I.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to
each of the questions.
Life span usually is measured in units of time. Although this may seem eminently logical, certain
difficulties may arise. In cold-blooded animals in general, the rate of metabolism that determines the
various life processes varies with the temperatures to which they are exposed. If aging depends on the
expenditure of a fixed amount of vital energy, an idea first proposed in 1908, life span will vary
tremendously depending on temperature or other external variables that influence life span. There is
considerable evidence attesting at least to the partial cogency of this argument. So long as a certain
range is not exceeded, cold- blooded invertebrates do live longer at low than at high temperatures. Rats
in the laboratory live longest on a somewhat restricted diet that does not permit maximum metabolic
rate. Of perhaps even greater significance is the fact that many animals undergo dormant periods.
Many small mammals hibernate; a number of arthropods have life cycles that include periods during
which development is arrested. Under both conditions the metabolic rate becomes very low. It is
questionable whether such periods should be included in computing the life span of a particular
organism. Comparisons between species, some of which have such inactive periods while others do
not, are dangerous. It is possible that life span could be measured more adequately by total
metabolism; however, the data that are necessary for this purpose are almost entirely lacking.
Length of life is controlled by a multitude of factors, which collectively may be termed
environment, operating on a genetic system that determines how the individual will respond. It is
impossible to list all the environmental factors that may lead to death. For analytical purposes it is,
however, useful to make certain formal separations. Every animal is exposed to (1) a pattern of
numerous events, each with a certain probability of killing the individual at any moment and, in the
aggregate, causing a total probability of death or survival; (2) climatic and other changes in the habitat,
modifying the frequency with which the various potentially fatal events occur; and (3) progressive
systemic change, in as much as growth, reproduction, development, and senescence are characteristics
intrinsic in the organism and capable of modifying the effects of various environmental factors.
1. The passage mainly discusses ________.
A. how temperatures affect life span
B. how environment affects life span
C. what makes life span shorter
D. what makes it difficult to calculate life span
2. The word "they" in the passage refers to ________.
A. temperatures B. life processes
C. cold-blooded animals D. difficulties
3. The word "expenditure" in the passage mostly means ________.
A. creating B. using C. collecting D. generating
4. Which of the following can be inferred from the first paragraph?
A. Measuring life span in units of time is easier to understand than any other ways.
B. Life span varies depending on many external variables.
C. Measuring life span by total metabolism is more accurate than in units of time.
D. It's impossible to measure life span in hibernating mammals.
5. The word "which" in the passage refers to ________.
A. species B. comparisons C. periods D. conditions
6. The word "collectively" in the passage is closest in meaning to ________.
A. generally B. absolutely C. altogether D. all along
7. Which of the following will NOT probably lead an animal to death according to the passage?
A. changes in the habitat C. progressive systemic change
B. climatic changes D. low metabolic rate
8. The passage is most likely taken from ________.
A. a textbook for school children C. an article for the public
B. a journal for environmentalists D. an essay by a student of biologist
II. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or
phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Biologists sometimes define longevity as the average life span expected under ideal conditions.
It’s hard to say what's ideal. Plenty of medical research is ongoing (1) _______ the "right" amount and
type of exercise to get, the best diet to eat to maximize longevity, and (2) _______ certain
pharmaceuticals or supplements can help improve your longevity.
Lifespans have increased pretty dramatically over the last century or so, in large part due to (3)
_______ in medicine that have nearly eliminated certain deadly infectious diseases.
The average baby born in 1900 lived about a half-century. Nowadays, the life expectancy of
people in the United States is nearly 79 years on (4) _______ - 81 years for women and 76 years for
men, and in some countries, life expectancy is even longer.
It's very (5) _______ that humanity's true longevity might be much higher. Humans might live
longer if they can create the ideal conditions of a healthy diet and exercise.
1. A. with B. in C. for D. about
2. A. either B. neither C. whether D. if
3. A. advance B. advances C. advancing D. advancement
4. A. average B. purpose C. scale D. balance
5. A. perhaps B. maybe C. possible D. probably
III. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or
phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Recent studies have shown that more and more students are choosing unhealthy ways to boost
energy. The two main ways (1) _______ are eating snacks high in sugar and drinking beverages high
in caffeine. In fact, research shows these two choices may (2) _______ in the opposite effects as those
desired.
Eating a sweet snack, (3) _______ a candy bar, does not provide the body more energy. (4)
_______ candy bars have little (5) _______ value; however, their high sugar content can create a full
feeling in the consumer. While the sugar may produce an initial boost in energy, the lack of nutritional
value soon (6) _______ the body feeling fatigued. In effect, eating a sweet snack will have the
opposite effect to what most people expect.
Likewise, many people will drink a caffeinated beverage like coffee or cola to give themselves
more energy. To a certain (7) _______, drinking coffee or cola will give a person some energy. The
caffeine can increase the heart rate and blood flow, (8) _______ producing a feeling of increased
energy. (9) _______, caffeine products are often consumed in excessive quantities or at unwise times.
This, (10) _______, can interfere with normal sleep patterns and also lead to fatigue. In the end,
caffeine drinkers often lose valuable hours of sleep and become even more tired during the day.
1. A. choosing B. chosen C. which choose D. having chosen
2. A. lead B. bring C. cause D. result
3. A. like B. such C. as D. unlike
4. A. Almost B. Most of C. All of D. Most
5. A. nutrient B. nutrition C. nutritious D. nutritional
6. A. gets B. makes C. leaves D. lets
7. A. level B. extent C. limit D. standard
8. A. then B. therefore C. thus D. and
9. A. Supposedly B. Unfortunately C. Remarkably D. Understandably
10. A. in sum B. at odds C. in turn D. at risk
IV. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer
to each of the questions.
In 1960, Americans spent 10% of their healthcare dollar on medicines. Most of the money came
from their own pockets, and was spent on drugs that largely treated infections, heart disease, arthritis
and depression. Beyond that, there was little that science could offer. Today, the range of diseases for
which medical research has some partial treatment is vast. Despite this, and the double digit increase in
drug spending - 75%-90% of which is paid for by insurance companies - prescription drugs now
account for 9% of total health expenditures.
Similarly, claims by insurers and corporations - that drug costs are driving insurance costs up in
general - are overstated. According to health analyst J.D. Kleinke, since pharmacy costs represent only
9% of all spending, even increases of 20% could not be responsible for insurance premium increases
of 10%-15% over the last two years: Premiums have been increasing far out of proportion to
increasing total medical costs over the past three years.
The fact is we should spend more on newer, more expensive medicines because they are worth the
investment. Medical innovation creates what Harvard economist David Cutler calls health capital - the
ability of people to stay well early and consistently throughout their lives, and remain that way at an
increasingly older age. In fact, under the most conservative assumption, the U.S would have needed
only about 30% of the improvement in medical progress over the period in time. In the case of
congestive heart failure, Mr. Cutler found that increased consumption of new and more expensive
drugs and other innovative technologies generated longer life, more productivity and lower health
costs that offset the cost of their development and consumption.
1. What has changed the least since 1960?
A. Percentage of money Americans pay for medicines out of their own pockets.
B. The variety of drugs available.
C. Percentage of healthcare dollar on medicines.
D. The amount of money spent on drugs by insurance companies.
2. Claims by insurers and corporations that drug costs are driving insurance costs are overstated
because _______.
A. drug costs have not increased in the past
B. insurance costs have not increased in the past
C. premiums have increased by more than 20% in the last two years
D. premiums have increased much more than have total medical costs in the past three years
3. The way to invest in health capital is to _______.
A. adopt a healthy lifestyle
B. spend around 10% of the healthcare money on medicines
C. spend money on medicines that the latest medical science can offer
D. spend more money on medical care in spite of higher health costs
4. The cost of congestive heart failure illustrates that _______.
A. health capital is no guarantee for a better life
B. using newer drugs may prove too expensive for many people
C. using newer drugs contributes to a better life
D. it is difficult to make people spend more on medicines
5. The main idea of the passage is that _______.
A. people should spend more money on good medicines
B. people should get insurers to pay for their medicines
C. people are reluctant to pay a lot of money on medicines
D. medical technologies make most diseases curable
V. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to
each of the questions.
Around the world, Rio de Janeiro is famous for its beautiful beaches and Carnival celebration. But
the city is also known for its poor areas, known as favelas. For years, many favelas had high poverty
and crime rates. However, things are starting to change.
In the past, many favelas received very little government assistance. Neighborhood residents had
to build their own streets and homes. Gangs were also common, and so were guns. However, a new
government plan is starting to change this. The city is sending thousands of police officers into favelas
with the goal of driving out the gangs. In some favelas, the plan is already working. Crime is down,
and unlike in the past, children are playing in the streets again. New apartment buildings are being
built, and the city is providing more services. “In 20 years,” says police officer Leonardo Nogueira,
“the children who live here now ... will be different people.”
Police influence is changing the favelas, but something else is, too. Today, more Brazilians are
moving into these neighborhoods because housing is expensive in other parts of Rio. “Favelas are a
place for young doctors without much money to get started and young architects to start working,”
explains Simone Miranda, a Rio tour guide. In the past, favela residents felt different - separate from
the rest of Rio. “But now,” says Miranda, “they feel part of the society of Brazil.”
Life is improving in the favelas, but there are still challenges. In some areas, poverty rates are still
high. As students, families, and foreigners move into the favelas, property costs skyrocket. In some
places, housing has more than doubled in price. Despite this, favela residents are hopeful. If Rio can
develop these favelas for all residents - both poor and middle class - the city could become a model for
other cities with similar problems.
1. Which of the following best serves as the title for this passage?
A. A History of Rio's Favelas B. Crime on the Rise in Rio's Favelas
C. How Rio's Favelas Are Changing D. Favelas, Rio's New Tourist Destination
2. Which of the following is true about favelas in the past?
A. They got a lot of government assistance.
B. There were no gangs.
C. Many police officers worked there.
D. Children didn't play in the streets very much.
3. Which statement would tour guide Simone Miranda probably agree with?
A. More favela residents now feel a part of Brazilian culture.
B. The police officers in the favelas cause many problems.
C. Young people from Rio should not move into the favelas.
D. There will be no more favelas in 20 years.
4. What is the purpose of the third paragraph?
A. To discuss the high costs of housing in Rio
B. To explain why architects are choosing to study in favelas
C. To talk about how newer residents are changing the favelas
D. To compare favela and non-favela residents
5. What does the word "skyrocket" in the passage mostly mean?
A. To increase quickly B. To drop slowly
C. To become dangerous D. To become smaller
VI. Read the test and choose the word or phrase (A, B, C, D) that best fits each space
A future in the dark
For many of us, we are working, traveling and shopping in hours that used to be reserved for
relaxation and sleep. But according to the results of tests being (1) by scientists, we
are no longer getting enough darkness in our lives. In fact, research shows that a growing number
 of health and environmental problems are due to a loss of darkness.
Life has evolved with a day or night cycle. People who go without this day or night rhythm
will notice an adverse impact on their immune systems, and that's not a good sign. We are (2)
a conflict between what our mind wants, and what our internal body clock prepares us for. Some
experts explain that our biological clock is similar to the conductor of an orchestra, with the
multiple rhythms of the body (3)
the various orchestra sections.
The body clock is based on the light or dark cycle and it governs us for every (4)
of activity and rest in our lives. It ensures that all our various internal systems are working together
- this is its sole purpose. By moving to 24 - hour living, and not taking into (5) the dark side,
we will effectively be throwing away the advantages of evolution, whether we care to admit it or
not.
1. A. carried out B. carried through C. worked D. worked off
2. A. creating B. contributing C. giving D. increasing
3. A. describing B. corresponding C. expressing D.
representing
4. A. prospect B. attitude C. position D. type
5. A. account B. interest C. importance D. detail
VII. Read the passage and choose the word/ phrase (A, B, C, D) that best fits each of the
numbered blanks
World Car free Day
Each year, on September 22nd, people in over 1,500 cities in 40 countries around the
global (1) World Car free Day. This annual event, (2) is coordinated by the
World Car free Network in Prague and supported by the European Union and the United Nations,
aims to raise awareness (3) the problems caused by our independence on private
cars, Streets are closed to traffic and opened to street parties, theater, bicycle demonstrations or
outdoor cafes, in order to show people what their city might (4) like if there were
fewer or no cars. Over one hundred million people are believed to take (5) in celebrations,
though this figure is difficult to verify.
1. A. celebrate B. expect C. host D. enjoy
2. A. what B. where C. which D. who
3. A. about B. on C. for D. of
4. A. take B. look C. feel D. seem
5. A. place B. off C. action D. part
VIII. Read the passage and choose the best answer.
How does healthy eating affect mental and emotional health?
We all know that eating right can help you maintain a healthy weight and avoid certain health
problems, but your diet can also have a ____ (1) effect on your mood and sense of wellbeing. Studies
have linked eating a typical Western diet-filled ____ (2) processed meats, packaged meals, takeout
food, and sugary snacks-with higher rates of ____ (3), stress, bipolar disorder, and anxiety. Eating an
____ (4) diet may even play a role in the development of mental health disorders such as ADHD,
Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia, or in the increased risk of suicide in young people.
Eating more fresh fruits and vegetables, cooking meals at home, and reducing your ____ (5) of
sugar and refined carbohydrates, on the other hand, may help to improve mood and ____ (6) your risk
for mental health problems. If you ____ (7) with a mental health problem, eating well can even help to
manage your symptoms and regain control of your life.
While some specific foods or ____ (8) have been shown to have a beneficial effect ____ (9)
mood, it's your overall dietary pattern that is most important. That means ____ (10) to a healthy diet
doesn't have to be an all or nothing proposition. You don't have to be perfect and you don't have to
completely eliminate foods you enjoy to have a healthy diet and make a difference to the way you
think and feel.
1. A. promote B protect C. profound D. produce
2. A. with B. of C. about D. by
3. A. depressed B. depression C. depressive D. depresses
4. A. unhealthy B. healthy C. health D. healthily
5. A. indent B. induce C. intake D. inhale
6. A. strengthen B. lower C. increase D. fall
7. A. have already been diagnosed B. had already diagnosed
C. have already been diagnosing D. already diagnosed
8. A. nutrition B. nutritious C. nutrients D. nutrient
9. A. behind B. on C. between D. among
10. A. to switching B. switched C. switches D. switching
IX. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best fits the blank space in the following
passage.
THE DANGERS OF DIETING
Thanks to our modern lifestyle, with more and more time spent sitting down in front of
computers than ever before, the (1) of overweight people is at a new high. As people
frantically search for a solution (2) this problem, they often try some of the popular fad diets
being offered.
Many people see fad diets (3) harmless ways of losing weight, and they are
grateful to have them. Unfortunately, not only don‘t fad diets usually (4) the trick, they can
actually be dangerous for your health.
Although permanent weight loss is the (5) , few are able to achieve it. Experts
estimate that 95 percent of dieters return to their starting weight, or even (6) weight. While the
reckless use of fad diets can bring some (7) result, long-term results are very rare. (8)
, people who are fed up with the difficulties of changing their eating habits often turn to fad
diets. (9)
being moderate, fad diets involve extreme dietary changes. They advise eating only
one type of food, or they prohibit other types of foods entirely. This results in a situation (10) a
person’s body doesn’t get all the vitamins and other things that it needs to stay healthy.
1. A. number B. range C. amount D. sum
2. A. on B. of C. to D. with
3. A. by B. like C. through D. as
 4. A. bring B. do C. take D. play
5. A. case B. profit C. benefit D. goal
6. A. lose B. gain C. put D. reduce
7. A. initial B. initiative C. initiating D. Initiate
8. A. Additionally B. Furthermore
C. Nonetheless D. Consequently
9. A. More than B. In spite to
C. Rather than D. In addition to
10. A. what B. which
C. why D. where
X. Read the passage and choose the best option to answer the question.
The loss of the jobs and persistent unemployment in the industrial countries is due mainly to
changes in technology. It is thought to be misleading to blame job losses on the shift of corporations
from the industrial countries to the Third World.
The present technological developments have been compared to a Third Industrial
Revolution. The first coming in the 19th century, was characterized by the steam engine and the use
of coal. In the 1920s the second emerged with the use of oil and the electrodynamo. The third, the
present one, is driven by computers, biotechnology and information technology.

However, there can be seen weaknesses in the newest of industrial revolutions. The technology is
advancing so fast and productivity is rising so fast that we are left with a big problem. Because of the
loss in jobs caused largely by this new technology, there will not be enough people with money to buy
all these products.
Technology as definitely enhanced our standard of living, even our quality of life. But as the
capacity to produce expands and the lack of purchasing power and consequent demand diminish,
there can be overproduction and recession, and what happens to our standard of living?
1. What is the main point the author is making?
A. That the industrial countries have more unemployment than the Third World.
B. That technology is the main cause of unemployment.
C. That corporations have shifted to the Third World.
D. That the present situation is like in the Industrial Revolution.
2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of one of the industrial revolutions?
A. The use of oil B. The use of computer
C. The use of electricity D. The use of coal
3. What is stated as being the main weakness of the Third Industrial Revolution?
A. There will be too few people who can afford to buy things.
B. There won’t be enough products for everyone to buy.
 C. There will not be enough money around.
D. There will be too many machines in the factories.
4. Why does the author think that there won’t be enough people to buy the products?
A. People will not be able to keep up with technology.
B. Productivity will not be high enough.
C. There will be too many products.
D. Many people will be unemployed
5. What do we infer is the author’s attitude to the technology?
A. It has improved our purchasing power
B. It has improved our quality of life.
C. It has created more jobs
D. It is not responsible for the recession.
XI. Read the following passage and circle the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word
or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
London is famous for its parks and gardens. Some of them belong to the Crown but they are
all open to the public and the entrance is (1) . In St James's Park you can watch and feed
swans, ducks, geese and other water birds. Hyde Park used to be a hunting ground and is
still popular (2)
horse riders.
Those who like a good argument should go to the Speaker's Corner to listen to
individuals (3)
their speeches on various subjects. Regent's Park now houses London Zoo and open-air
theatre where Shakespeare's plays are staged in summer. Not all the parks are in the city centre.
Greenwich and
Richmond are located (4) the suburbs. All these areas of green give the (5)
an excellent chance to enjoy some peace and quiet away from traffic and crowded streets.
(Text adapted from http://www.engl
ishrevealed.co.uk/PET/Reading_Part_5/pet_multiple_choice_cloze_ 1.php)
1. A. free of charge B. produced C. kept D. contributed
2. A. to B. on C. with D. by

3. A. gave B. giving C. give D. given

4. A. on B. by C. with D. in

5. A. workers B. city-dwellers C. countrymen D. farmers

XII. Read the following passage and circle the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions.
Intelligence pills
Some scientists have predicted that healthy adults and children may one day take drugs to
improve their intelligence and intellectual performance. A research group has suggested that such
drugs might become as common as coffee or tea within the next couple of decades.
 To counter this, students taking exams might have to take drug tests like athletes. There are
already drugs that are known to improve mental performance, like Ritalin, which is given to
children with problems concentrating. A drug given to people with trouble sleeping also helps
people remember numbers.
These drugs raise serious legal and moral questions, but people already take vitamins to help them
remember things better, so it will not be a simple problem to solve. It will probably be very
difficult to decide at what point a food supplement becomes an unfair drug in an examination.
(Text adapted from: https://www.usingenglish.com/comprehension/21.html)
1. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Laws related to intelligent drug use B. Predictions about intelligent drugs
C. Common food supplements on market D. Drug tests in sports and in school exams
2. When are intelligent drugs expected to be common?
A. Next year B. In the next decade
C. In the next few decades D. In the next century
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to intellectual?
A. scholarly B. intelligent C. illegal D. critical
4. Which of the following is closest in meaning to counter?
A. meet a person by chance B. queue to pay money at supermarket
C. respond to an idea D. agree with an idea
5. What is the effect of Ritalin?
A. improve children's intelligence
B. improve children's concentration
C. improve children's ability to remember numbers
D. help children sleep better

6. Which of the following is closest in meaning to a supplement?

A. a different portion of food B. a pill you take besides your food
C. a supply service D. a soft tablet
7. What has been already used as food supplements now?
A. drugs to improve the ability to remember numbers
B. drugs to improve physical strengths
C. drugs to improve sleep
D. A, B and C are all correct