International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2016) 60–67

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmt

A review on why researchers apply external magnetic field

on nanofluids☆
Beriache M'hamed a,b, Nor Azwadi Che Sidik b,⁎, Mohammad Noor Afiq Witri Muhammad Yazid b,
Rizalman Mamat c, G. Najafi d, G.H.R. Kefayati e
a
Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Hassiba Benbouali, Algeria
b
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
c
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
d
Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
e
School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Available online 6 September 2016 This paper reviewed the application of external magnetic field on nanofluids. So far, nanoparticles have been used in
various areas such as manufacturing, electrical and electronics, automotive and recently biomedical applications. On
Keywords: the other hand, nanofluids with suspension of magnetic nanoparticles have attracted noteworthy attention due to
Nanofluid its numerous applications in industries and engineering. In line with fast development of this type of nanofluid, the
Magnetic nanoparticle purpose of this paper is to further understand the effect of external magnetic field on nanofluids properties and fluid
Magnetic field
flow, which is a key issue that influenced both the nanofluid properties and control of fluid flow for application. The
Drug delivery
Stretched surface
conclusions and important summaries were also presented according to the data collected.
Peristaltic flow © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thermal conductivity

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2. Enhancement of thermal conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3. Peristaltic transport of nanofluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4. Magnetic nanofluid hyperthermia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5. Nanofluid flows past a stretching sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6. Other applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

1. Introduction primary limitation in enhancing the performance and the compactness

Cooling is one of the most significant scientific challenges in the
industrial area, which applies to many diverse productions, including mi-
croelectronics, transportation and manufacturing. Technological devel-
opments such as microelectronic devices operating at high speeds,
higher-power engines, and brighter optical devices are driving increased
thermal loads, requiring more advances in cooling. Low thermal conduc-
tivity of conventional heat transfers fluids such as water and oils is a
☆ Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: azwadi@mail.fkm.utm.my (N.A.C. Sidik).
of such systems. In addition, increasing the cooling rate by traditional
technologies (i.e. fins and microchannel) has already reached their limits.
In recent years, several researchers have focused on heat transfer en-
hancement by modifying the thermo-physical properties of the working
fluid. Nanofluid, an engineered colloidal suspension of nanoparticles in
a base fluid, have been applied in many real engineering applications
such as the photonics, transportation, electronics, and energy supply in-
dustries [1–5] due to its enhanced thermal conductivity and convective
heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid [6–9]. Among the
early studies, Bahiraei et al. [10] experimentally examined the effect of
temperature and volume fraction on the viscosity for TiO2–water
nanofluid. They revealed that the viscosity of this nanofluid decreases

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.08.023
0735-1933/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 B. M'hamed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2016) 60–67
by increasing the temperature and increases by raising the volume
fraction. Experiments by Bilgins et al. [11] showed an increase for
thermal conductivity by dispersion of less than 1% volume fraction of
Cu nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes in ethylene glycol or oil by 40%
and 150%, respectively. Good performance of nanofluid has also been
confirmed by Bobbo et al. [12], who studied a double tube coaxial heat
exchanger heated by solar energy using Aluminum oxide nanofluid.
Later, the same authors proposed empirical correlation equations of
viscosity for water based with single wall carbon nanohorn (SWCNH)
and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofluids.
In a difference study, Mena et al. [13] obtained a new experimental
data for the viscosity of Al2O3 based water with ranges of low tempera-
ture and volume concentration, the results showed good agreement
with benchmark data. Forced convection turbulent flow of Al2O3-
water nanofluid inside an annular tube with variable wall temperature
was investigated experimentally by Prajapati and Rajvanshi [14] and
Ghanbarpour et al. [15]. The results showed the enhancement of heat
transfer due to the presence of nanoparticle in the fluid. The turbulent
flow of different nanofluids with different volume concentrations
flowing through a three-dimensional channel under constant heat flux
condition has been investigated by many others [16–20].
Magnetic nanoparticle suspensions and their manipulation are
becoming an alternative research line and have very important applica-
tions in the field of microscale flow control in microfluidic circuits,
control of fluids in microscale, and drug delivery mechanisms. In micro-
scale, it is possible and beneficial to use magnetic fields as actuators of
such nanofluids, where these fluids could move along a gradient
of magnetic field so that a micropump without any moving parts
could be generated with this technique. Thus, magnetically actuated
nanofluids could have the potential to be used as an alternative micro
pumping system [11]. The magnetic fluid expanded into thermal
engineering and control of fluid since the past decade [21].
Magnetic nanofluid, also known as ferrofluid is a colloidal
suspension consisting of magnetic nanoparticles with typical dimen-
sions of about 10 nm and a carrier liquid phase [22–24]. The liquid
carrier can be polar or nonpolar. Ferrofluids are different from the
usual magnetorheological fluids used for dampers, brakes and
clutches, formed by micron sized particles dispersed in oil. In
magnetorheological, the application of a magnetic field causes an
enormous increase of the viscosity, so that, for strong enough fields,
they may behave like a solid. On the other hand, a ferrofluid keeps its
fluidity even if subjected to strong magnetic fields. Ferrofluids are
optically isotropic but, in the presence of an external magnetic
field, exhibit induced birefringence. Wetting of particular substrates
can also induce birefringence in thin ferrofluid layers [25].
A brief review on the literature shows that nanofluids with suspen-
sion of magnetic nanoparticles have attracted noteworthy attention due
to its numerous applications in industries and engineering. In line with
fast development of this type of nanofluid, the purpose of this paper is to
further understand the effect of external magnetic field on nanofluids
properties and fluid flow, which is a key issue that influenced both the
nanofluid properties and control of fluid flow for application. In
addition, we make some notes on guidelines for future research on the
properties of magnetic fluids.
2. Enhancement of thermal conductivity
Crainic et al. [26] possibly the first group of researchers who
attempted the use of magnetic fields to obtain new nanocomposites
with the aid of the specific technology of RTM (Resin Transfer Moulding)
process and the inclusion of magnetic nanofluids. The new nanocompos-
ite, mixture between resins and the nanomagnetic fluids, contains the
desired properties for the specified applications of composite materials
where magnetism is important (such as radar, magnetic levitation trains,
kinetic energy accumulators and electric engine rotors).
61
After few years, researchers initiated the study on the enhancement
of thermal conductivity of nanofluids by the external magnetic field.
Hong et al. [27] for the first time reported the effect of magnetic field
strength and acting time on the thermal conductivity of nanofluid
containing 0.01 wt.% nanotube and 0.02% wt.% Fe2O3 in water. Under
the presence of magnetic field, the magnetic particles (Fe2O3) form con-
nected networks and also tend to get somewhat oriented toward the
field direction, the nanotubes are also move nearby, induce more phys-
ical contacts thus increasing the thermal conductivity. A maximum of
35% enhancement than the nanofluid without magnetic field was re-
corded. However, with a longer time in magnetic field, bigger clump
of particles was formed and thus decreasing the thermal conductivity.
Within the same year, Wright and his team [28] measured the
thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing Ni coated single wall
carbon nanotube. They reported that the time to reach the maximum
peak value of thermal conductivity was increased as the applied
magnetic field was reduced. Thermal conductivity improvement by
the aggregation of nanoparticles into clusters has been acknowledged
by few researchers [29,30]. In other innovative researches, Wensel
et al. [31] and Hong et al. [32] added chemical surfactant of sodium
dodecylbenzene sulfonate (NaDDBS) to the solution containing single
wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). NaDDBS then absorbed to the surface
of the nanotubes and made these surface negatively charged. While
maintaining the solution at pH value of 7, positively charged metal
oxides were added and aggregated with negatively charged nano-
tubes. Wensel et al. [31] reported that the nanofluids containing
0.017 wt.% SWCNT, 0.017 wt.% MgO and 0.17 wt.% NaDDBS at pH 7
gave 0.69 W/mK of thermal conductivity which is 10% higher than the
base fluid (water). Nevertheless, the recent study by Reza et al. [33],
who carried out measurements on 1 vol.% TiO2–water nanofluid,
found somewhat contradicted findings. Maximum enhancement of
thermal conductivity can reach only 2.5% which is insignificant.
Enhancement beyond 10% cannot be achieved because the aggregates
settlement.
Wensel et al. [31] also demonstrated that under the influence of
magnetic field, the maximum thermal conductivity was recorded
around 0.92 W/mK, about 35% higher than the nanofluid without
magnetic field. Interestingly, at higher pH, the thermal conductivity
dropped back to 0.63 W/mK. One possible reason was that when pH
increases, MgO becomes negatively charged and the aggregation
broke. However, Reza et al. [33] found enhancement up to 167% in the
thermal conductivity under the application of external magnetic field
parallel to the temperature gradient direction.
The effect of the orientation of external magnetic field on the flow
and thermodynamics properties of nanofluids has been investigated
by few researchers. Shima and Philip [34] synthesized oleic-acid-
capped magnetite nanoparticles and carried out comprehensive
measurement of thermal conductivity in two different hydrocarbon
based nanofluid under varying magnetite field strength and orienta-
tions. They revealed that at low particle loading, the enhancement of
thermal conductivity was unnoticed irrespective of magnetic field
strength. However, for nanofluid with higher particle loading, a max-
imum enhancement of 125% was observed at field strength of 378 G
and parallel field orientation to the temperature gradient. In a recent
numerical study by Song et al. [35] who analysed the magnetic field
direction on nanofluid in channel, the nanofluid flow was considered
laminar, incompressible and two-dimensional flow in a parallel-
plate channel. A uniform magnetic field was applied in x–y plane
and the angle between the direction of magnetic field and x-axis
was taken from 45° to 90°. The governing equations were solved
using fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme. Their findings showed
that at greater angle, the flow velocity tends to decrease due to
higher Lorentz force resistance which cause high pressure drop of
the flow. On the other hand, higher angle also contributes to a larger
thermal conductivity normal to the walls of channel and a more
uniform temperature field.
62 B. M'hamed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2016) 60–67
The study on the influence of magnetic field on the viscosity and
thermal conductivity of nanofluid with small particle size (b10 nm)
was conducted by Shima and her co-workers [36]. Sterically stabilized
stable nanofluids with magnetite nanoparticles were prepared by
changing solvent polarity using co-precipitation method. They reported
that in a nanofluid with 0.078 vol.%, the ratio of thermal conductivity
and viscosity can be tuned from 0.725 to 2.35 by controlling the applied
magnetite field. This excellent characteristic of magnetically controlla-
ble nanofluid can be applied to any system that not only can remove
heat and but also arrest vibrations such as MEMS and NEMS.
In a different study, Amir et al. [37] investigated the thermal perfor-
mance of water based hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) in the
absence and presence of external magnetic field. The experiment has
been performed in the volume concentration range of 0% to 4.8% and
the temperature range 20 °C to 60 °C. They observed that without the
presence of magnetic field, the thermal conductivity of both iron oxide
nanofluids increase with the particle volume fraction and temperature.
However, interestingly, under the effect of magnetic field, the thermal
conductivity decreases with increasing temperature.
In an earlier study, Amir et al. [38] conducted experimental investi-
gation on thermal conductivity on Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 magnetic
nanofluids under the influenced of magnetic field. The thermal conduc-
tivity was measured at different volume fraction between 0% and 4.8%
and the magnetic field intensity range of 0–500 G. They found that the
thermal conductivity of both magnetic nanofluids increase with
increase of volume fraction and magnetic field intensity. However,
when the magnetic field intensity exceeded 400 G, the thermal
conductivity deteriorates due to zippering of chains of nanoparticles.
For better understanding on the behaviour of magnetic nanofluid in
transformer oil, Patel et al. [39] dispersed Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 ferrite
nanoparticles in transformer oil with viscosity 9 mPa s and thermal
conductivity 0.128 W/mK. Their experimental results indicated that the
thermal conductivity increases linearly with increase in volume fraction.
However, due to the existence of oligomers in the system, the measure
value was found to be lower than the theoretical Maxwell's value.
3. Peristaltic transport of nanofluid
Peristaltic flow of fluid comprises of the sinusoidal waves propagat-
ing along the wall of channel containing fluid. These waves in turn
propel the fluid contained within the channel. Since the early works
by researchers [40,41], a great deal of theoretical and experimental
researches was dedicated to investigate this phenomenon. The funda-
mental interest comes from the concern to understand the peristaltic
mechanism in different situations [42,43] and engineering applications
such as peristaltic pump in heart lung and dialysis machines, etc [44]. On
the other hand, a similar interest was provoked by the wide range of
peristaltic transport mechanism in human body such as transport of
food through oesophagus, urine transport from kidney to the bladder,
sperm and egg transport through their respective tracts, etc.
Research on peristaltic transport of nanofluid has been comprehen-
sively conducted by Akbar and her team [45–47]. In 2011, Akbar and
Nadeem [45] considered the endoscopic effects on the peristaltic flow
of nanofluid. The governing equations of nanofluids have been solved
analytically using homotopy perturbation method. Few years later,
Akbar et al. [46] investigated the peristaltic flow of a Williamson
nanofluid in an asymmetric channel. The flow was driven by a sinusoi-
dal wave propagating with constant speed on the channel walls. They
reported that the temperature profiles increase when the Brownian
motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter increase. In a differ-
ent study, Akbar [47] analysed the peristaltic flow of water based copper
nanofluid in two tubes. She proposed new simplified equations for the
Cu-water nanofluid under the assumption of long wavelength and low
Reynolds number.
The peristaltic motion of a Carreau–Yasuda non Newtonian
nanofluid in an asymmetric channel were discussed by Abbasi et al.
[48]. Their numerical results indicated that the temperature of the
nanofluid in the presence of Brownian motion increases, furthermore
the influence of Brownian motion parameter on temperature and con-
centration distribution was opposite. In a study conducted by Hayat
et al. [49] on the effect of nanoparticles and convective conditions on
peristaltic motion in an asymmetric channel, they reported that the
temperature increases while nanoparticle volume fraction decreases
when there was an increase in Eckert number and Prandtl number.
Recently, Tripathi and Anwar Beg [50] measured the influence of
nanoparticles on heat transfer and peristaltic flow through a two-
dimensional channel. The study was motivated by applications in
nanofluid drug delivery systems in the digestive system.
Peristaltic transport of magnetic nanofluid is of considerable impor-
tance in biomedical engineering particularly in drug delivery system
and in hyperthermia to destroy undesired tissues in cancer treatment.
External magnetic field is applied for the delivery of magnetic nanopar-
ticles loaded with drug to the tumor site with more precise and efficient.
Akram [51] discussed the influence of a nanofluid on the peristaltic flow
of a Carreau fluid model in the presence of an inclined channel and
magnetic field. The simplified governing equations were solved using
homotopy perturbation method. To better understanding the mecha-
nism of peristaltic transport of nanofluid through porous medium,
Kothandapani and Prakash [52] investigated the effect of radiation and
magnetic field on peristaltic transport of nanofluids through a porous
space in a tapered asymmetric channel. The obtained temperature
profiles confirmed the previous findings by Tripathi and Beg [50]
when the amplitudes of the left and right walls are similar, Prandtl num-
ber Pr = 1, thermal radiation parameter Rn = 0, and non-uniform
parameter m = 0. With the same objective, Abbasi et al. [53] modelled
the problem for peristaltic transport of copper–water nanofluid in an
asymmetric porous channel. Analysis was carried out in the presence
of mixed convection, viscous dissipation, magnetic field and heat
generation/absorption. They proved that copper nanoparticle can be
an effective coolant since it sufficiently reduces the fluid temperature
and showed increase in the heat transfer between the fluid and solid
boundary. In addition, the results showed that the temperature of the
fluid decrease by increasing the permeability of porous medium.
Abbasi et al. [54] extended the study by analysing peristaltic
transport of Fe 3 O4 –water nanofluid through a two-dimensional
symmetric channel filled with non-uniform porous medium. The
porosity of the medium was varied with the distance from the
boundary. Two types of nanoparticles (spherical and cylindrical)
were considered in their study. They revealed that the use of
spherical nanoparticles resulted in a higher value of axial velocity
and temperature at the center of the channel when compared with
the case of cylindrical nanoparticles.
In other related studies, Shehzad et al. [55] included the mixed con-
vection effect on the peristaltic transport of nanofluid in symmetric
channel under constant magnetic field. They showed that the tempera-
ture of nanofluid decrease with increase in the strength of applied
magnetic field and Brownian motion of the nanoparticles. Hayat et al.
[56] extended the research by analysing the impacts of Joule heating
and Soret and Dufour effects on the existing nanofluid flow. The
pressure gradient was found to decrease with an increase in the
Brownian motion; however, there was an enhancement of temperature
for large Dufour number and thermophoresis parameter. In addition, an
increase in the strength of the applied magnetic field yields an increase
in temperature.
The effect of inclined magnetic field on a tapered asymmetric
channel has been the topic of study by Kothandapani and Parakash
[57,58]. Both of the researchers agree that the size of trapped bolus
occurring in the tapered asymmetric channel increases with increasing
non-uniform parameter as it decreases with increasing power law
indexed number.
In a more recent researches to model the drug delivery system,
Abbasi et al. [59] performed theoretical study of peristaltic transport of
 B. M'hamed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2016) 60–67
water and copper nanoparticles using two-phase model. Aside from the
effect of applied magnetic field on the nanolfuid, its side effect. i.e. the
Ohmic heating and Hall effects were also taken into consideration. Dif-
ferently, Kothandapani and Prakash [60] considered the peristaltic
flow of Carreau nanofluid in the tapered asymmetric channel under
the effect of an applied magnetic field. Their results revealed that
the peristaltic transport phenomena are strongly dependent on
the non-uniform parameter, amplitudes and phase shift of the wall
displacement.
4. Magnetic nanofluid hyperthermia
The human body naturally uses heat to fight disease. The body
defend itself by increasing its temperature several degrees to slow the
multiplication of disease causing agent (pathogens). This phenomenon
is called a fever. Fever is a kind of hyperthermia. Heating of certain
organs or tissue, reaching and maintaining for several minutes to
temperature between 41 °C and 46 °C for cancer therapy is called
hyperthermia.
Gilchrist [61] might be the first who conducted experiment on
hyperthermia using magnetic materials. He heated tissue samples with
20–100 nm size of particles of gamma-fe2O3 exposed to 1.2 MHz mag-
netic field. In 1993, Chan et al. [62] and Jordan [63] considered ferrofluids
for hyperthermia treatment. They prove that superparamagnetic crystal
suspension to absorb the energy of an alternating magnetic field and
convert it into heat. One previous study [64] has measured the nanofluid
and heat distribution induced by magnetic nanoparticles injected into
biological tissue. Water based ferrofluids with a volume concentration
of 3.3% were injected in agarose gel with porous structure similar to
human tissue. Different agarose concentration (0.2% to 4%) was consid-
ered to mimic different types of human tissues. By adjusting the injection
flow rate and proper selection of catheter and needle, they obtained
the desired spherical shaped of nanofluid distribution in the gel. With
3 kA/m of magnetic field strength, they demonstrated the temperature
rise at various location in the agarose gel. In another study, Salloum
et al. [65] measured the temperature elevations in the muscle tissue of
rat limb after the nanoparticle hyperthermia. They obtained the around
3.5 °C and 6.02 °C above the measured body temperature when the
injection amount was 0.1 cc and 0.2 cc, respectively.
Solopan et al. [66] synthesized a non-toxic magnetic nanoparticles of
lanthanum–strontium manganite and prepared water solutions of
agarose based of magnetic fluid. They successfully showed the possibil-
ity to heat this magnetic fluid up to 42–45 °C in externally applied alter-
nating magnetic field operated at 100–400 kHz. Verde and his team [67]
compared the performance of maghemite, copper, zinc, nickel and
cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in magnetic hyperthermia experiments.
They concluded that for low magnetic field amplitude hyperthermia
applications, copper-ferrite and maghemite nanoparticles were promis-
ing materials, while at the high field range, cobalt-ferrite has the best
magnetic hyperthermia properties. Using co-precipitation method,
Surendra et al. [68] synthesised water soluble ferrofluid made of poly-
acrylic acid-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies.
Their study was focused on the effect of ferrofluid concentration and
particles size on the rise of temperature as the temperature of local
body should not rise above 55 °C [69]. They found that upon exposure
to magnetic field, ferrofluids showed an initial linear rise and are
dynamically stabilised to a constant temperature value. They also ob-
served that for particles size of 10 nm, the maximum specific absorption
rate was 251 W/g. The study by Celik et al. [70] on size dependent
magnetic properties and heating mechanism of CoFe2O3 nanoparticles
indicated that particles with 9.9 + − 0.3 nm average diameter have
the highest heating ability in the AC magnetic field having 3.2 kA/m
amplitude and 571 kHz frequency. The maximum specific absorption
rate of 22 W/g was obtained.
Heydari and co-workers [71] experimentally investigated the
heat transfer of cylindrical agar gel which contains fluid flow. Fe3O4
63
nanoparticles were injected into the gel and then a.c. magnetic field of
7.3 kA/m and a frequency of 50 kHz was applied for 3600 s. Following
clinical reports [72] 3% volume concentration and diameter of 8 nm
has been used in their study. Due to water flow in the gel and small
amount of injected nanoparticles, the obtained temperature rise was
smaller than the previous reported studies [64,73].
In a recent study, Jeoung et al. [74] considered superparamagnetic
Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticle agents coated with polyethylene glycol
to investigate induction of heat shock proteins in cultured retinal
ganglion cells. Their results revealed that the magnetic nanofluid
hyperthermia efficiently penetrated into the cells and showed stable
and temperature rise characteristics.
5. Nanofluid flows past a stretching sheet
The boundary layer flow problem involving a stretching surface has
been the focus of extensive attempts due to its relevance in practical
applications such as metal and polymer processing, glass blowing,
cooling of microelectronics, wire drawing, paper production, crystal
growth process, die forging and condensation process. Various tech-
niques have been proposed to improve the cooling rate of sheet to
meet the quality demand of the final product [75,76,77,78,79].
Crane [80] possibly the first author to investigate the problem of
steady two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an incompressible and
viscous fluid caused by a stretching sheet. After this pioneering work,
the flow field over stretching surface has drawn considerable attention
and discussed in the literatures. Many early studies have considered the
flow of micropolar fluid driven by a stretching sheet as a cooling agent
[81,82,83,84,85]. On the other hand, the nanofluid flow past a stretching
sheet has been first investigated by Khan and Pop [86]. The numerical
model was incorporated with the effects of Brownian motion and
thermophoresis. The dependency of local Nusselt and local Sherwood
number on the dimensionless parameters of Prandtl number, Lewis
number, Brownian motion number and thermophoresis number has
been analysed. Later on, Khan and Pop [87] extended the research on
the forced convection nanofluid boundary layer flow in a porous
medium in the presence of thermal radiation. They found that the
local skin friction and the local Nusselt number depended on the both
flow resistance parameters and the thermal radiation parameter. Rana
and Bhargava [88] discussed the flow of nanofluid over a power-law
stretching surface. Numerical and analytical solutions for exponentially
stretched flow of nanofluid were provided by Mustafa et al. [89]. Moti-
vated by the study by Wang [90] and Turkyilmazoglu [91], Mustafa
et al. [92] utilized the two-phase nanofluid model which was earlier
suggested by Tiwari and Das [93] to predict the Bödewadt flow and
heat transfer of nanofluids over a stretching stationary disk.
The effect of external magnetic field on nanofluid convection over a
stretching sheet has been studied by several authors. The applied
magnetic field manipulates the suspended nanoparticles and rearranges
their concentration in the fluid which strongly control the momentum
and heat transfer characteristics of the boundary layer flow. Concerning
this, Uddin et al. [94] numerically investigated MHD boundary layer
flow in a nanofluid over a convectively heated permeable linearly
stretching sheet with heat generation. They reported that while the
external magnetic field reduces the velocity, heat transfer rate and
nanoparticle volume fraction rate, the skin friction factor increase with
increasing magnetic field. Ferdows et al. [95] analysed the combined
effect of thermal radiation and magnetic field on electrically conducting
mixed convective viscous nanofluid boundary layer flow from an
unsteady permeable stretching surface with viscous heating and surface
lateral mass flux. While Masoud et al. [96] studied similar problem but
using artificial neural network to predict the output results. Both of
the groups agreed that the magnetic field increases the friction factor
while reduces the Nusselt number. Similar results were reported by
Kameswaran et al. [97] who considered two types of nanofluids
(Cu–water and Ag–water) flow over a stretching sheet subject to
64 B. M'hamed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2016) 60–67

Table 1
External magnetic field on nanofluid.

Researchers Research method Nanofluids Case study

Shahsavar et al. [105]
Hayat et al. [106]
Mahmoudi et al. [107]
Goshayeshi et al. [108]
Sheikholeslami and Chamkha [109]
Selimefendigil et al. [110]
Mohyud-Din et al. [111]
Türk and Tezer-Sezgin [112]
Aghaei et al. [113]
Hayat et al. [114]
Das et al. [115]
Shakiba and Vahedi [116]
Rashidi et al. [117]
Mahmoudi et al. [118]
Ahrar and Djavareshkian [119]
Aly and Ebaid [120]
Goharkhah et al. [121]
Sheikholeslami et al. [122]
Mohammadpourfard et al. [123]
Kefayati [124]
Sheikholeslami et al. [125]
Selimefendigil and Öztop [126]
Sheikholeslami et al. [127]
Kefayati [128]
Malvandi and Ganji [129]
Experiment
Computation
Numerical (LBM)
Experiment
Numerical (control volume-based finite
element method (CVFEM))
Numerical (Galerkin weighted residual
finite element formulation)
Numerical (Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg
method)
Numerical (finite element method)
Numerical (The finite volume method
and SIMPLER algorithm)
Numerical (homotopy analysis method
(HAM))
Analytical
Numerical (Ansys Fluent 14)
Numerical (finite volume method
(FVM))
Numerical (LBM)
Numerical (LBM)
Analytical (Laplace transform)
Experimental
Numerical (Control Volume based Finite
Element Method (CVFEM))
Numerical (two phase mixture model
and control volume technique)
Numerical (Finite Difference Lattice
Boltzmann Method (FDLBM).)
Numerical (Control volume based finite
element method)
Numerical (Finite element method)
Numerical (Control volume based finite
element method)
Numerical (Finite Difference Lattice
Boltzmann Method)
Theoretical
Hybrid nanofluid containing Laminar force convective heat transfer
tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) through heated tube
coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and gum arabic
(GA) coated carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
Water based fluid comprising Flow of magnetic nanofluid (ferrofluid)
magnetite–Fe3O4 nanoparticles between two parallel rotating
stretchable disks with different rotating
and stretching velocities
Water–Al2O3 nanofluid Natural convection cooling of
water–Al2O3 nanofluid by two heat sinks
vertically attached to the horizontal walls
Fe2O3/Kerosene nanofluid Copper closed-loop oscillating heat pipe
under the magnetic field for inclination
angles ranging from 0° to 90°, under
different heat inputs (10–90 W)
Mixture of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles Double-sided lid-driven enclosure with a
and water sinusoidal hot wall
CuO–water nanofluid Mixed convection of lid driven cavity
MHD nanofluid Flow, heat, and mass transfer in the
convergent and divergent channels. The
walls of the channel are also considered
to be stretching/shrinking
Aluminum oxide–water nanofluid Two-dimensional, laminar, unsteady
natural convection flow in a square
enclosure
Cu–water nanofluid Mixed convection and entropy
generation of nanofluid in a trapezoidal
enclosure
Water/magnetite–Fe3O4 Flow of ferrofluid due to a rotating disk in
the presence of
homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions
Copper, alumina and titania water Free convective flow due to an oscillating
nanofluids porous flat plate in a rotating frame of
reference
Ferrofluid (water–Fe3O4) Nanofluid flow in a counter-current
horizontal double pipe heat exchanger
Al2O3–water nanofluid Nanofluid flow around a triangular
obstacle
Water–Al2O3 nanofluid Natural convection cooling of nanofluid
by two heat sinks vertically attached to
the horizontal walls of a cavity
Cu–water nanofluid Cavity with sinusoidal temperature
boundary condition
Water based nanofluid Copper and Titanium Marangoni boundary layer flow past a
dioxide surface embedded in a porous medium
Ferrofluid (water–Fe3O4) Laminar forced convective heat transfer
of (ferrofluid) in a long uniformly heated
parallel plate channel
Ferrofluid (water–Fe3O4) Forced convection heat transfer in a semi
annulus
Ferrofluid (water and 4% Fe3O4 Entropy generation and heat transfer in a
nanoparticles) nanofluid filled cavity with natural
convection
Water and nanoparticles of copper (Cu) Laminar natural convection of
non-Newtonian nanofluids in a square
cavity
Nanofluid Nanofluid forced convection heat
transfer in a lid driven semi-annulus
Nanofluid Laminar forced convection of nanofluid
flow over a backward facing step
Fe3O4–water Force convection heat transfer in a lid
driven semi annulus enclosure
Water and nanoparticles of copper (Cu) Laminar mixed convection of
non-Newtonian nanofluids in a square
lid-driven cavity
Alumina/water nanofluid Forced convective heat transfer of
alumina/water nanofluid in microchannels

hydromagnetic, viscous dissipation, chemical reaction and Soret effects.
They also revealed that the Cu–water nanofluid exhibits higher wall
heat and mass transfer rates as compared to a Ag–water nanofluid.
The effects of space and temperature dependent internal heat
generation/absorption on MHD flow of a nanofluid over a stretching
sheet have been discussed by Ganga et al. [98]. The flow was generated
due to linear stretching of the sheet and influenced by uniform magnetic
field, which is applied normally to the stretching sheet. The reduced dif-
ferential equations were solved numerically by the fourth order Runge–
Kutta method with shooting technique. Water based with various
 B. M'hamed et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2016) 60–67
nanoparticles such as Cu, Ag, Al2O3 and TiO2 have been used to investi-
gate the effect of the applied magnetic field on thermos and hydrody-
namics behaviour of nanofluids. Later on, Sandeep and his co-workers
[99] measured the behaviour of MHD Jeffrey nanofluid in the presence
of chemical reaction. Similar findings were reported where the induced
magnetic field parameter have tendency to enhance the heat and mass
transfer rate and reduce the friction factor.
The role of thermal radiation is of major important in manufacturing
industries such as glass production, nuclear power plants, propulsion sys-
tem and many more. The effect of radiation also becomes more important
when the difference between the surface and the ambient temperature is
large. The effect of thermal radiation on hydromagnetic mixed convection
flow over a non-linear stretching and shrinking sheets in nanofluids has
been presented by Pal et al. [100]. Among three different tested nanofluid,
they found that the copper-water nanofluid exhibits higher mass transfer
rates compared to the alumina-water and the titanium dioxide–water
nanofluids. Rashidi et al. [101] investigated the radiation effect of MHD
convective flow of water based nanofluid over a vertical stretching
sheet while Makinde et al. [102] investigated the same effect on MHD
flow of a variable viscosity of nanofluid. The work is later extended by
Khan et al. [103] who investigated the problem of oblique hydromagnetic
stagnation point flow of a variable viscosity of nanofluid. They concluded
that non-alignment of the re-attachement point on the sheet surface
decrease with an increase in magnetic field intensity.
In a most related recent study, Ahmad et al. [104] analysed the heat
transfer in MHD three dimensional flow of magnetic nanofluid over a
bidirectionally stretching sheet. The base fluid was considered as
water which consist of magnetite–Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Following the
earlier work by Tiwari and Das [94], a coupled non-linear differential
system was numerically solved. They highlighted that the cooling rate
in Fe3O4 water ferrofluid is approximately 21% larger than that of pure
water under the effect of external magnetic field. They also claimed
that the heat transfer rate in case of bidirectionally stretching surface
was larger in comparison to that of unidirectional stretching case.
6. Other applications
In the above sections, the effect of external magnetic field on
nanofluid has been extensively reviewed. Other than the mentioned
above, application of magnetic field on nanofluid can be seen in many
other situations such as heat pipe, convective heat transfer in enclosure,
flow in convergence-divergence channels, heat exchanger and many
more. Table 1 summaries the various situations where the nanofluid is
exposed to external magnetic field.
7. Conclusion
This paper presents an inclusive review on the application of
external magnetic field on nanofluid. The magnetic nanofluid has gain
significant attention due to its capability to respond to the external
magnetic field. Other than to enhance the thermal conductivity of
nanofluid, external magnetic field has been applied on magnetic
nanofluid to control the flow characteristics of nanofluid. For example,
external magnetic field is applied for the delivery of magnetic nanopar-
ticles loaded with drug to the tumor site. However, it should be noted
that many challenges need to be identified and overcome for different
applications. The stability and production cost are two major factors
that hinder the commercialization of magnetic nanofluids. In magnetic
hyperthermia application, researchers are still looking for the best prep-
aration method to obtain a non-toxic magnetic nanoparticle before
injected to tumor cell for magnetic heating. By solving these challenges,
it is expected that nanofluids can make a substantial impact not only to
the industries and engineering fields but also elevating the quality of
human life.
65
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