Preprints of the 3rd IEEE conference on
Energy Internet and Energy System Integration
November 8-10, 2019. Changsha, China
Multi-Microgrid Optimal Scheduling Considering
Electric Vehicle Participation
Wenbo Tang*
Automated institute. Nanjing University of Posts and
Telecommunications
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Nanjing, China
twbtangwenbo@ qq.com
Abstract—In order to solve the problem of optimal schedul-
ing caused by the coordinated operation of multi-microgrid
and distribution network in the region, a cooperative optimiza-
tion scheduling method for multi-microgrid and distribution
network is proposed based on taking into account the partici-
pation of electric vehicles. This method can fully utilize the
distributed energy in the microgrid and improve the power
quality of distribution network and the economic benefits of
the microgrid. The satisfaction degree of electric vehicle users
is also considered. Coordination between multi-microgrid and
distribution network using two-layer model hierarchical coor-
dination method. The upper layer is the distribution network
system, and the lower layer is the Multi-microgrid system.
Based on the prediction of power supply and load, the optimal
objective function of each layer is established. The effectiveness
of the two-layer model is verified by simulation, compared with
other methods, the advantages of this method in multi-
microgrid economic model and distribution network stability
are proved.
Keywords—Multi-microgrid, Optimized dispatch, Distribu-
tion network, Electric vehicle
I. INTRODUCTION
With the increasing demand of users for power, more and
more distributed generators, energy storage systems and
controllable loads will appear in the distribution network. [1].
The grid connection of a great quantity of distributed
generators has brought about tremendous changes in the
operation and scheduling of the distribution network. The
distribution network has changed from a passive system with
one-way flow to a complex system with two-way flow. The
emergence of new energy equipment such as photovoltaics
and wind turbines has greatly improved the economic and
environmental benefits of the power grid. However, the
distributed power supply has randomness and volatility,
which also brings great challenges to the security and
stability of distribution network. Therefore, it is essential to
take full advantage of the controllable resources in the
distribution network to achieve multi-source coordinated
optimization of the distribution network [2]. The microgrid is
a combination of distributed power, energy storage, load and
control equipment in the area. The microgrid can achieve
system power balance by controlling the internal distributed
power output, and the microgrid is an autonomous system
that can achieve self-control, protection and management [3,4].
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
(61573300 and 61833008).
978-1-7281-3137-5/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad de chile. Downloaded on April 27,2021 at 05:31:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
He Qin
Automated institute. Nanjing University of Posts and
Telecommunications
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Nanjing, China
158984663@qq.com
Microgrid can be join an distribution network and run jointly
with the distribution network, or can operate independently.
When line failure may affect the safety of distribution
network, the microgrid can disconnect the connection with
the distribution network and run independently, so as to
improve the reliability of the distribution network system. At
the same time, the microgrid has better controllability, which
can be used as a power controllable load on the distribution
network, effectively reducing the negative impact of the
access of a large number of distributed power sources on the
grid. And the microgrid improves the acceptance of
distributed power by the distribution network while meeting
the power needs of local users. In a distribution network with
multiple microgrids, the autonomy of the microgrid can be
used to simplify control complexity. In addition, for the
distribution network with multiple microgrids, the synergy
between the distribution network and the microgrid can
improve the economic, safety and reliability of the grid [5].
At present, the research on optimal dispatching of
microgrid mainly focuses on energy management in a single
microgrid and generation prediction of distributed generators
in microgrid. The research on coordinated dispatching of
multi-microgrid has just begun. Literature [6]
comprehensively considered the reliability and economic
benefits of microgrid, and a multi-objective optimization
model for optimal dispatching of microgrid is established,
but it does not involve scheduling issues between the
microgrid and the distribution grid. Multi-microgrid and
distribution grids serve as two different autonomous systems
with different optimization objectives. In the literature [7], a
scheduling method for microgrid-supported distribution
network is proposed, which optimizes the economic benefits
of the distribution network, but does not consider the impact
on the microgrid side. Literature [8] consider the impact of
the V2G mode of the electric vehicle charging station on the
microgrid, but do not take into account the distribution
network and multi-microgrid scheduling. Literature [9]
introduced the microgrid optimization scheduling model with
electric vehicles participation, and did not consider the
impact on the electric vehicle user experience after
participating in the dispatch. Literature [10] considers the
influence of time-sharing tariff on charging and discharging
behavior of electric vehicles when establishing optimal
dispatching model of microgrid, but did not involve the
energy interaction between the microgrid and the distribution
network.
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For the sake of solve the negative effects of voltage tion network can effectively prevent fluctuations in power
fluctuation, power fluctuation and network loss caused by distribution caused by access to microgrid.
microgrid access to distribution network, a multi-microgrid
collaborative optimization scheduling method is proposed. A Node voltage fluctuations:
two-tier scheduling model for distribution networks and
multi-microgrids is established. The optimization objectives T
1 J −

of the upper model are mainly the security and stability of U =¦ <¦ (U j ,t − U ) 2 (3)
t =1 J j =1
distribution network. By controlling the output of each
microgrid, node voltage fluctuations and transmission power
fluctuations as well as line network losses during operation In the formula : U j ,t is the voltage value at the corre-
of the distribution network system are effectively reduced. −

The lower model considers the economic benefits of multi-
microgrid systems and introduces new energy electric
vehicles, taking into account the response of electric vehicle
users. The improved IEEE-9 node distribution network
model was solved by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to
verify the effectiveness of the two-layer model..
II. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK MODEL
A large number of distributed power sources within the
microgrid can have some negative effects on the distribution
network. When the microgrid is connected, it may cause
voltage fluctuations at the connection point, increase the line
loss of the distribution network, and load fluctuations in the
distribution network. For the sake of play the supporting
role of the microgrid to the distribution network and reduce
the impact of the microgrid linked up to the distribution
network, the optimization goal of the distribution network
layer is set to the stability of the distribution network.
A. Distribution Layer Objective Function
Distribution layer optimization target:
min Fup = λ1 PS + λ2U + λ3 PMG
In the formula ˖ λ1 ǃ λ2 ǃ λ3 is the corresponding
weight coefficient; PS is the distribution network line loss;
U is the standard deviation of the voltage of each node in
the system reflects the degree of change of the node
voltage; PMG is the power output to thepower
leveldistributionfor each schedulingtime microgrid.
By adjusting the operation of the microgrid, the opera-
tion of the distribution network connected to the microgrid
can be effectively improved.
Distribution network loss:
sponding time of the node; U as with the nodes within the
grid voltage variation value are the voltage fluctuation lim-
it within a reasonable range; J is the sum number of con-
nected nodes in the power grid.
1 N T
PMG = ¦¦ | PMG −i,t − PMG −i ,(t −1) |
T i =1 t =1
(4)
In the formula: N is the number of microgrids present in
the distribution network; PMG − i ,t is the microgrid in time
period the power output to the distribution grid.
B. Distribution Network Layer Constraint Conditions
1) Distribution network power constraints:
PG + P MG = P Loss + P Load (5)
z, t z, t z, t z, t
In the formula: P G is the power output; P Load is the
load size ; P MG is the microgrid exchange power; P Loss is
the Line loss; z is the distribution network node.
(1)
2) Connection point constraints:
­° min PMG − i ,t ≤ PMG − i ,t ≤ max PMG − i ,t
® (6)
°̄ min U j ,t ≤ U j ,t ≤ max U j ,t
In the formula : max PMG − i ,t ǃ max U j ,t is the maximum
power and voltage that can be tolerated by a common con-
nection point; min PMG − i ,t ǃ min U j ,t is the corresponding
minimum value.
3) Distribution network node voltage and branch
transmission power constraints:

T L Pl ,2t + Ql2,t ­°Vmin ≤ Vz ,t ≤ Vmax

PS = ¦¦ Rl < < Δt (2) ® (7)
t =1 l =1 Vl ,2t °̄ Smin ≤ S z ,t ≤ Smax

In the formula: Rl is the impedance value of the corre-
sponding branch. Pl ,t ǃ Ql ,t ǃ Vl ,t Is the active power, reac-
tive power and voltage value on the corresponding line L
is the total number of lines T is the total scheduling time
period.
The stability of the distribution network will be affected
when the microgrid is connected to the distribution network.,
causes fluctuations in the voltage of the distribution network.
By regulating the interaction with a multi-piconet distribu-
In the formula : Vz ,t Node z is voltage magnitude at
corresponding time points; S For t is the apparent power
that flows at all times.
III. MULTI-MICROGRID MODEL
The microgrid layer aims at the best overall economic
benefits of the microgrid. In operation, it is necessary to
maintaining the normal operation of microgrid as far as pos-
sible, and fully utilize of the energy complementarity be-
tween the microgrids to improve the overall benefits of the
microgrid layer. And to develop a corresponding scheduling

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strategy for the rise of new energy vehicles, so that new en- generation for the microgrid PEV − i ,t is within a microgrid can
ergy vehicles participate in the scheduling between mi-
crogrids. Wind power and solar power are clean renewable dispatch new energy automotivepower PESS − i ,t is capacity
energy sources that can bring economic benefits to the mi- of energy storage equipment in microgrid Pload − i ,t is the
crogrid. Therefore, in the energy dispatching, the important current time load forecast for the microgrid.
role of wind power and solar power in the microgrid should
be exerted as much as possible [11]. Multi-microgrid structure Energy storage loss costs:
is shown in Figure 1.
T
Fess ,i = ¦ [λdis Pdis (t ) + λch Pch (t )] (12)
Distribution
t =1
network

In the formula: Pch ǃ Pdis charging power and dis-

Power load
charge power for the energy storage device during the time
period λdis ǃ λch is the corresponding cost factor
Interruptible load cutting costs:
load DER load DER
... load DER

T
FIL ,i = ¦ λIL < PIL (t )
MG 1 MG 2 MG N
(13)
t =1
Figure 1: Multi-microgrid structure

A. Multi-Micro Layer Target Function In the formula: λIL is the cut the price for interruptible
load PIL is the microgrid i the amount of interrupted load
Multi-microlayeroptimizationgoals: that can be interrupted.
B. Multi-Layer Constraint Piconet
min FMG −i = FG ,i + Fmg ,i + Fess ,i + FIL ,i (8)
1) Power balance constraints:
In the formula: FMG − i is the microgrid i total cost; FG ,i is
the power generation costs Fmg ,i is the cost of electricity
¦ PMT −i (t ) + PPV −i (t ) + PEV −i (t ) + PWT −i (t ) (14)
+ PESS − i (t ) = Pload −1 (t ) + PIL −i (t )
purchase and electricity sales from the microgrid to the dis-
tribution network.; Fess ,i is the cost of energy storage equip-
PESS − i ,t = Pch (t ) − Pdis (t ) (15)
ment in microgrid; FIL ,i is the interruptible load costs for
microgrid cuts In the formula: PWT − i ,t is the quantity of electricity gen-
Power generation cost: erated by wind turbines in the microgrid. PMT − i ,t is the gen-
eration capacity of micro gas turbine in microgrid PPV − i ,t is
T Ni
FG ,i = ¦¦ [ai , k < P 2
G ,i , k (t ) + bi , k < PG ,i , k (t ) + ci , k ] (9) the photovoltaic power generation for the microgrid PEV − i ,t
t =1 i =1
is the amount of new energy vehicle power that can be dis-
patched within the microgrid PESS − i ,t is the amount of elec-
In the formula: PG ,i , k is the microgrid i distributed
tricity available for storage in the microgrid Pload − i ,t is the
power supply k output a ǃ b ǃ c is the power generation
current time load forecast for the microgrid Pch ǃ Pdis is the
cost coefficient corresponding to the power source.
energy storage device charges power and discharge power
Microgrid and distribution grid interaction costs: for a period of time.
T
2) Climbing constraints:
Fmg ,i = ¦ δ (t )< PMG −i (t ) (10)
t =1

PMG − i (t ) = PMT − i (t ) + PPV − i (t ) + PEV −i (t ) + ­° PG ,i , k (t − 1) − PG ,i , k (t ) ≤ Pdown ,i , k < Δt

(11) ® (16)
PWT − i (t ) + PESS − i (t ) − Pload −1 (t ) − PIL −i (t ) °̄ PG ,i , k (t ) − PG ,i , k (t − 1) ≤ Pup ,i , k <Δt

In the formula: PMG − i ,t is the amount of electricity that In the formula : Pup ,i , k is the microgrid i distributed
the microgrid outputs to the distribution network δ is the power supply k climb power; Pdown ,i , k is the corresponding
price of electricity for the current time period PWT − i ,t is falling power.
within the microgrid wind turbine electricity 3) Distributed power output constraints:
production PMT − i ,t is the power generation for microgrid
micro gas turbines PPV − i ,t is the photovoltaic power PG ,i , k ,min ≤ PG ,i , k ≤ PG ,i , k ,max (17)

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EI2 2019
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In the formula : PG ,i , k ,min ǃ PG ,i , k ,max is the microgrid i
distributed power supply k the active output minimum and
maximum values.
4) Energy storage equipment capacity constraint:
­ ESSmin ≤ ESS (t ) ≤ ESSmax
® (18)
¯ ESS (t ) = ESS (t − 1) + Pch (t )Δt − Pdis (t )Δt
In the formula : ESS (t ) the current remaining capacity of
energy storage equipment; ESS min ǃ ESS max is the minimum
and maximum capacity allowed by the energy storage
equipment when it runs healthily..
IV. ELECTRIC VEHICLE PARTICIPATION SCHEDULING MODEL
The charging and discharging time of electric vehicles is
affected by the user's electricity habits. After the electric
vehicle participates in the microgrid dispatching, it will
change the original power consumption arrangement, so it
will affect the satisfaction degree of the electric vehicle users
to the power consumption mode [12].
3) Solve using PSO, set the particle population size to
30, the number of iterations to 1000, and the learning factor
to 1.75.
4) Obtain wind turbine, photovoltaic, energy storage
and load data in the current microgrid.
5) The upper layer distribution network model is
optimized to achieve the optimization of the upper
distribution network. Get the output of each microgrid under
the optimal state of the distribution network.
6) The results obtained from the optimal distribution of
the upper distribution network are transmitted to the lower
layer microgrid model.
7) The microgrid layer optimization is carried out, and
the lower microgrid model is taken as the optimization
target. In this step, consider the use of interruptible loads and
electric vehicles in the microgrid. The overall benefit of the
microgrid is optimized by mutual coordination between the
microgrids.
8) The optimal results of distribution network and
microgrid scheduling are obtained. In the case of ensuring
the best state of the distribution network, consider the
economic benefits of the microgrid itself.

η = 1−
³| L before ( p) − Lafter ( p) | dt
(19)
Distribution
network
³L before ( p )dt Solar cell and wind
turbine output
system
parameters
Load
Forecasting
forecast

In the formula: Lbefore ( p) and Lafter ( p ) is the daily load of

Electric
electric vehicles before and after participating in the dis- Distribution network layer vehicle
patch, and the satisfaction degree of electric vehicles is re- optimization scheduling model parameters
flected by the degree of load change. Distribution
Electric vehicle
network stability
In the case of satisfying the satisfaction of the electric participation model
vehicle users, the new load curve after the electric vehicle Distribution network layer commanding
participates in the microgrid scheduling can be obtained. By New electric vehicle
multi-micro grid dispatching charging and
formulating the electric vehicle power strategy, the role of discharging data
the electric vehicle in the microgrid can be well utilized, and
the load fluctuation of the power grid can be effectively sup-
pressed. Microgrid layer optimization
scheduling model
V. SOLUTION ALGORITHM Microgrid economic
benefits
A. Particle Swarm Optimization
Particle swarm optimization is an evolutionary algorithm
that has fewer parameters and faster convergence than other MG 1 MG 2 MG N
evolutionary algorithms. The particle swarm algorithm
transforms the optimal solution of the actual problem into
Multi-microgrid coordinated
abstract unordered micro-particles, each of which optimization scheduling
participates in the optimization of the parameters as the
position of the particles in the abstract space, and gives each set a
particle a spontaneous speed. Taking the objective function strategy
that needs to be optimized as the fitness index, the optimal
individual and the overall optimal individual are obtained for Figure 2: Double-layer optimized scheduling process
each iteration [13-14].
VI. CASE ANALYSIS
B. Algorithm Step
The modified nine-node distribution network is used to
1) This paper uses MATLAB software to simulate in
simulate the operation of the distribution network. The dis-
Windows environment. Based on the load forecasting curve tribution network structure is shown in Figure 3, where 1, 2,
of the microgrid, the new electric vehicle charging and and 3 nodes are generator nodes in the distribution network,
discharging data is obtained under the premise of satisfying and nodes 5 and 7 are the connecting points between mi-
the satisfaction degree of the electric vehicle. crogrid and distribution network. Microgrid MG1 and MG2
2) Set the user satisfaction on the electric vehicle side are interfaced to the distribution network, and the distributed
to 70%, and obtain new load data through curve fitting. power supply in each microgrid is shown in Table I.

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1 4 8 2

* *

5 7

6
07
39

07 07
(9 3 (9
(66

(66 39 :7 MG2
MG1
*

Figure 5: Wind turbines output

Figure 3: Distribution network structure

The scheduling plan of a day is divided into 24 stages,

each of which is one hour. The particle swarm optimization
algorithm is used to process the upper-layer distribution
network optimization scheduling model, and then The
distribution network layer sends dispatching instructions to
the microgrid layer, and participates in the peak and valley
regulation process of the distribution network by selling and
buying electricity from the microgrid to the distribution
network. After satisfying the dispatching instructions of the
distribution network, the microgrid layer makes use of the
complementary resources among the microgrids to achieve
the overall economic optimization. Give full play to the Figure 6: Each microgrid load curve
economic benefits brought by clean energy and the flexibility
of electric vehicles as controllable loads in microgrid.. The electric vehicle inside the microgrid can obtain the
total charging and discharging curve of the Multi-microgrid
TABLE I. MICROGRID PARAMETERS
scheduling during the scheduling period, as shown in Fig. 7.
WT PV ESS ESS capacity MT
Microgrid
/KW /KW /KW / kw•h /KW

MG1 60 65 35 150 65
MG2 70 70 40 200 45
This article will set up two different types of microgrids,
MG1 is set to residential microgrid, MG2 is set to
commercial microgrid. The wind turbines and photovoltaic
panels in each microgrid work in maximum power tracking
mode (MPPT), and the output after uncertainty treatment is
shown in Figures 4 and 5. The daily load curve of each
microgrid is shown in Fig. 6. The interruptible load
compensation price in the microgrid is set to MG1:25$/ kw•h
and MG2:40$/ kw•h. Figure 7: Charge and discharge of electric vehicles

Figure 4: Photovoltaic output Figure 8: Changes in distribution network loss before and after
microgrid grid connection

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EI2 2019
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It can be found in Fig. 8 that the network loss of the
distribution network system is higher when there is no Multi-
microgrid system to participate in the scheduling. After the
Multi-microgrid participates in the scheduling, the network
loss reduction effect is very obvious. The double-layer
scheduling model proposed in this paper can support the
distribution network very well.
Whether the voltage is stable or not is one of the
important indexes of distribution network operation.,
especially in distribution network systems with multiple
microgrid access. When there is a large amount of distributed
power supply running in the distribution network, it will
have some impact on its normal operation, such as voltage
fluctuation and line loss increase. Several special node
voltage data in the system are obtained through simulation
and processed to obtain Figure 9. After comparing with the
distribution network system without microgrid support, it can
be found that the microgrid layer plays a very good
supporting role for the distribution network system. Under
this model, the 24-hour voltage amplitude change of several
special nodes is obviously Compared with no microgrid
access, the voltage fluctuation is small, which effectively
improves the voltage stability of the distribution network
system.
Figure 9: Special node voltage amplitude changes
Through simulation calculation, the cost of the microgrid
independent operation is MG1:1.291 ten thousand dollars;
MG2: 1.742 ten thousand dollars. According to the planned
schedule, the cost of the microgrid MG1 was 1.218 ten
thousand dollars, a decrease of 6%; the cost of the microgrid
MG2 was 1.613 ten thousand dollars, a decrease of 8%. The
participation of electric vehicles and the coordinated
scheduling of multi-microgrid and distribution network have
effectively reduced the running costs of the multi-microgrid
and improved the safety and stability of the distribution
network..
VII. CONCLUSION
Aiming at the problem of multi-microgrid optimal
scheduling, a method of cooperative optimization scheduling
for multi-microgrid and distribution network is proposed,
and the improved IEEE-9 node model is used for simulation
operation. By establishing the electric vehicle user
satisfaction degree model and using the electric vehicle
charging and discharging behavior to optimize the microgrid
load curve, it plays a good role in eliminating peaks and
filling the valley. The simulation results show that under the
optimized scheduling of the upper distribution network
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model, the multi-microgrid plays a very good supporting role
for the distribution network. It effectively suppresses the
negative impact of the microgrid on the distribution network,
reduces the fluctuation of the voltage of the connection node,
reduces the line loss of the distribution network, and
improves the acceptance capability of the distribution
network for distributed power. In the lower multi-microgrid
model, the multi-microgrid cooperative participation
scheduling is more flexible than the single microgrid.
Increased the utilization rate of new energy power generation,
and the economic benefits of the microgrid have been
improved. The simulation results confirm the feasibility and
advantages of this scheduling method.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by National Natural Science
Foundation of China (61573300 and 61833008).
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