International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.9 No.

27 (2014)
© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

GAIT RECOGNITION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

P.Sripriya1 and Dr.S.Purushothaman2
[1] Asst.Professor ,School of Computing Sciences, Vels University.
[2]Associate Professor, Institute of Technology,HaramayaUniversity,Ethiopia
ABSTRACT Gait Recognition, ANN network, radial

Gait recognition is the technique of basis function network.

identifying a person by the way they walk. 1.INTRODUCTION

person. For a small controlled environment Biometric identification like finger

the human identifying biometric methods print, hand geometry, face recognition, iris

such as fingerprint, face recognition, iris identification helps to identify a person

recognition requires co-operation from the automatically with a trained set of data. The

subject. These biometric methods would not above said identification is limited to a small

be sufficient for a large uncontrolled changing controlled environment. In other words the

environment like surveillance where there is identification will work effectively where

no co-operation of the subject. Henceforth only one object is examined at a given

special biometric namely gait is needed. Gait instance of time.Li[1] summarized the

does not require the co-operation of the limitations of biometric features like face,

objects. Gait is new biometric in recent fingerprint, iris and handwriting.Distance

research. It identifies people at distance. This between camera and people, people

paper deals with an introduction to gait, cooperation, People’s attention slow down the

advantages of gait over other biometric acquisition of the features to make

identification. It gives an outline to artificial identification. Gait is considered to contain

neural network and discusses about Radial information as face does. All body segments

Basis Function Network. The methodology (head, arm, trunk, thigh, front-leg, back-leg

applied is : HMM is used to identify the and feet) have their contribution to gait

parameters and RBF is used to training and recognition.

testing process of gait recognition. In this But this is not suited for environment

methodology true positive rate is more than where multiple objects are involved.A new

false positive rate which leads higher dimensionality of recognition is needed when

performance of gait recognition. identifying a person is at natural environment

Keywords: such as video surveillance. This

dimensionality is gait based recognition. A

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gait based biometric will help to identify the 2.2.1WHOLE-BODYMOVEMENT

human activity under natural environment. ANALYSIS

Gait refers to the walking style of an The study of whole-body human

individual and gait differs from one person to movement spans several areas of computer

another. vision mainly, including:

2. LITERATURE REVIEW • Human detection that detect and locate

2.1 STRUCTURAL METHODS any moving person in video.
A 2D or 3D structural model of the • Activity recognition, that recognize
human body is assumed and body pose is different movement or activity types such
recovered by extracting image features and as walking, running, limping, dancing and
mapping them to the structural components of throwing.
the model. Lu[3] proposed a layered • Biometric identification and verification
deformable 2D body model for gait that determine or validate the identity of a
recognition. Their model is a full body model moving person from their gait in some
consisting of 10 body segments specified by database.
22 parameters. These 22 parameters define 2.3 HUMAN TRACKING
the size, position and orientation of the body Yu [4] identified Gait recognition
segments.A 3D human body model consisting performance is based with effect of view
of 11 body segments was developed by Gu angle variation and large view distance.
[2]. Gait features were extracted from pose Michelle Karg [5] recognized gait at
parameters and joint position sequences. Two distance.Jin and Abbas [6] have provided a
gait models were obtained. Tracking body survey in recent development approaches,
parts in 3D over long sequences remains an issues, challenges, datasets on gait
unsolved computer vision problem the recognition. Changhon [7], has refined a
effectiveness and applicability of these framework of factorial hidden Markov model
methods remain limited which fused the multiple gait features without
2.2 STRUCTURE-FREE METHODS concatenating it into single feature.Dadashi
These methods characterize the [8], have proposed gait recognition by
motion of the body, without regard to its describing body outer contour using wavelet
underlying structure. packets.Nikolaos[9],has proposed a

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© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

combinnation of hholistic andd model based

b the learnning proceess this neetwork adjuusts
featuress for recognnition. only the parameterss to map frrom hiddenn to
3. ART
TIFICIAL N
NEURAL NETWORK
N K output laayer.
An Artificiial Neural Network
N (A
ANN) 4. METH
HODOLOG
GY
is an abstract
a sim
mulation off a real nerrvous Hiidden Markkov modell is used for
system that contains a colleection of neeuron modeling system paarameter. The
T output of
units coommunicatinng with eacch other via axon HMM iss used to learn by Radial baasis
connecttions. Suchh a model bears a strong
s function (RBF).
(
resembllance to axons
a and dendrites in a 4.1 RA
ADIAL BASIS FUNCTIO
ON
nervouss system. Due
D to thiss self-organnizing NETWO
ORK
and adaaptive natuure, the AN
NN model offers
o In
n the traditiional RBF network, eaach
potentiaally a n
new paralllel proceessing mponents of the input vector
of n com v feeds
paradiggm. This model could be more robust
r forward to
t m basis functions whose
w outpputs
m
and u
user-friendly
y than the tradittional are linearrly combineed with weeights {wj}j=1
j

approacches. into the network outpput f(x). Ann RBF network

3.1 TYP
PES OF AN
NN NETW
WORKS is nonlineear, if the Basis
B Functiions can moove

The folllowing are few ann neetworks: or changee size, or if there is more
m than one
o
hidden laayer. Here, a focus on
o single-laayer
3.1.1Feeedfordwarrd network
k
networks with functtions whichh are fixedd in
Thhis is the simple annn network. The
position and
a size is ddone.
move only in one direection
informaation will m
like inpput to hiddden node, hidden nodde to
output node.
n
3.1.2 Kohonenself
K f organizing network
This is a unsuperrvised leaarning
networkk. A set off artificial neurons
n leaarn to
t coordinates in
map pooints in an innput space to
an output space.

4.2SCHE
EMATIC FLOW OF RBF
R
BF network
3.1.3RB k
TESTING
G AND TR
RAINING PROCESS.
P .
The main advantage
a o this netwoork is
of
that it does not haave local miinima becauuse in

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© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

Th
he above ffigure show
ws the outp
puts
RBF for identificatiion of perssons. The red
4.3EFF
FECT OF N
NUMBER OF CENT
TERS color show
ws the target value useed for train
ning
IN TRA
AINING TH
HE RBF NETWORK
N K the netwo
ork. The ou ng testing are
utputs durin
shown in green color. A deviation in
classificattion for peerson 4 iss seen in the
graph.
4.5RECEIIVEROPER
RATINGCH
HARACTER
RIS
TIC(ROC
C) CURVES
Receiver Operatingg Characteeristic (RO
OC)
curve pro
ovides infoormation on
n the tradeeoff
t hit ratee (true posiitives) and the
between the
false alarm
m rates (fallse positivees). In orderr to
draw thee ROC cuurve both positive and
a
negative examples aare needed.. The form
mula
4.4 CLA
ASSIFICAT
TION PERF
FORMANCE
E OF for calculating TPR aand FPR is as follows:
RBF

Where FP—
—False Positive,, FN—False Negative,
N TP—T
True
Positive, andd TN—True Negative

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.9 No.27 (2014)
© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

[2] Guu J., Ding X., Wang S., an

nd Wu Y., 2010,
Action andd gait Recognnition From Recovered 3-D
3
Human Joinnts, IEEE Trannsactions on Sy
ystems, Man, and
a
Cybernetics, Part B:Cyberrnetics, Vol.400, No.4, pp.10221–
1033.
[3] Luu H., Plataniottis K.N., and Venetsanopouulos
A.N., 2008, A Full-Body L
Layered Deforrmable Model for
Automatic Model-Based Gait Recognnition, EURAS
SIP
Journal on Advances iin Signal Pro
ocessing, Voll.2.
The ROC pplot shows the
t points above
a pp.62,2008.
[4] Yuu S., Tan D., annd Tan T., 200
06, Modelling the
the diag TPR is morre and the FPR is
gonal. The T
effect of vieew angle variaation on appeaarance-based gait
g
less. Th
his is an inndication th
hat, HMM+
+RBF
recognition. In Proc. of 7th Asian Con
nf. on Compu
uter
can be used
u for ideentification of persons using
u Vision, Vol..1, pp.807–8166.
gait. [5] Miichelle Karg, KoljaKühnleenz, and Marrtin
Buss, 2010, Recognition oof Affect Based
d on gait Patterns
ONCLUSIO
5.0 CO ON
in IEEE trannsactions on syystems, man, and
a cyberneticss—
Gait i
is best suited or
fo uncontrrolled part b: cyberrnetics, Vol.400, No.4, pp.10550-1061.
environ
nment and also Gait does
d not reequire [6] Jinn Wang, Marry She, Saeid
dNahavandi and
a

co-operration of thee user.In thiis paper we have Abbas Kouzzani, 2010, A Review of Vision-based
V g
gait
Recognitionn Methods ffor Human Identification
I in
proposeed a methodd in which HMM
H is ussed to
proceedings of the Digital Imag
ge Computinng:
identify
y the param
meters and RBF
R is useed for Techniques and Applicatioons, IEEE, pp.320-327.
training
g and testing gnition.The RBF
g gait recog [7] Chhanghong C., JJimin L., Heng
g Z., Haihong H.,

network
k schematicc flow , traiining and teesting and Jie T., 2009,
2 Factoriaal HMM and Parallel
P HMM for
gait Recognnition in IEEE T
Transactions on
o Systems, Man,
M
m the ROC it is
processs is also giiven. From
and Cybernnetics, Part C
C: Applicationns and Review
ws,
PR is more than FPR hence
understood that TP h Vol.39, pp.1114-123.
RBF neetwork can be
b used in Gait
G recogn
nition. [8] Daadashi F., Araaabi B.N., and Soltanian-Zaddeh

Furtherm
more CPN can also be
b used forr gait H., 2009, Gait Recognnition Using Wavelet Packket
Silhouette Representationn and Transductive Suppport
recogniition or fussion of ANN
N networkss can
Vector Machines in 2nd Innternational Co
ongress on Imaage
be used
d for gait reccognition. and Signal Processing,
P pp..1-5.
6.0 RE
EFERENCE
ES [9] Nikolaos V. Bouulgouris, and Xiaxihuang,
X 2013,

[1] Li X., Maybaank S.J., Yan S.,

S Tao D., an
nd Xu HMMs and Duaal Discriminative
Gait Recognnition Using H

D., 20088, Gait compoonents and th

heir applicatioon to Dynamics Analysis in IEE
Observationns for Sub-D EE
gender recognition, IE
EEE Transacttions On Sysstems, transactions on image proccessing, Vol.222, No.9, pp.36636

Man, Andd Cybernetics-Part C, Vol.38

8, No.2. -3646.

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