Gases

Chapter 5

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Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere

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 Physical Characteristics of Gases
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

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NO2 gas
 Force
Pressure = Area

Units of Pressure
Fuerza (N) por área (m2)

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

760 mm
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
mmHg = torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.01325 x 103 Pa
1 Bar = 1.00000 x 103 Pa
1 atm = aprox 15 psi
Psi = pounds per cubic inch
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En vez de usar mercurio, Hg, uso agua

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• Ejemplo.
Su tanque de oxigeno registra en el medidor de presion
3500 psi.
Cuantos Pa y cuantas atm son?
3500 psi (1 atm/15 psi) = 233 atm.
233 atm (101325 Pa/1 atm) = 23608725 Pa
= 23.6 MPa

Y Cuantas moles hay de este gas si a 556 torr y 30 grados

celcius ocupa un volumen de 8 metros cubicos?

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Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature
at Constant Pressure

Charles’s &
Gay-Lussac’s
Law

- 273.15
Celsius = cero
absoluto

VaT Temperature must be

in Kelvin
T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15 8
 Ideal Gas Equation
Boyle’s law: P a 1 (at constant n and T)
V
Charles’s law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)

nT nT
V = constant =R R is the gas constant
P P 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K

PV = nRT
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The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).

Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal

gas occupies 22.4 L.
Recordar:

1 mol de gas = 22.4 L.

PV = nRT
PV
R=
nT

R = 0.0821 L • atm / (mol • K)

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Example 5.3
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a
colorless and odorless gas.

Due to its lack of chemical reactivity,

it is used as an insulator in electronic
equipment.

Calculate the pressure (in atm)

ejercida por 1.82 moles of the
gas en un reactor of volume
5.43 L at 69.5°C.

V= 5.43 L
n = 1.82 mol
T = 69.5 + 273 = 342.5 K
Example 5.3

Strategy
The problem gives the amount of the gas and its volume and
temperature.

Is the gas undergoing a change in any of its properties?

What equation should we use to solve for the pressure?

What temperature unit should we use?

Example 5.3
Solution Because no changes in gas properties occur, we can
use the ideal gas equation to calculate the pressure.

Rearranging Equation (5.8), we write

Example 5.4

Calculate the volume (in L) occupied by 7.40 g of NH3 at STP.

Example 5.4
Strategy
What is the volume of one mole of an ideal gas at STP?

How many moles are there in 7.40 g of NH3?

Solution
Recognizing that 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.41 L at
STP and using the molar mass of NH3 (17.03 g), we write the
sequence of conversions as
Example 5.4
So the volume of NH3 is given by

It is often true in chemistry, particularly in gas-law calculations,

that a problem can be solved in more than one way. Here the
problem can also be solved by first converting 7.40 g of NH3 to
number of moles of NH3, and then applying the ideal gas
equation (V = nRT/P). Try it.

Check Because 7.40 g of NH3 is smaller than its molar mass,

its volume at STP should be smaller than 22.41 L. Therefore,
the answer is reasonable.
Example 5.5

El vol de un globo de helio es

0.55 L a nivel mar (1.0 atm)si
sube a 6.5 km de altura, where
the pressure is about 0.40 atm.

Assuming that the temperature

es constant, what is the final
volume of the globo?

PV=nRT(inicio) = PV=nRT(fin)
n(moles) no cambia
R no cambia
T no cambia A scientific research
helium balloon.
• PV = nRT
• PV (inicial) = nRT (ninguno de estos datos de la derecha
cambian = son constants)
• PV = constant

• Lo mismo para los datos finales, cuando el globo sube: nRT

sigue siendo el mismo y es la misma constant.
• Por lo tanto
• PV (final) = constant
• Ergo>
• PV (inicial) = constant = PV (final)
• Que queda
• PV(inicial) = PV(final)
• PV(inicial) conocemos, P(final) conocemos, V(final) hay que
despejar 18
Example 5.5
Strategy The amount of gas inside the balloon and its
temperature remain constant, but both the pressure and the
volume change. What gas law do you need?

Solution

Because n1 = n2 (moles no cambia) and T1 = T2, (Temp no

cambia)

es parte de la ecuación de gases ideales, excluyendo n, R y T

que son constantes.
Example 5.5
The given information is tabulated:
Initial Conditions Final Conditions
P1 = 1.0 atm P2 = 0.40 atm
V1 = 0.55 L V2 = ?
Therefore,

Check The final volume is greater than the initial volume, so

the answer is reasonable.
Example 5.6
Argon is an inert gas used in
lightbulbs to retard the
vaporization of the tungsten
filament.

A certain lightbulb containing

argon at 1.20 atm and 18°C is
heated to 85°C at constant
volume.

Calculate its final pressure (in

atm).
n(moles) no cambia
Electric lightbulbs are
R no cambia usually filled with
V no cambia  PV = nRT argon.
Example 5.6
Strategy The temperature and pressure of argon change but
the amount and volume of gas remain the same.

Solution Because n1 = n2 and V1 = V2, por eso no se

incluyen en la ecuación, porque no cambian.
Y solo queda
Example 5.6
Next we write
Initial Conditions Final Conditions
P1 = 1.20 atm P2 = ?
T1 = (18 + 273) K = 291 K T2 = (85 + 273) K = 358 K

The final pressure is given by

Check At constant volume, the pressure of a given amount of

gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
Therefore the increase in pressure is reasonable.
Density (d) Calculations

m PMM m is the mass of the gas in g

d= =
V RT MM is the molar mass of the gas

Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance

dRT
MM = d is the density of the gas in g/L
P
Densidad del gas es proporcional (directamente) con la masa molar

Si M aumenta, la densidad, d, aumenta. 24

• Entre los siguientes gases, identifique el mas denso:
CH4 (MM=16 g/mol) 
CO2 (MM=44 g/mol) 
N2 (MM=28 g/mol) 
H2 (MM=2 g/mol) 
Butano CH3CH2CH2CH3 (MM=58)  mas denso
Eter metílico CH3-O-CH3 (MM=46) 

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• Cual es mas denso, aire o CO2?
• Aire = 78 % N2 y 22 % O2
• N2 = 28 g/mol
• O2 = 32 g/mol
• Masa molar aire ponderada=
28 (78/100) + 32 (22/100) = 28.9 g/mol

Cual es mas denso???

• El CO2

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Example 5.8

Calculate the density of carbon dioxide (CO2) in grams per liter

(g/L) at 0.990 atm and 55°C.
Example 5.8
Strategy We need Equation (5.11) to calculate gas density.

Is sufficient information provided in the problem?

What temperature unit should be used?

Solution To use Equation (5.11), we convert temperature to

kelvins (T = 273 + 55 = 328 K) and use 44.01 g for the molar
mass of CO2:
Example 5.8
Alternatively, we can solve for the density by writing

Assuming that we have 1 mole of CO2, the mass is 44.01 g.

The volume of the gas can be obtained from the ideal gas
equation
Example
Conclusion

Por lo tanto, para que un globo se eleve, tengo que usar gases
mas livianos que el aire. El Helio y el Hidrogeno son mas
livianos porque tienen masa molar menor que los gases del
aires y son menos densos.
Gas Stoichiometry

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Example 5.12
Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in some
automobile air bags. The impact of a
collision triggers the decomposition of
NaN3 as follows:

The nitrogen gas produced quickly

inflates the bag between the driver
and the windshield and dashboard.

Calculate the volume of N2 generated

at 80°C and 823 mmHg by the
An air bag can
decomposition of 60.0 g of NaN3.
protect the driver in
an automobile
collision.
Example 5.12
Strategy From the balanced equation we see that
2 mol NaN3 ≏ 3 mol N2 so the conversion factor between NaN3
and N2 is

Because the mass of NaN3 is given, we can calculate the

number of moles of NaN3 and hence the number of moles of N2
produced.

Finally, we can calculate the volume of N2 using the ideal gas

equation.
Example 5.12
Solution First we calculate number of moles of N2 produced by
60.0 g NaN3 using the following sequence of conversions

so that

The volume of 1.38 moles of N2 can be obtained by using the

ideal gas equation:
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
V and T are constant

P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
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Seguro va en el examen
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Vapor of Water and Temperature

En Quito a P=553 torr

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 Chemistry in Action:
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
Depth (ft) Pressure
(atm)
0 1

33 2

66 3

P V

A mayor presion, hay mas solubilidad de gases en la sangre

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Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas
with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.


vel1 M2
=
vel2 M1

Por lo tanto
la velocidad NH4Cl
de “viaje” de
un gas
depende de
su masa
molar. NH3 HCl
17 g/mol 36 g/mol
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• Cual gas tiene una mayor velocidad de difusión?

CH4 (masa=16) 
CO2 (masa=44) 
N2 (masa=14) 

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Gas effusion is the process by which gas under pressure
escapes from one compartment of a container to another by
passing through a small opening.


vel1 M2
=
vel2 M1

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• En la zona izq hay 0.5 atm de He y 0.5 atm de CO2
• Luego de hacer el orificio, cual gas sale primero si la presion en
el lado derecho es 1.0 atm

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