131

CHAPTER- 2 Electos tatic Potential and

apautayce

Flectrostatc potuntial euergy-

Electrostatic potential ene ofa charge 9 at
"point C8) he wotk done b he external foxce
against
(against he electmodtatic-fo ce n bHinging me cha
om
from infivity
to that poiut without n acceleratiön

A to B in an
WOk olone In moving a charge rom pt
electic fielcd potuttal enera dffereue
02
WAB U-OA tuen
we ta ke pt A as infiuty
Poteintial nera at pt B
03

Wo
Electostatic Potential (Voltage)
a uut
Woxk dlone by am external fonce in brngi e ctrostatic
b to a point
positive charee from infinity
5

potential (v) &t that point Coulumb (Tc')

SI uwt Volts on Toule
9t is a Scalan Suantity
07
V WaB

0 i n t Chang
otential due to po
COnscler a
a t he
point charge 0ugin and a +1C

Cha 3 at nfiwt -
+1C
S p
+e
the blame yourself
never having to take all
Teamwork...means
Wonk dbne against electric fonce. in bringing tIC char
Wotk done

from P toS
AW
2
A
4nEo(
Total wok done in bringing tIC charge from to
W

2 V fon 20 v>o
<o V<O

Plot of V andE with t fo a_Point hage

V and El L

EC

Potential due to an electuc aipole

U)
At axial une Potential at point P
+ P V Y + V.
20
4¬la+t) YECH-a)
- a - a-
=P P-a)
|V=2a
CH-a) 4xE, (r2-a)|
¬ that in! if's the passion that counts !
comes
's notthe ability
12) At equtoual plane
P
at
Potential point
V + V-
V
nEs (+a ) - x¬o (*ta Y +q
20

(8) At any _pointPotential at point P

V: V+ t V

t By geometny ,

H= +a2 ++2ancoso
2an.cos o
= H+ a - 20ncos
+a 2a cose
-

*[

= ( I - 2a co& ®)
2 12.cose
- Y2
(1- 2a Cos®
UsTmg
(1+ (1+D cose 7Binomal
heorem
-4co4e)
equotion (1) e get
Substituting V 4 1+acos0 +acoae
Violence is the last retuge of the incompetent.
 31

V Pcose
09

10
Potetiol due to system of Charges
UAe Superposition puniple
V =V +V+V3 - +Vn

EupotentialSurfacesS
Surface at evey point of which potnttal is the Same
Propertes: (a) mo wok is do ne in movi ng a test
change from One point to Other on an ehuipotevrtol
02
Surface . WAB qVe-VA) =0 Va =Ve)
6 ) Equipotential surface hrough a point is perpenolicular
to the electic field at that point.
04
dW = É. dt E dl = 9E dl cos® = O
COs O
05
90
Va7iouseupotential Surfaces:
J6

07

(a) Single point charge (b) Unifor electmc ied

(
c) dipole The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.C equal cha
 Relatio between Electic ield and poten tial
o Lonsider two closely spaced equipotential
V+8V
Surfaces A a n d B wih potential B
10 V and V+SV. ket Sl is the L
aistance blw A and 8. 9magine a
t i t positive charqe move from A

B to A aganst electric field

12 Wok done
wOxkby
done
electsic
= F.fietd
d Ye) = - 2SV -i)

Also
2E SL -2)
Equating eq" C) and (2)
ESL Sv
02
E -SV
SL oll
05
is in the
megative sign indicates that electuic field
04 direction m which he potential decreases steepest.

Potential neray of a system of twochagsS

0 9 n absence f external eleticfield:
06
changes q, and q, at infinity wosk
Consider initiallydone bringing from infiriy to i
H12
07
2 W =o
Wonk olone in, brunging 2 fom infinit
to he point
W =2 V= 2 (
Potential eneray of, U
= W,+W
he syst em
|U
4E
Take care of the minutes and the hours will take care of themselves.
 of external electic field
(2) In presence
Wonk done in brunging charge , against electue fitd
-()
from infeuty to w, R 42
10
Wok done on q2 charge, W, =q, V( ) +
()
rom eGuaton ()k C2)
U = = W+W2
U= V(,) +9, V{) + YEo

dipole in_an external_field

Potential energy of a the dipole expeumces
9n a uufonmelect uic field
a tonque external tongue Text iS applied to just
an
Suppose
Suppose amd hotate it ia from angle
Canceltius tongue
withodt angular acceleration
t oangle e
Wok olone by Hhe extesnal tonqu E sine de
05
w= Eext de =

PE CO& Jeo
U= W pE cos, - Cos,)
01

to be zeo fos e = T/2 hen

choos e
,
We
pE ( co A -

Cos) = pE Cose
U

Case L : fon = = 180

CaseI : fon e = 0
U - PE (min) U = +pE (max)

Stcble The only woy we can attain pertection is to follow the advice we give others. Onstable
eqillbrium eOullibuum
 Electostatcs of Condu
ctovs
1. Electric field is zeMo Imside a conducton
-

electric field
2. At he Surface of a charged conducto,
10 's 0Ymal to the Surfa e at evevy Point
3. 3here is no he
net chavge at amy point inside the
at
COnducton and any Excess charge Must Heside
he Suface.
,
any
4. Potential is constant throughout the Volu me
of h e
Conductor and has the Same valye on its surfaCe
5. Electric fild at the Surface of a charged Conducto
E ¬
electric field insde the
6-Eleetnostati c Shielding
Cavity is zuo.
03
Dielectics and Pola7isation
Read from NCERT Pa 71-73
Delectuc Constant on Helatve electwical_permitthvity
04

medjum of the
of absoute
Ratio of electical perwitvity
5
to that of free Space
Unitless
F
ratio of extermal electaic fietd
Also, 9t is the
07
Heduced value of electsic field.
applied to he
k Eo

All things are ditficult before the are easy.

 CapactonS_0nd Capacitonce
A arrangement fo wtoning lange
A A
09
Capauto an
Consists o a Systë
amounts oCharge A Capacitoe
meduum
10
two Conducto%s deparated by an insulating to
o is telated to ts dbiuty
Capacitance oa conducto
to He change. 9t i defined as nab o of chag
use in its Potential
th conducto st to h e
e n to thë
Cv
1gi
ven
v
Fasad lF) 0n
SIUnit i

C áymbol E
8 oxV, 9t depends ony on the
C Independent o of two
two
tion of h e xHutem
gDmethical configura
02
Conductos olielectsuc m e d i h
Can

##he
me maximum EF that a

baeak -olownof its insudatung

03
withstand tnout
Catled ts dielectuc StHength
property Is blw h e conductosA a
When potenti al
0"#Whe differenco cto.
EF around h e Condu
> 5trong
Capacitox s lage aiY and
ionise h e surounding
Juis field can to the oppostcly
So plocluced
accelerates the chaoges
06
meutralising the chage
here by
Charged ConductoHS is Called leakage
iS
On h e capacito
(partl).has
07
O Chage el plate Capautou
Capactawce of pavall Electic field blw he plates
- g (suY-fate
to
charg ) E
Avea clesit y) 2E 2Eo 6A
A
Potenrtial difference bluw he plates
V 6dle,A
= Ed
Copadtante C = faA
When one is helping another, both are strong.
 Effect 0t dielectnic on Capautance
Consiol er a dielecthic slab of tnickness t<d is introduced
blw he plates ofa pavallel p late capacito
10having ame area A. Dielectrc
Potenao diffevence blw he tuo plateS
V E. Cd-t) a t Et
=
E (ol-t) +
Ee t (k-dielectiet|E
12 Constant,

E (d-t+t) t

02
( d - t + £ ) ( : Eo=g
Eo
=)A Eo
A Eo

Capaatanca ,
C9 EA
03
(d-t+t)
. C increases
Cincreases on introduction of elielectc Slab

05
# for d t , C kEoA C k Co

COmbination of Capacitons
06
Series ei,C Paralle
VV
07
C 9,C2
. +82
CV =
C v +C2V
C = + C

Impossible is a word invented by lazy peopie.

 +
Stomed in a Capauto
Consice iitially n e two conductose 1 )
are unchavged e t positive chavae
10 thansferved from Conducto« 2 to conducton1
m very Smallinstalments o dg each
1
tilbil Conducto 1 get +8 charge and
Conducto 2 get -6 charge-
12
5mall Wotk done in aivimg an additional Charge dy
dwvaa = d
Total woyk done
W = C 2
02

his w0Lk is Stoned m he foxm_of potential eneIA

03
U=W = =Lcv=19V
2 2

cv2
eneT
enera density, = Ad
Volume
05
|u
Ad
06

LOmmon Potential
07
When two capaci totS ChanAed to eliffered potentals
aYe Connected by a wire Charge flow
are
from hiah
tiltheir potental become
to low potential
Potential is Call ed 1,V
egual.his equal potential
Common potent a (v).
Chavge before Sharing
=
Charge after|
Shang
Nothing can dim the light which shines from within.
 V CV, +C, Va total charae
t o t a l Capacitau ce

0 C+C2_

LoSS On Shaung chage

10
Enerad
9nitial

final Ug (G+6V= LCv +G V,)

2

loss U- =CiC2 (V-V

Enera 2 CC+C)
appears in h e fonm of sparki g
is
his
and
loss
heat
of
of emergy
produced
eneg i e
in the Connecting wire.
03

Hope is good breakfast but a bad supper!