SPM BIO

FERTILIZATION, PREGNANCY AND

BIRTH IN HUMANS

Fertilization

Fertilization in humans occurs at the

Upper part of the Oviduct or fallopian
tube

The enzymes released by sperm is

known as the acrosomal enzyme

The membrane of the Ovum is

known as zona pellucida
The Acrosomal Enzyme of the sperm
dissolves the zona pellucida before
moving into the ovum

The entry of the sperm causes the

ovum to complete its final meiotic
division

The nucleus of the sperm fuses with

the nucleus of the ovum to form a
diploid
Only one sperm fertilizes an ovum
Only one sperm fertilizes an ovum

Fertilization of the ovum and

implantation of the embryo in the
uterus cause the Corpus luteum to
continue producing progesterone anf
oestrogen
Progesterone is also known as
Pregnancy Hormone

Progesterone and oestrogen

maintains the uterus lining and
inhibits Ovulation

The embryonic membrane includes

the Amnion and Chorion

The amnion forms a fluid filled

sac that encloses the embryo and
protects it

The Chorion form the embryonic part

of the placenta

After 10 to 12 weeks, the embryo is

known as Foetus

The placenta is a disc shaped

structure composed of maternal
tissue (Uterine endometrivm and
embryonic tissue

The placenta is connected to the

foetus bya cord known as umblical
cord

The foetal and maternal Blood are

very close but do not mix

A thin barrier between the maternal

and foetal blood supplies is known
as trophoblast

The trophoblast allows for selective

exchange of
materials between the
maternal and foetal blood

Oxygen and nutrients diffuse into

the foetal blood while CO, and urea
from the foetal blood diffuse into the
matetnal blood

About 8 Weeks of fertilization, the

placenta becomes the main producer
of progesterone

Prolactin, a Hormone stimulates

Milk production

Oxytocin is responsible for milk

ejection or milk let down
 A fertilized Ovum that divides into
two identical cell which develop into
two seprate embryoS arr known as
ldentical twins or monozygotic twins

Identical twins will be of the same

sex and will also share the samne
placenta

Two ovums fertilized separately

developing into an embryo with
different placenta is known as
Fraternal ot Non identical twins

BONUS
Important points to note in BiO

Radially symmetrical -Cut from

any plan.e.g Coelentrates &
Echinoderms

Bilaterally Symmetrical cut from one

-

plane e.g from Platyhelminthes to

Chordates

Germ layers

Diploblastic Coelentrates
Triploblastic- Platyhelminthes down
Chordates

Germ layers

Diploblastic Coelentrates

Triploblastic Platyhelminthes down

-

to Chordates

Points to note in Bio

Acoelomates (No body cavity)

Poriferans, Coelentrates
and platyhelminthes (PPC)

Pseudocoelomates (False body

cavity)
e.g round worm (nematodes)

Coelomates (True body cavity)

From Phyla Annelida - Chordates

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