ONIT-2 DATA LINE Layer axotocol + A protocol Fe a Set of ves that Qovexo deta. communications . a A Prvtecet defines what is communicated , how tH fs communicated and chen tk ts communicated y Uls -forat description Pf Message format and wales Anat compiler must fave Lo -followe fs orclerlo exchange data x The Key elements Of Protocel ave Syntax , Semotics ond Hinting « x Protocols Axe AiVfdect fits ~those-that Can be uted for meiseless (error free) Channels and -4ose rat can be used lg the Aor noisy (error —creating) channels . The Pretece frst category comet be used tr real lege, but “hey bast for Understarcking he Protocols of nots channels - Sesve as Protvenls, | v Por nsiseless chanrel (i > For nore chonnel — Siroplest L Sto p-ond-wozt ARQ Gp-nack-N ARQ L— Stop. and —naait 7 LL getechve Repent ARQ Simplest protocol + The sienplest Protocol f& deta link lage Protocol -fox tyansnission f Stores over computer network * Uk has no Slow ov @rox Cortso) . * Tet a Unidirectional protowl Bo whieh data tromnes Ost Anavelfing Fm only One direction from Sender to eeeiver - Ps. =X The data link lager Of Abe receiver frrmnedtately Tremeves he header from Ae frame and bande lhe cletta Packet |, fue network layer » biel, can also accept the Packet tmenedtantely . Serdes sites The data link layer fre Sendex Ste Watts fos the MLtuwotk laser to Send a data Packet. Ov coe) the Packet , te tmmediotely processes TE and Sends Vt te Whe Poysfeal layer for tvangmtssfon- Receiver Site s- The dota liok layer fm the receiver Sle watts -for a frame 7 be available - when te i available, % tS immediately Precesses Te and Sends 40 she Netusovk lager ender || eels Receiver Aboot lou] pockets | fees | | f Pockels | potuanrk Lauer 4 Dabrlict aug ‘ L tatalink Lovey frre Physical layey Everts Arerival of frames ?n Athen, Dr oeine Ereute Serdey Algorithm Physteot toner Ackion .- creeutle receiver Agostihen » Flovo Dhogeoer v Receiver Pro er, ' 4 ' 1 Pavedtyat Roan et ' —— 1 V Fa me 5! a Paiva Roonest —a7 } ~ : a q \ ' Aetna | =)rise pe e shople The Senders Sends a Sequence op frames even totoking Above tre “rec: ana ever « Dako ase -banseiitted ga one devection, only - Bol Sencter and recevex aluays | ‘i cuessivn, Hime 007 be. pore Dopintte upper Space ts owowable Ana lees ey all, the Communication Choorel petween “the data link layer nevers dornages oF 'Oset a aus thoroughly umnealétre Protecal , whfeh oe twill called os Subspia® The Utopfa Prtoco| is Unvealistre becaute te does Wok Dapdle “Biber flow oy enoT NESS: Siar Coes et Pee = The Stop and usatt Prrtoesl ts a. cata lénk layer prise iseless wonteh To Used for Wwansmthuing “the data ever Abe o - sateocti to. ETANENssion cronnds «Tk provides Unidi ~eckional dota 3 : wilt which means that ether Sending o4 rrecelv oan medi take Place at oO tme- Tk Provides Flow contre! chants - ut does not Provide Any error control ME Psterttives of stopood Halt ‘Pavtocels- Sendex sides Rule Le gender Sends one dota packet oF a tHe Rule g2 Serdey Seas the Neal Packet only when Te wecerves Ye acknowledgement of Ahe previous pocket Thexefere , “oe thea f Stop and wok Protocal fn ahe sender's Side &% very Semple , be Semad one packet ak O Afene , ad clo Rot Sena another packet loefore weceiving Abe Bcknowdledarnent Receiver sie *- Ruled a Recetve and sher Consunve The clota packet ee ‘e ver Rule A: when the dota packet ts consumed , Vecetve: « iSends “he acknerotedgment “le the Sender , x Therefore, the idea YY Slopand Wart protocel th the | ( A “i Side t& algo Newy Staple , Te Consume ~the Packer ; any" Sree the packet 4S Consumed , Whe acknowledgment Be n TRS TS kenoee ac a flaw control -Mechantinn. WONT GF Slop ood Wath protwea Sondew Receiver farival 2 Re he i The workeng : Dg there te a Sender ee “he Packet and ine paces % a) the Adircusledament ° OSE Packer ‘Packet The Me Vex Sends the Acknevledgement for i Mhout receny; 3 | the He | “he data packet tt has Neceives ~OHCE the Acknowledgment fs AL Packet This process & tts Sbpp getty but H has Some dc oe "sadvantages also . Ietfrecency Fer ex ae omple s Of rere owe. Wee data pockets to he Seat » hen atl the tooo Packets cannot be sent at a time as in SHOP and watt Proto! , one FAKE TK sem at a LimeEe prsacvartagys Ff Slop and Watt protocol 2- ane folowing axe he ate Provoest 1 problems OCuRY due te lose data tlern. i Problems associated Lolth a Stop and 2 problems octury cue to lost acknowledgement 3: Problems due to delay data ov Acknowledgrnent Nay chonnst = v Sop- Sod ide Autemnile: Bipeat Request + The Stop —and -hoate Autonratte Repecet Request adds o Simnple EY Control Mechantewn to “the Stop Hand — woot protocol. To detect ard conect cormupled frames, E O68d do add Tedundarty bis lo OuN cata i | | aa i | Acknnatedaement Frame ' Event Js. Req uert: or doco. transfer Event 1% Arntval 2 frarnes 2 From network Lauper Physical done || Erato: Acknowledgement Nok treation | Aron Phystead lower AGKon = Etetute ~ocePvey | Aujovitim | Actions Execute sender Ngp-tiney | Sender Sikes At the Sender ete, a field ts added bo the frame. | wD hold a sg, } | equence Mumber . TY data ts available , the data i nk layer PRAKES A Lraeyn ONd Sends With the Certain Sequence Nurnker Wo The Senders then uate for cxivat of acknotoledgement fora cestais annount op ttme - Dy Me veceives a Posilive Acknowledgment, fore frame usitig trot Sequence number “Ain the ipwlated time, tt Sende she frome with Next Sequence number Otbeswice | Yetends the Same frame Kecelyer Sites The weceiver aleo keeps a sequence number SF Frorne expected for anival When a Frame corives , the Tee Ver Processes 2 and checke uohether ft f Valid ov fot QF ts vated and te Sequence numbex Tratcher the Gequence number Of Ane expected frame , TL extracts — dota ond delivers TH ty the network layer ee alo ackeoudted qment for Moat frame back to “the Sendes yy ws Thy Sequence Number - i$ Sander Recoiver i . B ant © PN ell neh— es = | : : 1G, oltfols | ariel + grant fo si ole) re GP . : Requert le} ni loli] Rares ! 9 tou He ' Theat Out ls [o[s\ Frame 7 Acrival equ ah snemt(D) ctireout [of] aott se derivol vThe gender has a comtwl Variable; which we call sy (Seeder » next Axome to Seed) the necever has a Conlrel Variable , which Le cali Ro (veeever ment frome expected) x When a frame fe Sent , “the Value Of Spy Ys Thexemented , -the Nalue PF Sn fe 0, WA becomes 4 and Viceversa. . when frame %& ecevey sthe Value of Ro te Toerementey which Weane ff i fh 0, Pe becomes 1 and viceversa . & Feame © fs gent and mcenouledg ect “Prame 4% lost and “esent after the time-out: The Tesrent frame 4 7S AkkM oeoled ged and she times Stops - ork acknowledged 5 but the Acknowledgment % Nog + Qe ~isenter has 0 fdea ef the frome ov Aehedany ty | “The senses \ lost fo after the Adtene -out * TH Teserds frame by Acknowledged % host Frames axe nose Aegrcull Lo handle than come . AP Reo OX dupliate ora frorne out y order - The Solution 4 2as no Dn ovr previous —prototels there u a Fromme --the received ror! Could be she by the Fran” frores Were Chey Mumber of frones « When the vecewex Vecdiver Oo deta, that eo out Of Order , ABTS Meang shal Lost ow Auplteated The lost Pornes Meed to be werent fry thte Protocel “Dy the erecetver aloes not TEPOGA ushen here 2e OL SWE, OW Can the Seeder krous ashe Sh frome to wegen 2 To emedy this PWbiem , toe Sender keeps a. CORY Of Ae Sent frome . Mahe Some fone JE Stoate a rey here & np ACK for tine. Sent COPY MS held sana Of Ahe stmer expres and Frome ite frome es FESEnt she “he Aimer revtarked - gence tne Probes! “S% Ave Stop and - uot Methantsns , there 1 ery OPE SPEYER frame simak neede cin Nee Evtor Cowedion Sop - and hak ARQ te clone by keeptny SPY Pe Sent frame ond webranemitting of The Frome Uhes the ines experes, Whe Gtop- 008 - Klaak Prevteecel (Ara Protecol Pwovedes ms ERT Control and Flows Contmt meckantsrape Ane effeetency Of -Lanemitscion, mulbiple “framec | pgp be H AFEPSTHOD Wile watting for acknowledgment Tn mu ether words , We Need to let Wore than one frame be outstonding o keep the channel busy While tne Sender ts voaiking “fox i posters L gn this Protocol Uwe cam send Several Fronts before qectiving, acknowledgments 5 we keep a copy of these frames unitt the @cknovo ledgmente Orrive Nurobers 2 Segue NOELLE frames from & Sending Station axe numbered Sequentially Powever, because we need to fnclude the Sequence numbers Of each frame to Ae heoder we need to sek a Visit Df Ahe header of Ahe Frame altouss m bits Ba the aleees yumber, the Seqkence nuntbers range fron pte 20-| Fnhe Go- Back —N Protoce) ,-the Sequence numbess ore. Ad ence number {Ke modulo 2°, where me the Stee of Seqtence iM bits - Siidfog Wendows- Pn OP the stiding wtodous hak Ane ange Of Sequence nur es he Sendex and Teceiver + To Other Words Pecliver needs to deal witn only Post OP Sequence numbers The range uskich cee Serder & called the Send Sitaog ustralows > Ye ie Coiled HE eS ae an abstract concept thar cleftingcs tedine Concern oF ape Sender and pe Possible, er the tine cancers Aine oe Hak SW the Concern ©F tine “vecetver i Bi ding evindows « ori Ah The Send ustndow ts an tmaginasy box Covering “PS ot be mH Seqrence mumnbers of the dacta trannes conteh Carn Monsen it 2- some of these Seqvence nuny; a . gn cach window pares t bs, Other deg ers eg that have beer Sent 5 al nee goes the fom" “ “ Slee or the Nou, ° : afer? be sent» THEY we gn divides “the possthle se 1 The window ot aunng tree WS e v © SEQUENCE ows veaons “The fhe wegen FEM The fs eg mumbes flo Se nl etree tl “quer defines the Seyeence Mine, aU of the windeve + Hthat ove already acknowledged » The Sendey frames and keeps ie one t “heen | det Amat can ‘ 1 i ste tine Left | belonying te frames does not woomry about “these Sa Send Window > \ next -fromne toserd y i [ee fe [e [6]4 bo ln|'=) [af Prames-lhat con foe Sent bat) Framer ip a! | Frowes sent, but not adeno { acknewteclged (oudstonaling) not veceived Grow upper la a = k end winds ie | Facet alveadiy 7 | & send ur'ndow after sua fe {> Serd ustedow for Go- Back -n) ARQ. The2Second veqe ines ae r defines the ronge of Sequence Mumbers a 4 ie} the frames thal ave Sent And have an Unknown Status The Sender needs to usait lo find out if thee frames have been received or were lost : The +tht1d reago Fon , hile % oe ee ue a ° inthe figures defines the varge Of sani for froner that can be sent -, however We com - 0g data Pockets hovenot Yet been ~weceived from nekwork er Fes naa " T Heallg the fourth region clefines Seqpere® hat Conovt be used Until the LoImdous Sides « The vsiedow 4% i ident i ue USEF Ts an abstraction yther Meee Vaviablec e FkS Size and location at any teeeS y these Vorables Sf (send windows j-tne forse outstanding a we i) gm (gerd windous “Whe Next frame lo be Sent), and a (serd window , Sze) - The Vawlable Sf defines Abe ost oe mumber of the [St (Oldest) cuetstancting -frarne Sn ab Sn holds the Sequence number thot ALL be 5 ageeqned te the nee Fromero be sent . Finally ee yontable. Ssize Aefines toe See of ~the Winders » sohtch te ged To 01 Protocol pe Shows Vow @ Send Linders can slide one oy mere goie FO tHE TYNE WED & Oeckrowoledgenent cxsvives Fron Oe other end ~The -frames 0,1, and g ore acknowledged, forthe Wiedors has slf& to the ght Anvee slots wy Tre teceive windows makes sure Anat the correct lotta : Gromes Ore FeCRiVEed Gand thal the Coryect acknowstedgrnent, owe sent The Slee of the veceive ustedovs fe Alvoas a The veeetver tg aluays lovking for the carival OF & Specified Avome + Frome. Contving Cut og Ovelex es discarded and veeds to be resent Pn Recrive windows, next frame expected fet tt PS p45 10/419 prar0es already xeceivee] and Otknowtedged L a Recsive window fies lac tlite| 13114) 151.01 ae teal | © windowootter siding Note that we need only one Vertable Rn (Receive window 5 | Merk fame exputed)to define this abstraction ~The sequence NUMBERS to the lepe Ff the window belong to “the frames Abready vecetved aod) acknoevlecl ged ', the Sequence NumbextUE Winders define the xo the aAqht of Fromes Sh any, toe received «Amey eceived frame Lis © Sequence nyt tn Awne. wo vegions %w Afscomded only DX Prownse rr Sequence wuntber wnat ching the value of Ry fe ae epteg and acknowledged «The receive votndous alco Seg, bu or One slok act aA time - When A Correct frame & Veeeived »the Window «lédes Destans- mT sea SA leak Pn poutsording ro cend | Dota fort Atk frame. oe A ios a 7 | se Rective Send | 1"? 2d No Ar0m€ rons, [eet joerer | —— apolar fee [Repeat Prove | | Pgonthen dor sender sta [Fere-out | [fet ee al _ Event, — | Notthresdin fron 1 Phittiod bayer Ears Fee Shows Ape sesiqn for Ahi protocol. retitiple Frownes Can be th transit Paulliple aekinovotedgment, The idea AS we con gee WA] forward direction WT the reverse. catvectvon and SS Sirnilor to Stop and — watt ARQ the Nefference &s that the Send window otlows us-le have aS many frames E tay 9 O8 there ave Slots in the Send window.gerd Soe EE re Ow Shove Why -the gz, , ye can 4 © of the setond esindors must ™ pe ws than 2 AS ON exomple , ise choose ™M=2Q, Which means the Sie Of The voinders can Ge wor a. ee wed Compares A wrodow sre or 3 AGAMLe A cwrndoes ge of 4 BY the size Of Ahe cotadow ig 3 Less anan 2) and att three ackmovte cements ore lost Aimer CIPHES Ana Atl Abeee fy nour expec en athe frome 0 Frames axe resent «The ‘ctiver frome 3, not frame 0 So +he dupheste frame TS correctly dewarded 4 ON AHS Othey Vand , ig the Size mg the wos Yyand an ack noustedde mente ove lost , co dupticate ef Frame 0 However, abe receiver row ts 4 (equal te The Sender wilt Send hig He abe windows of CAPELES Te A Veceive frame , So Accepts PMA Osa. duplicate , bur as the first frome fo the ment cecle -Thes ts frome 0 an ever. SE Sender Recriver | ——_ = 5 windows size 2 af FA tt. window sree er Go~ FIG chou an example Of Go-Back -N ThE f& an example FASE hese the forward channel tS veliable , but Ie reverse te Mot - No clata Frames ove last , Out Some ACKS PRSt : Kample also sh, axe delayed and one is las “the examp ee come cumulative Acknovoledg ments can help ip bn " Ack, ley acre delayed or lost he Aker titialization Where are Seven gendex Vente Re events ave triggered buy data from tre mnetioork lac! Omval events axe “agerca a acknruoleda nents Proms “hn, Plysteat layer “There fs Wo time ~out event here beea,, aw Out stand eng mer expt Arames axe ackrousled geet before the Wes. Note shat Although Ack a ee lost » Ack 2a, GS beth Ack a and Ack a. There au Asiggerea be layer: Ore four Teceiver events 4 the axrival Of Srames from “The Uhysteae Sender Stat Breen ® vo is STII] | Requat’ RULEGEEETS ays] lfemses —— s+ a P ats EE) coe Spe Lana "yee ti sky S i Na 2 a cam. ee “wo! BEBE | Acetyed, PRLS — ee we ‘ stor Sone ne inner: on Fe 9% plow Biagrarn 2 Go-pack-n ARQ Fequre & shou uchat happens when a frame is lest « Receiver Frame, 0,12 Od & Axe Seni tyowever. frame 4 te lost The ~ecetver yeceeves frome & ant but they Ore Atcarded becouse they ee received out of Order . The Sender receives No Acknowtecla!Ld Ads ee ag 3: Vs timer froalty exgives ‘The sender en ding Feast ,the Stee of the vecetve wtadew fsthe same asthe gtae eg the Send votedow (a1) - Ragu 4. Shows “the seceive windows te thts Protocol These slob wstde the wirdow-that are Coloured clefine rornes that have axsivect Out xf Ordex andl ave wanting -for their netghbors to aweive_ >Se avery totbe Nekwork layer if ie Recrive windows Pa next frame expected, 4 nlalaiel ; 15 Lo fate [aihio Of finest ts ot! atin soe 8 | | | ainiwtoit's Bla l PET | fren ; $ |recerved and ttorod pt eet | = Jeeta ted | Foyt Receive windows or Celective Repeat ARQ Desigat The destqn An Anis Case t-te Some extent Similar to the one we decrvoed forthe [0-Back-nl y but more Complicated Fisk, sy Newt fa Nawt fe s pusiondi} 1? bo gendl |, Recetve do \ Nehusove Dataline pital fective epi Brome frawe sc | Phypreal eda cay om —— + Notipieation a EXeat | Notification from Prusical he stecd Rye Bern of Selective Lepeat ARQ~~ }©= © 4 watindow sfzes ». - we Can Now Show valny he. Size ¥ tthe Sendex ang Tee + es wsirdows must be a most on half of a0 For etanpi, eg [org Dy Abe she Qf the window fs Q cand alt acknovolecldnrersty « MER, WHEE MEANS The Sree OP the WOOK fe gen lost Abe times for frame 0 exprves and frame 6 ¢& “em, However, lis tte the wind oo Of the eceiver expects ~y “ecetve Lame 0, 60 tH accepts frame 0, NOt as Supliate , ba Seve fraet frame athe net eqele The Te clearly an erg, In Selective Repeat ARG ythe Ste x rhe Sender Ard Yecekve, . window must be ot Mork one ~halp of 2: Sendey Receivey } Senden Receins fg | | sk | O LE Bam, |. % ‘aie | En PrP Tsiee) Erroneous ly Accept aw Frome 4 te lost we Show fr th thes onze SO Repeat Selective Repeat behaves One main Arfference tthe numboy op tomers - Here , T Tesent veede a Aimer timex need to be Numbered (o Stars ae fixe t FeQUeSE but & Frame cerives ‘The emer each Srome Sant o Which mean’ that the 12 and a The tmer fer frame o OPS hen the Ack -for Ths for frame 4 Starts at the Seconcl [TERME restarts ushen a NAK avrives poo eal eet Wher he last Ask coevives The they two “mers Short shen b Abe corresponding Frames ore Sent and stop at the lout arrival event Diciereteinieeeacanae ae eTSender Pecajuet A 1 § ky ‘ iVAYel fol Frames — sae" s+ ean drivel eleheebalslertol— Aen tame © st ass ' Jetnieed. olahe é]2[0} ® Request [olats| 3] Isetslel> eazy, | Oe ele oles nequese (lzLals | 15 |elzIO1> aa 5 - so oe equal [ofalels [2]slst210! > ares $7 ce || ie [TET pase aja lols («| Arivel Arrive daiveed Atte “eedver Site ue Need to Absttng uch between ~the acceptance po frome ands delivery tothe network layer LA the Second orival, frome Q oanives and f Stored ard Moke > but Ue Cane be deltvered because frome 4 te missiv At the Text au none Of the Mote evives ani w (6 Masked and stored » but still +f omival , Arorres can be delivered Only Od Ae last covval, when finally a copy of frome comves , 2 frames 1,Q.00d % be delivered te the network layer fromes must be oovived = Seeand » After the Yast 1 “be Fras , A Sek OF consecutive ap the wtrlowe Sek Staxts Jrom the beginoing And tine FRret one Starts fom Orrtval, Arere ove three frarnes Aine. te . agin, of the. voto trothes Enoportant potiat ts NAk Te get after the scood oxival , uk Wot ogeey tne hfe » although both stuaitons eek Ihe Fame The setond Nine would SH be NAKA to Toforn> the Seader 4S Ferd Grame A ages jAbts has already been done | | | |tr Pesttion Qna cy, adh windows leo, A Nak & Seat once for & ng . Slot th the windows “The -fert one . The next point is abou Acks The fer one Acknocg), ” 7 Sask frame +, the Secend tne acknewledges three Frome, ah Sisk 4x 5 th chen data ore eels “n elective. Repent, Acks ere Sent ushen dacta ore felive rey a, a ehuvork \ayex Te the data belonging to 0 Frames Ore delt, | ow : an One shot , ony One ACK iS Sent for all of hens. > Reapubaciog:- The tree “protocols ave all ungdirectional : electa frances, five n Only one dtection AKoough Control Toformation Such as hey ony NAK frames Can -Vrovel % tiher devection Tn teal lefe, data $a xe Normally Sleustng * both directions » fren node Arts Nede B | Cod fom meeB-t Medes “Kis means ike the control informatie, Also needs to plow ty Lots dlteckons A Aechne inane PUagybacking ts usedto toprove the ef ficiteng PP Abe widteedtional Protcate Reeelve Serdwindow Receive Uatedoos - Windows rm ETE 4 Netwowe [Balter Sor) ge Fran Pate tink | save kane Physica ete, Ser “frome 274 Lite | Event Request fess ! MeEoTE tage | a we ! Repeat -forevey J | | [ae Laan af —ee = 7 f Bent? &: 1 | + 7 Events. [Nonfat I [ree ee Ewa | nbticabion from 4 PlugsrealS fing clata from Ato & con also cory ame ES coment a pnerdsé urfived frames from 4 wher a frame Vs . about & o. aOO - - ee aa from BIO A, Te com alo carry contort tnferrnakon cof quout the ce appe design foe Go~ Back =N ARG UNTO Peyyhacktag tH foqure rol each node Now has too wwindews + one Send windows ard raved (ot (okt) Psarnes from A. ae ‘ eweeve window - Both alto need to use a tener Both ore on eyvolwed to Ate Aypes of every» Tequest:, Geriyal ond terme -0ut Gpawever “the oatival Cent here Fs Complreated 5 her 4 frome fe an | gives the Ste needs-lo handle control tformation o4 Sell | x 0 COM ape frame UWself + Bolle op these concerns must be taker Cove - Ga, uses onl of ME NEnt ths aavival event The ~equest event “Ses only aie Send window et each site, the amival erent reeds te vse oth window - -ten Emaportont Point Pigqybacking Esthat both sttes must use the Some algprtiion “Thi algorithms 4 Complicated because TE EES Ae combine two comival events isle one - 4 what {6 plagyfeacking » 4 Plaqy backing means Combining dotate wesent and acknocsledqment Ohare frome *eCe’vEA fn one single frame « Pygy eackirn can Se lbondwidtls because the overhead Seen o dota Frame ond an Ack frame can be Combined trite surt One Lame - Hho .- Hign-devel Dota link control ts a bit — Ovented Proteco| Fer Communteabron over point - tom potnt Ona rmutttpemt Moke - | Te Wolements the ARQ mMechanion « | HDLC Provides tuo common transfer modes that can be Used to dtprevent confiquraitions + Mowmal Tesponse Mode CRrmand “asynchroreus balanced modeoo Norenal sponse Mode += node! (NRM) >the station Conte | Qn Norrral FSpons: qe 7 9, Primacy station and mrultaptg ts Unbalanced. we have On Geecedary Stations «A patenany setondony ctatfon Can only words potut -te- potnt ond muttipe, tation Can Send Con wrespoad ©The NIRM f Used fy pont Woke . Tr actypelvonous balanced mode (ABM) , the con $esrente On te balanced The lick fs poet Lo - Poin jand each, Statton Can ‘ Feretion as a peinnary and o Secondary - W's ts the Co made tocar. I ron to Asyneinovous Balanced Made += A Pott = tp Ente pee Patmowy © Multtpotrest F4? Nowmal Terponte mode Combined NT: Rsppctronous alorcea modegectele AHS Modes qerree types of (rrames + fH formation Same (2 -frorces) > ed Compentiong HD LE cleproes extpervisery frames (S-frames) , and unnumbered frome cvepomesy: To frames cere Used tp “transport user dato. and cortrl Toforration velattingte Userdata . $-frennes exe Used ONIY Lo EYangove control tfowncibion « u gnfermeation med by U-frames is Intended bY MOP ane Wink Tesele Franses Ove FESeHVed -Kex Sisters Tranagerent ame Format + Each frame %> HDLE may contata up-to st frelds a weqinning Frog feel , an adavese Reel d , A control Feld ,o0 ingomradios Feld , 2 frame checle Sequence (FCs) frela, and on endiiog Slag Freta - Da mMatiple - frame transmissions | the endtey Slag OF One Frame can Serve Os the beginning flag of the next frome - A EF Foy Addvess | Control ee eee ?- Frame $ | Flag} UO - Frorne Haq Held Tee flan Gres of a6 HDLE france is am &- oft Sequence With Lhe bit pattem o1441440 that testi {ies bo the beginning ond the end op a frame and Serves ASA Lyndhwontzation pattem for the weceives Adexess Feld: The cetard gre op an HDLe frame contoins the addvess Of the Secon cory Srodiow -| VO Prfrmany SteHion erected the frome 4 Contasne | address Tf 0 Setorsdary creates Ahe frame , i Conteans Sty addvess sin Adehress field can be 1 byte ov Several bytes ea x ¥ depending onthe Meede Cy the Network One by te ¢ > pending “Tt y {te car, Meaty Up te lag Stations . Y tH i | Seubel field :-the conbwol field fea 4- or 2 byte Seqrment 4, AME Used for flow and erry control The inter Pretaition yp WEIS to this gretd depends ory the fame. type Tefemation feel tre Thfprmation Held contains tire utes Seta from the Mekwork layer oy management Toforenation | es lergio can Vary for bre network to anuiher : FES Held The frame Check Sequence (Fee) 1 the bie enor Setection feeld 2 cam tontaty eftney a Q- OF 4-byte WU ~TeR, & Contre! Feld. The control Field determines, the type ¥ frame and define ies Precttonaltty . the format % SPecfte for the type of ome. S- Frome U- Frome Conttol fret fotenat for “the different tame Apes ° Contes) Held fey IFrames 2. D- frames core destined te cary User data Bron the nebwerk lager The Subfretds inthe control field Arve used ‘to define hese functions The first Li defines -Ihe type | Dg she fist bt Of Ane Control freld 7 © ints meane -ihe frame %& 0” ree Do frome -The next 3 U%s called NUE) define the seque Number f the frame EIfort belween Ni (syand N(R called the p[F b*t qe . a fe Pie Lip Stands -for poll [Fimat Teo mean pot when the Jame ape as gent BY O& PrBrany stection nto a secondary «DE means is < 4 geoa! wher the frame fe Seyt by a Secordery io ee Peeernccel p.contrl GEld for $ Frones - supervisory Frannes Ave used to flee and erwoy control open tev prgguencktng, & eftnex tpossible oO Crappropriale g- frames do Not have Infowration fielde DY the fest ees og the Combsol freld fs lo , Ae means the frame ws an ge fame “The last 2 bike, called N(RD, covresponds te the acknowledgment Number (ACk) Oy Neqpttve acknecotedqmnent awnber (NAR Aeperaderng on the type of Sfrome- The B-bTks Called Code fs Used lo define the *yPe Ff s- frome Teselg C control ffeld for Vi frames 2- Unnumbered| frames axe Used to exchange ‘sesston wronagemert and Control Information betes connected devices: Unlike S- frames , U-frames Contatry OP informraction frald » but one Used for Syttenn Monagenent irnposnooe 2 mot user data. U- frames Codes xe divided Ste tO sechions = & abit Prefix before the ple bet and a 3- bit suf fe% Ofier the pIF bre Together , these two Segments (6 wits) Con be used tp Create Upto 2a dtfgerem types F Lframes , ‘Orne | Disconnect V-Frones con be Used fey Connection eStabléghment and Connection release « Node A asks for a connection wiih o Se ASynthronous balanced mode (sABM) “ome ', ede B YES & get way Posttive response with an Unnumbered acknowledhese two exehares » later On be Pan sferre ai uo Saosne - Anker Ages data transfer > ode A, sendy < - between the “lwo node ve connections 1% Comfremed Je. Ahe woleass Al Tse frame to a VN (unnumbered acknecoleclgment’) mode & responding, ott Hinde ®. dew vu fraae (sheet) eomanttion | etabishwet tal |23 94a iL Fig corneson eal ene Ue Prame (un) : bb. Yen “ene Fene, Enqrop\e oe connection and ditcon Multiple Aecess:. The dottatink lager as 400 suwolaqexs “The upper Sublages rc “E5PONSibIie for data link Control, and the locer sublayer fs ~cespongicte for Tebolwing Qecets to tre Sherect mrecloa- DF the channel %s dedteated , we clo nol need the lower Sublayer Pada Link doenae vo uppet Sub laxer i Tesponsiole for floew and error contr} gg cased the leqical Lenk contro! (cL0) layer, the lower uslanyes athat %s mostly Tesponttio(e for muthiple access 5 aesowukion fs Called Une medio access contro} Cine’) lacyew Multiple ~ access Paotocal \ J Y 1 candom 200685 toatrlled access chonnel? zation protocols pretocols peotoenls Ls ALOHA > Lezevation Ls pina Ls cs 5 Pollena i Token Posing 4 Roeder Recess 2- Qn sondorn access Oy contertion methods, Ne Stacion is superior to Another Station and none is assiqned the Control over another. No station Permits, or doeg not permit » onviher Station te Send . At each Tetance ,o Station thot Was data to send uses o Proceduxe cleftred by the patos to wake destifon, on wobeltsey ov ‘ek-te Send +d do co et-the Same tre Station, coledle And beCeene ares , atten. & Pure ALOHA 2 | | | i Whe Aimed ALOHA Ppavtocol fs called Pure ALDHA © Tf fc oO 86 Satan elegant Protocol sree Pdea Tethat earch Station Send . However | seed a frame whenever tk a frame “te Since ° bos are a fs onlq one channel Lo chaxe there tS Ee Rev Op Lolttek 7 Stowons - “ ¥ On between frames free ol cggeventt Sosa t x) [Ramen] [iFrame va) jomna) - a ee | gtosion2 Uyel TT Stosion y ‘at et = Station 4 Aurrotion in & pure ALOH perso ) Meework2 axe Spur Stations (Unvealksbic assumption) thet Conterd one Another for Actes te the Showed channel + the figure Sai chat ath Station Sende -tuse Fromnes , there ore O oral of ebype Frames on the Shaved medium . corne of these promes catede bebween multiple frames cove im contercion rte shaved Channel: Prome tit fron Station 4 and ome Za fOr Stations. we need to merttion that even yore lott Of Frome coexists on “the channel with One fe from another frome s-there Tse Cellttton ond Goto tt be destroyed gy & Obvfour “thal we need to resercl the -feannes “hat lave (oe, destroyed sare ransmission the pure ALOHA Protocol yelies on Heknowled qmendts from -lhe receiver Wher % Shakion Sends a frame ,%E expects the Weaver te Send an axknowledarnent If tne acknousledgment dees net oxvive after a time - OUL Peried »the Stodion Assumes Anot the Frome ras been destreyed ond ssesends the frarne A colttefon @nvolves two of more ctations “Ip alt the Motions to “esend het frames aftey the -time ~ out the Frames wilt code again. pure ALDUA dictates that hes he time-out pervied passes ,erth Station Uuaits & sandym Anrourct, °% xime before ferdeng FE time The Yandomness USN Welp avotd more colitsrons we call this time the feack.- og aime. Due ALORA has a Second Methed to prevent Congestion the channel with Tebanemilted framer- After a moouimun Mosber gf rebrantmtssion attempt kina ave Up ord try later @ Statipn Must Whe Hime out peried Fe equal to the moxtimuim possible ee Propagation delay , tonto & “bustce the amount: Of Mme vequived to Send a franne between he two Molt\ i othe back -ofp ti vtdely Sepoxated Stations (axtp) he me oy, te dso. athe ni a Yandorm Value thot normally olepen: nk , ne, eer 0. | of attempted unsuccessful transnisston) «The ¥mula fo, TS depends on the Zonplementattor - Dre Common forma, 7 | he. Binoy exponential bock - Off | | ke lumber of acttennp's cytes han ss | ape Mowinneann, Propagation tfene Stork Ho. abot 5 — |The Average transmission tine for l > send | frome (Tes Back = off Hone « [2208 Te tiene [ sen Re towel Cee Rxtp er Ree =] ine Choose a rrandorn Mumber 2 peween | © and gh.) | No ) a Goo te y ‘nay 7 lear Sef ver le aecetved 9 ‘Termallty J - 7 45 T FR” Procedure fra pure ALottA Pavtocol | Vuln erable seme 2. | het us frnd ae, length of tere , the Vulnerable time ,?n whitl> Rhee is probabttity OF Golitsfon wwe Assume thot the Startins ay Tete send asend cntitder cuttin Send. Feed lenghin fromes with each fame taki Bsendoe zon A gends a fronne ot time t- Now irragy ae 5 has wine Station & * cia between +-Tey andt This leods eae to a. collsbn. pyoeon Ae Aronces rom Station A and Station B.The ve 2 rd of frome collides LEP th He begining of A's frame -0n the 3 om ay rand , Suppose hat Stedion c Sends a frome between ane we EX Te HEHE there Ta. Caliston, hettoeen Ge eeeaa a gon A 0nd Slatkin © The bexnntng as ; coll isin of cis frame ‘ an: aptin the end of AS frame ang which c colton may occur in pure ALOHA > purtag © a ee ype Hore transmission ime » pure ALOHA Vulnerable is atimes time = xT Fhe Arwoughput for fue ALOHA Ta s= Que “4 he Maximurr Aroughput Smart ts 0184 , for G=4- apexefore IEA Slaton generates only one frame TO ee . °, i Su qulneraole trme othe frome will Teach Ts destination qt 5 SLED -ALOHD + Pure ALOHA ras O Vulnerable Hime of &x Tp, This Ts Se pecause-theve WS No ule that defines When the station can e ton Hos Send - A Steetion mou Send Scon agter anothes Staton . a Slot gtasted Or Soon before another Station has fentshes 0 ALOHA Ws Thyented “lo Pprove The effretercy of pe ALOHA - In Slotted ALOHA we Atve * and de the tine into Slots Of Tes tire — ihe Gaqnigg OF doxce the Station to Send only ot th v q ol [E597 si Slot , uration Station 4 tJ \ =5 lromeh StOtion 2 sists TD | Stotona ted |Becouse a station ts allowed te Sead only at the. Pert , the Sypehrornceh “He tot » fo statin wwistes mornen, Ye MRE Watt Until the bearoning of the NeAE ME Slof “hs MENS “hal -Ihe slactron Which Marted Ot the Seqinning Fa, slot hag lready Senesheel Senden, ahs frome . Xf Course then! fs St the Provability oF calltsion if to Statone atey As Send | Onl the Beqmning Of the Same ttme thot - However the Vulnerable time te mao reduced to one-half equal to Tp, De shows thar the Vulnerable tine fot slotted ALOHA Ts OMe ey shat 26 pure ALOHA A cottides ust |vatnesainte tre =p Ferg Mulneroole Lene for slotted “Anolis protocol Tames s- Te can be proved that the ONerage MuMbes of Successful | “Hronsnfissions for slotted ALOUN ts s= Gx e9 The craxtmens ei | Smants 0-368, when G4. Sf a fare ts generated ees & frome tronsmission Mire , then 36.8]. “og these frames each ectey because wihtin destination successfully The esd can be expected uSsten HE Vulneralle 4tme ie equal te the Some ee one ‘fea, | Ntne Aime + Therefore if O Station Jeneertes only OF” MAMPe Dine tex Srame, To Anis Vulnerable-time (and worstatton qenerotes . : detonation dlusing tis Hive) , the frame coil teach Hs Clesttoot Suecegs pulley « sgt ge OL ieex Sense Multiple Access (smn) :- ~~ ~ ee aanere ie chance “fo swe. perforce Ve CEMA method Las cleveloped The chance catition Can be reduced UO Slaton 2 Colltsion and Aherxefore , increase - gengeg the Med turs % eter’ trying to use FOaMEX Sense Multiple access (CSMA) neqeres Wak ACh sslation -frist listen “tects medicine before geting other words , xo COMA 46 based 09 Ahe Prireeple “Senge before yrange ov “Mister bef talk”. Dt can reduce the cellision put te mot elite te. x The POSsIBMHty of cellirom CuI Exists because OF Prepagation delay, Wher a stator Lents a frame , Tk SHU take me fee We ASK bite to yeah every Station ond for every Stotion Av Send te Tr Other Words , a Slaton rey Sense The Medtunr ond find % tele, only because the Feast bie senk loy ANMrer Stotion has not yee been Teceived 2 favts ae time td wd sie as Signal | cose fereo where | oth Siqnols eonask 4. Space| eraodel ofthe colt Feion AEAHine 44 ation B Seater the Mednem and finds Hes Te, Soke sends a frame Be a Hine tg (La rt 1) Station © Sences Are medium And fend Tt Tdle because at this Me» The fest Wit, from station B have not Yached Staton C Sladione Sends frame . The 10 Seqnals cele One bein frames are destroyed iS=_ } © | Yeeagble See gor csmn % the Propagatine time 5 “he Vulnerable tire 4 tqral te proprgpile Prom one eg Shen a Station Ser o fran, Ss ats tthe Heme vecded for af Abe medtunn te Whe anciber ; eae ana any other S{ation ves 4p Send & On “4 “ ye, Collision HUM ESE coe pgernes oe \ nese Franne Yom pogaivon me. Buk tf Abe fist BY of the frame reaches the end Of “the mécltur, CNery Staation Lott already have heowd the bit aod. wil alee Fron Sencdtog The Legimest Sotion A Kends a frome od Hime 4/ welch ~eaches the aighimegt Station D Ot a time tei Tp TRE Fy Oren Shows the Vulnerable axea fr time arel space Pasststence Muthodso- There cere three methods Have Geen devised to answer trese. Swestions the dpexsistent method, » the Mon persistent “Method , Ord Ahe p-persistent Methed . Dpessistent «~The A-persistent method ts Straple and Strataitfertoord Do Ais Methed , coffer the Station fied the Ime TWle , % Senas H frome Senmmedttontely THs mretings Wag the higher chance of Coston between because 4WO ox amore Stations “ha, Woe Tole and send +n Cortinnously sense 5 4 ead Abe eis dramas fermedtateliy transmit t A Tineent = Tn the nonperststent Method station theet has LE ve serd Ho Send Seneesthe Une Th -the Woe fs Calle AF eal rectelty “TE the Vane %e nol Tate coctelyy & watts a Tancenn imme And Ahern Senses—the line Cr eae Tine Io: Mon —posesient Fe peisteat The. popenststent amethed 7s used Uf the channel i seccter Hon eo » slots Usttin a Slot duration equal te OF F ect ras te Sle 4 ee smoot pee ime The ‘p-persistent appre at athe ocontage ey the Dther eso Stretegies - me reduc chonce. xf coliesions and Trproves efficiency . Tr this method, after the station finds are Une Tate TW rfettous Ahese Steps |. wits probability P> the Sintion Sends Tks frame + 8. wotln Probobily gz icp, the Statfon watts forthe beyoning % the Mextt time Slot and Checks the (he ial a De Ae Mine tc thie Ww oes Ao Step 4 be Dy Ane Mine Te busy FE ACLs ag trreugio a eellfsfon Was occured Ond ures the back - off Preceduve bo Pe per sGdent2 -Persostent Cohonnel 9 a Uae pee aoe) ‘le 0.0 Off Process 97 Alou Collision occumved & Po fester t Tre comp Method apes Mon & colliston , celecion Station f¢ fini | TS gent again. * To better Undereiond sma feb let Us took at-tne thst bts Aranemitted by “Abe two stations twvelved to the station .quiborgh each Motion Continues te Send bile fo Ine frome wrttl 4 : first te Aekeels UE Call7’Story HE shoew Usher: hoppens a the firs bre conides ‘wo time Sh fiquee» Skodions A and c coe tnvolved tn “he collision «AL the time 4, Station A bos eteculed He pevetstence procedure ard Stoevts Sending tive Ts & HS frame . At time ta, Station © hag Mok Yer Sensed the fimEt bit cent by A station onecuies tks persistence Procedure and stowts Sending the bits ba Frame , whieh Prpagate bob torte left and “te the TANT The Goision Gecuxt Sometime afer time ta station e detects & collifien at time ty when tL receives the frst bit op Ae frome Station ¢ Immediately Akorts transmission . x Sakion A detects colttsioo at Line de when Ub receives the Fie bit &F C'S frames t algo Immediately aboris tOnsmission . OE Mie Aa, ke Aoattivtis Poor tne, Aamate, 4-44 © transmits for the duration 13- ba Milonuon Pome Stee 2. fov CSMAJeD to Work, We need Q Yestrichion On the -frame Stae- Belove sending the last bt of “We. Fiera , tse, Sentiing Stott must detece a colt sion, y Tf any, and abort “the Transit ssion . thie ¥€ S0 because -the Station, Once the entire fe sent, does not Keep Q copy Of the frame And does “KoneListon detection - nok morttoy the \tne for cell?Sion ” «Therefore rhe Aprangenission ine Ty Must be atleast two times the mee ans mn, pedlaton Aime Tp. ® understand the ~Yea.on , let ug thine a Mo, he Worst case Scenario TY the two Stations “mvolveg in a Collifien awe the taaimum distance Apoxt | ~the SP al Prom 4 fivek takes time ‘Tp to teach the Second , and ~the effect y “the cellition Aakes Another time Tp to reach the force 05 the Tequivement %& hak the fst Station MULE SH be bransentity Cofter at, Glokion hos + Ok dearne ty ton) inne Propagation tine. Sanat ——— BOCK 00? dtm. HPP Ate Novag attenmpt + tyewa.8 chooge a. tarda | nurnber 8 catineer | | 9 orgs tr No enon ronal 15 ( Khaz =ono Sse MAMEPLE Access with cxlstn aatdance CesMn[e4) - poste idea behind cSMAICD te trat station needs te be Joie 40 WEENE WHILE, LrOrEMiting lo detect A Station calléston - phen there ( MO Collfston, tine Stakion vecetves One siqvat + | vas 000 Signal When there 1s a collision ,Ahe Station Weees 4wo Siqnals + VES Clon Siqnal and seqnas transmitted by *~ Sond Oko 10 Aistfnqiich between these “two cares WE i yeeeived Sfqnals to Avoe cases muse be siqnifienrtly chigfecent | Jn other Words the Efanel from “Ihe Secony station Needs to | | ada & Significant amount OF enerays te the One cxeated ey the fist Station. Qn a wered network, ~the received Stqnal has olmost the Same energy OSE Sent Signal because elther “the length of the cable t Short ox theve ave wepeaters thot Oroplify te | energy loettueen Aine Sendex and the xeceiver - nis TANS that to a Coliic?on “he detected energy almost dowsles - cHewever, fro O wireless network , mucin Bf “the Sent energy is os iSsion + a lose fo tronsmission The vecetued Signal has vey tittle energy there fove 5 a colttstoo Tay add only 5 te to Percent additional energy - This ts ype Usetul for epgective Cel W’ston dekection we " ren need to ovoid colltsions on wireless metiooske Gecatue Ahey cannot be detected . CSMA/CA Loos tavented for thes Metuwerk » cole fons Axe Owotded through the Use s CSMA Jea's -Hovee Shateqes Nhe thterframe Space » the ae LLL 4 Ul eileen aT — | Buse Contention winded end TimeOut | ‘( Frome | . Feeteg fo come foAInt exrframe Space (IPS): FEL COIESOnS are avotded by deferring, TONEMIECcion ey, then an tdle channel r Station does not send temmed: time calted dhe * ny | she channel & found idle *S foung 7 ’ fately «TH wats fora Penoy g) Enterframe Space ov TES» Even hough Ane | Channel may appear idle when it ts Sensed , a détant Corton | mead hove alveady Started trantnitting The dittant Stations Signal hae vot Yet Yeached hes Station he fone of TPAC AEE Stadion . Df Ofter the DES time ake channet Ts {il tle sane Hation can Send , but Aalto the Contention Rene - The TES -time Allows | he “hranimttted signal boy Ae distant Station ty TE SEU needs to Wate Ame ~The OFS Variable eon alto be q ov Frome types Tr CemAlens he Oks can alto be Used to define —the rent °F & Stadion or a frame. | Contention Window +. The contente, f fs on amount of Hine Livtded totp | ead to Send chooses a random number ‘Us watt time The number Of Slots ty the Latindeus Changes AlLOrAling to ~the. be nom eAponential hock ~ off Shrakeqy Tle ome alot the first time and then Sation canner detect ain Tdle channel Used to Priovitize Stoctions A Skettion that ts OF Slots as Tris means, that it ts cep doubles ech, time she Oster the DES time. This Very Strople ana Stentlar-ty the p-Patisien, “arrdons outteme clefines the number x Ueaiting usted Station Tn comalen, fh the Station geade the chapret busy, te does nok ~vrestoxt the timer BY the contertior usirdow 5 Se Stops the timex and v Method except trot a. estorts it when the channel i oecomes Palle - | Agence elryant s- i woth AU these Precautions ; here still may be a colttston & fr destroyed data Tn addition the data ro: aa | a)et 2d dus ‘ cortupt Mea the Horemission . The pofitive orckmouotedlgrnent and he time - Out trey can help . “he quaantee trot the yecdnier NOS ~eceive dt the -prame CaMAlCA ond wireless iletworie «. COMACA was mostly % ‘| Mtended for use ty wireless networks . Ane procedure described above enough +0 hardie Some mekwoorks , Nowever, ts not Sophisticated uch Powkleulay fecue velated to wireless uw OS hedden terminals or exPosed deaminals | AA channel 9 | contention window | Size %s ay | Furabe: ° | After cork Covlinne » ole Ond continue When thie Ne - Tena Lote 42 \ ot) i ee vat we Fla. Plowehar, 8 coma] Ty —- —ee — Controlted Access + | Fw Controlled access Ihe Stations Consul One anothey Vy | wWhicls Station bagdhe Fight to Send A station cannot Seog | | unless TE hag been cuthorezed by other Slations There ave | sibsee popular Controlled ~ access ‘metheds « 4. Resewation .- ae metewation methed , & Station neadste rmake o vetewation before Sending data Tthne divided Tate thtenal Th each Trtewal,a reservation frome Preceeds the clot Frames sent th hot trterval- Tf Aheve ave No gtations fa the System , there are %0cHy NI xesewation yntiéslobs Zin the Fe fevvation frome» Each Mnislot lorena to 0 Station « Llhen a Slation meede te fend a dolar Srone “The Moons that have made sreservations Can Send “thete Stata Arames OFkEL the reservation Srame aoe a tive Stattons ond j OW Bive slok reservation frame. Stokions 1, 3.a°d 4 rove XE makes oO Teservation fn FES COLON Winislo& Bh the First Iotewal 5 eely wmde wesewations .TnAhe Second Srlenol , only Station 4 nas wade a Yesexvation . % Polting process te einslon tone -Toll-call Performed tr class Felling wwewks wtih topologies ta which one device 5 destqnated SE A Primary station (controller) Ana the vihex devites ore Setordoay station - Al) dato. exchanges Muct be made through Abe Primary device when dre ultimate destination S & Sevenclosy dance -p yy dete controls the Link », “the Secondary device follows tre pater ; ene Qe TS Up td the prima device to detexqrine, | igwteh dewee $5 allowed to Use tie channel of & aver —— | nine Premaay device, Therefore, 1s aluaye the farerator 4 “ | x The Mestage Sent by the Contrller Contazns the adavess Pf ane Made being Selected for qromting access - x Although ol Modes ~eceive the message but the oddressed exe TS No one wesponds AO TL and sends data, ig ony - D4 nt back ee el olen lo, message as Se * Pricclen Soelude high pverhead % the poli9 messages ond Wika, Todepen dence a the relietitity 8f ane Controller. Y tre Priory wont to Send datas tt telle the gecendoxy 40 get veady lo vecetves Hit T% called Select function. The Select function f< Used whenever the primary device has | sag NEY ill Something to Send» Tf aAhe Prt te metHher Sendi “eetiving data, %& knows the Ink ts available - Y it has Somelning to Send , the Primary dlevice Sends Te | S03 Abe Prtmony must alert the gecordoay to “he upcoming transmtssion and walt fer an acknawledgmest of *PE Setondacnys teady Sodus .. creates and toy Smits nimar Before Sending alata , the Pumary whith teludes the Add vege Select (Ev) frame, one field of the intended Setordoxy Pell in? S tre Secondaye S a wants te tecetve doday Te asks ; weg Th the prtrrasy Frm entices eal finceee. Pf Arey hove Onitnfing “to Send tht ne winrar cevice The pelt function Ts used-to by tne Prtrany Hen dine: pimany & os when ‘ Aransmisston for ape Secondary clevices device In “bus veady to vecetve data 4H rnust ask (Poll) cach SH te nag omegthing Ao Send When Ae first secondary Bin data THE de, with a NAR rane Wie bas MOHKING te Send OY Lett § DE Awe Reponse Ws mn the Priman, “optive Ca NAk—framey , thea Friary =, etthey {S$ appreached ,Te -vesporets anctil Tt finds POlls the neat Secondary in the Same manner unt . te positive the ORE Lite data te Send. when the “esponse fs pester Patenceny reads yoo erent frome and xelurms An Acknecledty (Ack frame) , Netfyging tt. eceepe Token Passings Ty tHe metnag PAPE Station fh athe metase wa “Neaicay R me Ose. Orac * €ach Station hag “predecesse,’ Ord a Successes” x Te ter Fat packet cowed Stokes” # Myron athe ng. UVES FAhE te he stay SEEESS She Chanmet ong s. on ‘te ts dota. Sema data tk tove te wat One RAKE os recerred FRM RY predecessog * Sos4hece is a mmeeat oF token Maracement Sox ancy Octess method | * Logical oa acd Phugicas *PPEleae MH Acken — Parsing ACCESS Method «6 Buk Pan Aoctov ten \ x The Wah speed Token mg, networks called FODI (Fibre distmbuted i data terface) ond Cbd? ( copper Aistvibuded data “nteface) - Chanmelization ica multiple access erethed fn which the ovailasle Londurtdits of a fisk ts Shared fo tine _Srequengy vy shroud Code, beter difgerent Stations f “There are Abee channelization Pasttcels > FRMA,TOMA one CPA | Fguece, DNision Multiple Access (epMA)= TN FOMA jhe awailable londutdth ts divided Fale frequency lands Each station i allocated Q band +n genct Hs dato. i) Io other wurde, each band ts ‘reserved for & sper ge | Staton, and t% belongs to the Station al Hee time | ath station algo Uses oO bardpass Hiker to confine the odio witer fereoees > Akanrsmitter frequencies . 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