): Torradial field, 0 = 90° and sin 0 = 1 “Torque = nIBA and itis maximum, So assertion is true. ‘Torque is the rotational equivalence of force. So, torque will tend to rotate a coil Reason is also true. But reason cannot explain the assertion that why the torque is maximum, in the specified position. alvanometer to ammeter conversion lakes place by connecting a low value resistance in ‘parallel with it Reason (R): The low value resi effective resistance and protects the galvanometer ince increases the: Ans, Option (C)is correct, Explanation: Galvanometer to ammeter conversion takes place by connecting a low value resistance known as “shunt” in parallel with it, The assertion is true. When two resistors are connected in parallel then the effective resistance becomes lower than the lowest value of the two resistors Hence the reason is false, Q.11. Assertion (A): Earth's magnetic field does not affect te Fuse tioning ofa muving ei al vaio Reason (R Farth’s magnetic field is too weak. Ans. Option (A) is correct, Explanation: The coil of moving coil galvanometer is suspended in a very strong, radial magnetic field, Barth's magnetic field is too weak compared to that and hence its effect is negligible. So, astertion and reason both are true and the reason explains the assertion properly. Attempt any 4 sub-parts out of 5. Each sub-part carries Lmatk, 1. Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Roget's spiral: Magnetic effects are generally smaller than clectric effects, As a consequence, the force between currents is rather small, because of the smallness of the factor yi. Hence, it is difficult lo demonstrate attraction or repulsion between currents, Thus, for 5 A current in each wire at a separation of 1 cm, the force per metre would be 5% 10-4N, whichis about 50 mg weight. It wouldbe like pulling a wire by a string going overa pulley to ‘which a0mg weightisattached, The displacement ‘of the wire would be quite unnoticeable, With the ‘use of a soft spring, we can increase the effective length ofthe parallel current and by using mercury, we ean make the displacement of even a few mm ‘observable very dramatically, You will ako need a constant-current supply giving a constant currentAns. Qn Ans. cof about 5 A. Take a soft spring whose natural period of oscillations is about 05 = Is. Hang it vertically and attach a pointed tip to its lower end, fas shown in the figure here. Take some mercury in dish and adjust the spring such that the tip is just above the mercury surface, Take the DC current source, connect one of its terminals to the upper tend of the spring and dip the other terminal in ‘mercury. Ifthe tip of the spring touches mercury, the circuit is completed through mercury. Let the DC source be put off to begin with. Let the tip be adjusted so thatitjust touches the mercury surface. Switch on the constant current supply and watch the fascinating outcome, The spring shrinks with 4 jer, the tip comes out of mercury (just by « mm corso), the circuit is broken, the current stops, the spring relaxes and tries to come back to its original position, the ip again touches mercury establishing ‘a currentin the circuit and the cyele continues with tick, tick, tick, Current key ‘Mercury |. Magnetic eects (A) are equal to electric effects (8) are greater than electric effects (©) are smaller than electric eifects. (@) cannot be compared with elec Option (C)is correct effets Explanation: Megnetic effects are generally smaller than electric effects The force 10° Nis equivalent to (A) 100. mg (8) 100g Owe Omg Option (A) is correct, Explanation: 10 N = mass in kg x gin ms Or, 10° = mass x 10 Mass = 10k, 00 mg, . Why the spring shrinks in Roget's spiral ? (A) The spring functions asa solenoid () Due to force acting between two current carrying wires (€) Due to magnetic effet of current (D) Since the springs soft Ans, Option (B) is correct. Explanation: The spring shrinks due to force acting between two current carrying wes Q.4, What rv the main Scomponentsina Roget's spina? {A)Mercury, AC voltage source {b) Mercury, DC voltage source (C) Mercury, DC voltage source, key {(D)Mercury, AC vollage source, key ‘Ans. Option (C)is correct, Explanation: Mercury, DC voltage source, key is essential components for the Roget's spiral to work . What else can be used instead of mereury in Roget's spiral? (A) Any liquid (B) Water (©) Kerosene oil (D)Oaly mercury, nothing else Ans, Option (D) is correct. Explanation: Only mercury can be used in Roget’ spiral since mercury is a liquid metal through which an electrical circuit, may be completed. Read the following text and answer the following ‘questions on the basis of the same: Galvanometer can current Improved mirror galvanometer was developed by William Thomson, later to become Lord Kelvin, in 1858, Thomson intended the instrument to read ‘weak signal currents on very long submarine telegraph cables. The problems of ing) receiving a signal through a lengthy submarine cable was that the electrical current tended to be ‘very low (as litle as 1/100 000th of a standard light bulb). So, it was very difficult to detect it, To solve the problem it was thought that larger amount of ‘electric current would be sent through the line. But ‘Thomson had a different approach. He thought the bout response was ta devise a dovice that could sad faint signals. The galvanometer, fist invented in 1802, was @ means of detecting electric current It consisted of a needle that was deflected by the ‘magnetic field created by the electric current. But the galvanometers of the day couldn? detect the ‘weak signals that came through along underwater ‘able, But the improved version of galvanometer was highly sensitive to detect the lowest current ‘The mirror galvanometer consists of along fine coil ‘fs covered copper wire, In the heart ofthat coil, swithin a Title air-chamber, a small round mirror is sense/measure fundamental transhung by a single fibre of floss sik, with four tiny magnets cemented fo its back, A beam of light is thrown from a lamp upon the ‘mirror, and reflected by it upon a white sereen oF soalea few feet distant, where it forms abright spot cflight; when thereisnocurrent on the instrument, the spot of Fight remains stationary at the zero position on the screen; but the insiant a current traverses the long, wire of the coil, the suspended magnets twist themselves horizontally out of their Jormer postion, the minor ic inclined with them, and the beam of light is deflected along the screen to cone side or the other, acconting to the nature of the current. Ifa positive electric current gives a deflection to the right of zero, a negative current will give a deflection tothe left of zero, and vice versa, ‘The ait in the little chamber surrounding the mirror is compressed, s0 a5 to act like a cushion, and deaden the movements of the mirror; the ‘mirror is thus prevented from idly swinging about teach deflections, ior sale lightspot_ | ee Z frermanint magnet fixed cone ene moving cl temp Q.1, Improved mirror galvanometer was developed by (A) Lord Kelvin, ) Johana Schweigger (©) Luigi Galvani (D) Andeé-Marie Ampere Ans. Option (A)is correct, Explanation: Improved mirzor galvanometer was developed by William Thomson, later to become Lord Kelvin, in 1858, Q.2 Mirror galvanom (A) measure the current passing through electric bulb. (B) measure the weak current received through lengthy submarine cable, (€) measure current passing through human body. (Dpall ofthese. Ans. Option (B) is correct. er was primarily used to Explanation: Tae fundamental problem was that the transmitting/recoiving a signal through @ lengthy submarine cable was very low. Instead of increasing the magnitude of the current transmission, Lord Kelvin modified the existing galvanometer so that it became capable to measure the weakest current, Q.3. The basic principle of galvanometer is (A) heating effect of current (B) torque developed by the electric current passing through a col (©) magnetic effect of cuzrent (D) none of the above, ‘Ans. Option (C)s correct. Explanation: The galvanometer, was a means of detecting electric current. It consisted of a needle that was deflected by the magnetic field created by the electric current Q.4, The mirror galvanometer consists of (A) small round mirror attached to a fine coil of silk-covered copper wire (B) @ long fine coil of slk-covered copper wire and ‘small round mirror hung by a single fre of floss silk, with four tiny magnets cemented to its back. (©) small round mirror attached te four tiny magnets (D)None of the above ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: The misror galvanometer consists of a long fine col of silk-covered copper wire. In the heart of that coil, within a litle air. chamber, a small round mirror is hung by a single fibre of floss silk, with four tiny magnets cemented to its back. Q.5. How the idly ewinging of the mirror of mirror sgalvanometer is prevented? (A) The litle chamber surrounding the mirror was filled with a viscous liquid (B) The mirror wae placed in little chamber which ‘was completely vacuum (©) The mirror was attached toa spring, (D) The litle chamber surrounding the mirror was filled with compressed air Ans, Option (D) is correct Explanation: ‘The sir in the little chamber surrounding the mirzor is compressed, so as to act like a cushion, and deaden the movements of the mirror; the mirror is thus prevented from idly swinging about at each deflections.II, Read the following text and answer the following ‘questions on the basis of the sam ToROID A toroid is a coil of insulated or enameled wire ‘wound on a donut-shaped form made of powdered fron, A toroid is used as an inductor in electronic circuits, especially at low frequencies where comparatively lange inductances are necessary. ‘A toroid has more inductance, for a given number cf turns, than a solenoid with a care of the same ‘material and similar size, This makes it possible to construct high-inductance coils of reasonable physical size and mass. Toroidal coils of a given inductance can carry more current than solenoidal cals of similar size, because largerciameter wires ‘oan be used, anel the total amount of wite is less, reducing the resistance ina toroid all the magnetic flux is contained in the core material. This is because the core has no ens from which flux might leak off, The confinement cf the flax prevents external magnetic fields from affecting the behavior of the toroid, and also prevents the magnetic field in the toroid irom affecting other components in a cuit, Standard orvidal trusfornsers typically offer 95% efficiency, while standard lami typically offer less than a 90% rating, ted transformers One of the most important differences between a toroidal transformer and a traditional laminated transformer is the absence of gaps. The leakage flux through the gaps contributes to the stray losses in the form of eddy currents (which is aso expelled in the form of heat) ‘A toroidal core doesn’t have an air gap. The core is tightly wound . The result is a stable, predictable toroidal core fre from discontinuities and holes Audible vibration or hum in transformers is caused by vibration of the windings and core layers from the forces between the coil tums and cave Iotsinations. The torcidal transformer’s construction helps quiet this noise In audio, or ignal_ transmitting applications, unwarranted noise will affect sound quality, s0 a transformer with low audible vibration i idea. For this reason, many sound system engineers pro torusea torial transformer instead ofa taitonal laminated transformer Q.1. Toroidisa (A) fixed value resistor (B) capecior (©) inductor. (D) variable resistor. Ans. Option (C)is correct, Explanation: A toroid is a coil of insulated or enameled wire wound on a donut-shaped form made of powdered iron. A toroid is used as an inductor in electronic circuits, Q.2, Altoroid has___ inductance, for a given number fof turns, than a solencid with a core of same material and similar size. (Ajsame (©) less ‘Ans. Option (B) Explanation: A toroid has more inductance for given number of turns, than asolenoid with a core of the same material and similar size. This makes it possible to construct high-induetanee coils of reasonable physical size and mass. (8) more (D) variable correct. Q.3. Why inductance of solenoid is more than the inductance of a solenoid having same number of turns, core of same material and similar size? (A) Core is endless hence there no leakage of hx. (B) Resistance of wire is less hence magnitude of ceurtent flow is more (©) Number of turns per unit length is more (D) Both (A) and (8) Ans. Option (A) is correct Explanation: In a toroid, all the magnetic axis contained in the core material, This s because the core has no ends from which flux might leak off Qu. Why sound system engineers prefer to use toroidal transformer? (A) Itis cheaper. (8) Itislighter (©) Itis compact {D)lt docs not create vibration or hum. Ans, Option (D) is correct. Explanation: Audible vibration or hum in transformers is caused by vibration of the windings and core layers from the forces between the coil turns and core laminations. ‘The toroidal transformer’s construction helps Quiet this noise. For this reason, many sound system engineers prefer to use a toroidal transformer instead of a traditional laminated transformerQ.5, Efficiency of toroidal transformer fs around Pyluchi saaud alu euceaes whichis than laminated core transformer Spell lira 969 tla) cua (4) 95 lower (©) 95 higher Inmninated transformers typically offer Tess (©) 3 lower (DM higher than a90% rating. ‘Ans, Option (Bis correct.