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Antioxidant activity of Curcumin

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DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.01164

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 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 14(12): December 2021

ISSN 0974-3618 (Print) www.rjptonline.org

0974-360X (Online)

REVIEW ARTICLE

Antioxidant activity of Curcumin

Aya Alabdali1, Marwah Kzar2, Sasikala Chinnappan3*, Mogana R4, Shaik Ibrahim Khalivulla5,
Rahman H6, Basma M. Abd Razik7
1,2
The University of Mashreq, College of Pharmacy, Baghdad, Iraq.
3, 4, 5
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University Kuala
Lumpur (South Wing), No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
6
PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, India.
7
College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: ayaalabdaly@hotmail.com, sasikala@ucsiuniversity.edu.my
ABSTRACT:
In the past few years, multiple drugs have been produced from traditional raw materials and recent pandemic
disease COVID-19 once again research on this matter is being conducted to determine potential therapeutic
purposes of different Ayurvedic Indian medicines and herbs. One such medicinal herb is Curcuma longa.
Curcumin is strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antiangiogenic, anti-carcinogenic, as shown
by multiple in vitro and in vivo studies. The action of the growth factor receptors is inhibited by curcumin. The
anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin is obtained on the cytokines, proteolytic enzymes, eicosanoids, and lipid
mediators. The superoxide radicals, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide, are sifted by curcumin, while lipid
peroxidation is inhibited. Such properties of the compound thus form the foundation for its various therapeutic
and pharmacological effects could also hold antiviral properties including COVID-19. The aim of this research is
to summarize the updated pharmacological activities of curcumin.
KEYWORDS: Curcumin; polyphenol; Antioxidant activity; Wound healing; COVID-19 activity.

INTRODUCTION: Curcumin has been used effectively in the treatment of

Traditional medicines have been made with the help of
natural ingredients for many years, these natural
products consider as an encouraging source for the
production of new medicines as well. One such
medicinal herb is Turmeric with its major constituents of
rhizomes composed of curcumin (DFM),
demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin
(BDMC). It grows in the tropical regions globally,
originating mainly from India, Indonesia and other
Southeast Asian countries 1. Curcumin, scientifically
named as diferuloyl methane, is obtained from the roots
of Curcuma longa belongs to the family Zinguberaceae.
It is a bright orange yellow crystalline compound and is
popular in Asia with its traditional application in skin
care practices and also as food additive due to its bright
yellow colour 2.
Received on 25.02.2021 Modified on 11.05.2021
Accepted on 29.06.2021 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm.and Tech 2021; 14(12):6741-6746.
DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.01164
6741
jaundice3 and some hepatic disease4, ulcerative colitis5,
pancreatitis6, irritable bowel syndrome7, wound healing8-
12
, eczema13; psoriasis14, Alzheimer's15, Parkinson’s
disease16, bronchitis17, cystic fibrosis18, atherosclerosis
19
, hypolipidaemia 20 and myocardial infarction 21. It also
holds strong antioxidant21-24, anti-inflammatory21-25,
antiangiogenic26, and anti-carcinogenic27-36 properties,
explained by multiple in-vitro and in-vivo studies
involving both humans and animal studies.
Therapeutically, curcumin is considered as safe drug and
the daily dose could be up to 12g, however, it has been
known for its limited application due to many reasons,
such as high hydrophobic solubility which makes it low
bioavailable drug, fast metabolism and fast elimination
from the body37. In order to overcome this problem,
many researchers attempted to modify or change its
structure and make new analogues or derivatives of the
original molecule, and also prepare Nano formulations
(lyposome, phytosome and curcumin loaded
nanoparticles) to inhibit its metabolism in liver and
intestine by using piperine38.
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 14(12): December 2021
Chemistry:
Turmeric consists of volatile oils such as tumerone,
zingiberone and atlantone, as well as resins, sugars,
proteins and curcuminoids. The rhizomes of this species
entail major polyphenolic constituents composed of
curcumin (DFM), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and
bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), which are
contributory towards the pharmacological effects of
turmeric. The major component of turmeric is DFM,
about 77%. DMC and BDMC, however, are present in
turmeric at lower concentrations, 17% and 3%,
respectively. These components adhere to similar
structure of two rings of benzene methoxy, connected
with an unsaturated molecular chain. The partial
insolubility of curcumin in water restricts its
pharmacological uses, however, it is effective when
digested, as the acidic medium within the stomach
enables enough solubility for curcumin38.
The IUPAC nomenclature for curcumin is (1E, 6E)-1, 7-
bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1, 6-heptadiene-3, 5-
dione and the chemical formula is C21H20O6. It is a major
active ingredient which is accountable for the biological
applications of turmeric39. Curcumin was initially
extracted from turmeric in 1815, however, the molecular
structure was not known until 1913. The drug is water
insoluble, but soluble in acetone, ethanol,
dimethylsulfoxide, cyclohexane, dioxane, hexane and
tetrahydrofuran. Chemically, curcumin shows instability
at pH 7.4 in phosphate buffer, which could be altered by
controlling the pH or with the addition of N acetyl
cysteine, glutathione or ascorbic acid. This degradation
at physiological pH provides certain drawbacks within
its therapeutic activities and possible uses40.
Figure 1. Tautomeric forms of curcumin
Curcumin (Figure 1) with two ferulic acid moieties
bonded with carbon of a methane molecule to create an
abridgement between the carboxyl groups, with a
molecular weight of 368.37 g/mol and melting point of
183º C. Curcumin consists of 3 core functional groups
consisting of O-methoxy-phenolic group and α, β-
unsaturated system of β-diketone moiety which is
6742
including of 7-carbon linker. The structural isomeric
conformation of keto-enol tautomerism in equilibrium
conditions exists due to the transfer of intramolecular
hydrogen atoms within the β-diketone chain (Figure 1).
These tautomeric forms occur in various trans and cis
forms, the relative concentrations of which could alter
on the basis of multiple parameters, such as pH, polarity
of the solvent, aromatic ring substitution and
temperature41. At equilibrium conditions, the levels of
keto-enol forms within the heptadienone moiety also
play a significant part in the determination of the
antioxidant and physiochemical properties of the
compound. At pH 3-7, the keto form of curcumin
dominates, enabling the compound to act as a potent
hydrogen atom donor and, contrastingly, at pH 8 and
above, the enolate form dominates. In the enolate form,
the produced orthomethoxy-substituted phenoxyl
radicals depict an average level of the capacity to donate
electrons42.
The stability of curcumin is essential to be maintained
for it to be effectively used for physiological purposes.
Curcumin shows sensitivity towards light, reported to
decolorize rapidly when exposed to UV rays. However,
the phenolic hydroxyl groups have not been reported to
impart any significant role in the photo degeneration in
curcumin 44. The involvement of β-diketone moiety in
searching for hydroxyl radicals and redox reactions
results in the production of minor phenolic compounds.
These could be ferulic acid, ferulic aldehyde, vanillin,
vanillic acid, and 4-vinylguaiacol. The photo
degradation of the nonphenolic compounds forms by-
products as well, such as cinnamaldehyde, 20-hydroxy-
50, 60-benzochalcone, flavanone, benzaldehyde, and
other unknown photo compounds 45. This review paper
is to summarize the pharmacological activities of
curcumin (Figure 2) and some of its derivatives from a
wide range of in vivo and in vitro studies, the potential
role of curcumin on covid-19 virus also discussed.
Figure 2. Pharmacological activities of curcumin.
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 14(12): December 2021

Pharmacological activities: lower than 0.09 mM 48. Moreover, curcumin also

Antioxidant drugs:
The estimation of the inhibitive properties of curcumin
towards controlled initiation of the oxidation of styrene
also provided further evidence of the antioxidative
properties of curcumin, as per a different study (21).The
capacity of curcumin to act as a classical antioxidant
was further established through the lack of exhibition of
antioxidant properties by the synthetic nonphenolic
curcuminoids. This determined the antioxidative
properties of the compound to be restricted through the
action of phenolic chain breaking, which results in the
donation of the hydrogen atoms from the phenolic
group. The O-methoxyphenols have been studied to
experience a decrease in their antioxidant activities in H-
bond accepting media. This entails a hydrophobic nature
for curcumin, establishing it as partially insoluble in
water, which could be enhanced in basic medium43.
Many researches (table1) have been approved that
curcumin can scavenge hydrogen peroxide, superoxide
anion radical and nitric oxide that formed by
macrophages, thus antioxidant activity of curcumin is
believed to happen through increase the degradation of
haemoglobin and by inhibiting the lipid peroxidation
process46. However, it has been shown that curcumin
exert the anti-oxidant effect by significantly enhancing
the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)
activation pathway47. One study found that haemoglobin
can be protected from oxidation by curcumin and its
derivatives (DMC, BDMC) by concentrations even
Table 1: Antioxidant activity of curcumin and its derivatives.
Disease Treatment Model
Diabetes Tetrahydrocurcumin: 80 mg/kg; Wistar rats
45 days
Diabetic Curcumin: 0–20 µmol/l; 12 h Human retinal pigment
Retinopathy epithelial cells
Fertility Curcumin: 6, 12, 33 weeks; Mice ovary by
100mg/kg immunofluorescence
constrains the nitric oxide synthase action of
macrophages as well. In 2020; Azami et al reported that
intraperitoneal injection of curcumin for 33 weeks in
mice model; serum level of Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) was reduced, while oestrogen, anti-Müllerian
hormone (AMH), follicles number were increased, also
the life span of mouse oocyte was increased (49).
Reportedly, curcumin be capable of changing the
intestinal metabolism of microbiota of ochratoxin. A fed
ducks that will results in increase antioxidant activities
in duck's liver and improve lipid metabolism by increase
CAT level and decrease the low-density lipoprotein
level50. Curcumin also reduced lipid peroxidation and
oxidative stress prompted by nicotine51. It also improves
antioxidative stress in lung injury induced
Benzo(a)pyrene52. As an addition, it also enhances the
action of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase
and catalase in retinol-deficient rats with a dosage of
0.1% for a three-week time duration resulted in the
reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation in retinopathy
tissues as well. Therapeutically, it could be beneficial in
the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, by studied the
damage effect of high glucose intake in retinal pigment
epithelial cell, it found that, curcumin protect these cells
through the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid
2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and HO-153
Curcumin can also bind with metal ion to form metal
complex that shows significant benefit in term of anti-
oxidant when comparing with curcumin alone 54.
Finding Ref
Increase SOD, Catalase and Glutathione-S- 55
transferase
Decrease lipid peroxidation and H2O2
Inhibit formation of ROS induced by high glucose 56
intake decrease p-AKT, p-mTOR
Increase GHS 49
increase SIRT-1, SIRT-3
Decrease oxidative stress
Decrease apoptosis

Alzheimer's Curcumin: 5 and 15 μM for 24 h Immunocytochemistry, Curcumin conserve the cell structure from 57
Disease confocal microscopy abnormality fthat might induced by oxidative stress
Neurodegenerative Curcumin: 5 μM for 24 h SH-SY5Y Decrease ROS levels in SH-SY5Y cells 58
diseases neuroblastoma cells
Rhodamine-123
fluorescence assay
Anti-proliferative Curcumin monoglucuronide In vitro study, DPPH Free radical Scavenging activity: DPPH reported SC 59
disease and ORAC assay 50 is 15.61μg/mL, average ORAC value 6891.349
(µmol TE/g)
Anti-proliferative Curcumin diglucuronide In vitro study, DPPH DPPH reported 29.77% inhibition at 333 μg/mL, 59
disease and ORAC assay average ORAC value 2502.489 (µmol TE/g)
Anti-tumor Curcumin (Cur) •OH scavenging activity Concentration of curcuminoid required for 50% 60
Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) was determined by Inhibition (µg/ml)
Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDC) bleaching of para- Scavenging activity DFM DMC BDC
Nitrosodimethyl aniline Hydroxyl radical 2.3 1.8 1.8
inhibiting efficacy, LP
lipid peroxidation 20 14 11
determined by
thiobarbituric acid Superoxide radical 6.25 4.25 1.9

6743
 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 14(12): December 2021

method. SO activity was

determined by reduction
of nitroblue tetrazolium.
Anti-cancer a) 4-(2-Hydroxy phenyl)-3, 4- In vitro study, DPPH DPPH result at 50 µM concentration shows high 61
dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)- assay, nitric oxide inhibition result; 88.9% for compound (a), 90.3% for
one curcumin radical scavenging compound (b) and 86.3%, 89.5% for compound (c)
b) 4-(4-Hydroxy phenyl)-3, 4- activity and Radical and (d) respectively.
dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)- scavenging assay. Compound a, b, c reported for high nitric oxide and
one curcumin free radical scavenging activities due to its unique
c) 4-(2-Hydroxy-phenyl)-3, 4- structures which contain hydroxyl group on the ortho
dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)- and para position, while compound d; shows stronger
one curcumin. nitric oxide scavenging activity due to the presence
d) 4-(4-Dimethylamino- of dimethylamino group.
phenyl)-3, 4-
dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-
thione curcumin
a) 1, 7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3- In vitro DPPH and β- Free radical Scavenging activity was depending on 62
methoxyphenyl)-1, 6- carotene/linoleic acid the concentration of these compounds, compound 2
heptadiene-3, 5-dione assay. and 4 were found to be very effective as antioxidant
b) 1, 7-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)-1, 6- compounds which reported in DPPH assay.
heptadiene-3, 5-Dione Compounds 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 showed no antioxidant
c) 1, 7-Bis(3-nitrophenyl)-1, 6- activity by linoleic acid assay.
heptadiene-3, 5- Dione
d) 1, 7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-
nitrophenyl)-1, 6-
heptadiene-3, 5-dione
e) chalcone (E)-1-(4
methoxyphenyl)-3-(2, 4, 6-
trihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-
en-1-one
f) 1, 7-Bis(1-naphthyl)-1, 6
heptadiene-3, 5-dione
g) 1, 7-Bis(5-
methylidenebutenolide)-1,
6-heptadiene-3, 5-dione
h) 1, 7-Bis(3, 4
methylenedioxyphenyl)-1, 6
heptadiene-3, 5-dione
Anti-tumor Dimethylaminomethyl- In vitro DPPH and Good free radical Scavenging activity reported for 63
substituted curcumin derivatives galvinoxyl the compounds, IC50 for curcumin is 26.5µM which
Radicals assay is much higher than the other derivatives.
Curcumin/copper(II) complexes In vitro Superoxide anion scavenging of the five compounds 64
photochemiluminescenc were better than curcumin
e
Curcuminoid and rubrocurcumin In vitro ABTS method Free radical Scavenging activity of rubrocurcumin 65
analogues analogues were higher than the relative curcuminoid
derivatives.
Anti-cancer Phthalimide-based curcumin In vitro DPPH assay Free radical Scavenging activity 66
derivatives

CONCLUSION:
Curcumin is a nutraceutical compound with numerous
pharmacological actions, several which have been
clinically used in both humans, and animals. Noteworthy
among these are the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and
anticarcinogenic effects, all of which are observed to be
interconnected. Curcumin shows a pivotal role in
diseases cure through the modulation of various genes
and enzymes involve in the pathogenesis. Further details
studies based on animal models and clinical experiments
and testing are essential to improve the efficacy, safety,
and the mechanism of curcumin in diseases prevention
and management.
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