NAMA : VICTORIA ANGGELA Z L

NIM : 041213902
TUGAS 3 BAHASA INGGRIS NIAGA
Tugas essay ini saya mengambil topik :
A. If the idea like Marshall Plan is implemented in many poor African countries, this
world would be a better place.
     Do you agree or disagree to the statement?
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

In my opinion, ideas like the Marshall Plan are implemented in many poor African
countries, this world cannot yet be a better place, because at present, it is not seen in the near
future or maybe. The most likely incentive for Europe to make such investments is the power
of xenophobic fear of migration from the continent at this time, but that does not impress me
as a foundation for a long-term holistic commitment to economic collaboration and
development in Africa.

CHAPTER II
CONTENT
The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, is the U.S.
program. which provided assistance to Western Europe after the destruction of World War II.
It was put in place in 1948 and provided more than $ 15 billion to help finance the rebuilding
efforts on the continent. The idea of US Secretary of State George C. Marshall, for his name,
was made as a four-year plan to reconstruct cities, industries and infrastructure that was badly
damaged during the war and to remove barriers to trade between European neighbors - as
well as to encourage trade between these countries and the United States.

Many point to the "Marshall Plan for Africa", but the reality is that the West is not as
invested in Africa as the US was in Europe when the original Marshall Plan was revealed.
The Marshall Plan idea for Africa often reappears in the media as a good idea, because it
works so well for Western Europe. These are often raised as "golden tickets" or "silver
bullets" for the development of the African economy by commentators who may only have a
cursory knowledge of what Marshall's plans require, whether and how they might work, and
how they compare to development efforts for African countries in 21st century. There is no
doubt that Marshall's plans carry a strong intellectual heritage. This marked the return of
post-World War II to the 'development' that originated during the war. It is often forgotten
that large-scale development, and especially the reconstruction efforts that occurred in the
late 1940s and 1950s, occurred throughout Western Europe.

What we now refer to as 'the World Bank' is a group of institutions, but what most of
us might think of when we say the World Bank, is the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development which was established at the Bretton Woods Conference. in 1944 to
support the new world order after the end of the second world war. His first loan was given to
France, to build a school. Marshall's plan goes beyond the World Bank, but is part of a US-
supported initiative to build Western Europe and get it going as quickly as possible.
Conventional wisdom is that it works, and therefore there are many calls for it to be repeated
in other scenarios. The Marshall Plan cannot be separated from its local and historical context
and is therefore not easily transplanted into other contexts. Is the Marshall Plan a good recipe
for all places and all time, and we haven't thought about using it, or are there special
conditions that make the Marshall Plan work? I think the last one.

• The first factor, that is the importance given to Europe compared to Africa. At present, the
Sub-Saharan African economy represents about 3 percent of world GDP. While the total
West European GDP in the 1940s was estimated at around 30 percent of world GDP. This
says a lot about high stakes at the time, and the importance of doing it right. In 1945 the
world economy was destroyed. If one can restore countries from Norway in the north to Italy
in the south, and west of the Berlin wall, that means that one third of the world's supply and
demand for the world economy can be restored. Even if the US or Germany has a solution for
how Africa can prosper, at present the stakes, and therefore the political will and desire to
make it happen, are relatively low.

• The second point is about politics versus economics. European economic historians have
tried to explain the Golden Age from the late 1940s to the 1970s, and the financial weight of
Marshall's plans did not emerge as a major driver, unless mentioned as an indirect catalyst.
An important lesson from Marshall's plan and something that goes beyond cash is the
commitment made to openness and democratic governance, and perhaps most important of
all - the willingness to work with one another. The seeds of creating economic cooperation
that ultimately lead to the coalition known as the European Union are planted by the Marshall
Plan. The main point here is that it was not just Marshall's plan, but what caused it, which
was really important. The famous article, "Marshall Plans: The Most Successful Structural
Adjustment Program in History", is instructive. It was written in the 1990s, looking back on a
decade of failure. The reference is to a very unsuccessful structural adjustment program
implemented throughout the 1980s and 1990s in Latin America, Asia and Africa. Why did
the structural adjustment program in the 1980s fail? This is one of the most difficult problems
in development studies. There is plenty of literature that convincingly documents why and
how some reforms are directly dangerous and counterproductive. There is massive
dissonance about whether the problem is policy, or whether structural adjustments are only
partially implemented. This is important. There is hardly anyone who looks back at economic
development in Europe who thinks that the common market, shared loyalty to liberal
democracy and liberal economic policies are the cause of economic decline in Europe.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
So in conclusion, it is generally agreed that the success of the Marshall plan
was not due to financial strength. Commentators are suggesting that the Marshall plan is
needed for Africa, and by implying that 'official development assistance must be increased' -
references to the Marshall Plan are misleading. One would rather have to go back to the
history of official development assistance to Africa and then make the case if more was done,
more could be achieved.