Tăng T V NG S D NG Cam 7 by Ngocbach

TĂNG TỪ VỰNG IELTS READING SỬ DỤNG
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 7 BY NGOCBACH

TEST 1
Reading passage 1
Let’s go bats obstacle (n): something that

blocks one’s way.
of one’s own making: the mistake
A. Bats have a problem: how to find their way around of someone.
in the dark. They hunt at night and cannot use light to change one’s habit: to switch
help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might something that is done regularly to
say that this is a problem of their own making, one another activity
that they could avoid simply by changing their the daytime economy: food
habits and hunting by day. But the daytime economy availability and hunting activity
is already heavily exploited by other creatures such as given that…: provided that
birds. Given that there is a living to be made at to make a living: to do gather
night, and given that alternative daytime trades are enough resources in order to
thoroughly occupied, natural sustain daily life
selection has favoured bats that make a go of the favour something (v): to prioritize
night-hunting trade. It is probable that the nocturnal something
trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals. In make a go of something: to be
the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime successful in something
economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only it is probable that: having high
managed to survive at all because they found ways chances to happen
of scraping a living at night. Only after the dominate (v): to rule over
mysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 something
million years ago were our ancestors able to emerge scrap a living: to barely provide
into the daylight in any substantial numbers. oneself with necessities
mass extinction: the
B. Bats have an engineering problem: how to find disappearance of species on a very
their way and find their prey in the absence large scale
of light. Obviously, the night-flying insects that they emerge (v): to appear
prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea substantial numbers: to be
fish and whales have little or no light by day or by considerable in figures
night. Fish and dolphins that live in
extremely muddy water cannot see because, although an engineering problem: a
there is light, it is technical issue
obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water. in the absence of something: to
Plenty of other modern animals make their living in lack of something
conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. face this difficulty: to deal with
challenge
C. Given the questions of how to manoeuvre in obstruct something (v): to block
the dark what solutions might an engineer consider? something
The first one that might occur to him is scatter something (v): to drop
to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a things over a wide area with no
searchlight. Fireflies and some fish (usually with the specific arrangement
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help of bacteria) have the power to manufacture their
own light, but the process seems to consume a large manoeuvre (v): to move
amount of energy. Fireflies use their light for occur to someone (v): to happen
attracting mates. This doesn't require a prohibitive to somebody
amount of energy: a male’s tiny pinprick of manufacture light: to create a
light can be seen by a female from some distance on a source of light
dark night, since her eyes are exposed directly to the a lantern (n): a type of light
light source itself. However, using light to find one's source put inside a transparent
own way around requires vastly more energy, since container, usually with handle at
the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of the light the top
that bounces off each part of the scene. The light
source must therefore be immensely brighter if it is to a searchlight (n): light with high
be used as a headlight to illuminate the path, than if intensity, can point at different
it is to be used as a signal to others. In any event, directions
whether or not the reason is the energy expense, it with the help of: having the
seems to be the case that, with the possible exception assistance of
of some weird deep-sea fish, no animal apart a prohibitive amount of energy:
from man uses manufactured light to find its way a great deal of power
about. a tiny pinprick of light: a small
amount of light
D. What else might the engineer think of? Well, blind be exposed to something: to come
humans sometimes seem to have an uncanny sense in contact with something
of obstacles in their path. It has been given the name vastly (adv): very much
'facial vision’, because blind people have reported that detect (v): to discover something
it feels a bit like the sense of touch, on the face. One bounce off: to reflect
report tells of a totally blind boy who could ride immensely (adv): extremely
his tricycle at good speed round the block near his illuminate (v): to lighten, brighten
home, using facial vision. Experiments showed that, with the exception of something:
in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the excluding something
front of the face, although the sensation may be apart from: except for
referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain
in a phantom limb. The sensation of facial vision, an uncanny sense of something: a
it turns out, really goes in through the ears. Blind strange feeling about something
people, without even being aware of the fact, are uncanny (adj): bizarre, strange
actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of tricycle (n): a vehicle similar to a
other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. bicycle but with two wheels at the
Before this was discovered, engineers had already back and one at the front
built instruments to exploit the principle, nothing to do with something: to
for example to measure the depth of the sea under a have no connection with something
ship. After this technique had been invented, it was sensation (n): feeling
only a matter of time before weapons designers phantom: describing something
adapted it for the detection of submarines. Both sides that is part of one’s imagination
in the Second World War relied heavily on these but is not real
devices, under such codenames as Asdic (British) and (phantom limb (n): referring to a
Sonar (American), as well as Radar (American) or medical condition, when pain can
RDF (British), which uses radio echoes rather than still be felt in amputated, missing
sound echoes. limbs)
turn out: to happen

E. The Sonar and Radar pioneers didn't know it to be aware of something: to
then, but all the world now knows that bats, or rather acknowledge something
natural selection working on bats, had perfected the echo (n): sounds reflected after
system tens of millions of years earlier; and their hitting a surface
'radar' achieves feats of detection and navigation that exploit the principle: to put a
would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. It is basic idea into use for one’s own
technically incorrect to talk about bat 'radar', since good
they do not use radio waves. It is sonar. But the it was a matter of time: time was
underlying mathematical theories of radar and the only concern
sonar are very similar and much of our scientific rely on something: to depend on
understanding of the details of what bats are doing something
has come from applying radar theory to them. The
American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was sonar (n): a technique using
largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in sounds for underwater navigation
bats, coined the term 'echolocation' to cover both and communication
sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human radar (n): a system applying radio
instruments. waves in detecting objects
pioneer (n): the first person to do
something
perfect the system: to make the
system flawless
achieve a feat: to make an
achievement
navigation (n): the act of planning
which way to go
strike someone dumb: to silence
someone
the underlying … theory: the
basic theory
responsible for something: to
have the duty of taking care of
something
coin the term: to create new
words or expressions
echolocation: a technique which
uses echo to locate things
Reading passage 2
Making every drop count human civilisation: the most

advanced stage of society
be entwined with something: to
A. The history of human civilisation is entwined be twisted together or around
with the history of the ways we have learned something
to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually manipulate (v): control, regulate
expanded, water was brought from increasingly sophisticated efforts: action that
remote sources, leading is complicated

to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams dam (n): a wall built perpendicular
and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman Empire, to a river, to control its flow
nine major systems, with an innovative layout of aqueduct (n): a system which
pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of directs the flow of water
Rome with as much water per person as is provided in at the height of something: at the
many parts of the industrial world today. pinnacle of something
innovative layout: a new, more
B. During the industrial revolution and population modern way of arrangement
explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries, the demand supply someone with
for water rose something: to purvey something to
dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens of somebody
thousands of monumental engineering
projects designed to control floods, protect clean industrial world: society focusing
water supplies, and provide water on developing industries
for irrigation and hydropower brought great industrial revolution: a
benefits to hundreds of millions of people. Food significant change, leading to the
production has kept pace with soaring development of industries
populations mainly because of the expansion population explosion: a rapid,
of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the sudden increase in the number of
growth of 40% of the world’s food. Nearly one fifth of people living in a specific place
all the electricity generated worldwide is produced the demand for something: a
by turbines spun by the power of falling water. need for something
unprecedented (adj): have never
C. Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite happened before
our progress, half of the world’s population still monumental projects: a large
suffers, with water services inferior plan
to those available to the ancient Greeks and irrigation (n): the act of watering
Romans. As the United Nations report on access to for the growth of plants
water reiterated in November 2001, more than one hydropower (n): energy generated
billion people lack access to clean drinking water; through the movement of turbines,
some two and a half billion do not have which are accelerated by the flow
adequate sanitation services. Preventable water- of water
related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 to bring great benefits to: to have
children every day, and the latest evidence suggests significant advantages
that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these food production: the process of
problems. transforming raw ingredients into
edible products
D. The consequences of our water policies extend keep pace with: to catch up with
beyond jeopardising human health. Tens of millions soaring populations: a
of people have been forced to move from their homes skyrocketing population
- often with little warning or compensation - to make artificial irrigation
way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20 % systems: systems made by men,
of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or which supply water to crops
endangered because dams and water artificial (adj): man-made
withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river to generate (v): to create, produce
ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation
practices degrade soil quality and there is a dark side to this
reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater picture: the unfavourable aspect of
aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are a situation

naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the water services: services
USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water dedicating to the provision of
resources have led to violence and continue to raise water
local, national and even international tensions. inferior to: lesser
available to someone: accessible
E. At the outset of the new millennium, however, the to someone
way resource planners think about water is beginning reiterate (v): to repeat what was
to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the said before
provision of basic human lack access to: have no availability
and environmental needs as top priority - ensurin of water
g ‘some for all,’ instead of ‘more for some’. Some sanitation services: hygienic
water experts are now demanding that services
existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways falling behind in something:
rather than building new facilities, which is unable to do something on time
increasingly considered the option of last, not jeopardise (v): to put something in
first, resort. This shift in philosophy has not danger
been universally accepted, and it comes with compensation (n): the act of
strong opposition from some established making up for something
water organisations. Nevertheless, it may be the only make way for something: to
way to address successfully the pressing create an opportunity for
problems of providing everyone with clean water to something to happen
drink, adequate water to grow food and a life free reservoir (n): a place for storing
from preventable water-related illness. liquid
water withdrawals: the act of
F. Fortunately - and unexpectedly - the demand for removing water from its source
water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. As a free-flowing: flow that is not
result, the pressure to build new water infrastructures interfered
has diminished over the past two decades. Although thrive (v): to develop
population, industrial output and economic degrade (v): decrease in quality
productivity have continued to soar in developed agricultural productivity: the rate
nations, the rate at which people withdraw water of producing goods in agriculture
from aquifers, rivers and lakes has slowed. And in a groundwater aquifers: layers of
few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen. rocks that contain water
pump down: directing liquid
G. What explains this remarkable turn of events? downwards
Two factors: people have figured out how to use water replenish (v): to fill something
more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their disputes over something: to have
priorities for water use. Throughout the first three- a disagreement about something
quarters of the 20th century, the quantity raise tensions: to increase the
of freshwater consumed per person doubled on feeling of anger between groups
average; in the USA, water withdrawals
increased tenfold while the population quadrupled. at the outset of something: at the
But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per beginning of something
person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of millennium (n): an interval of a
new technologies that help to conserve water in thousand years
homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used shifting back to
approximately 13 million gallons of water to produce something: changing back to
$1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this had basic human needs: fundamental
dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting demands of men

for inflation) - almost a quadrupling of water as top priority: treated as the most
productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have important thing
fallen by more than 20 % from their peak in 1980. ensure something (v): to make
sure that
H. On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds infrastructure (n): the basic
of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly systems and services
in developing countries where basic human needs the option of last = resort: the
have not been met. But such projects must be built to final method of solving a problem
higher specifications and with more accountability universally (adv): widely
to local people and their environment than in the comes with something: to lead to
past. And even in regions where new projects something
seem warranted, we must find ways to meet strong opposition
demands with fewer resources, respecting from someone: disagree
ecological criteria and to a smaller budget. vehemently
address the pressing
problems: to tackle issues that
need immediate attention
free from something: to get away
from something
the pressure to do
something: strong influence on
something to make it do a specific
task
diminish (v): to decrease
industrial output: products of
industries
economic productivity: the ratio
of what is produced to what is
required to produce it
withdraw water from
aquifers: to take water from
aquifers
remarkable turn
of something: significant change
of something
efficiently (adv): effectively
the quantity of something: the
amount of something
on average: mean
double (v): two-fold
tenfold (adv): ten times
quadrupled (v): to increase
something four times
conserve water: to cut down the
consumption of water
commercial output: items created
through the manufacture own by
business

to account for something: to form
a part of something
inflation: increase in prices
specifications (n): detailed
instructions
accountability to someone: to
have responsibility
warranted (adj): guaranteed
meet demands with: to satisfy the
needs of someone
respecting ecological criteria: to
seriously follow ecological
standards with recognition of their
importance
a smaller budget: a fund that is
lesser in size
Reading passage 3
Educating psyche instructional technique: method

of training and teaching
(un)conscious processing: the act
Lozanov's instructional technique is based on the of dealing with something without
evidence that the connections made in the brain or with the awareness of the person
through unconscious processing (which he calls non- doing that task
specific mental reactivity) are more durable than durable (adj): can last for a long
those made through conscious time
processing. Besides the laboratory evidence for this, the laboratory evidence: proof
we know from our experience that we often remember gathered from the laboratory
what we have perceived peripherally, long after we perceive (v): to be aware of
have forgotten what we set out to learn. If we think set out to do something: start to
of a book we studied months or years ago, we will find do something
it easier to recall peripheral details the- colour, the recall peripheral details: to
binding, the typeface, the table at the library where we remember less important details
sat while studying it - than the content on which we with great concentration: having
were concentrating. If we think of a lecture we listened strong focus
to with great concentration, we will recall the recall (v): to remember, recollect
lecturer's appearance and mannerisms, our place in mannerism (n): the way of
the auditorium, the failure of the air-conditioning, moving and speaking that is a habit
much more easily than the ideas we went to learn. of a person
Even if these peripheral details are a bit elusive, they auditorium (n): a part of a theatre,
come back readily in hypnosis or when we relive the providing seats for audiences and
event imaginatively, as in psychodrama. Thedetails spectators
of the content of the lecture, on the other hand, seem elusive (v): hard to remember
to have gone forever. in hypnosis: to be mesmerized
relive the event imaginatively: to
This phenomenon can be partly attributed to the remember vividly something that
common counter-productive happened in the past

approach to study (making extreme psychodrama (n): a therapeutic
efforts to memorise, tensing method, which helps people to gain
muscles, inducing fatigue), but it also simply reflects insight into their life
the way the brain functions. Lozanov therefore made phenomenon (n): something that
indirect instruction (suggestion) central to his teaching can be experienced, is usually
system. In suggestopedia, as he called his method, special or extraordinary
consciousness is shifted away from the curriculum to attribute something
focus on something peripheral. The curriculum then to something: to say that an event
becomes peripheral and is dealt with by the reserve is caused by something
capacity of the brain. counter-productive (adj): having
opposite, usually unwanted effect
The suggestopedic approach to foreign language make efforts to do something: to
learning provides a good illustration. In its most try to do something
recent variant (1980), it consists of the reading of memorise (v): to remember
vocabulary and text while the class is listening to induce (v): to make something
music. The first session is in two parts. In the first part, happen
the music is classical (Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms) shift something away from
and the teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly, something: move something away
with attention to the dynamics of the music. The from something else
students follow the text in their books. This curriculum (n): all the subjects
is followed by several minutes of silence. In the learned at school
second part, they listen to baroque music (Bach, reserve capacity: total amount of
Corelli, Handel) while the teacher reads the text in a something that can be stored
normal speaking voice. During this time they have something provides a good
their books closed. During the whole of this session, illustration (n): to give a great
their attention is passive; they listen to the look of something
music but make no attempt to learn the material. variant (n): different version
solemnly (adv): seriously
Beforehand, the students have been carefully followed by: to happen after
prepared for the language learning something
experience. Through meeting with the staff and passive (adj): not active, allowing
satisfied students they develop the expectation that influences from external factors
learning will be easy and pleasant and that they will make (no) attempt to do
successfully learn several hundred words of the something: (not) to try to do
foreign language during the class. In a preliminary something
talk, the teacher introduces them to the material to beforehand (adv): earlier
be covered, but does not 'teach' it. Likewise, the develop the expectation: to build
students are instructed not to try to learn it during up the belief that something will
this introduction. occur
in a preliminary talk: a
Some hours after the two-part session, there is a discussion that introduces to
follow-up class at which the students are stimulated something else
to recall the material presented. Once again the likewise (adv): similarly
instruct someone to do
approach is indirect. The students do not focus their something: to teach something to
attention on trying to remember the vocabulary, but someone
focus on using the language to communicate (e.g. follow-up (adj): coming after a
through games or improvised dramatisations). Such related event
methods are not unusual in language teaching.

What is distinctive in the suggestopedic method is be stimulated to do something: to
encourage to do something
that they are devoted entirely to assisting recall. The improvised (adj): be able to adapt
'learning' of the material is assumed to be automatic to current situation
and effortless, accomplished while listening to dramatisations (n): the act of
music. The teacher's task is to assist the students to making a book or an event into a
play or a film
apply what they have learned paraconsciously, and distinctive (adj): different
in doing so to make it easily accessible to devoted entirely to doing
consciousness. Another difference something: to put all effort into
from conventional teaching is the evidence that doing something
assume something (v): to think
students can regularly learn 1000 new words of a something is true, despite the lack
foreign language during a suggestopedic session, as of proof
well as grammar and idiom. effortless (adj): to be able to do
something without putting any
Lozanov experimented with teaching by direct effort into it
suggestion during sleep, hypnosis and trance states, accomplish something (v): to
but found such procedures unnecessary. Hypnosis, achieve something
yoga, Silva mind-control, religious paraconsciously (adv): without
ceremonies, faith healing are all associated with and the influence of consciousness
successful in insisting that the suggestopedic conventional teaching: traditional
session calls on suggestion, but none of their method of delivering the lessons
techniques seem to be essential to it. Such rituals may experiment with something: to
be seen as placebos. Lozanov acknowledges that the try out something
ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also hypnosis (n): a state when one’s
a placebo, but maintains that without such a placebo entire attention is captured by
people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacity something
of their brains. Like any placebo, it must be dispensed trance states: when a person is
with authority to be effective. Just as a doctor calls on awake but is not aware of
the full power of autocratic suggestion by insisting everything around that person
that the patient take precisely this white capsule associated with: to have
precisely three times a day before meals, Lozanov connection to something
is categoric in insisting that the suggestopedic Silva mind-control: a specific
session be conducted exactly in the manner method of mind manipulation
designated, by trained and accredited suggestopedic religious ceremony: a set of
teachers. formal acts, dedicated for religious
purposes
While suggestopedia has gained some faith healing: an act of treating
notoriety through success in the teaching of modern oneself with the belief in a specific
languages, few teachers are able to emulate the religion
spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates. call on something: to use
We can, perhaps, attribute mediocre results to an something in order to achieve
inadequate placebo effect. The students have something
not developed the appropriate results to an placebo (n): a type of drugs which
inadequate placebo effect. The students have does not consist of any substance
not mediocre. We can, perhaps, attribute results of with value for actual treatment
Lozanov and his associates the acknowledge something (v): to be
spectacular emulate While suggestopedia has gained aware of something

some notoriety through success in the teaching of dispense with something: to do
modern languages, few teachers are able to mind without something
set. They are often not motivated to learn through this autocratic
method. They do not have enough 'faith'. They do not suggestion: suggestions that
see it as 'real teaching', especially as it does not seem people have to obey to completely
to involve the 'work' they have learned to believe is categoric (adj): absolute
essential to learning. conduct something (v): to carry
out something
accredited (adj): to be recognized
gain some notoriety: to achieve

fame
emulate (v): to imitate
Lozanov and his
associates: Lozanov and his
partners
mediocre (adj): ordinary, is not
special
developed the mind set: to
enhance logic

CAMBRIDGE IELTS 7
TEST 2
Reading passage 1

Why pagoda don’t fall down records show that: what is
indicated in documents
In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by collapse (v): to fall down
earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly civil war: a conflict happening
flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - between two or more sides, all of
remained standing for centuries? Records show which are parts of a country or a
that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 group
years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by topple (v): to fall down due to
fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous imbalance
Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 elevated highways: raised
people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office highway
blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet devastate (v): to destroy
it left magnificent the five-storey pagoda at the Toij leave something unscathed: to be
temple in nearbly Kyoto unscathed, though remained the same as before
it levelled a number of buildings in the magnificent (adj): beautiful,
neighbourhood. impressive
level (v): to flatten
Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about
mystify (v): to confuse
why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was
only thirty years ago that the building industry feltslender (adj): slim
confident enough to erect office blocks of steel erect (v): to build something
and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen reinforce (v): to strengthen
floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen something
the effect of sudden sideways movements from an shock absorbers: something that
earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki takes in shock
skyscraper (n): a very tall
building in central Tokyo - Japan's first skyscraper -
was considered a masterpiece of modernbuilding
engineering when it was built in 1968. consider a masterpiece of
something: to be regarded as an
Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his impressive work of art
wooden structure upright, the master builder
Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic peg (n): a piece of wood or other
Toij pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky- construction materials, used to
nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper hang other things
built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, wedge (n): an object which makes
Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks other things stay fixed
about allowing a building to sway and settle itself the master builder: a builder who
rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of has reached a high level of
tricks? competence, therefore is able to
plan and supervise the construction
The multi-storey local conditions- they were built of a building
less high, typically five rather than nine freely have (no) hesitation in
adapted to. When the pagoda reached Japan, doing something: to (not)
however, its architecture was watchtowers important procrastinate
temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or soar into the sky: to increase
stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later one’s height a lot
centuries mainly as attached to pagoda came to carpenter (n): someone who
Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, repairs and crafts wooden items for
they were first introduced with Buddhism and a living

were storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase know a few tricks about
was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did something: to know ways to
not have any practical use but became more of an perform a task effectively
art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan fight nature’s forces: to oppose
in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the natural phenomena, such as
eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This earthquake or typhoon
prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas
in China and Korea have nothing multi-storey pagoda: a pagoda
like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan. with an array of levels
be attached to: to be connected to
The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to something
overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or watchtower (n): a tower built to
more of the building's overall width. For the same provide visual advantages for
reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have guarding or seeing anyone coming
further increased their weight by choosing to cover close
these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of adapt something to something: to
many Chinese pagodas but with much change to be suitable for
heavier earthenware tiles. something
local conditions: the current states
But this does not totally explain the great resilience of of the local areas
Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a tall pine to dispense with something: to
tree, the Japanese pagoda - with its massive trunk- get rid of something
like central pillar known as shinbashira and sways have practical use: to have actual
during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many application
thought so. But the answer is not so simple flexes - become more of something: to
simply because the startling thing is resemble other things more than
that the shinbashira at all. In fact, in some pagoda itself
designs, it does not even rest on the carries no batter (v): to hit something with
load actually ground, but is suspended from the top force countless times
of the pagoda - hanging loosely down through the gush down: to pour down rapidly
middle of the building. The weight of the building is have nothing like something: to
supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner have nothing in common
columns. overhang (n): a roof that hangs
over something else
And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central
pillar? The best way to understand for the same reason: having the
the shinbashira's role is to watch a video made by same cause
Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute porcelain tiles: thin pieces of
of Technology. Mr Ishida, known to his students as processed clay, used to cover
'Professor Pagoda' because of his passion various parts of a building
to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models earthenware tiles: tiles made from
and tested them on a 'shake- table' in his laboratory. In baked clay
short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous
stationary pendulum. The ancient craftsmen, resilience (n): the ability to
apparently without the assistance of very advanced maintain one’s original shape after
mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that being applied a force onto
were, more than a thousand years later, applied trunk-like: to resemble the main
in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper. What stem of a tree
those early craftsmen had found by trial and

error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack central pillar: pillar situated
of floors could be made to slither to and exactly in the middle
fro independent of one another. Viewed from the flex (v): to bend something
side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance - startling (adj): surprising
with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite carry (no) load: to (not) have
direction to its neighbours above and below. something with
The shinbashira, running up through a hole in to suspend something: to hang
the centre of the something
building, constrained individual storeys
banged from moving too far because, after moving a one’s passion to do something: a
certain distance, they into it, transmitting strong interest in doing something
energy away along the column. to act like something: to work
Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is like something
that, because the building tapers, with a stationary pendulum: a device
each successive floor plan being smaller than the one which swings back and forth
below, pillar above. In corresponding that carry the periodically, and is currently not
weight of the building is connected to its vertical moving
pillars none of the other with(out) the assistance of
words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one something: to (not) receive help
pillar that travels right up through the building to carry to grasp the principles: to be able
the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More to understand the basic rules of
surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a something
Japanese pagoda, unlike apply in something: to be used in
their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually something
connected to each other. They are simply stacked one trial and error: heuristic
on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such under pressure: being applied a
a design would not be permitted under current force
Japanese building regulations. slither (v): to slide
to and fro: to move back and forth
And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a be independent of: to be free from
tightrope walker's balancing pole. The bigger the mass the influence of something
at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope consecutive (adj): to be able to
walker to maintain his or her balance. The same follow one after the other without
holds true for a pagoda. 'With the eaves extending any interruption
out on all sides like balancing poles,' says Mr Ishida, constrain (n): to limit something
'the building responds to even the most bang into something: to hit into
powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful something
swaying, never an abrupt shaking.' Here again, transmit energy: to give energy
Japanese master builders of a thousand years away
ago anticipated concepts of modern structural another feature of something: a
engineering. different property of something
successive (adj): to be able to
happen one after the other
vertical pillar: a column that is
perpendicular to the ground
corresponding (adj): to have
connection with something
in other words: to express an idea
differently

counterpart (n): something which
has the same function as others in
different places
to stack something: to put
something on something
permit something: to allow
something
to maintain one’s balance: to

keep something from toppling
the same holds true for
something: could be applied for
something
respond to something: to react to
something
jolt (n): a sudden shock
abrupt (adj): sudden
anticipate (v): to project, predict

Reading passage 2
The True Cost of Food reached a point where: to get to a

level
bring something down: to
A. For more than forty years the cost of food has been decrease something
rising. It has now reached a point where a growing immediate cash: to prompt cash in
number of people believe that it is far too high, and exchange for goods
that bringing it down will be one of the great in relative terms: to hold truth to
challenges of the twenty first century. That cost, a certain extent when compared
however, is not in immediate cash. In the West at with other things
least, most food is now far cheaper to buy in relative the collateral damage:
terms than it was in 1960. The cost is in the collateral unintentional damage
damage of the very methods of food production that food production: the manufacture
have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, of food products
the enervation of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the enervation of soil: the decrease in
harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health quality of lands
caused by modern industrial agriculture. modern industrial agriculture:
agricultural sector which focus on
B. First mechanisation, then mass use the modern industrialization
of chemical fertilisers and pesticides,
then monocultures, then battery rearing of mechanization (n): the process of
livestock, and now genetic engineering - the replacing manual work with
onward march of intensive farming has machine
seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the mass use of something: the use of
yields of produce have soared. But the damage it has something on a large scale
caused has been colossal. In Britain, for example, chemical fertilizer: substances
many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the that boost the growth of plants
skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn pesticide (n): chemicals which kill
bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of off insects that are harmful to
countryside, as have even more wild flowers and plants
insects. This is a direct result of the way we have monoculture (n): the practice of
producted our food in the last four decades. focusing on one type of plant or
Thousands of miles of hedgerows, thousands of animal
ponds, have disappeared from the landscape. battery rearing: a farming
The faecal filth of salmon farming has driven wild technique where animals are kept
salmon from many of the sea lochs and rivers of in small places
Scotland. Natural soil fertility is dropping in many livestock (n): animals kept on a
areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and farm
pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing genetic engineering: the process
in lakes because og the fertiliser run-off. of modifying genes
the onward march of
C.Put it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but something: the arrival of
consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner something
table. That is mainly because the costs of all this intensive farming: an innovative
damage are what economists refer method in farming, which aims to
to as externalities: they are outside the increase productivity
main transaction, which is for example producing colossal (adj): enormous
and selling a field of wheat, and are borne directly by

neither producers nor consumers. To many, the costs vanish from something: to
may not even appear to be financial at all, but disappear
merely aesthetic-a terrible shame, but nothing to do a direct result of something: the
with money. And anyway they, as consumers of food, consequences of something
certainly aren’t paying for it, are they? hedgerow (n): a line of closely
grown bushes
D. But the costs to society can actually faecal filth: excrement
be quantified and, when added up, can amount to drive something from
staggering sums. A remarkable exercise in doing this somewhere: to force something to
has been carried out by one of the go somewhere
world’s leading thinkers on the future of sea loch: part of the ocean partly
agriculture, Professor Jules Pretty, Director of the enclosed by land in Scotland
Centre for Environment and Society at the University natural soil fertility: the quality
of Essex. Professor Pretty and his colleagues of natural land
calculated the externalities of British agriculture for industrial fertilizer: fertilizer
one particular year. They added up the costs of produced through industrial
repairing the damage it caused, and came up with a process
total figure of £2,343m. This is equivalent to £208 run-off (n): to become scarce
for every hectare of arable land and permanent
pasture, make the connection: to form a
almost as much again as the total government and EU relation
spend on British farming in that year. And according refer to: to mention to something
to Professor Pretty, it was a conservative estimate. externality (n): something that
does not have a direct connection
E. The costs included: £120m for removal of to economic activity but still
pesticides; £16m for removal of nitrates; £55m for affects it
removal of phosphates and soil; £23m for the transaction (n): the process of
removal of the bug Cryptosporidium from drinking buying or selling something
water by water companies; £125m for damage aesthetic (adj): related to beauty
to wildlife habitats. hedgerows and dry stone nothing to do with something: to
walls; £1,113m from emissions of gases likely to have no connection
contribute to climate change; £106m from soil
erosion and organic carbon losses; £169m quantify something: to measure
from food poisoning; and £607m from cattle disease. the amount of something
Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable add up: to accumulate
conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually to amount to: up to
threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper staggering sums: significant
food in three separate ways: once over the counter, amount of money
secondly through our taxes, which provide the carry out: to conduct
enormous subsidies propping up modern intensive leading thinkers on
farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern something: top people with great
farming leaves behind. ideas about something
be equivalent to: having the same
F. So can the true cost of food be brought value
down? Breaking away from industrial agriculture as arable (adj): suitable for growing
the solution to hunger may be very hard for some crops
countries, but in Britain, where the immediate need conservative estimate: a guess
to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the which is intentionally lower than
damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it the actual fact

may be more feasible. The government needs to
create sustainable, competitive and diverse farming nitrate (n): substances containing
and food sectors, which will contribute to a thriving nitrate
and sustainable rural economy, and advance phosphate (n): phosphorous-based
environmental, economic, health, and animal compound
welfare goals. wildlife habitat: living
environment for wild animals
G. But if industrial agriculture is to be replaced, what soil erosion: the process of soil
is a viable alternative? Professor Pretty feels being washed away by rapid flow
that organic farming would be too big a jump in of water
thinking and in practices for many organic carbon losses: the amount
farmers. Furthermore, the price premium put of carbon lost from plants
the would produce out of reach of many poorer food poisoning: to suffer negative
consumers. He is recommending the immediate effect through the consumption of
introduction of a 'Greener Food Standard', which poisonous or bad quality food
would push the market towards more sustainable draw a conclusion from
environmental practices than the current norm, while something: to conclude something
not requiring the full commitment to organic subsidy (n): fund
production. Such a standard would comprise agreed prop up something: to give
practices for different kinds of farming, support to something
covering agrochemical use, soil health, land bring down: to decrease
management, water and energy use, food safety and
animal health. It could go a long way, he says, breaking away from
to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a something: to be free from
more sustainable system of agriculture. something
immediate need to do
something: to need urgent
assistance to do something
feasible (adj): possible
contribute to something: to add
to the development of something
thriving (adj): to be successful
sustainable (adj): be able to
continue in the long run
rural economy: the economy of
the countryside areas
animal welfare: the well-being of
animals
a viable alternative: a different

method that can work as intended
organic farming: a farming
method involving no synthetic
chemicals
too big a jump: too much for a
change
the price premium: relative price

put something out of reach of
someone: to make something
unachievable to someone
push the market towards
something: to guide people who
are interested in particular products
to something else
current norm: accepted standards
in present days
require the commitment to
something:
soil health: quality of land
such a standard would comprise
agrochemical use: to use
agriculture chemicals
shift someone towards
something: to guide something to
something

Reading passage 3
Makete Integrated Rural Transport integrated (adj): combined

conventional (adj): ordinary
Project to tackle problems: to solve
issues
Section A. The disappointing results of a request for help in doing
many conventional road transport projects in Africa something: to ask for assistance
led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural present the opportunity to do
transport problems were to be tackled at the something: to give the chance to
beginning of the 1980s. A request for help do something
in improving the availability of transport within the
remote Makete District of southwestern adopt something in something: to
Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new apply something new
approach. objective (n): goal
obtain access to something: to be
The concept of 'integrated rural transport' able to use something
was adopted in the task of examining the transport essential (adj): important
needs of the rural households in the district. the underlying assumption: the
The objective was to reduce the time and fundamental speculation
effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and coordinate (v): to organize
services through an improved rural transport activities so that people can work
system. The underlying assumption was that the together
time saved would be used instead for activities that
would improve the social and economic development virtually totally: almost
of the communities. isolate something: to separate
The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project something from everything else
(MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from alternative means of
the Swiss Development Corporation and something: different approach
was coordinated with the help of the Tanzanian restrict to something: to limit to
government. something
rely primarily on something: to
Section B. When the project began, Makete District mainly depend on something
was virtually totally isolated during the rainy slippery (adj): referring to
season.The regional road was in such bad shape that something with smooth surface
access to the main towns was impossible for about that could be slid on easily
three months of the year Road traffic was extremely propose solutions: to suggest a
rare within the district, and alternative means method
of transportrelied donkeys in the north of the the socio-economic survey: a set
district. People restricted to were primarily on the of questions that are asked to gain
paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the information about the difference
rains. Before solutions could be proposed, the between groups of people due to
problems had to be understood. Little was known their financial status
about the transport demands of the rural households, regarding something: about
so Phase I, between December 1985 and December something
1987, focused on research. The socio-economic on foot: to walk
survey of more than 400 households in the district grinding mills: a building where
indicated that a household in Makete spent, on seeds are crushed
average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves

and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but
which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural determine the needs: to identify
areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport the demands
were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the identify possible solutions: to be
locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water aware of viable measures
and firewood and travelling to grinding mills. reduce the time and burden: to
lessen the amount the time doing a
Section C. Having determined the main transport task as well as its related problems
needs, possible solutions were identified which implement approaches: to
might reduce the time and burden. During Phase II, starting using specific methods
from January to February 1991, a number in an effort to do something: to
of approaches were implemented in an effort try to do something
to improve mobility and access to transport. An mobility (n): the ability to move
improvement of the road network was considered easily
necessary to ensure the import and export of the import and export of
goods to the district. These improvements were goods: the act of buying and
carried out using methods that were heavily dependent selling products between countries
on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, in addition to
these methods provided training in the operation of a something: furthermore
mechanical workshop and bus and truck a mechanical workshop: a place
services. However the difference from the where machines are made or
conventional approach was that this time repaired
consideration was given to local transport needs bus and truck services: transport
outside the road network. infrastructure, specifically for bus
Most goods were transported along the paths that and trucks
provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the short-cuts (n): shorter route, easy
paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on to travel
foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve arduous (adj): difficult
the paths by building make sense to do something: to
steps, handrails and footbridges. It was uncommon be reasonable to do something
to find means of transport that we were handrail (n): a long, narrow bar of
more efficient than walking but less technologically wood or metal set up along the
advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles stairs, allowing people to hold on
was constrained by their high cost and the lack of to while going up
available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but footbridge (n): a bridge dedicated
donkeys were used by a few households in the to pedestrians
northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what it was uncommon to do
would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of something: something that was
Makete in terms of what was available, how much unusual to do
they could afford and what they were willing to efficient (adj): effective
accept. After careful consideration, the project chose constrain something: to limit
the promotion of donkeys - a donkey costs less than a something
bicycle - and the introduction of a in terms of: to emphasise on some
locally manufacturable wheelbarrow. a particular area that is being
discussed
Section D. At the end of Phase II, it was clear that the careful consideration: to evaluate
selected approaches to Makete's transport problems something thoroughly
had had different degrees of success. Phase III, from wheelbarrow: a small cart with
March 1991 to March 1993, focused on one wheel at the front and two

the refinement and institutionalisation of these handles at the back, used to carry
activities. The road improvements and accompanying things
maintenance system had helped make the district manufacturable: can be created
centre
accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from have different degrees of
outside the district had become more readily available something: to have difference
at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as refinement: small changes for
they had done before. improvement
Paths and secondary roads were improved only at institutionalization: the process of
the request of communities who were willing turning someone into a permanent
to participate in construction and maintenance. part of a group or society
However the improved paths impressed the fluctuate (v): to change constantly
inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly secondary road: dual-carriage
increased soon after only a few improvements had road
been completed. at the request of
The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing someone: according to the demand
transport services were not very successful because of somebody
most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke be willing to do something: to be
down and there were no resources to repair them. Even consensual
the introduction of low-cost means of transport was low-cost means of
difficult because of the general poverty of the district. transport: inexpensive modes of
The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too transportation
expensive for all but a few of the modification to something: an
households. Modifications to the original design by alteration of something
local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other respond to something: to reply to
local carpenters have been trained in the new design something
so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a local breeding: the local business
locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs of allowing animals to reproduce
around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in affordable (adj): can be bought at
Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal a reasonable price
wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most local initiatives: new ideas of
people. Donkeys, which were imported to the district, local people
have become more common and contribute, in it should be noted that: it is
particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to important to be reminded about
market. something
Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from
richer households but, with an increased supply criticize (v): to give opinions
through local breeding, donkeys should become about something, usually in a
more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are disapproving way
promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys. a ‘top-down’ approach: a method
It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at in which the most important people
20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is make decisions, rather than by
still an investment equal to an average household's those who will be affected by them
income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the hand down to someone: to make a
need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist legal decision known to the public
the rural poor. by making an official statement
Section E. It would have been easy to criticise the dedicated work: work that great
MIRTP for using in the early phases a 'top-down' effort was put into

approach, in which decisions were made by experts play an essential role in
and officials before being handed down something: to be crucial in
to communities, but it was necessary to start the something
process from the level of the governmental authorities raise awareness and interest
of the district. It would have been difficult to respond among: to have knowledge about
to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants interest in the existence of
without the support and understanding of district something
authorities. well established: referring to
something that was set up in a
Section F. Today, nobody in the district argues about good way
the importance of improved paths and inexpensive act as a reference for
means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated something: can provide
work over a long period, particularly from the officers information to something
in charge of community development. They played
an essential role in raising awareness and interest
among the rural communities. The concept of
integrated rural transport is now well established in
Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is
just about to start. The experiences from Makete will
help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as
a reference for future work.

CAMBRIDGE IELTS 7
TEST 3
Reading passage 1
Ant Intelligence
When we think of intelligent members of the animal to spring/come to mind: to think

kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to of something immediately
mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact, the social to come in for something: to
lives of some members of the insect kingdom are receive blame or criticism
sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of scrutiny (n): careful inspection of
intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant something
has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the cognition (n): the process of
idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has learning, knowing something
certainly not been rejected by those involved in these
investigations.
Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical to repel something (v): to prevent
signals to contact one another in something from attacking
case of attack. Such chemical communication can be something else
compared to the human use of visual and auditory to arouse (v): to cause something
channels (as in religious chants, advertising images to have a specific feeling
and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to propagate something (v): to
to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The send opinions or ideas among
biologist Lewis Thomas wrote Ants are so much like many people
human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm to launch armies to war: to
fungi, raise aphids as livestock, launch armies to deploy soldiers to war
war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse ceaselessly (adv): constantly
enemies, capture slaves, engage in child labour,
exchange information ceaselessly. They do
everything but watch television. transmission (n): the process of
passing something from one to
However, in ants there is no cultural transmission - another
everything must be encoded in the genes - whereas in encode (v): to represent something
humans the opposite is true. Only basic instincts are using code
carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills instinct (n): the basic behaviours
being learned from others in the community as the of something
child grows up. It may seem that this cultural an advantage over
continuity gives us a huge advantage over something/somebody: to have the
ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. condition giving better chance of
Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts success
are sophisticated when compared to the sophisticated (adj): complex
agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago to overtake something (v): to
but have been totally overtaken by modem surpass something
human agribusiness.

Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at agribusiness (n): business in
least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or agricultural sector
use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent
evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may sustainable (adj): be able to
be more sophisticated and adaptable than was continue in a long time without
thought. interruption
adaptable (adj): be able to change
Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans accordingly to the surrounding
were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves - but environment
some fungi can. The ants, therefore, cultivate these
fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on,
and then use them as a source of food. Farmer to feed on something (phrasal
ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that verb): if an animal feeds on a
might act as 'weeds' and spread waste to fertilise the particular food, it usually eats that
crop. food
to secrete something (v): to
It was once thought that the fungus that release liquid from body
ants cultivate was a single type that they had
propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant to cultivate something (v): to
past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his grow something
colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of to screen something (v): to test
fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be something
highly diverse: it seems that ants are to domesticate something (v): to
continually domesticating new species. Even more make an animal able to work for
impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that people or live with them as a pet
the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly to expose somebody to
swapping and sharing strains with neighboring something: to let someone come in
ant colonies. contact with something
Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban

lifestyles - the forcing house, of intelligence - the
evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban exposure (n): the fact of
settings for close on a hundred million years, experiencing something due to
developing and maintaining underground cities being in a situation
of specialised chambers and tunnels.
When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles,

we are amazed at what has been accomplished by
humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson's magnificent
work for ant lovers, the Ants, describes a supercolony
of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of
Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to be
composed of 360 million workers and a million
queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a
territory of 2.7 square kilometers. interconnected (adj): to be related
to each other
Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of
technical achievement outstrip by far anything
achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as

masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France intricately (adv): difficult to
and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant understand
societies existed in something like their present form hail somebody/ something as
more than seventy million years ago. Beside something: to praise a person or an
this, prehistoric man looks technologically primitive. achievement by comparing them to
Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a something or someone very good
different kind?
Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich albeit (conjunction): although

Universities has shown that when; desert ants return
from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating
bearings and distances, which they
continuously update in their heads. They combine the forage (v): to go from place to
evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of place in order to find food and
local directions, all within a framework which is resources
consulted and updated. So ants can learn too. foraging (adj): adjectival form of
forage
And in a twelve-year programme of work, Ryabko
and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can
transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had
located food in a maze returned to mobilise their
foraging teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at
the end of which the scout was removed in order to
observe what her team might do. Often the to mobilise (v): to organize
foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze something for a purpose
where the food had been Elaborate precautions were
taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues.
Discussion now centers on whether the route through proceed (v): to move forward in a
the maze is communicated as a 'left- right sequence of particular direction
turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance' message.
During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova

has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she
feels she knows them as individuals - even without the
paint spots used to mark them. It's no surprise that
Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company of ants', be attached to somebody/
advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in something: to have connection to
their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of something
little lives.'
Reading passage 2
Population movements and genetics
A. Study of the origins and distribution of hum on to place something on

populations used to be based on archaeological and

fossil evidence. A number of techniques developed something: if you place something
since the 1950s however have placed the study of on facts or ideas, you use those facts
these subjects on a sounder and more objective or ideas to develop it
footing. The best information on early population sound (adj): to be reliable, can be
movements is now being obtained from the trusted
archaeology of the living body the clues to be found
in genetic material.
B. Recent work on the problem of when people first

entered the Americas is an example of the value of
these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia colonizers (n): people who live in
have long been accepted as the launching ground for and set up political control over
the first human colonisers of the New World1. But another country
was there one major wave of migration across the research into something: to study,
Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And ponder something to find new
when did this event, or events, take place? In recent information, knowledge
years, new clues have come from research
into genetics, including the distribution of genetic genetic marker: gene with known
markers in modern Native Americans. location, used to identify species
C. An important project, led by the biological

anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the anthropologist (n): person whose
variants (called Gm all types) of one particular expertise is the study of humans
protein - immunologic G - found in the fluid portion
of human blood. All proteins 'drift', or produce
variants, over the generations, and members of
an interbreeding human population will share a set
of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gm interbreeding (adj): referring the
allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two act of allowing animals to mate with
Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic other breeds
distance, which itself can be calibrated to give to calibrate (v): to mark something
an indication of the length of time since these so it can be used for measuring
populations last interbred. indication (n): a sign showing what
is true
D. Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of give/provide an indication of
over 5,000 American Indians in western North something
America during a twenty- year period. They found
that their Gmallo types could be divided into two
groups, one of which also corresponded to the
genetic typing of Central and South American to be corresponded to something:
Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or to match or correlate with something
Eskimo) and Aleut3 formed a third group. From this
evidence, it was deduced that there had been three deduce (v): to use existing
major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. knowledge to give an opinion about
The first, Paleo - Indian wave more than 15,000 something
years ago was ancestral to all Central and South
American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000-
12,000 years ago, brought No-Dene hunters
ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only

migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years
ago). The third wave perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years
ago saw the migration from Northeast Asia of groups
ancestral to the modem Eskimo and Aleut.
E. How far does other research support these

conclusions? Geneticist Douglas Wallace has
studied mitochondrial DNA in blood samples from geneticist (n): a person studying
three widely separated Native American groups: genes
Pima- Papa go Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on
the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians
in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would
have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all
three groups appear to be descended from the descend (v): to originate form
same ancestral (Paleo-Indian) population. ancestral (adj): to be related to
family members from the past
F. There are two other kinds of research that
have thrown some light on the origins of the Native
American population; they involve the study of teeth to throw/shed light on
and of languages. The biological anthropologist something: to clarify something
Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of
changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He
argues that tooth crowns and roots5 have a high
genetic component, minimally affected by
environmental and other factors. Studies carried out
by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World
specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the
majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to
Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits
such as incisor shoveling (a scooping out on one or trait (n): characteristic
both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first
premolars and triple-rooted lower first molars.
According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a
single Paleo-Indian migration out of North Asia, to tie something in with
which he sets at before 14,000 years ago by something (phrasal verb): to show
calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth that something is connected to
analyses also suggest that there were two later something else
migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo- Aleut.
G. The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the

1950s, argued that all Native American languages
belong to a single Amerind family, except for No-
Dene and Eskimo-Aleut - a view that gives credence
to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in credence (n): the belief that
a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom something is true
favor the no I on of a great money waves of give/lend/add credence
migration to account for the more than 1,000 - to something
languages spoken at one time by American Indians.
But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental

evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg's
view. Dates given for the migrations should backing (n): support
nevertheless be treated with caution, except where gain/give/provide backing
supported by hard archaeological evidence. solid/strong backing
Reading passage 3
Plans to protect the forests of

Europe
Forests are one of the main elements of our natural

heritage. The decline of Europe's forests over the last
decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness
and understanding of the serious imbalances which
threaten them. European countries are becoming
increasingly concerned by major threats to European to know no frontier: to have no
forests, threats which know no frontiers other than limit
those of geography or climate: air pollution, frontier (n): danh giới, biên giới
soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest deterioration (n): reduction in
fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our quality
woodland and forest heritage. There has been a
growing awareness of the need for countries to get
together to co-ordinate their policies. In December
1990, Strasomebodyourg hosted the first Ministerial
Conference on the protection of Europe's forests.
The conference brought together 31 countries from
both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics
discussed included the co-ordinated study of the
destruction of forests, as well as how
to combat forest fires and the extension of European to combat something (v): to
research programs on the forest ecosystem. The approach a problem
preparatory work for the conference had been
undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial
task was to decide which of the many forest
problems of concern to Europe involved the largest
number of countries and might be the subject of joint confine (v): to limit, constrain
action. Those confined to particular geographical something
areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean be confined to somewhere: to exist
or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. only in a particular area or a group
However, this does not mean that in future they will of people
be ignored.
As a whole, European countries see forests as

performing a triple function: biological, economic
and recreational. The first is to act as a 'green lung'

for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests recreational (adj): referring to
produce oxygen through the transformation of solar something that is enjoyable
energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the
essential role of an immense, non-polluting power
plant. At the same time, forests provide raw
materials for human activities through their
constantly renewed production of wood. Finally,
they offer those condemned to spend five days a
week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of
freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure
activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The
economic importance of forests has been understood
since the dawn of man- wood was the first fuel. The dawn (n): (figuratively) the
other aspects have been recognised only for a few beginning
centuries but they are becoming more and more the dawn of something: the
important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout beginning of something
Europe about the damage to the forest environment
which threatens these three basic roles.
The myth of the 'natural' forest has survived, yet

there are effectively no remaining 'primary' forests in
Europe. All European forests are artificial, having
been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of
years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that
it must transcend national frontiers and generations exploit (v): to harvest and use for
of people, and that it must allow for something
the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, transcend (v): to raise above
in needs, and hence in policy. The something
Strasomebodyourg conference was one of the first inevitable (adj): will happen
events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A nevertheless
general declaration was made that 'a central place in
any ecologically coherent forest policy must be
given to continuity over time and to the possible
effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full
potential of these forests is maintained'.
That general declaration was accompanied by six

detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making.
The first proposes the extension
and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor surveillance (n): the careful
forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly watching of something
understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion
of a tree's needles or leaves. The entire continent and
the majority of species are now affected: between cumulative (adj): increasing by
30% and 50% of the tree population. The condition adding one after another
appears to result from the cumulative effect of a atmospheric pollutants (n): things
number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the that damage the air environment
principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen culprit (n): reason
and sulphurdioxide should be particularly closely

watched. However, their effects are main/primary culprits: the pivotal,
probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as important reasons
drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such accentuate (v): to emphasize
as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The
second resolution concentrates on the need to
preserve the genetic diversity of European forests.
The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of
tree species or at least to preserve the 'genetic
material' of all of them. Although forest fires do not
affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of
damage caused the experts to propose as the third
resolution that the Strasomebodyourg
conference consider the establishment of a European
databank on the subject. All information used in the
development of national preventative policies preventative (adj): intended to stop
would become generally available. The subject of something before its arrival
the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was preventive policies/measures
mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the
mountain ecosystem which has changed most
rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly
scattered permanent population and development of at risk: in a dangerous situation
leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted leisure activity: activity that is
in significant long-term changes to the local enjoyable
ecosystems. Proposed developments include a to result in something (phrasal
preferential research program on mountain forests. verb): to cause a particular situation
The fifth resolution relaunched the European to happen
research network on the physiology of trees, called preferential (adj): better than that
Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European given to others
research on tree diseases and to relaunch something (v): to start
their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each something again
country concerned could increase the number of
scholarships and other financial support
for doctoral theses and research projects in
this area. Finally, the conference established the
framework for a European research network on doctoral thesis: a piece of writing
forest ecosystems. This would also dedicated to the research into a
involve harmonising activities in individual particular area, used to obtain the
countries as well as identifying a number of priority title Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
research topics relating to the protection of forests. harmonising (adj): to be in balance,
The Strasomebodyourg conference's main concern with no conflict
was to provide for the future. This was the initial
motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants
representing 31 European countries. Their final to commit to do something: to
text commits them to on-going discussion between promise or give your loyalty,
government representatives with responsibility for money, time to a particular
forests. principle, person or plan of action
commit oneself to something: to
say someone will definitely do
something

CAMBRIDGE IELTS 7
TEST 4
Reading passage 1
Pulling strings to build pyramids

'No one knows exactly how- the pyramids were
built.
Marcus Chown reckons the answer could be
'hanging in the air'
The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three

thousand years ago, and no one knows how.
The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of conventional (adj): ordinary
slaves dragged stones on sledges. But there is no
evidence to back this up. Now a Californian software
consultant called Maureen Clemmons has suggested
that kites might have been- involved. to peruse something (v): to,read
While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, something thoroughly
she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men hieroglyph (n): a symbol used to
standing in odd postures. They were holding what describe a word
looked like ropes that led, via some kind of
mechanical system, to a giant bird in the sky. She
wondered if perhaps the bird was actually a giant
kite, and the men were using it to lift a heavy object.
Intrigued, Clemmons contacted Morteza intrigued (adj): to be interested in

Gharib, aeronautics professor at the California something
Institute of Technology. He was fascinated by the to be fascinated by something
idea. 'Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in (adj): to show amazement
Middle Eastern science' he says. He too
was puzzled by the picture that had sparked puzzled (adj): to be confused
Clemmons's interest. The object in the sky to spark someone’s interest: to
apparently had wings far too short and wide for a make someone interest in something
bird 'The possibility certainly existed that it was a
kite' he says. And since he needed a summer project
for his student Emilio Graff, investigating the
possibility of using kites as heavy lifters seemed like
a good idea.
Gharib and Graff set themselves the task of raising

a 4.5-metre stone column from horizontal to
vertical, using no source of energy except the wind.
Their initial calculations and scale-model wind-
tunnel experiments convinced them they wouldn't
need a strong wind to lift the 33.5-tonne column. to convince (v): to make someone
Even a modest force, if sustained over a long time, believe in something

would do. The key was to use a pulley system that
would magnify the applied force. So they rigged to rig up: to put something together
up a tent-shaped scaffold directly above the tip of the for temporary use
horizontal column, with pulleys suspended from the
scaffold's apex. The idea was that as one end of the apex (n): the top of something
column rose, the base would roll across the ground trolley (n): a small vehicle with two
on a trolley. or four wheels, used to carry objects
Earlier this year, the team put Clemmons's to put someone’s unlikely theory
unlikely theory to the test, using a 40- to the test: to conduct an
square- metre rectangular nylon sail. The kite lifted experiment to verify the validity of a
the column clean off the ground. 'We were theory, which was deemed not
absolutely stunned,' Gharib says. 'The instant the sail probable before
opened into the wind, a huge force was generated
and the column was raised to the vertical in a mere mere (adj): nothing more than
40 seconds.'
The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to

20 kilometres an hour, little more than half what they
thought would be needed. What they had failed to to reckon with: to deal with a
reckon with was what happened when the kite was difficult situation
opened. 'There was a huge initial force - five times
larger than the steady state force,' Gharib says. This
jerk meant that kites could lift huge weights,
Gharib realised. Even a 300-tonne column could
have been lifted to the vertical with 40 or so men and
four or five sails. So Clemmons was right: the
pyramid, builders could have used kites to lift
massive stones into place. 'Whether they actually did
is another matter,' Gharib says. There are no pictures
showing the construction of the pyramids, so there is
no way to tell what really happened. The evidence
for using kites to move large stones is no better or
worse than the evidence for the brute force method,'
Gharib says.
triage (n): the process of identifying
Indeed, the experiments triage left many problems that need the most
specialists unconvinced. The evidence for kite- attention
lifting is non-existent/ says Wallace Wendrich, an unconvinced: not persuasive
associate professor of Egyptology at the University
of California, Los Angeles.
Other feel there is more of a case for the theory.

Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem to harness (v): to control and
for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And exploit something
they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which
could have been made strong enough to bear the
weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition, there
is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians

were interested in flight. A wooden artifact found artifact (n): remnant of ancient
on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like civilization
a modern glider. Although it dates from several uncannily (adv): strangely
hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its
sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might
have been developing ideas of flight for a long time.
And other ancient civilisations certainly knew about
kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using
them to deliver messages and dump
flaming debris on their foes.
debris (n): piece of waste material
The experiments might even have practical uses
nowadays. There are plenty of places around the
globe where people have no access
to heavy machinery, but do know how to deal with, to have no access to something: is
wind, sailing and basic mechanical not at one’s disposal, cannot use
principles. Gharib has already been contacted by a something
civil engineer in Nicaragua, who wants to put up adobe (adj): referring to mixed
buildings with adobe roofs supported by concrete earth and straw, used for building
arches on a site that heavy equipment can't reach. His material
idea is to build the arches horizontally, then lift them
into place using kites. 'We've given him some design
hints/ says Gharib. 'We're just waiting for him to
report back.' So whether they were actually used to
build the pyramids or not, it seems that kites may
make sensible construction tools in the 21st century
AD.
Reading passage 2
ENDLESS HARVEST
More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers

and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a archipelago (n): a set of small
volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and islands situated closely to each other
learned of a land mass that lay farther to the to learn of something: to hear facts
north. The islands' native inhabitants called this land and information that you did not
mass Aleyska - the 'Great Land'; today, we know it know
as Alaska.
The forty-ninth state to join the United States of

America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size
of the mainland 48 - states combined. It shares, with
Canada, the second, longest river system in North to feed into something: to lead into
America and has over half the coastline of the United a body of water
States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf

of Alaska - cold, nutrient-rich waters which nutrient-rich (adj): to have high
support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 nutritive value
species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and to take advantage of something: to
mollusks. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, exploit something for one’s own
Alaska's commercial fisheries have developed into good
some of the largest in the world. fishery (n): where fishes are caught
According to the Alaska Department of Fish and

Game (ADF&G), Alaska's commercial
fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of
shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes land (v): to catch fishes with nets
of ground fish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in
2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaska's
fisheries, "however, is salmon. 'Salmon,' notes writer
Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook,
pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, rhythmic (adj): be able to repeat
bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to constantly without disruption
land, animals and people.' The 'predictable nourishment (n): substances which
abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures aid the improvement of something
to flourish,' and 'dying spankers" feed bears, eagles, allow somebody/something to do
other animals, and ultimately the soil itself.' All five something: to let somebody/
species of Pacific salmon - chinook, or king; chum, something do something with one’s
or dog; Coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or own consent
humpback - spawn in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all
Pacific salmon commercially caught in North
America arc produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was
an independent nation, it would be the largest
producer of wild salmon in the world. During
2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in
Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel
value of over $US260 million. to exceed something (v): to go
beyond something
Catches have not always been so healthy. Between
1940 and 1959, over-fishing led to crashes in over-fishing (n): to excessively
salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska exploit fishery resources,
was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset particularly fishes
of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over crash (n): the sudden fall of
management of its own fisheries, guided by a state something
constitution which mandates that Alaska's natural statehood (n): the condition of
resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At being a country
that time, statewide harvests totaled around 25 to mandate (v): to give official
million salmon. Over the next few- decades permission
average catches steadily increased as a result of this sustainable (adj): to be able to
policy of sustainable management, until, during the continue in a long time without
1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 interruption
million, and on several occasions over 200 million in excess of: more than
fish.

The primary reason for such increases is what is
known as In-Season Abundance-Based
Management'. There are biologists throughout the
state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show
up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside to spawn: to deliver offspring
counting towers, study sonar, watch
from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon
season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know pre-set (adj): has been set up before
the approximate time of year when they will be
allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more to put a halt to something: to
field biologists in a particular area can put a halt prevent something from continuing
to fishing. Even sport filing can be brought to a halt
It is this management mechanism that has allowed
Alaska salmon stocks - and, accordingly, Alaska
salmon fisheries - to prosper, even as salmon
populations in the rest of the United
States arc increasingly considered threatened or
even endangered.
In 1999, the MarineStewardship Council (MSC)***

commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon
fishery. The Council, which was founded in
1996, certifies fisheries that meet high
environmental standards, enabling them to use a
label that recognises their environmental
responsibility. The MSC has established a set criterion (n): standard used for
of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be evaluation
judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being
identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries
approach the Council requesting to
undergo certification process. The MSC then
appoints a certification committee, composed of a
panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information
and opinions from fishermen, biologists,
government officials, industry representatives, non-
governmental organisations and others.
Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries

would not have any chance of certification when, in
the months leading up to MSC's final decision,
salmon runs throughout western Alaska - completely subsistence community (n):
collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, community barely making a living
chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest have priority over
since statehood; subsistence communities somebody/something: to have some
throughout the region, who normally have priority sort of privilege, which others do not
over commercial fishing, were devastated. possess
devastated (adj): to be severely
The crisis was completely unexpected, but destroyed
researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts

of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost crisis (n): a situation with difficult
certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in problems that need urgent attention,
part by cumulative effects of the el nino/la nina or else matters will get worse
phenomenon on Pacific Ocean
temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in
which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It to culminate with/in: to have as a
could have meant the end as far as the certification result of a process
process was concerned. However, the state reacted
quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those
necessary for subsistence purposes.
In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska

salmon fisheries qualified fop certification. Seven
companies producing
Alaska salmon were immediately granted
permission to display the MSC logo on their
products. Certification is for an initial period of five
years, with an annual review to ensure dial the
fishery is continuing to meet the required
standards. to meet standards: to satisfy
someone’s demands
Reading passage 3
EFFECTS OF NOISE
plausible (adj): likely to be true
In general, it is plausible to suppose that we should
prefer peace and quiet to noise. And yet most of us
have had the experience of having to adjust to
sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because
it was initially too quiet. That experience that
suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a
wide range of noise levels. Research supports this to expose somebody to something:
view. For example, Glass and Singer to let someone come in contact with
(1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud something
noise and then measured their ability to work out
problems and their physiological reactions to the disruptive (adj): can cause
noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but interruption
after about four minutes the subjects were doing just
as well on their tasks as control subjects who were
not exposed to noise. arousal (n): the causing of a strong
Their physiological arousal also declined quickly to feeling
the same levels as those of the control subjects.
But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise troublesome (adj): causing many
becomes more troublesome if the person is required problems
to concentrate on more than one task. For example,

high noise levels interfered with the performance
of subjects who were required to monitor three dials to interfere with something: to
at a time, a task not unlike that of an aeroplane pilot wittingly get involved into a
or an air-traffic controller situation where one’s presence is not
(Broadbent, 1957). Similarly, noise did not affect a needed
subject's ability to track a moving line with a steering
wheel, but it did interfere with the subject's ability
to repeat numbers while tracking (Finke man and
Glass 1970).
Probably the most significant finding from research

on noise is that its predictability is more important
than how loud it is. We are much more able to 'tune predictability (n): the ability to
out' chronic, background noise, even if it is quite anticipate events in the future
loud, than to work under circumstances with under a circumstance/condition:
unexpected intrusions of noise. In the Glass and within a certain boundary
Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to intrusion (n): the act of getting
bursts of noise as they worked on a task, some involved in a situation where one
subjects heard loud bursts and others heard soft does not belong
bursts. For some subjects, the bursts were spaced to intrude on/upon something
exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others
heard the same amount of noise overall, but the
bursts occurred at random intervals (unpredictable
noise). Subjects reported finding the predictable and
unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all
subjects performed at about the same level during the
noise portion of the experiment- But the different
noise conditions had quite different after-effects to require somebody to do
when the subjects were required something: to ask someone to do
to proofread written material under conditions of something because it is necessary
no noise. As shown in Table 1 the to proofread (v): to read in order to
unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later look out for mistakes
proofreading task than predictable noise; and soft,
unpredictable noise actually produced slightly more
errors on this task than the loud, predictable noise.
Apparently, unpredictable noise produces

more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a
while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance. fatigue (n): exhaustion, tiredness
Predictability is not the only variable that reduces or to take its/a toll on something: to
eliminates the negative effects of noise. Another is cause suffering, deaths or damage
control. If the individual knows that he or she can
control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its
negative effects at the time and its after-effects. This to eliminate something (v): to get
is true even if the rid of something
individual never actually exercises his or her option
to turn the noise off (Glass and- Singer, 1972). Just
the knowledge that one has control is sufficient.

The studies discussed so far exposed people to noise
for only short periods and only transient effects
were studied. But the major worry about transient (adj): temporary
noisy environments is that living day after day with
chronic noise may produce serious, lasting effects.
One study, suggesting that this worry is a realistic
one, compared elementary school pupils who
attended schools - near Los Angeles's busiest
airport with students who attended schools in quiet
neighborhoods (Cohen et al., 1980). It was found
that children from the noisy schools -had higher
blood pressure and were more easily distracted than
those who attended the quiet schools. Moreover, distracted (adj): losing focus on
there was no evidence of adaptability to the noise. In something
fact, the longer the children had attended the
noisy schools, the more distractible they became.
The effects also seem to be long lasting. A follow-up distractible (adj): be able to limit
study showed that children who were moved to less one’s focus on something with
noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility something else
one year later than students who had always been in
the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981). It should be
noted that the two groups of children had been
carefully matched by the investigators so that they
were comparable in age, ethnicity, race, and social comparable (adj): be able to form
class. relations between things
ethnicity (n): specific race of people
social class (n): status in society


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TĂNG TỪ VỰNG IELTS READING SỬ DỤNG

CAMBRIDGE IELTS 7 BY NGOCBACH

Let’s go bats obstacle (n): something that

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Making every drop count human civilisation: the most

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Educating psyche instructional technique: method

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gain some notoriety: to achieve

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to maintain one’s balance: to

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Makete Integrated Rural Transport integrated (adj): combined

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During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova

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Pulling strings to build pyramids

The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three

Intrigued, Clemmons contacted Morteza intrigued (adj): to be interested in

Gharib and Graff set themselves the task of raising

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The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to