COMPLICATION WHILE DRILLING DIRECTIONAL WELLS‘STITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARH ROAD DEHRADUN DOG LEG SEVERITY A dogleg is an abrupt change in hole angle or direction which causes a sharp bend in the well path. It can be detected by increased torque and drag on the drill string. The size of dogleg can be calculated over a 100 ft interval using this equation @ = Cos'{Cosa,.Cose, + Sina, . Sina, Cos(B, - B,)} Where @ = dog Iezangle (dezrees) @,,B, = inclination and azimuth at station 1 ,,B, = inclination and azimuth atstation 2 The severity of dogleg is expressed the change in angle per 100 ft drilled interval i.e. DLS = (/L)x 100 Where DLS = dog leg severity (degree/100f) = doglegangle L_ = course length between stations 71INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY, KAULAGARH ROAD :DEHRADUN EFFECT OF SEVERE DOGLEG 1 INCREASE ON DRILL iG AND CASING Due to dog legging inside of the bend,the wall of the pipe will be under compression, while outer wall there will be tension. These affects will be reversed due to pipe rotation through 180°. Thus the pipe undergoes cyclic loading which encourages fatigue and reduces operational life of the drill pipe. To limit bending stresses on the pipe a maximum permissible dogleg severity (C) can be calculated as follows = 432000 o, tanh(KL) x ED KL = maximum DLS degrees’ 100ft) c G, = maximum permissible bending stress (psi) E = modulusofelasticity (psi) D = ODofdrill pipe (in) L__ = halfdistance between tool joints(L=180in for range 2pipe) 7.2INS UTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLO \GARH ROAD ‘DEHRADUN Kal T = tension loading below dogleg (Ibs) 1 = MI (int) for circulation pipe I = (71/64) (D*-d") d= WDofdrill pipe (in) ©, depends on grade of pipe and the tensile stress 6, exerted on Pipe o = 1/A Where A = Cross sectional area of pipe For grade E drill pipe witha tensile stress less than 67000 psi the following formula can be used, 6, = 19500-106, - 06 (,-33500" 7 (670 6, =20000x( 1-6, / 145000 ),holds for 6, upto 133.400 psi IfDLS at this depth exceeds the value of 'C’, pipe will begin to suffer fatigue damage. The effect of fatigue on life of pipe can be calculated in terms of % by which the operational life has been reduced. The fatigue damage is a function of pipe grade, OD, DLS and tensile load. 7.3joncc} the percentage of fatigue life expended in 30 ft interval as shown inthe fig. 1 [LENGTH OF ORI PRE BELOW 006.66 (MOUSANDS OF FEET) INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARH ROAD ‘DEHRADUN Hansford and Lubinski produced graphs to determine PERCENT FATIGUE LIFE EXPENDED WA 30 FOOT INTERVAL 3 0 ay ax ott art [ t LEG SEVERITY Secntes 100 4 ‘TENSION IM DRILL PPE W D0G-LEG THOUSANDS OF POUNDS) o NON - CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT rencent eancue UE xPENOED WA SO FOOT TERIAL 0 100 ay" $47 se Fe 8eLow D00.L68, € 2 3 g 2 8 aie 5 ‘c aig nag ose el pipe gal do (carene cama fg: pe eer | {eWSHONN ORILL PPE IY DOG.LEG THOUSANDS OF SOUNDS) fr00 le if it SOOO Sintgae Eso esy spent 0D ili an 10 he CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT 74INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARH ROAD -DEHRADUN Fatigue life expended we can calculate % for all the doglegs present in the hole and the effect is cumnulative. The procedure gives as. guide as to when particular section of pipe should be replaced. REMEDY (a) (b) To reduce the effect of dogleg severity on the drill pipe is the use of nubber protectors. This reduces the amount of contact between drillpipe and the borehole. Ina dog leg the protectors distribute the bending stresses more evenly over the drillpipe section and so reduces drill pipe fatigue. Severe dogleg can also exert side forces on tool joints which if excessive (over 2000 Ibs) can cause key seat and tool joint failure ‘The maximum dogleg severity which can be tolerated is given by 108000 F nT ‘Where F = _ lateral force on tool joint (Ibs) half the length of drill pipe joint (180 inch.) T = tension load (Ibs) 7.5() INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY, KAULAGARHROAD :DEHRADUN Any dogleg greater than this figure is likely to cause a tool joint failure under given condition. Drill collar connection can also fail due to lateral loading caused by severe dogleas ‘When designing casing strings any severe doglegs in the hole must be considered since the bending effect will reduce the collapse resistance of casing. The reduction in collapse resistance is not usually significant unless dogleg severity exceeds 10° degree per loo ft ‘The maximum fibre stress in the casing (Sb) can be determined from S, = DE(LS) 137150 Where S, = fibre stress D = ODofcasing (in) E = modulus of elasticity (psi) DLS = dogieg severity (degree per 100 ft) The maximum fibre stress must not exceed the yield stress of casing. The effective tension due to bending is calculated by multiplying S, by cross-sectional area of the casing (A). The 7.6INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARH ROAD ‘DEHRADUN equivalent tensile load is therefore given by ETL - (S,x A) +T ‘Where ETL = equivalenttensile load (Ibs) T = axial tensile load (including buoyancy) A further S, can be defined as Ss = EIL Pipe body yield strength The factor S, is then used to calculate S, S, = 08x (-s,+/4-3S3} “The de-rated collapse resistance is then found by multiplying the full collapse resistance by S,. If this de-rated figure is less than the applied collapse loading at that depth, the casing of that intervalINSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARHROAD ‘DEHRADUN must be re-designed. Select heavier wt of casing for any section of the hole that has a dogleg to allow for extra pipe/casing wear at that point. PREVENTION AND. PRECAUTIONS v Increase the frequency of drill collar inspection on trips. Use non hard banded drill pipe to avoid key seating and casing wear, Use packed hole assembly to reduce doglegs. Keep the kick off point in directional well as deep as practicable. String reamers should be usednee INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KEY SEATING: A keyseat is a groove of variable depth digged into the formation by drill pipe body and tooljoint friction when drilling or tipping, infront of curved part of the well. Key seat widens corresponding, to the drillpipe tool joint OD. The drill pipes passes freely into the key seat but not the drill collars. * Whenrunning in hole the bit prevents the DC to enter the keyscat and tripping down is free. * When pulling out, the drill pipe engage into the keyseat When the first DC arrives at the keyseat entrance it cannot enter the keyseat and some times gets stuck _— Tooljoint outside diameter 1 2 x Fig. 1 Development of Keyseat in dogleg.INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARH ROAD :DEKRADUN CONDITION FOR KEY SEAT DEVELOPMENT * Curved well section * Sharper the curve, deeper the key seat * High tension level The higher the tension, the stronger the drill pipe straightening force the deeper the keyseat * The softer the formation , the quickens the keyseat develops. DIFFERENT TYPES OF KEY SEAT AND REMEDY 1. Build up keyseats : Forms on the high side of hole, when drilling deeper section of hole. REMEDIES * Case the hole soon enough to protect the curved part + Iflong section has to be drilled, maintain a low value of BUR. 2. Drop off key seats: In, ‘S' profile wells these are worse key seat specially located high inthe hole.INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARH ROAD DEHRADUN REMEDIES + Case the hole before a too rough key seat develops. * Limit tum rate if long open hole section is to be drilled after drop off. + In case of very long drop off plan an intermediate reaming out run with; Bit, Roller reamer,1Dce 9M, Roller reamer, DC etc. Azimuth Correction keyseats :- This type of keyseat are not so frequent because azimuth corrections are mostly done in the lower part of hole (L - type wells). Generally, a good reaming with roller reamer and stiffassembly will be sufficient to prevent keyseat risks. Most dangerous key seats In 814” hole keyseat formation is most dangerous. REMEDIES + Pay more attention * Locate a stabiliser or keyseat wiper at Drillcollar top. * Keep always double acting jar in heavy weight, not in Drill collars.INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY, KAULAGARH ROAD DEHRADUN Y SEAT IDENTIFICATH Running in is completely free. Increasing drag at lower key seat entrance at each trip and always at the same depth. Formation is generally soft or medium soft. KEY SEAT STICKING PREVENTION Try to drill a smooth trajectory Include a keyseat wiper/roller, reamer/stabiliser at top of De. Locate drilling double acting jar (6 OD, UP & DN) at one single heavy wt. higher than roller reamer. Sufficient heavy weight will be located on the top of jar (15-20) to deliver enough weight to have an efficient down jarring action. KKEY SEAT IN SUB VERTICAL WELLS Most of the time the “Curve sharpness” are a lot sharper in subvertical than in deviated well. azimuth is not recorded in vertical well deviated wells being always drilled with 2-3 or more stabilizers are protected from too sharp curves and curved 712INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARHROAD :DEHRADUN sections are smoothly reamed by stabiliser. SUMMARY Condition for key seats * sharp curve, soft medium, soft formation, high string tension Most dangerous keyseats * when DP tool joint OD is close to DC OD (81%” hole) Identification + up drag ata given depth (increasing at each trip) * no down drag at the same depth Key seat prevention + smooth curve * casing soon enough * hole reaming Precaution when a keyseat has developed : * Roller reamer or better keyseat wiper at top DC ° Jar (downward) in HWDP (never in DC) ~ Enough HWDP for efficient jarring 713STITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOG' KAULAGARHROAD :DEHRADU Key seat ertical” hole * More frequent and often more dangerous than in deviated wells key seats. Keyseat developing cannot be always avoided but getting stuck in key seat is alweys due to a accumulation of mistakesREA INSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARH ROAD ‘DEHRADUN PRACTICE IN DEVIATION W! Reaming is the process of reopening a hole to its original, full gage diameter. In directional well, there is likely risk of side-tracking original hole all the time particularly in upper curved section, where format is soft. Hence, reaming is not desirable in deviated hole. However duc to various constraints, ifreamingis required ithas to be done with atmost care. During drilling, in the process of reaming the string should be lowered very fast relative to original penetration rate with almost no WO.B. Reaming is sometime done to combat tight hole situation and keyseat in drilled hole. In particular it is most dangerous in build phase of curved section because in reaming due to natural tendency the string ties to ream, the lower side of the hole. This creates a shoulders and well may be side tracked TASINSTITUTE OF DRILLING TECHNOLOGY KAULAGARH ROAD DEHRADU! Therefore instead of attempting to reaming directly, reaming is done in phased manner. 1, Try to work past the tight spots by reciprocation and circulation and reach bottom. 2. If not, apply 3-5 tons of load on bit and lock the rotary table until weight falls off. Thus proceed to full kelly length by reciprocating and locking 3. Therefore kelly should be pulled up and this portion should be reamed again with low wtand R.P.M. this manner, the bit is worked down to bottom. 7.16