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Departments Street Hawking And Its Impact
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Accounting On The Beautification Of The
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Capital City-accra PROJECT DETAILS
Project ID SO5050
Agric Engineering
Price N3000
(https://projectng.com/project/agric-
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engineering)
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Agriculture ABSTRACT
(https://projectng.com/project/agriculture)
This study provides insight into the street hawking phenomenon and RELATED
Architecture evaluates its impact on the beautification of the capital city of Accra. TOPICS
(https://projectng.com/project/architecture)
There is a common saying that “where there is traffic, there is business” The Contributions Of
which reflects a characteristic of Ghanaian market hawkers. It is hard to Women
Banking And Finance image how hawkers do business for those who have never been to Organisationsin
(https://projectng.com/project/banking-
Ghana. They stand by the street, some of whom carry goods in hand and Community
and-finance) some on head. Anytime there is traffic, they rush to it and try to sell their Development In
goods to people in the vehicles. Owing to this selling methods, pedestrians Nigeria
BioChemistry (https://projectng.com/top
and drivers can get goods what they need while walking and driving and
(https://projectng.com/project/biochemistry) women-
it saves their time to go to stores or looking for parking place. Therefore
street vendors earn good money most of the time. organisationsin-
Biology community-
The objectives of this study were to find out the various categories of
(https://projectng.com/project/biology) development)
street hawkers trading in the Accra Metropolis, to describe the nature of
Building Technology street trading activities in Accra. This study also sought to know the The Effectiveness Of
opinion of hawkers as to whether trading activities impact negatively on
(https://projectng.com/project/building- Recruitment,
technology) the beautification of the Metropolis and suggest solutions to these Selection And
problems. The method used for data collection was questionnaires Placement Policies
Business Administration prepared and administered to hawkers. Also, non-participant observation Of Organizations In
(https://projectng.com/project/business-
was done. Nigeria ( A Case
administration) Study Of Kano)
The study is useful to the Government of Ghana, policy making (https://projectng.com/top
institutions, the general public and all other stakeholders because it had recruitment-
Chemical Engineering
provided recommendations such formation of association of street selection-placement-
(https://projectng.com/project/chemical-
hawkers, modernization and acceptance of street hawking as an integral policies)
engineering)
part of the informal economy and provision of both formal and non-
formal education for hawkers. The only way that the Ghanaian Causes And Effects
Chemistry Of Commercial Sex
government can effectively deal with the problem of street hawking is by
(https://projectng.com/project/chemistry) Work Among Akwa
creating jobs for the youth.
Ibom Girls
Civil Engineering   (https://projectng.com/top
(https://projectng.com/project/civil- effects-commercial-
TABLE OF CONTENT
engineering) sex-work)
CONTENT         PAGE
Computer Engineering Causes And Effects
CHAPTER 1
(https://projectng.com/project/computer- Of Commercial Sex
engineering) Work Among Akwa
Introduction ………………………………………………………………….1
Ibom Girls (a Study
Background of Study ………………………………………………………...1 Of Youths In Uyo
Local Government
 Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………  4 Area)
Computer Science
(https://projectng.com/top
(https://projectng.com/project/computer-
General Objective …………………………………………………………  5
effects-commercial-
science)
Specific Objectives ………………………………………………………… 5 sex-work)
Cooperative And Rural Research Questions ………………………………………………………… 6 Ethnic Affiliation And
Development Resource Challenges
Significance of the study …………………………………………………… 6
(https://projectng.com/project/cooperative- In Nigeria A Study Of
and-rural-development) Delimitation of the study …………………………………………………   8 Igbo Etiti Local
Government Area Of
Cooperative Economics Preliminary definition of Terms …………………………………………… 8
Enugu State
(https://projectng.com/project/cooperative-
CHAPTER 2 (https://projectng.com/top
economics) affiliation-resource-
Literature Review…………………………………………………………... 10
challenges-nigeria)
Design And Technology Introduction………………………………………………………………… 10
(https://projectng.com/project/design-
and-technology) Theoretical Literature ……………………………………………………… 10

Empirical Literature ………………………………………........................... 15

Economics
Nature of street hawking…………………………………………………… 17
(https://projectng.com/project/economics)
The prevalence of street hawking…………………………………………… 20
Education
Frequency of street hawking………………………………………………… 22
(https://projectng.com/project/education)
Characteristics of Street hawkers …………………………………............... 24
Electrical Electronic
Engineering CHAPTER 3
(https://projectng.com/project/electrical-
Methodology ……………………………………………………................. 30
electronic-engineering)
Introduction ………………………………………………………………... 30
English
Brief background of the Study Area ………………………………………. 30
(https://projectng.com/project/english)
Population and Sample …………………………………………………….. 31
Entrepreneurial And
Sampling Procedure ……………………………………………………….. 32
Business Management
(https://projectng.com/project/entrepreneurial-
Instrument Used in Data Collection ……………………………………….. 32
and-business-
Limitations of the Study …………………………………………………… 33
management)
Data Analysis Techniques …………………………………………………. 34
Estate Management
CHAPTER 4
(https://projectng.com/project/estate-
management) Presentation and Analysis of data………………………………………. 35

Introduction …………………………………………………………….. 35
Fine And Applied Arts
(https://projectng.com/project/fine-
Socio-demographic characteristics of respondent ……………………… 35
and-applied-arts)
Nature of street hawking activities in Accra…. …………….……………41
Food Technology Various categories of street hawkers…………………………………….. 46
(https://projectng.com/project/food-
technology) Opinion of street hawkers on trading activities………………………….. 48

Items sold by hawkers causing filth in the city…………………………... 53

Geography
Suggested solutions to the problems of street hawking…………………... 54
(https://projectng.com/project/geography)
Ban on street hawking in Accra…………………………………………... 56
Geology
CHAPTER 5
(https://projectng.com/project/geology)
 
Health Science And
Technology Introduction………………………………………………………………... 60
(https://projectng.com/project/health-
Conclusion from the findings………………………………………………. 60
science-and-technology)
Recommendation resulting from the findings………………………………. 62
History Written report on selling wares on the street of Accra……………………… 64
(https://projectng.com/project/history)
 References…………………………………………………………………… 69
Home And Rural
Economics Appendix…………………………………………………………………….. 73
(https://projectng.com/project/home-
 
and-rural-economics)
CHAPTER ONE
Hospitality Management INTRODUCTION
And Technology
Background of the study
(https://projectng.com/project/hospitality-
management-and- Serious focus on street hawkers begun with the Bellagio International
technology) Declaration of street hawkers which called for national policies for street
hawkers, and follow up action by individual hawkers, hawkers
Industrial Chemistry associations, city governments and international organization. The
(https://projectng.com/project/industrial-
Bellagio Declaration identified six problems of street traders around the
chemistry) world, namely: lack of legal status and right to hawk, lack of space or
poor location, restriction on licensing, cost of regulation, harassment,
Industrial Relation and bribes, confiscation and evictions, lack of services and infrastructure and
Personnel Management lack of representation or voice. Women in Employment Globalizing and
(https://projectng.com/project/industrial-
Organizing (WIEGO), an international network has spearheaded research
relation-and-personnel- and policy dialogue on street trade. In Africa, WIEGO has worked closely
management) with Street Net in leveraging funds for research and policy dialogue in six
African countries, namely South Africa, Ghana, Cote d‟ Ivoire, Uganda,
Insurance Zimbabwe, and Kenya.
(https://projectng.com/project/insurance)
 
International And
In all the case studies, women dominate street vending. This is due to the
Diplomatic Studies
limited economic opportunities for women in both rural and urban areas,
(https://projectng.com/project/international-
gender bias in education, and augmenting husband‟s income. Besides
and-diplomatic-studies)
these facts, street vending has a special appeal for women due to its
flexibility. Women can easily combine street vending with other
Law
household duties, including taking care of children. The Uganda case
(https://projectng.com/project/law)
study points out those women participate in street vending as a way out
of a predicament. Women have moved from being subsistence and
Library And Information
commercial farmers to engaging in trade
Science
(https://projectng.com/project/library-
and informal employment. In most cases they vend when their husbands
and-information-science) cannot sustain the family or to supplement the husbands income. The
Kenya study covered Nairobi, Kisumu, Migori and Machakos. Both
Marketing Nairobi and Kisumu are major cities with a population of 2.1 million and
(https://projectng.com/project/marketing)
322,734 thousand respectively. Machakos and Migori are smaller towns
with a population of 143,274 and 95,446 respectively. Migori is on the
Mass Communication boarder of Kenya and Tanzania and has cross border trade, while
(https://projectng.com/project/mass-
Machakos is quite close to the capital city, Nairobi, traders then can easily
communication) get their whole sale supplies from the city.

 
Mechanical Engineering
(https://projectng.com/project/mechanical-
Street and roadside trade is an important economic activity that sustains
engineering) a significant percentage of rural and urban dwellers, especially within
the developing countries. The activity falls among the Small and Micro
Medical And Health Enterprises [SME] that form the main thrust for economic development
Science in developing countries. In Africa, the sector has operated outside the
(https://projectng.com/project/medical-
mainstream economic development, and falls within the informal
and-health-science) economic activities. In view of the difficult economic situation that has
faced Africa with reduced external support and increasing levels of
Microbiology poverty, many countries have began considering the sector as one of the
(https://projectng.com/project/microbiology)
channels of fostering the private sector‟s contribution to both growth and
equity objectives of development. By 1995, International Labour
Nursing Science Organisation (ILO) estimates had shown that SMEs account for 59 per
(https://projectng.com/project/nursing-
cent of Sub-Saharan Africa‟s urban labour force [Ondiege, 1995].
science) Estimates indicate that in the developing countries 40 to 80 per cent of
the urban workforce is in the informal workforce. Street vendors are the
 most visible among this workforce, although their activities, working
Office Technology and
conditions, relations with authorities, policies and regulations relating to
Management
their operations among others are not well researched and documented.
(https://projectng.com/project/office-
technology-and-  
management)
Apart from the above country studies, the review is based on secondary
Pharmacy sources, including academic literature, statistical sources, government
documents, media and civil society works. The review takes a thematic
(https://projectng.com/project/pharmacy)
approach and covers: magnitude and composition of street trade,
Philosophy characteristics, working conditions, associations of street vendors, legal,
regulatory and policy environment and programmatic responses to street
(https://projectng.com/project/philosophy)
trade. By “Street Trading” it is referred to the activities taken place in the
Political Science first two types of market (in the open air), including the individuals who
ply their trades in discrete locations. Street traders in Hong Kong are
(https://projectng.com/project/political-
science) officially called “Hawkers” or “Shiu Fann” in Cantonese. The original
terminology and definition of Hawker-itinerant trader in a western
Printing Technology context is no longer relevant in most Southeast Asian cities. People who
conduct business in public place (squares, streets, open ground, canals,
(https://projectng.com/project/printing-
technology) etc) are named as “Hawkers”. However, as was shown by the study of
Shiu Fann (Hawker) Images, the traditional Chinese concept of itinerant
Psychology trading (the true sense of the word “Hawker”) was found embedded
deeply in the modern image which hardly represents the norm for
(https://projectng.com/project/psychology)
today‟s street traders. This may be due to ambiguity in people‟s mind
Public Administration arising from the mini-store-like fixed and well structured stalls which are
so common in the hawking scene, and their general acceptance of street
(https://projectng.com/project/public-
administration) stalls as an integral part of the overall retail system. If an image is seen as
an evaluated model of reality in which human behaviour is accorded, the
Public Relations And popularity of street shopping in modern Hong Kong must have some
Communication relationship with this particular image of Shiu Fann (Hawker). A hawker
is the name given to vendors in many areas of the world selling
(https://projectng.com/project/public-
relations-and- merchandise that can be easily transported; it is roughly synonymous
communication) with peddler or costermonger. In most places where the term is used, a
hawker sells items of food that are native to the area. A hawker is a
Purchasing And Supply vendor of merchandise that can be easily transported; the term is roughly
(https://projectng.com/project/purchasing-
synonymous with peddler or costermonger. In most places where the
and-supply) term is used, a hawker sells items or food that is native to the area.
Whether stationary or mobile, hawkers usually advertise by loud street
Quantity Surveyor cries or chants, and conduct banter with customers, so to attract attention
(https://projectng.com/project/quantity-
and enhance sales. When accompanied by a demonstration and/or
surveyor) detailed explanation of the product, the hawker is sometimes referred to
as a demonstrator or pitchman.
Science Lab Technology
Statement of the problem
(https://projectng.com/project/science-
lab-technology) Although the intimate environment of the home and neighborhood exerts
the greatest and most immediate influence on the lives, health and well-
Secretarial being of people (Songore and McGranahan 1993), the immediate problem
Administration currently attracting the immediate attention of the Accra Metropolitan
(https://projectng.com/project/secretarial-
Assembly (AMA) is that of street hawking the Central Business District
administration) (CBD). This relates to the continuing rise in the concentration of street
hawking activities on busy intersections, around markets and major
Seminars transport depots in the CBD of Accra. The ranks of hawkers keep swelling
(https://projectng.com/project/seminars)
with teeming youths selling a variety of wares including food staples,
cooked food, household effects, electronic gadgets, imported used
Sociology clothing and footwear to mention a few thus street hawkers have turned
(https://projectng.com/project/sociology)
major roads and pavements into markets The main purpose of this study
was to investigate the extent to which street hawking had impacted
Staff Development And negatively on the beautification of the Accra Metropolis. The
Distance Education environmental problems however, are not limited to CBD congestion.
(https://projectng.com/project/staff-
Beyond the congestion in the central city, the ubiquitous unauthorised
development-and- structures that have sprung up on the city‟s landscape ruin its aesthetic
distance-education) appeal. Further, there are other serious environmental problems. Street
 vendors by their activities generate a lot of solid waste and there is
Statistic
generally improper disposal of refuse partly because there are limited
(https://projectng.com/project/statistic)
receptacles for collection and generally, sanitation and drainage
Urban And Regional infrastructure and services remain a serious challenge.
Planning General objective
(https://projectng.com/project/urban-
and-regional-planning) Street hawking especially in Accra has been associated with numerous
problems such as congestion, human traffic, chaos, and filth in the city of
Zoology Accra. The purpose of the study is to investigate among others the
negative impact of these street hawking activities on the beautification of
(https://projectng.com/project/zoology)
Accra Metropolis.
Thesis and Dissertation  
(https://projectng.com/thesis) Specific objectives

Specifically, this research seeks to;

Find out the various categories of street hawkers trading in the Accra
Metropolis.

Describe the nature of street trading activities in the Accra Metropolis.

Obtain the opinions of street hawkers as to whether trading activities

impact on the beautification of the Metropolis.

To suggest ways by which the problems associated with street hawking

can be solved.

Research questions

To solve this problem, this research seeks to answer the following

questions;

1. What are the categories of street hawkers trading on the street in the
Metropolis?

What are the nature street trading activities in the Accra Metropolis?

What are the factors hindering the beautification of the capital city?

In what ways can the problems associated with street hawking be solved?

Significance of the study

Generally, discussions on informal economic enterprise come in three

dimensions: the activity focus, people focus and habitat focus (Amin and
Others1996). While there is a wealth of information on the economics of
the informal sector („activity‟) and the mainly marginalized urban poor
workers („people‟), relatively little has been documented on the places of
work („habitat‟) of informal economic units in developing cities.
However, the literature on this component of the discourse is growing. A
number of authors have already done some work on the location of
informal activity in some cities. For example Brown‟s (2006) edited work,
„Contested Space: Street Trading, Public Space, and Livelihoods in
developing Cities‟ presents a collection of articles on a number of cities
including Nepal, Kumasi, and Dares Salaam etc. Bhowmik (2005; 2004)
has done some work on Mumbai; Cross (1995; 1998) has examined the
phenomenon in Mexico City; Suharto (2004) studied the phenomenon in
Bandung; Mitullah (2003) did a five-city study including Nairobi and
Kumasi; and Donovan (2000) studied Bogotá.

Although Yankson (2000) and Perera and Amin (1996) have done some
work the problem of accommodating informal enterprises in Accra, their
focused mainly on home based and neighborhood-based enterprises as
well as those on the fringes of the city. This study therefore adds to this
component of the literature of the informal economy in Accrby focusing
on the spatial problem relative to street hawking on Accra‟s urban
landscape. It therefore complements the work of other scholars studying
the phenomenon in developing cities especially in sub-Saha aran Africa
and fills the gap left by earlier work done on the City of Accra. It will be
particularly relevant to metropolitan and sub-metropolitan assemblies in
Accra and to urban development agencies both public and private with
their aim to decongest the city by providing alternative areas for street
hawking. The findings of this research is to provide the authorities
concern with the empirical facts and figures in order to ensure that Accra
get its fair share of national cake in the area of the beautification of
Accra. Further, it will serve as a useful reference for students of urban
planning and international development as well as field practitioners.
Also the outcome of this research is to help bring stability and harmony
to society, since street hawking is a major eating into the social fabric of
society. This study is in line with the vision of making Accra a Millennium
city and a gate way to Ghana, with the Accra Metropolitan Assembly This
research is also to serve as a guide to future researchers who are
interested in any social issue of this nature. The relevance of this
research to society is that this study seeks to inform the entire society
about.

Delimitation of the study

This research is restricted to only Accra Metropolis and is focused only on

street hawkers selling between moving vehicles in traffic and on
pavement but not vendors selling in containers, kioks, and stores on the
street. In order to interact and get more

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