Evaluation of Land Use in Gunung Sewu Geopark Area

(Case in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village)

Johan Setiadi, Suratman, Eko Haryono
Department of Environmental Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Correspondence to Johan Setiadi: johansetiadi1993@gmail.com

Abstract
Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village geographically located at Gunung Sewu karst area that have a geological heritage Luweng Cokro,
it has been established by Global Geopark Network UNESCO as world geological heritage. Concern conflict to undertake conservation and
community pressure to exploit karst natural resources in Bedoyo Village and Umbulrejo Vilage will inflict the problems of land degradation
in karst area. This research aimed to evaluated land capability, actual land use suitability, and provided land use directives to support
sustainable geopark in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village by using GIS approach. Land use in Bedoyo Village and Umbulrejo Village
are classified as suitable land with area 604,42 hectars and 979,49 hectars, positive unsuitable land area 243,06 hectars and 236,60 hectars,
and negative unsuitable land area 140,77 hectars and 162,20 hectars. Land use in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village are classified as
suitable land with concept of geopark development with area 847,80 ha and 1.248,69 ha and unsuitable land area 142,20 ha and 131,31
ha.. The land use suitability aspect shown that land use in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village has been classified as suitable, this is
shown by dominance of suitable land in both villages and the karst area management strategy must prioritize conservation actions to
maintain sustainability geopark in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village .

Keywords: landuse, karst area, geopark, GIS, Bedoyo Village, Umbulrejo Village

1. Introduction

Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village geographically located in Gunung Sewu karst area and have Luweng Cokro as
geological heritage which has been established by GGN UNESCO as world’s geological heritage. Geological diversity are
geological component that have function as history trace of the earth formation. Geological diversity various consist of
landscape, landform, rock outcrop, rock groups, rock type, soil, mineral, crystal, and fossil that contain of meaningful values,
then geological diversity is non-renewable geological heritage and need to be protected (Wang, et al. 2015).

Concern conflicts to undertake conservation and community pressure to exploit karst natural resources will inflict land
degradation problems in karst areas. Geological heritage will become extinct, if the community choose exploitation as the only
way to attain economic welfare. Geological heritage protection is crucial and has been accommodated in the Spatial Planning
Law and the legislation its derived (Aidin, 2017).

Karst Hill is a vital aquifer, it is an underground river reservoir in the karst region. Limestone mining in karst hills is done by
cutting karst hills vertical cavities which are the connector between surface zones and underground rivers that will cause slope

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damage and filters damage or filters that serve as a barrier to various kinds of pollutants from the surface zone drop to
underground rivers. The mined epikarst zone will cause pollution to the underground river water quality that is utilized by the
community for daily needs (Adji, 2009).

The hydrological cycle in Gunung Sewu karst ecosystem has an important role to play carbon absorption, carbon consumption,
and carbon cycle balancer, it can reduce the greenhouse effect and global warming. Preliminary calculation results show that
the amount of activated carbon absorbed by the karstification process in Gunung Sewu during the year amounted to around
72,000 tons of CO2 gas (Haryono, et al., 2009). Non-suitable actual land use with the ability class or potential possessed by
the land causes errors in land use and land degradation so that land use becomes unsustainable (Widyatmoko, 2010).

This research aims to evaluate land ability and actual land use sustaibility to determine land use strategies in accordance with
the sustainable geopark development basic concepts of in Bedoyo village and Umbul Rejo village. Land capability evaluation
is an important component in the land use planning process to minimize environmental degradation around Gunung Sewu
geopark. The assessment of the actual land use sustaibility with the land capability class aims to determine the level of land
use error. Land use error is a land use pattern that is not in accordance with the land potential and has potential to cause the
land degradation. Moreover, a land use strategy was formulated in accordance with the sustainable geopark development basic
concepts in Bedoyo village and Umbul Rejo village.

2. Research Method

This research uses a Geographic Information System approach that is carried out in three stages, namely the pre-survey, survey
and post-survey stages. Land unit is obtained by overlaying the geological map, land type map, landform map, slope map, and
land use map. Moreover, 13 sample points were taken in Bedoyo Village and 15 sample points in Umbul Rejo Village with a
purposive sampling method.

The aspects in this research consisted of five main aspects, namely land capability evaluation, actual land use suitability, karst
environmental disturbance level, identification of vulnerability and resilience of community households, and land use strategies
in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village. Land capability evaluation in this research uses LCLP.

Land use suitability evaluation in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village was obtained by overlaying the Land Capability
Map and Actual Land Use Map in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village. The land use strategy in this research was carried
out by considering the aspects of land capability class, geodiversity potential, biodiversity potential, and cultural diversity
potential in Bedoyo and Umbul Rejo villages

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3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Land Capability Evaluation in Bedoyo and Umbul Rejo Villages

Land capability evaluation is basically an assessing process of land potential for certain uses. Evaluation of land capability is
grouped into arable land and non-arable land. The land capability class in Bedoyo Village consists of land capability classes
of II, III, IV, VI, VII, and VIII. The land capability classes in Umbul Rejo Village consist of land capability classes of II, III,
IV, and VII. Bedoyo village is dominated by low land potential, namely as land capability classes of VI to VIII. The most
extensive land capability class in Bedoyo village is land capability class of VII, with land area of 308,07 ha. The land capability
class of III has the second widest area after the land capability class of VII, with land area of 219,58 ha. The land potential in
Bedoyo Village is dominated by land capability class of VII, while high land potential in Bedoyo village is dominated by land
capability class of III. Overall, Bedoyo Village has the land with high potential to moderate area of 458,26 ha and the land
with low potential of 531,74 ha. The result recapitulation of land capability class analyses in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo
Village are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. Map of Land Capability Classes in Bedoyo and Umbul Rejo Villages is presented
in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Table 1. Result of Land Capabality Evaluation in Bedoyo Village

No. Land Capability Area (Ha) Class Description

1. II 37,83 High Arable land

2. III 219,58 High Arable land

3. IV 200,85 Medium Arable land

4. VI 137,78 Low Non-arable land

5. VII 308,07 Low Non-arable land

6. VIII 85,89 Low Non-arable land

Source : Data Analysis, 2019.

Umbul Rejo village is dominated by high land potential namely as land capability classes of II and III and medium land
potential namely as land capability class of IV. The most extensive land capability class in Umbul Rejo Village is land
capability class of III, with land area of 766,40 ha. The land capability class of VII has wider area after land capability class
of III, with land area of 282,17 ha.

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 Table 2. Result of Land Capabality Evaluation in Umbul Rejo Village

No. Land Capability Area (Ha) Class Description

1. II 70,92 High Arable land

2. III 766,40 High Arable land

3. IV 260,51 Medium Arable land

4. VII 282,17 Low Non-arable land

Source : Data Analysis, 2019.

Figure 1. Land Capability Map in Bedoyo Village

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Figure 2. Land Capability Map in Umbul Rejo Village

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The high land potential in Umbul Rejo Village is dominated by land capability class of III. The low land potential in Umbul
Rejo Village is dominated by land capability class of VII. Overall, Umbul Rejo Village has 1.097,83 ha of high to moderate
potential land and 282,17 ha of low potential land. Limiting factors in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village lands consist
of drainage, soil depth, gravel/rock, surface slope, permeability, and topsoil texture.

The land management with drainage limiting factors requires manufacture of shallow drainage channels width 0,4-0,6 meters
to prevent organic acids formation, it cause oxidation of sulfuric acid layers and plants toxicity (Effendy, 2011). In addition,
land with drainage limiting factors can be used for land use such as irrigated rice field, because it requires puddling, flooding
and drying. Puddling inflicts soil dispersion and inundation causes the organic matter destruction, iron oxide and manganese
oxide layers reduction into water-soluble forms. Water-saturated soil conditions and drying processes will accelerate the
stabilizing soil aggregates process that form hard and dense layers, thereby increasing utilization efficiency.

The land management with soil depth limiting factor requires planting holes with wider diameter because the root systems
develop in shallow soil depths tend to spread horizontally and pot system application as a plant growing medium so that plant
roots can develop properly. The planting method with intensive silvicultural patterns can be used to overcome land with
limiting factors such as gravel/rocks. Intensive silviculture is a technique that integrates three main silvicultural elements,
namely glorified target species, environmental manipulation, and integrated pest control (Harjianto, et al., 2016).

The land with sloping or hilly surface will increase runoff. Land management with slope limiting factor requires soil
conservation techniques application such as the ridge terrace manufacture. The ridge terrace is a mound of ridges (soil piles)
created to shorten the slope length and minimize the slope by excavating and landfilling in the contour line direction. In
addition, land management with slope limiting factor can also be done by providing mulch that protect the soil, reduce
evaporation, and create a good environment for microbial growth so that the stability of soil aggregates is maintained and
minimizes soil erodibility (Harjianto, et al., 2016 ).

Soil with sandy loam texture dominated by sand fraction has not formed an aggregate so that it is sensitive to erosion if it
found on soils with sloping topography. In addition, there is a large pore space between the soil grains which causes the soil
with low ability to bind water so the water will infiltrate and move to the lower layers through the soil cavity which causes the
plant to become water shortage and permanent wilting. Land management with soil texture limiting factor requires the organic
material addition into the soil which has functions as a binding agent or soil aggregate adhesive so that the pore space in the
soil increases. Increased pore space in the soil causes the ability of the soil to bind water and provide air space will be more
proportional. The decomposition process carried out by microbes on organic matter will form colloids which increase the soil
absorption ability of cation exchange capacity in providing nutrients for plants.

A rather rapid soil permeability will be able to increase the soil infiltration capacity which results in water unavailability for
the plants and they will reach a permanent withering point. Permanent withering point is a condition where the plant's root

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system is no longer able to absorb ground water, the plant undergoes plasmolysis. Land management with soil permeability
limiting factors requires organic matter addition into the soil. In addition, land management with soil permeability limiting
factor can also be done by treatment of puddling on soil, because it can destroy soil aggregates resulting in decrease the total
pore space so that the soil ability to pass water is reduced.

3.2. Suitability of Land Use in Bedoyo dan Umbul Rejo Villages

The suitable land use in Bedoyo Village is 604,42 ha, with non positively suitable is 243.06 ha and non negatively suitable is
140,77 ha. The suitable land use in Bedoyo Village according to the geopark development basic concept is 847,80 ha and non
suitable land according to the geopark development basic concept is 142,20 ha. Meanwhile, the suitable land use in Umbul
Rejo Village is 968,59 ha, non positively suitable is 278,39 ha, and non negatively suitable is 131,31 ha. The land use in Umbul
Rejo Village according to the geopark development basic concept is 1.248,69 ha and non suitable land according to the
developing geopark basic concept is 131,31 ha. Suitability of Land Use Map in Bedoyo and Umbul Rejo Villages are presented
in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 3. Suitability of Land Use with Capabilty Land Map in Bedoyo Village

Land use that suitable with the land capability class in Bedoyo Village is dominated respectively by shrubs 378,02 ha, fields
160,12 ha, and settlements 52,37 ha. Suitable land use in Umbul Rejo Village is dominated by moors 636,34 ha, shrubs 163,45

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ha, and settlements 93,16 ha. The negatively suitable land use in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village is dominated by
shrubs/bushes 210,57 ha and 255,06 ha. Meanwhile, the non positively suitable land uses in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo
Village are dominated by moors 86,28 ha and 110,01 ha.

Figure 4. Suitability of Land Use with Capabilty Land Map in Umbul Rejo Village

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Land use not in according to the geopark development basic concept in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village is dominated
by dry fields 86,28 ha and 110,01 ha. Other land uses that not in according to the concept of geopark development in Bedoyo
and Umbul Rejo Villages are dominated by settlements 31,26 ha and 19,78 ha.

Moor is an intensive agricultural management system, high land potential is needed, namely as land capability classes of I, II,
and III. Moor land use in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village still exists on land capability classes of VI, VII, and VIII,
with area of 70.75 ha and 80.82 ha. Land capability classes of VI, VII, and VIII are low land potential that should be designated
for grasses, forestry plants, and limited plantation crops.

Mixed garden land use is a plantation pattern that is not intensive and limited, it requires land that has medium land potential,
namely land with land capability class of IV. However, in reality mixed garden land use in Bedoyo Village still exists on low
land potential, namely land capability classes of VI, VII, and VIII with area of 35,14 ha and mixed garden land use in Umbul
Rejo village still on land capability class of VII with area of 23,84 ha. Mixed garden land use in Bedoyo Village and Umbul
Rejo Village are on low land potential and have limiting factors such as surface slope and permeability. In addition, if annual
crops proportional is higher than woody plants on land management in mixed garden land use, it will increase
erosion/landslides potential or erosion/landslides threat.

Settlement is a part of outside the protected area environment, both urban and rural areas function as a residence or residential
environment and a place of activity that supports life and human livelihoods (UU RI No. 1 Pasal 1 Ayat 5 Tahun 2011).
According to Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum No. 41 Tahun 2007 tentang Pedoman Teknis Kawasan Budidaya, the
establishment of settlements must consider several land characteristics, such as flat to wavy land topography (0-25%), the
water sources availability in the form of ground water or water treated by the organizer in sufficient quantities, not located in
a disaster-prone area, good to moderate drainage, not in the border area of rivers, beaches, reservoirs, lakes, springs, waterways,
railroad tracks, or flight areas, and not in a protected area or cultivation area agriculture/buffer.

Land characteristics for residential areas establishment require high land potential, namely land capability classes of I, II and
III. Land use for residential areas in Bedoyo Village still exists on low land potential, namely with land capability classes of
VI, VII, and VIII with area of 12,81 ha which has limiting factors such as surface slope and permeability. Similar to Bedoyo
Village, land use for residential areas in Umbul Rejo Village still exists on low land potential, namely land with a land
capability class of VII with area of 12,55 ha. Limiting factors in the form of surface slopes and permeability for residential
areas are related to the potential or threat of erosion / landslides and clean water supply in residential areas.

Shrubs/bushes land use in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village still exist on high to moderate land capability classes,
namely land capability classes of II, III, and IV. Land capability classes of II, III, and IV are high potential land, it can be used
for intensive agricultural land management. Shrubs/bushes are heterogeneous and homogeneous natural vegetation with

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density that is rarely up to dense in karst region. Shrubs/bushes land use are generally dominated by low vegetation or
succession vegetation in former forest areas. Shrubs/bushes land use should be on low land capability classes, namely land
capability classes of V, VI, VII, and VIII.

Garden land uses in Bedoyo village are still exist on land capability class III, namely high land potential. Land capability class
III with high land potential and limiting factors are slightly more suitable for crop cultivation included in the category of
intensive agriculture, such as annual crops. Cultivated plants in gardens are generally perennial hardwood plants, therefore
land use in the form of gardens should be on moderate to low land capability classes, namely capability classes of IV, V, and
VI.

Suitable land use in Bedoyo Village is dominated by shrubs / bushes, dry fields, and settlements land uses with area of 354,50
ha, 178,90 ha, and 56,90 ha, respectively. Similar to Bedoyo Village, suitable land use in Umbul Rejo Village is dominated by
drylands, shrubs, and settlements land uses with area of 686,34 ha, 141,10 ha and 100,39 ha. Shrubs/bushes land use in Bedoyo
Village and Umbul Rejo Village are on land capability classes of VI, VII, and VIII. Land capability classes of VI, VII, and
VIII generally have limiting factors in surface slope and permeability forms, so shrubs/bushes land use is very suitable for the
land. Shrubs with root structure, their crowns, and litter thickness are believed to be able to withstand the blow of rainwater
that falls directly to the ground so that rainwater does not directly become a runoff that carries the soil as eroded material. In
addition, litter that is thick enough to increase the content of organic matter in the soil and improve soil structure so that the
infiltration capacity and soil permeability can be better.

Settlement land use in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village are on high to moderate land capability classes, namely land
capability classes of II, III, and IV which generally have land characteristics, such as flat to wavy land topography (0-25%),
the water sources availability in sufficient quantities ground water, not in disaster prone areas, and has good drainage to
moderate, so it is very suitable for land use in the form of residential areas.

Moor land use in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village are in land capability classes of II, III, and IV. Land capability
classes of II, III, and IV with high to moderate land potential and limiting factors and slightly more suitable for crop cultivation
are included in the category of intensive agriculture, such as annual crops.

In addition, suitable land use in the Umbul Rejo Village, namely irrigated rice fields, rain-fed rice fields, and gardens land uses
with areas of 41,86 ha, 29,94 ha, and 23,33 ha. Irrigated and rain-fed rice field land uses in Umbul Rejo Village is on land
capability of III which has high land potential with a limited limiting factor so it is very suitable for crop cultivation which is
included in the intensive agriculture category.

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 3.3. Land Use Strategy to Support Sustainable Geopark in Bedoyo and Umbul Rejo Villages

Geopark is a regional development concept in several geoheritage located in areas that have been built and managed by
integrating conservation principles and existing government spatial plans compiled by community participation (Komoo,
1993). Based on above definition, it can be formulated that geopark is sustainable regional development concept that combines
three environment main components, namely geodiversity, biodiversity, and cultural diversity with the aim of development
and economic development based on the protection principle (conservation) of three main environment components.

The geodiversity potential of Bedoyo Village includes Simpenan Cave, Luweng Jomblangan, Luweng Jati, Mendak Lake and
Kedokan Lake. The geodiversity potential of Umbul Rejo Village includes Lawa Cave, Nggremeng Cave, Luweng Cokro,
Beton Lake, and Lawa Lake. Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village also have the cultural diversity potential which is the
ancestors heritage still maintain their existence, such as the traditions of Rawuhan, Padusan, Syawalan, Rasulan, and Bersih
Desa.

Land use strategy in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village are prepared by considering the land capability class,
geodiversity, biodiversity, and cultural diversity potential to prevent land degradation due to land misuse, it is expected to be
able to support the suitable karst area management creation in supporting sustainable geopark. Land use strategies in Bedoyo
Village are dominated by land use directives in extensive production and agricultural forests forms with area of 258,07 ha and
250,85 ha. Land use strategies in Umbul Rejo village are dominated by land use strategies in extensive agriculture form with
area of 772,06 ha. The basic concept of sustainable geopark development consists of conservation, education, and local
community development. Some efforts can be done in Bedoyo and Umbul Rejo Villages to implement karst management in
accordance with the basic concept of geopark, include land revegetation planning after limestone mining and ecotourism
development by prioritizing exokarst and endocarst morphology. Land area based on land use strategy in Bedoyo and Umbul
Rejo Villages are presented in Table 3 and Table 4.

Efforts to minimize and control erosion rate are main limiting factors in land capability class of VII, namely land use direction
in production forest or agroforestry forms. Agroforestry is a combination of agricultural and forestry cropping patterns, it is
providing multiple benefits economically capable in agricultural crops production and forestry plants forms. The agroforestry
planting pattern is a combination of woody plants and annual crops which is able to form a canopy structure in layers
throughout the year as to reduce the kinetic energy of rainwater which will destroy the soil structure as eroded material. Besides
woody plants are also able to reduce soil erosion by increasing the infiltration rate and reducing the rainwater runoff. The root
system of woody plants is also able to increase soil porosity and litter is able to add organic material to the soil so it can
improve soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Hydrologically, rainwater entering the soil will be absorbed by
topsoil and will slowly be released if topsoil has water content above the saturation point, so that rainwater absorbed by topsoil
is a water available stash after the rainy season. Thus, even though forests experience a reduction in the available water total

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amount, forests will continue to distribute water reserves stored in topsoil throughout the year, so that floods during the rainy
season and drought during the dry season can be avoided.

Table 3. Land Area Based on Land Use Strategy in Bedoyo Village

No. Land Capability Land Use Strategy Area (ha)

1. II Intensive Agriculture 78,83

2. III Extensive Agriculture 250,85

3. IV Marginal Farming 219,58

4. VI Limited Grazing and Farm 137,78

5. VII Production Forest 258,07

6. VIII Protected Forest 44,89

Source : Data Analysis, 2019.

Table 4. Land Area Based on Land Use Strategy in Umbul Rejo Village

No. Land Capability Land Use Strategy Area (ha)

1. II Intensive Agriculture 65,26

2. III Extensive Agriculture 772,06

3. IV Marginal Farming 260,51

4. VII Production Forest 282,17

Source : Data Analysis, 2019.

Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village in the karst area have a lot of tourism potential that can be developed to create
sustainable geopark areas, such as the ecotourism development in karst area in accordance with the basic concept of geopark
development in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village should pay attention to ecotourism management planning. This aims
to minimize the negative impact of the development of ecotourism so it is in line with the main goal of developing geopark,
namely conservation.

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In general, the ecotourism development of karst areas in Ponjong District uses an inter-system. Inter-system is an interaction
among zones to complement the region potential as to create a sustainable ecotourism system. The ecotourism form generally
developed in karst areas in Ponjong District is a hard tourism (special interest tourism) which is operation by limiting the
number of visitors. The karst area ecotourism management planning in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village can use a
management plan and harmonization.

Management plan is carried out by inventorying potential that exists in each zone to be able to complement each other. There
are inputs in physical material and social potential, processes in implementation and management that are overseen by
stakeholders and community, outputs in sustainable ecotourism with good interactions among zones, interactions between
visitors with local communities and good environment, and the concept of conservation (Nuraini, 2012).

Figure 5. Land Use Strategy in Bedoyo Village

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.

Figure 6. Land Use Strategy in Umbul Rejo Village

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In addition, the community participation planning in ecotourism development of karst area in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo
Village has no less important value, namely local communities development. Planning for community participation in
ecotourism development can be done through FGD (Forum Group Discussion) with village officials, community leaders and
villagers as well as socialization about ecotourism development programs in karst areas through regular education, training,
and developing policies on karst area management to support sustainable geopark in accordance with or taking into account
community suggestions / input. Tours that can be developed in the karst region by prioritizing exokarst and endocarst
morphology such as study trips, hiking, caving, camping, and out bond. Maps of Land Use Strategies in Bedoyo and Umbul
Rejo Villages are presented in Figures 5 and Figure 6.

4. Conclusion

Bedoyo Village has high to moderate potential land or cultivated land 458.26 ha and low potential land or
uncultivated/cultivated land 531.74 ha. Umbul Rejo village has high to moderate potential land or cultivated land 1,097.83 ha
and low potential land or cultivated land 282.17 ha. Land use in Bedoyo Village is suitable for an area of 604.42 ha, non
positive suitable area of 243.06 ha, and non negative suitable area of 140.77 ha. Land use in Bedoyo Village is suitable with
the geopark development basic concept area of 847.80 ha and non-suitable area of 142.20 ha. Land uses in Umbul Rejo Village
have suitable area of 968.59 ha, non positively suitable area of 278.39 ha, and non negatively suitable area of 131.31 ha.ings.

Acknowledgement

Praise to the presence of God Almighty has given His grace so the author can complete this research and writing a paper
entitled "Evaluation of Land Use in Gunung Sewu Geopark Area (Case in Bedoyo Village and Umbul Rejo Village"). The
author thanks to all those who have helped in this research

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