Clinical Pharmacology: An Electronic Drug Reference and Teaching Guide

Clinical Pharmacology
An Electronic Drug Reference

and Teaching Guide
Version 1.11 for Windows™
GOLD STANDARD MULTIMEDIA INC.

Clinical Pharmacology
An Electronic Drug Reference
and Teaching Guide
1997
All rights reserved
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Table of Contents
I. Introduction
A. About Clinical Pharmacology
B. Content
1. Drug Information
2. User-Entered Information
C. Interface
1. Objects
2. Menubar
D. Program Organization
1. Lists of Standardized Terms
2. Levels
II. Getting Started

A. Installation
1. CD-ROM
2. Diskettes
B. Opening The Program
1. Registration (Installing For The First Time)
2. Updating The Program
C. Accessing Drug Monographs
D. Using The Menubar
III. Configuring The Program: Title Level

A. Title Screen
B. Copyright & Disclaimer
C. Terms & Definitions
D. Editorial Staff
E. Programming
F. What’s New
G. Quit This Program
H. Program Map & Alphabetical Index
I. Configure Program
1. Users…Privileges
2. Options
3. Getting Help
IV. Finding Information: Index Level

A. Index-Level Functions
1. Finding
2. Type-Searching
3. Highlighting and Double-Clicking
4. List Reporting
5. Printing
6. Getting Help
B. Navigating
1. Returning to the Title Screen (Logging Out)
2. Going to the Program Map
3. Going To Previous and Next Indexes
4. Quitting
C. Indexes
1. Main Index
2. Alphabetical Index
3. New Drugs Index
4. Combination Drugs Index
5. Less Common Drugs Index
6. Nutritional Products Index
7. Intravenous Products Index
8. Discontinued Products Index
9. Indications Index
10. Contraindications Index
11. Drug Interactions Index
12. Adverse Reactions Index
13. Costs Index
14. Product Identification Index
15. Classification Index
16. Overview Index
17. Patient Records Index
18. Prescriptions Index
19. Report
20. Quiz
21. Logical Search
22. References Index
V. Browsing and Cross-Referencing Information: Monographs and More Infor-

mation Levels
A. Monograph Content
1. Generic and Brand Names
2. Chemical Structure and Color Photographs
3. Description, Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetics
4. Indications…Dosage
5. Contraindications/Precautions…
6. Drug Interactions…
7. Adverse Reactions…
8. OBRA…Patient Information
9. Costs: Drug and Monitoring
10. Product Identification
11. Classification…Overview
12. Revision Date
B. Monograph-Level Functions
1. Enlarging the Description Field
2. Prescribing
3. List Reporting
4. Printing
5. Finding
6. Getting Help
C. Navigating
1. Returning to the Index Level
2. Returning to the Title Screen (Logging Out)
3. Cross-Referencing: Previous and Next
4. Going To Previous and Next Monographs
5. Quitting
VI. Entering Information: Patient Records and Prescription-Writing

A. Adding a New Patient Record
1. Record Number and Name
2. Medications
3. Medical Conditions
4. Allergies
5. Other Information
6. Creatinine Clearance Calculation
B. Modifying Patient Records
1. Changing the Patient Name and/or Record Number
2. Modifying Fields in the Patients Window
3. Deleting a Patient Record
C. Printing From the Patients Window (Print for Patient)
1. Printing Patient Information Handouts
2. Printing Most Recent Prescriptions (“Refill” Utility)
D. Patient History
E. Exporting Patient Records
F. Drug Utilization
1. Accessing Drug Utilization Screens
2. Associating Drug Therapy With A Medical Condition
3. Prescriber Information
4. Prescription History
5. Comments/Outcome
6. Prescribing for Patients
G. Creating and Printing Prescriptions
1. Building the Prescriptions Index: Adding and Deleting
3. Processing and Printing Prescriptions
VII. Utilizing Information: Reports and Utilities

A. Patient Profile
1. Drug Interactions Report
2. Additive Adverse Reactions Report
3. Costs Report
4. Drug Indications/Medical Conditions Match
5. Drugs/Contraindications Warning
6. Drugs/Allergies Warning
7. Therapeutic Duplication Alert
B. Intravenous Admixtures Utility
C. Product Identification Utility
D. Quiz: Interactive Self-Evaluation and Question Generation
1. Quiz Options
2. Quiz Topics
3. Taking an Interactive Quiz
E. Logical Search Utility
1. Building a Search Request
2. Executing a Search Request
3. Using Search Results Windows
F. Table Utility
Index
Chapter I. Introduction
A. About Clinical Pharmacology

Clinical Pharmacology is designed to give you concise, timely,
clinically-relevant material about medications, and to access that
information as quickly and easily as possible. We believe that
whether you are a physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, or other
health-care professional, and whether you are a practitioner,
educator, or student, you will find significant usefulness in our
program. Because the program utilizes its drug information in
many ways in order to meet the needs of many users, it is necessar-
ily complex–but that doesn’t mean it is difficult. If you spend some
time with this manual, you will learn more than enough to get
started, and soon you will find the program quite intuitive.
B. Content
The information in Clinical Pharmacology has been written specifi-
cally for this program, so the software and the information can be
“linked” as tightly as possible. However, there is also a philosophy
behind the information itself. Also, a distinction between the drug
information, which we provide, and the user-entered information,
which you provide, should be made.
1. Drug Information
Because a goal of this program is to save you time, we have
attempted to condense information about the drugs into mono-
graphs that are concise and clinically relevant. We believe you will
appreciate this approach as you face everyday clinical situations.
We hope that you will trust that the material included in these
monographs is indeed “important.” Because of this philosophy, we
have avoided prioritizing or ranking items, preferring to simply not
include the items of less significance, while providing a descriptive
paragraph for each included item, should you wish to know more.
When making a statement which could be regarded as not widely
known or accepted, we have included the reference from the
primary literature from which the statement was derived.
We have chosen to include full monographs on only those drugs

with significant clinical use or teaching value. For new drugs, for
which there is limited information; combination drugs, the compo-
nents of which are usually featured in full monographs; and less
common drugs, for which the information is less clinically-relevant,
we have written “mini-monographs,” in which we present key
information in an abbreviated format. The mini-monographs fulfill
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our aim to provide accurate, timely information on every generic
preparation available in the US.
We are absolutely committed to providing this information on an

ongoing basis. We maintain a large editorial staff of clinical
pharmacists and physicians, both in-house and around the country,
in order to provide comprehensive quarterly updates.
2. User-Entered Information
The drug information files we provide are “read-only,” meaning
that you cannot change that information within the program.
However, there are several types of information which you, the
user, provide. You enter this data into the program and can, of
course, change it as you like. Patient records, prescriptions, drug
utilization records, and the privileges you give to other users of the
program are examples. Accordingly, when we ship you an update
to the program, you will need to transfer this information to the
new version. We will constantly strive to keep this operation as
simple as possible (see Chapter II for more details).
The user-entered information is stored in a database that has been

integrated into the software. (Most importantly, this enables
operation of the program over a network.) The database files are
stored in a directory separate from the drug information, and you
should make backup copies of this directory frequently. Remember,
this is the information that you have entered!
Finally, you will probably notice that the information you enter is
closely linked to the drug information. For example, you select
medical conditions for a patient from indexes of indications and
contraindications found within the drug monographs. This enables
the program to utilize the user-entered information to the best
possible advantage.
C. Interface
The information is presented in a “point-and-click” interface, which
to programmers is known as an object-oriented environment. In
other words, the building blocks of the program are objects of
different types and appearances which you can point to and click
on to perform functions. You can also choose menu items and use
keyboard shortcuts from the menubar.
1. Objects
The most basic type of object is a window; in Clinical Pharmacology,
each type of information is presented in a unique window. There
can be several windows open at any time, but only the top window
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is active. Windows become smaller as they overlie other windows,
so the context in which they were brought up is preserved. Each
window may have many different screens, or “pages,” which
present different aspects of the same general class of information.
For example, each drug monograph has its own screen, but each is
displayed in the same Monographs window. Usually, a window
has a consistent graphical appearance, while the information
changes between screens.
Windows contain two other general types of objects: fields and

buttons. Fields hold text; depending on the nature of the text, you
may be able to click on it in order to highlight it. If clicking on any
text highlights that text, then you know there is something more
you can do with it–cross-reference, make a list, or obtain more
information related to that text. Buttons usually hold icons, or small
pictures. Whereas fields primarily convey textual information,
buttons underlie actions. Clicking a button performs a function. At
times, however, a button’s function may not be available, and in
this case the button is disabled, or “grayed.” A special type of
button linked with a field, called a combobox, is indicated by the
downward arrow (“∑”). The combobox button, when clicked and
held, presents a list of textual lines for you to choose from. To
choose a line, drag the mouse until you’re over the line and release
while it’s highlighted.
2. Menubar
Clinical Pharmacology is designed to emphasize the use of buttons
and mouse clicks in order to maximize your time savings. How-
ever, the menubar is available, both to allow you to have other
applications open simultaneously and navigate between the
applications, and to provide you with several standard keyboard
shortcuts. The menus are introduced in Chapter II; individual
menu items are discussed throughout this manual.
To use the keyboard to access menu items, hold down the <Alt>
key while hitting a letter which is underlined on a menu item. This
will cause the appropriate menu item to be activated. This process
can be repeated to access cascading menus. For example, to exit the
program, hold down the <Alt> key and type “f” then “x.”
D. Program Organization
1. Lists of standardized terms
Much of the information in Clinical Pharmacology is in the form of
lists, which is of tremendous importance. Basically, each list is an
index to more information, which is usually accessed by clicking
twice on a specific item. In this way, you can pick out the informa-
tion you want in a very precise way. Hopefully, the program will
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allow you to spend significantly less time searching for the “page”
or paragraph you need.
Many lists are marked off with special characters before each item.
These characters imply something about the items. Specifically, a
bullet (“Ω”) before an item designates it as a standardized term or
phrase within the program. All standardized terms are fully
indexed and cross-referenced throughout. An arrow (“œ”) signifies
a category of drugs or terms. The arrowed term is also itself a
standardized term. Squares (“˛”) designate medication entries
associated with a particular patient, prescription, or report. These
entries are standardized, too, and are indexed and cross-referenced
throughout the Patient Records section of the program.
2. Levels
Clinical Pharmacology is organized on four “levels.” These are the
Title, Index, Monographs/Patient Records, and More Information
levels, and are designed to present more detailed information as
you progress from Title to More Information.
In general, you will move toward more detailed information by

clicking on a highlighted textual item. (Sometimes a button click
will move you forward as well.) Any standardized term (marked
by “Ω”, “œ”, or “˛”) can be highlighted by clicking once on it; thus
two clicks on the item is a request for more information. Sometimes
the program will highlight an item automatically based on your
activity, so just one click is needed to access more information.
As you request more information, often smaller windows pop up

on top of larger ones. When you are done with a smaller window,
you should click its close box in the upper left corner or hit the
<Esc> key. This action closes the window, taking you back to the
previous window.
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Chapter II. Getting Started
A. Installation
The program is supplied on either of two media—CD-ROM or 3.5"
diskettes. The software itself is identical in both formats. It requires
4 MB of memory, but prefers 8 MB or more. Approximately 45 MB
of storage is necessary to install the entire program onto a hard
disk. If you choose to run the program from the CD or over a
network, 6 MB of local hard disk space is used. Windows 3.1,
Windows NT, or Windows 95 is required.
The program contains many 256-color images. Due to wallpaper or

other Windows settings, however, some color irregularities may
occur when using a 256-color video driver. To remedy this, install a
16- or 24-bit video driver for your video card.
1. CD-ROM
To install the CD-ROM version, first turn off any screen savers.
Windows 3.1: Insert the CD-ROM, and from the File menu of
Program Manager, select “Run.” Type “D:\SETUP.EXE” in the
command prompt (substituting the letter of your CD-ROM drive
for D: if necessary).
Windows 95 or NT: Insert the CD-ROM, and from the Start menu,
select “Run.” Type “D:\SETUP.EXE” in the command line prompt.
Alternatively, open the CD-ROM drive on your desktop, then
double-click on the “setup.exe” icon.
The installation program will start, and you will be prompted for
an installation directory (the default is C:\CPWIN). If you would
like to install to a different directory, type the name of the directory
in the box. Click “OK” to continue. NOTE: If you are updating, you
must install the program into the same directory as the previous
version.
You have three options for installation: CD-ROM installation (the

default), complete installation, and data files only. If you would like
to run the program from the CD-ROM, you should select the
default option, CD-ROM installation. If you would like to install
the entire program onto your hard drive, you should select com-
plete installation. If, at a later date, you want to install the program
or data files only, you can run the installation program again and
select the appropriate option. Click “OK” to continue.
II - 1
After the installation process is complete, a dialog box will be
displayed indicating successful installation, followed by the
README file, which you should read before proceeding. If you
have any problems during installation, please contact our Technical
Support department.
2. Diskettes
To install the diskette version, first turn off any screen savers.
Windows 3.1: Insert Disk 1, and from the File menu of Program
Manager, select “Run.” Type “A:\SETUP.EXE” in the command
prompt (substituting the letter of your floppy drive for A: if
necessary).
Windows 95 or NT: Insert Disk 1, and from the Start menu, select
“Run.” Type “A:\SETUP.EXE” in the command line prompt.
Alternatively, open the floppy drive on your desktop, then double-
click on “setup.exe” icon.
The installation program will start, and you will be prompted for
an installation directory (the default is C:\CPWIN). If you would
like to install to a different directory, type the name of the directory
in the box. Click “OK” to continue. NOTE: If you are updating, you
must install the program into the same directory as the previous
version.
You have three options for installation: complete installation (the

default), program files only, and data files only. In most cases, you
should select the default method, complete installation. If, at a later
date, you want to install the program or data files only, you can run
the installation program again and select the appropriate option.
Click “OK” to continue.
After the installation process is complete, a dialog box will be

displayed indicating successful installation, followed by the
README file, which you should read before proceeding. If you
have any problems during installation, please contact our Technical
Support department.
B. Opening The Program

The “Clinical Pharmacology” program group contains a “Clinical
Clinical Pharmacology” icon, a help icon, a README file icon. You can start
Pharmacology the program by double-clicking on the “Clinical Pharmacology”
Icon icon or, in Windows 95, by selecting “Clinical Pharmacology”
under “Programs” in the Start menu.
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1. Registration (Installing For The First Time)
If you are a new user, you will be prompted to enter the inventory
number of your copy. This number, which helps us prevent
unauthorized installations, is found on two stickers included in the
package, one of which you should place on Disk 1 or the CD. Then
you will be asked to input your name and degree. You will be
recognized as the default user of the program, and your name will
appear on the program’s prescription pad, unless you change that
on the Configure Program screen (see Chapter III).
Please register your program with us by placing the second

inventory number sticker on the Registration Card and returning
the Registration Card by mail. After you have registered, the
inventory number will allow you to obtain ongoing technical
support from us.
After the registration routine, you will see the Title screen.
2. Updating The Program

If you have received this version as a quarterly update, follow the
specific instructions for updating found in the “READ ME” file
accompanying the program. Once the procedure has begun, there
will be a short wait while your database files are updated. You will
then see the What’s New screen, which outlines the changes and
additions to the content and features for the current version.
C. Accessing Drug Monographs

Click Program Map from the Title screen to go to the Program Map
screen on the Index level. Now click on the Find button in the row
of buttons in the upper right. The Find dialog box, which allows
you to type in text for the program to locate, will appear. Type
“aspirin”, then click Find. The program will find the occurrences of
“aspirin” on the Index level, and will go directly to the first
Find occurrence, which is in the Main Index. Note that the program
highlights the whole line for you; you don’t have to type in the full
name of the drug to find it. Now, request the monograph by
clicking once on the highlighted line. In a few seconds the mono-
graph appears, and you have navigated to the “Aspirin, ECASA,
ASA” screen on the Monographs level. A detailed account of your
options here is found in Chapter V. However, you can locate
another monograph using the Find button at this level, or you can
use the Index Level button to go back. Remember, click once on an
item to highlight it, and once on a highlighted item to access more
Index Level information.
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D. Using The Menubar
Clinical Pharmacology contains four program-specific menus. The
File menu contains file- and printer-related items, the Go To menu
contains navigational items, the Tools menu contains feature-
Help related items, and the Help menu contains help-related items.
Many menu items correspond to buttons that are available on some
or all of the windows in the program. If a button is present and
active (not grayed), the corresponding menu item will also be
active. Choosing the menu item or hitting the associated hotkey
combination is equivalent to clicking the button.
Three menu items deserve mention here. The first, Title Screen, is
the first item in the Go To menu. It is important in a multiple-user
Title
setup, particularly when prescriptions are being generated. In such
Screen a setting, you should not leave the program open under your name,
or another user could write a prescription, or perform other
operations, with your name associated. To avoid unauthorized
access, when you are done with a session, you should log out by
choosing this menu item, hitting <Ctrl>-T, or clicking the Title
Screen button (see “Navigating” in chapters IV and V). Please note
that returning to the Title screen and logging out are functionally
equivalent.
The Tools menu contains the Copy & Paste Utility. Choosing Copy
or hitting <Ctrl>-C changes the cursor to a scissors, after which you
can click over any field, or the chemical structure or color photo-
graph of a monograph, to copy that item to the clipboard for
pasting into the document of your choice. Please note that you must
obtain a license from us in order to use any of the text or graphics for
commercial purposes.
The last item in the File menu is Exit, which is equivalent to

clicking the Quit button. Choosing this item brings up a dialog box
Quit from which you may quit the program.
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Chapter III. Configuring The Program: Title Level
The Title level comprises 5 screens: Title, About This Program,
Configure Program, What’s New, and Copyright and Disclaimer.
This level is designed to introduce you to the concepts and people
behind the program and customize its operation for your needs.
A. Title Screen
When you start up Clinical Pharmacology, you will first see the Title
screen, which features the program’s title, logo, and several buttons.
The information in the upper left corner of the screen is the version
number of the program, which will be useful especially if you need

telephone support, and the date that this version was released. Of
course, the date reflects the timeliness of the information you will be
using; quarterly updates are available.
B. Copyright and Disclaimer

The upper right corner of the Title screen contains a button with the
phrase “Please read carefully.” Take a moment before using Clinical
Pharmacology to read the Copyright and Disclaimer Notice which
clicking here will display.
C. Terms and Definitions

The Terms and Definitions button navigates you to a screen
designed to define the terminology we use and the standards we
have developed for including content in the program. If, in the
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course of browsing the drug information, you have a question
regarding the format in which the information appears, you will
likely find an explanation here.
D. Editorial Staff
The Editorial Staff screen displays a list of the people who have
contributed content to Clinical Pharmacology. You will note a
growing number of qualified professionals from around the
country. We have selected these individuals in order to impart a
contemporary clinical perspective. When you are done, clicking
anywhere on the screen takes you back to the Title screen.
E. Programming Screen
The Programming screen lists the software developers who have
created the program’s interface. When you are done, clicking
anywhere on the screen takes you back to the Title screen.
F. What’s New
The What’s New button takes you to a screen designed to let you
know about the new information and features contained in each
update of the program. With regard to changes to features, you can
expect more detail in the written materials accompanying each
shipment.
G. Quit This Program

The Quit This Program button brings up a dialog box which
allows you to quit Clinical Pharmacology.
H. Program Map & Alphabetical Index

The Program Map button provides entry into the Index level of the
program. Depending on the configuration, entry may require a user
password that has been previously entered by yourself or the
program’s administrator. The Program Map is a recommended
place to begin with Clinical Pharmacology, since it gives a graphical
representation of the layout of the Index level and allows easy
navigation.
The Alphabetical Index button also enters the Index level, and
may also require a user password. After getting familiar with the
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program, many users will want to go straight to this screen when
searching for specific drug monographs.
I. Configure Program
The Configure Program button takes you to the Configure screen,
which has more functionality than any other screen on the Title
level. On this screen, you will customize the program for use at
your particular setting.
1. Users…Privileges
On the left of the screen you will see an area called
“Users…Privileges.” The name of the registered user of this copy of
the program should appear as the only user the first time this
screen is accessed. Subsequently, you decide who will have access
to the information in the program, and to what degree each can
enter information into it. If you are the only user, you should skip
to the “Setting Privileges” section below.
Adding users
Clicking once on Add User below the Users field brings up a
prompt for the new user’s name. Type the name (and title), then
click OK to add the name to the Users list. Repeat this procedure
until you have entered all the user names. To delete a user, high-
light that name by clicking it once, then click Delete User.
Please note that unless the Require user passwords option is
checked, the program is not configured for multiple users. The
name which appears in the first line of the Users field is the default
user of the program if Require user passwords is not checked. To
change the default user, highlight the desired user name, then click
Make Default to move that user to the top of the list.
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Setting privileges
Click twice on any of the users to bring up the Privileges screen for
that user. There are several fields and buttons in the Privileges
window. Start by entering the user password, which is the code
that the user will need to enter in order to gain access to the Index
level of the program. It can contain letters, numbers, and/or
symbols as you wish. You should share this code only with its
named user.
The Next User button takes you to the next user, so you can define
the privileges for that user.
Next User
The Previous User button takes you to the previous user, so you
can define the privileges for that user.
Previous User
The Can Enter Prescriptions option, when checked, allows this
user to add prescriptions to the system and to process prescriptions
for specific patients, thus altering the patient record. In a hospital
setting, this option might be restricted to physicians. However, a
pharmacist might use the prescription-writing system as a record of
prescriptions filled. When you start the program for the first time,
this privilege is automatically given to the registered user. For any
users you enter subsequently, however, the option is unchecked
by default.
The Can Enter Patients option, when checked, allows the user to
add and delete patient records. Judicious use of this option will
give you control over the flow of information going into the system.
When you start the program for the first time, this privilege is
automatically given to the registered user. For any users you enter
subsequently, however, the option is unchecked by default.
Please note: By defining a user and assigning a password, you are

giving that user full browsing rights to the program, as well as the
ability to change line items (medications, medical conditions,
allergies, and demographic information) in the patient’s record.
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The Contact Information field is associated with each user
primarily in the context of prescription writing. The prescriber’s
name and contact information will appear on the prescription pad
and actual prescription, and will be entered into the Prescriber and
Contact Info field in the Drug Utilization window after the
prescription has been generated.
The Font button brings up a dialog box with which you can choose
the font in which the user’s name and contact information will
appear on the prescription pad. Choose one of the TrueType fonts
from the dialog box and click “OK.” The name of the chosen font
will appear in the field next to the Font button.
2. Options
Require user password
Clinical Pharmacology has been designed to accommodate both
single-user and multiple-user environments, and in the latter case
significant security and management measures are appropriate. If
you plan to use the program at home, or strictly for reference to
drug monographs, then you may wish to speed access to the
information by not requiring user passwords for entry into the
Index level. If so, you should uncheck the Require user passwords
option, bypassing this security feature.
If you are using the program in an office, pharmacy, ward, or

school setting, and especially if you are entering patient records,
prescribing drugs, or saving student quizzes, you will probably
want to check the Require user passwords option. Doing so forces
a potential user to enter a password, which you define, before
gaining access to the Index level. When used in conjunction with
the Privileges settings, this also allows you to define the extent to
which each user can enter new information into the system.
Further, when used with Create log files, you can track the use of
the program by each individual.
Require password for access to this screen

In a multiple-user setup where you have defined access codes and
privileges, you will likely want to make sure that only you have
access to the Configure screen. To accomplish this, check Require
password for access to this screen. When you click, a window is
displayed for you to type in the password. When done, click OK
and the password will be stored. Please remember the password! If
you forget it, you will have to call our Technical Support to gain
access to the Configure screen.
Helpful hint:
For additional security, you may wish to remove these pages from
III - 5
the User Manual after you have established the proper
configuration.
Show Find on entry to Index level

When this option is checked, the Find dialog box pops up automati-
cally when you click Program Map or Alphabetical Index from the
Title screen. If you often enter the program specifically to access a
drug monograph, you will find this option helpful.
Backup database upon quitting program

This option makes a backup copy of the “DB” subdirectory, which
contains the user-entered information files (“Utilize”, “Records”,
“Prescr”, “Users”), each time you quit the program. The files will be
placed in a subdirectory inside your “DB” subdirectory, named
according to the date.
Create log files

This option creates a daily log file to record the activity of the
program, which is particularly useful in a multiple-user environ-
ment where patient records are maintained or quizzes are being
taken; however, single users may find this a valuable option as
well.
Time out after 5 minutes of inactivity

Intended primarily for multiple-user environments, this option
generates an audible warning to the user if no activity has taken
place in 5 minutes. If a user walks away from the system without
logging out, another user, perhaps unauthorized, can gain access to
the system and activity is logged under the previous user name.
This option is aimed to minimize this occurrence by returning to
the Title screen (logging out) if there is no response–mouse
movement or a click–within 10 seconds after the warning.
Print using 8.5“ x 11” page size

This option is helpful with some older printers. If you are having
difficulty with printing, you may wish to check this option.
Show splash screen at startup

If you would like to show a custom splash screen at startup, check
this option to bring up a standard file selection dialog. The PCX,
GIF, TGA, or BMP file you select will be displayed while the
program initializes. The size of the image must be 320x240 pixels;
otherwise, the image will be scaled to fit within a 320x240 pixel
window.
Disable save to disk

This option allows administrators concerned with hard disk space
III - 6
or access to disable the saving and exporting features that write text
files to the drive. These features are found on the Report Screen and
in the Quiz and Patient Records portions of the program.
Use custom text at top of printouts

If you would like to have custom text, such as your name or the
name of your hospital or practice, to appear at the top of all the
program’s printouts, check this option and simply type the text into
the dialog box that appears.
Backup Database
This button allows you to make a backup copy of the “DB”
subdirectory, which contains the user-entered information files
(“Utilize”, “Records”, “Prescr”, “Users”). When this button is
clicked, you will be prompted for a directory in which to store the
backup. The files are placed in a subdirectory (named according to
the date) of the directory you choose.
It is an excellent idea to do this periodically, or to use the Backup

database files upon exiting option to automate the process. Storing
the copy on another disk, e.g., a floppy disk, is highly recom-
mended.
3. Getting Help
To bring up a help screen at any time, hit F1 or select Context-
sensitive help from the Help menu.
III - 7
Chapter IV. Finding Information: Index Level
The Index level of the program is the gateway to the information in
the drug monographs. A good working knowledge of this level and
its several screens and buttons will greatly speed your access to the
information. Also found at this level are most of the features and
utilities that allow you to utilize the information in unique ways.
While these functions are largely described in Chapter VII, this
chapter will provide an introduction.
A. Index-Level Functions
1. Finding
You can search for textual items using the Find button. Clicking
this button (or choosing Find from the Tools menu) brings up the
Find Find dialog box, into which you type words or parts of words for
the program to locate. The search takes place over the entire Index
level, and if the first match is found on a screen other than the one
you start from, you will go to that screen. The Find function is case-
insensitive, meaning you don’t need to worry about capitalization,
and “wrap-around,” so that a search carried out over the last index
will resume on the first screen and continue from there.
The Options button enlarges the dialog box to reveal two sets of
buttons. The first set represents a “keyboard” for superscripts,
subscripts, and special characters. Clicking on a character types
that character into the Find window at the position of the cursor,
allowing you to search for these characters as well as those
represented on the standard keyboard.
Helpful hint:
There are many cases in which including a special character might
be useful, even when the character is not specifically what you are
IV - 1
looking for, as it would be when finding “∫-blockers.” For example,
in searching for a standardized term, say “Ωaspergillosis,” you can
include the bullet and guarantee the correct first match with fewer
characters typed. The characters “Ωasp” are found first on the
Indications Index, whereas “asp” is found first on the Main Index.
To the right, the second set of buttons customizes the starting point
of the search; this is really just a matter of personal preference in
most cases, but sometimes you will want to be aware of the
difference. In the default setting, Find searches from the first index
(the first screen of the Main Index). If you usually search for drug
names, this is helpful because it guarantees you will find your entry
in the Main Index, from which you can quickly access the mono-
graph. In the other setting, Find searches from the index you are
presently viewing. This setting is most useful when trying to locate
an item that appears in several indexes; locating a drug name in the
References Index is a good example. For items that appear only
once on the Index level, the starting point of the wrap-around
search is irrelevant.
After bringing up the window with the Find button, simply type
the search characters, which will replace any text previously stored
Find there. You can also insert the cursor into the text field without
erasing the contents by clicking in the desired location. Click Find,
or hit <return> or <enter>, to locate the occurrences of the text on
the Index level.
After a successful search, the Find dialog box disappears and the
line on which the search characters were first found is highlighted.
You may be on a different screen than the one you started on. If
there is more than one occurrence, a Results window appears
listing each line, and its location on the Index level, in which the
characters were found. Clicking on any line in the Results window
takes you to the appropriate index and highlights the line. Because
the Find feature takes you automatically to the first occurrence of
the characters, you have, in effect, already “clicked” on the first line
of the Results window.
IV - 2
The Results window is a “floating” window, meaning that it will
exist on top of other windows, including the active window. The
Results window will stay open until you explicitly click the
window’s close box or bring up the Find window with the Find
button. This allows you to use the Find Results window as a
flexible navigational tool until you need to execute another search.
An unsuccessful search results in an indication of “not found” in the

Find window, which remains on top of the same index so that you
may retype your request.
2. Type-Searching
Any of the indexes that presents an alphabetical list of terms can be
searched by simply starting to type the desired entry. For example,
in locating “Propranolol” in the Alphabetical Index, typing “P”
highlights the first drug that begins with that letter; then “R” takes
you to the first drug that starts with “Pr”, etc., until eventually
“Propranolol” is highlighted. Clicking the mouse or hitting the
space bar clears the letters from memory, so you can type a new
character combination.
3. Highlighting and Double-Clicking

When you click once on any unhighlighted standardized term
(marked by “Ω”, “œ”, or “˛”), it will be highlighted. Clicking once
on a highlighted standardized term issues a request for more
information. So while the net effect of a “double-click” on a stan-
dardized term is to request more information, you don’t need to
double-click if the term is already highlighted.
There are ways to highlight an item besides clicking it. For instance,
using the Find function highlights the located text. On the alpha-
betical indexes, typing the first letter(s) of a term highlights the first
appropriate term. When you return to the Index level from the
Monographs level, the program will highlight a term based on your
last activity.
The exact nature of the more information request with regard to

each specific index is discussed along with the index itself in Section
C of this chapter.
4. List Reporting
On several of the indexes–those corresponding to the list-based
fields on the right side of the monographs, starting with the
Indications Index–the List button is found. This button is disabled
until you highlight a term, after which clicking the button (or
List choosing Generate Report from the Tools menu) brings up a dialog
box, allowing you to generate a report of all the drugs in the Main
Index that share the highlighted characteristic. Thus, you can make
IV - 3
a report of all the drugs used for a certain medical condition (by
using List from the Indications Index), or of all the drugs which
produce a certain adverse reaction (Adverse Reactions Index), or of
all the drugs produced by a certain manufacturer (Product Identifi-
cation Index), etc.
There are three options you can set for a List report. The first,
Include cost information, will compile information regarding the
costs of each drug in the list. Including costs is useful, for instance,
when listing drugs that can treat the same indication, or to compare
costs within a therapeutic classification (by Listing from the
Classification Index). The second, Don’t alphabetize, lists the
drugs in the order they appear in the Main Index, rather than
alphabetically (the default). Some feel that an alphabetical list is
less likely to be interpreted as “prioritized”—which List reports are
not. The third, Include mini-monographs, applies only to lists of
Indications and Classification terms. Since (only) these items are
found in the mini-monographs, you can include the drugs
represented by mini-monographs in your lists.
The List report is placed into the Report screen on the Index level,
erasing any report previously residing there. The list is a “hot list,”
so you can click twice on any drug to access its monograph. When
you click the Index Level button, you will come back to this screen
Index so that you can “bounce” back and forth between the report and
Level several monographs.
5. Printing
You can print any of the screens on the Index level by clicking the
Print button, or choosing Print from the File menu, either of which
Print will bring up a dialog box. Click OK to print the desired index.
6. Getting Help
You may bring up a help screen at any time by hitting F1 or
selecting Context-sensitive help from the Help menu. You can
IV - 4
search for help on a specific topic by choosing Search for help on...
from the Help menu.
Help
B. Navigating
1. Returning to the Title screen (Logging out)
By clicking the Title Screen button on the Program Map, you not
Title only navigate back to the Title level, but also log out, because, when
Screen Require user password is in effect, any future user will have to log
in before returning to the Index level. You can also choose Title
Screen from the Go To menu to return to the Title screen. If there
are prescriptions waiting to be printed under the 4-per-page option,
these will print before logging out.
2. Going to the Program Map

The Program Map button takes you to the Program Map from any
other screen on the Index level. Choosing Program Map from the
Program Go To menu is equivalent.
Map
3. Going To Previous and Next Indexes
The Previous Index and Next Index buttons take you to the previous
and next indexes, respectively. You can also choose Previous Screen
Previous/Next and Next Screen from the Go To menu or hit the left or right arrow
Index keys. The order of the indexes is represented on the Program Map.
4. Quitting
Use the Quit button to bring up a dialog box from which you can
exit the program. You can also choose Exit from the File menu. If
the Backup database upon quitting program option is checked,
Quit you will be notified that a backup is taking place. If there are
prescriptions waiting to be printed under the 4-per-page option,
then these will print before quitting.
C. Indexes
1. Main Index
This index lists the most common and classic drugs in current
clinical use by therapeutic classification. For each of these drugs,
there is a full monograph. You access the monograph by clicking
twice on the drug name (once if the name is already highlighted).
Because it is so large, the Main Index is divided into two screens.

Use the Next Index and Previous Index buttons to move between
the two screens of this index.
2. Alphabetical Index
This index lists all the drugs from the Main Index alphabetically by
IV - 5
generic name. Since type-searching is active on this screen, it often
provides the quickest way to access a specific monograph. High-
light the drug name by type-searching or by clicking once on the
unhighlighted name, then click on the highlighted drug name to go
to the monograph.
3. New Drugs Index

This index lists drugs which are newly approved or pending
approval by the FDA. We have spent much time gathering this
information from online and printed sources, and hope it will help
you keep current. Many of these drugs will be featured in full
monographs in future versions. Highlight the drug name by type-
searching or by clicking once on the unhighlighted name, then click
on the highlighted drug name to bring up the mini-monograph.
When you have finished with the New Drugs window, close it with
the close box in the upper left corner.
4. Combination Drugs Index

This index lists combination preparations, the components of which
are usually featured in full monographs. The mini-monographs
point out the quantities and qualities of the drugs in combination.
Highlight the combination by type-searching or by clicking once on
the unhighlighted name, then click on the highlighted combination
to bring up the mini-monograph. When you have finished with the
Combination Drugs window, click its close box.
5. Less Common Drugs Index

This index covers the single drugs not featured in the Main Index
or the New Drugs Index. Highlight the drug name by type-
searching or by clicking once on the unhighlighted name, then click
on the highlighted drug name to bring up the mini-monograph.
When you have finished with the Less Common Drugs window,
click its close box.
6. Nutritional Products Index

This index lists combination products which are given for
nutritional supplementation or therapy. The products, which are
grouped into categories for easy reference, are alphabetized by
brand name within each category. At the top of the Nutritional
Products Index field is an overview of the categories, and you
can click on any item above the solid line to go to that section
of the index. Highlight a product name by clicking once on the
unhighlighted name, then click on the highlighted name to bring
up the mini-monograph. The mini-monographs feature detailed
information on the nutritional components and RDA percentages
of each, as well as significant drug interactions.
Nutrient/drug interactions
Each component of the nutritional product which might be
IV - 6
expected to cause a drug interaction has the entry “œ[component]
interactions”. To access more information on a nutrient/drug
interaction, click on any arrow (“œ”) to create an indented list of
the drugs that interact with that nutrient component. Then, click
twice on any drug to access a description of the interaction on the
nutrient’s Interactions screen. Click the Interactions window’s close
box to return to Nutritional Products.
The nutrient/drug interactions information is also fully integrated

into Drug Interactions reporting (see Section A of Chapter VII).
When you run an Interactions report on a set of drugs containing
one or more nutritional product(s), all possible nutrient/drug
interactions are screened and the results incorporated into
the report.
When you have finished with the Nutritional Products window,

click its close box.
7. Intravenous Products Index

This index lists drugs and solutions which have intravenous
preparations. Highlight a product by type-searching or by clicking
once on an unhighlighted product. Clicking on a highlighted
product brings up a window containing a table (the “admixtures
table”) with information about the compatibility of this product
when mixed with the other products in the index. The admixtures
table can be type-searched just like the index.
An admixture for which there is information–not all possible

combinations have been studied–will have an “X” to the left of the
IV - 7
product name. Click once on a highlighted product in the admix-
tures table to display the information into a statement about the
products’ compatibility, which will appear in a floating “statement
window.” You can add more statements to the window by clicking
twice on other products in the admixtures table. Clicking Create
Report compiles the statements into an Intravenous Admixtures
Report. The result will be placed onto the Report screen, from
which you can print or save it.
The Intravenous Admixtures Utility, which allows you to research

several products together without bringing up admixtures tables
and statement windows, is discussed in Chapter VII.
8. Discontinued Products Index

This index lists products which have been discontinued by the
manufacturer or the FDA. Highlight a product by type-searching
or by clicking once on an unhighlighted product. Clicking on a
highlighted product brings up a window containing a brief
description of the discontinuance, along with a reference to the
pertinent monograph or mini-monograph, if available. Click once
on it to navigate to the point of the reference.
9. Indications Index
This index of standardized terms lists the medical conditions that
appear as an indication in at least one full monograph. Highlight
an indication by type-searching or by clicking once on an
unhighlighted item. This action enables the List button, with which
you can list all the drugs that are indicated for the condition. Drugs
List that are used but not FDA-approved for the indication are marked
with a dagger (ß).You can include the drugs represented by
mini-monographs by checking Include mini-monographs under
Options. Clicking on a highlighted indication takes you to the first
monograph that features the condition as an indication (and you
can subsequently cross-reference the other monographs that do).
10. Contraindications Index

This index of standardized terms lists the medical conditions that
appear as a contraindication/precaution in at least one full mono-
graph. Highlight a contraindication by type-searching or by
clicking once on an unhighlighted item. This action enables the List
button, with which you can list all the drugs that are
contraindicated in the condition. Drugs that are absolutely
contraindicated are italicized. Clicking on a highlighted
contraindication takes you to the first monograph that features the
condition as a contraindication.
11. Drug Interactions Index

This index of standardized terms lists the drugs (preceded by “Ω”)
and classes of drugs (preceded by “œ”) that appear as interactions
IV - 8
in at least one full monograph. Highlight an item by type-searching
or by clicking once on the unhighlighted item. This action enables
the List button, with which you can list all the drugs that interact
with the selected drug or class. (Since you can see the drugs that
List interact with a given drug in that drug’s monograph directly, this is
most useful for classes of drugs and individual drugs not found in
the Main Index.) Clicking on a highlighted item takes you to the
first monograph that features the interaction.
This index also houses the Drug Interactions Report, which

allows you to check any number of drugs for clinically significant
interactions. To begin, click the Drug Interactions Report button,
which will take you to the Alphabetical Index in data-entry mode,
in which there is a field on the right side of the screen to accept
Drug
Interactions your entries. You can type-search, scroll, or use Find (which in
Report data entry mode is limited to the current screen) to locate a drug,
then click on it to add it to the list. Click again on a drug already
listed to remove it from the list. When you are done, click the
Drug Interactions Report button again to bring up the Profile
window. Since the Alphabetical Index features only full-mono-
graph drugs, you can access the mini-monograph drugs for input
by clicking on the appropriate button and repeating the procedure.
When you have listed all the drugs to check, click OK to generate
the report, which will be placed on the Report screen. For more
information about the Drug Interactions Report, please see Section
A of Chapter VII.
12. Adverse Reactions Index

This index of standardized terms lists the medical conditions
that appear as adverse reactions in at least one full monograph.
Highlight an item by type-searching or by clicking once on the
unhighlighted item. This action enables the List button, with which
you can list all the drugs that can cause the adverse reaction.
Clicking on a highlighted item takes you to the first monograph
that features the item as an adverse reaction.
This index also houses the Additive Adverse Reactions Report,

which allows you to compile adverse reactions information for any
number of full-monograph drugs. To begin, click the Additive
Adverse Reactions Report button, which takes you to the Alpha-
Additive
betical Index in data-entry mode, in which there is a field on the
Adverse right side of the screen to accept your entries. You can type-search,
Reactions scroll, or use Find to locate a drug, then click on it to add it to the
Report list. Click again on a drug already listed to remove it from the list.
When you are done, click the Additive Adverse Reactions Report
button again to bring up the Profile window. Clicking OK will
generate the report and place it on the Report screen. For more
information about the Additive Adverse Reactions Report, please
see Section A of Chapter VII.
IV - 9
13. Costs Index
This index lists standardized phrases that pertain to the absolute
and relative costs of drug therapy. The statements are grouped into
categories for easy reference. At the top of the Costs Index field is
an overview of the categories, and you can click on any item above
the solid line to go to that section of the index. Highlight a cost
statement by clicking once on the unhighlighted item. This action
enables the List button, with which you can list all the drugs for
which the statement applies. Clicking on a highlighted statement
List
takes you to the first monograph that features the statement as
pertinent costs information.
This index also houses the Costs Report, which allows you to
compile costs information for any number of full-monograph
drugs. To begin, click the Costs Report button, which takes you to
the Alphabetical Index in data-entry mode, in which there is a field
on the right side of the screen to accept your entries. You can type-
Costs
Report search, scroll, or use Find to locate a drug, then click on it to add it
to the list. Click again on a drug already listed to remove it from the
list. When you are done, click the Costs Report button again to
bring up the Profile window. Clicking OK will generate the report
and place it on the Report screen. For more information about the
Costs Report, please see Section A of Chapter VII.
14. Product Identification Index

This index lists standardized terms describing physical characteris-
tics of the dosage forms of the drugs in the Main Index. The terms
are grouped into categories for easy reference. At the top of the
Product ID Index field is an overview of the categories, and you
can click on any item above the solid line to go to that section of the
index. Highlight a term by clicking once on the unhighlighted item.
This action enables the List button, with which you can list all the
drugs for which the descriptive term applies. Clicking on a
highlighted statement takes you to the first monograph that
features the term in the Product ID field.
This index also houses the Product Identification Utility, with

which you can identify unknown drug products. To begin, click the
Product Identification Utility button. You are now in data-entry
mode, in which there is a field on the right side of the screen to
accept your entries. Click on any characteristic to add it to the list
Product
Identification describing the product. Click again on a characteristic to remove it.
Utility When you are done, click the Product Identification Utility button
again, and the program will search for the first dosage form that
matches the description. If it finds a match, you will go to the
monograph featuring the photo of the dosage form. The specific
form in the Product Identification field will be highlighted, and
IV - 10
the pertinent photo will be displayed. Hopefully the photo will
enable you to identify the dosage form. If not, you can then use the
Product
Product Identification Utility button, which now appears in the
Identification Monographs window, to locate the next match. Please see Section B
Utility of Chapter VII for more information about this utility.
15. Classification Index

This index lists standardized terms we have used to classify the
drugs. The index is divided into 2 screens, the first of which
contains the therapeutic classification scheme for drugs in the Main
Index. At the top of the Classification Index field is an overview of
the main classifications, and you can click on any item above the
solid line to go to that section of the index. Highlight a classification
by clicking once on the unhighlighted item. This action enables the
List button, with which you can list all the drugs that fall under a
given classification. Clicking on a highlighted item takes you to the
List
first monograph that features the term in the Classification field.
The second screen lists alternative classification schemes into which

the drugs fall. The functionality of this screen is identical to the first.
16. Overview Index

This index lists classes of drugs for which we have written a
general statement called an “overview.” The overview consolidates
information common to several monographs so that the individual
monographs can highlight the unique features of each drug. The
material is excellent for teaching purposes and is updated frequently.
Highlight a classification by type-searching or by clicking once on
an unhighlighted item. Click on a highlighted classification to bring
up the Overview screen for that classification. When you have
finished with the Overview window, click its close box.
17. Patient Records Index

This index lists the patients for which you and other users have
created records, which are stored in the program’s database.
Click once on a patient entry or use type-searching to highlight.
Click on a highlighted entry to bring up the patient record in the
Patients window.
Importing a patient record

You can import a patient record that has previously been exported
into your copy of Clinical Pharmacology. Click on the Import Patient
button to bring up a dialog box, choose the name of the patient file,
Import
Patient then click OK to execute the request.
In importing a patient record, you choose the correct patient file

from a standard file selection dialog box. The file must adhere to
IV - 11
the naming convention of “[up to 8 characters].pat” in order to be
recognized by the program. See Section E of Chapter VI for a
discussion of exporting patient records.
After the record is imported, you will see a new entry in the Patient
Records Index and there will be a new screen in the Patients
window. There may also be Drug Utilization and Patient History
screens for the imported patient.
DOS users will recognize the naming convention; which allows

compatibility between Macintosh and Windows™ versions of
Clinical Pharmacology. To import a record created by the Macintosh
version, you must first convert the file to the Windows platform
with a program such as Apple File Exchange.
The Patient Records Index houses the Add, Delete, and Modify
Patient buttons. Chapter VI contains a full description of these
functions. The Table button, discussed in Section F of Chapter VII,
Add/Delete
Patient is also found here.
18. Prescriptions Index

This index lists the prescriptions you and other users have gener-
Modify Table ated. Each time you process a prescription, whether in the context
Patient
of a particular patient or not, the program adds the prescription to
this index if it is not already there. The prescriptions are stored in
the program’s database, so the first time you access this index after
opening the program, you may see a brief message indicating that
the program is getting the list of prescriptions from the database
file. Click once on a prescription or use type-searching to highlight;
this will enable the Prescribe button, which you can click to bring
up the prescription on the prescription pad (Prescriptions window).
Please see Section G of Chapter VI for a full description of the
Prescribe
prescription pad. Click on a highlighted entry to bring up the first
screen in the Drug Utilization window in which this prescription
appears. If you haven’t given the prescription to any patient, the
program will indicate that no drug utilization records are available.
19. Report
This screen holds the last report generated by the program. If the
report is a List Report, it is an “index” in the sense that you can
access the monograph of any drug in the report by clicking twice
on the name.
You can save any report as a text file using the Save To Disk button
or selecting Save Report from the File menu. Clicking this button
brings up a dialog box with which you can give a name and
Save to
Disk location for the file. You may save files in text only format (TXT) or
rich text format (RTF) by choosing the appropriate extension from
IV - 12
the combobox. The rich text format maintains text formatting, and
is readable by most word processing programs.
20. Quiz
This screen holds the last quiz generated by the program. If the
program has not quit since the generation of the quiz, the answers
will be in memory so that the quiz can be taken interactively by
clicking on multiple-choice items. The Quiz button, found on this
screen, brings up the Quiz window, from which you generate new
Quiz
custom questions. Section D of Chapter VII covers the Quiz utility
in full detail.
You can save any report as a text file using the Save To Disk button
or selecting Save Quiz from the File menu. Clicking this button
brings up a dialog box with which you can give a name and
Save to
Disk location for the file. You may save files in text only format (TXT) or
rich text format (RTF) by choosing the appropriate extension from
the combobox. The rich text format maintains text formatting, and
is readable by most word processing programs.
21. Logical Search

This screen holds the Logical Search utility, which allows you to
execute logical (boolean) searches for drugs which contain or do
not contain any combination of standardized terms. Your searches
can be simple or extremely complex. Section E of Chapter VII
covers the Logical Search utility in full detail.
22. References Index

This index lists primary literature we have cited in the drug
monographs. While most of the information in the monographs is
widely available, any statement which could be regarded as
controversial or less well-known is referenced. We have attempted
to cite double-blind studies from reputable journals.
Because it is so large, the References Index is divided into several

screens. Use the Next Index and Previous Index buttons to move
between the screens of this index.
Previous/Next
Index
From the References Index, you can go directly to the point in the
monograph(s) where the reference appears by clicking twice on the
location, found in brackets immediately following the citation. (You
can also return to this index from any citation in the monographs
by highlighting the number of the citation and clicking the Index
Index Level Level button.)
IV - 13
Chapter V. Browsing and Cross-Referencing
Information: Monographs and More
Information Levels
The Monographs level is the heart of Clinical Pharmacology. It
contains the majority of the information in the program. Textual
links make it easy to request and locate the more detailed descrip-
tions presented on the More Information level. An ellipsis (“…”) in
or after a field name indicates that more information is available.
A. Monograph Content
The content in the drug monographs is designed to minimize
the time and effort it takes to locate information. The material is
divided among several fields, which are always found in the same
place and have the same format within the Monographs window.
Each drug has its own screen in the window, so that, for instance,
the “Verapamil monograph” is equivalent to the “Verapamil screen
on the Monographs window.” This section will take you stepwise
through the fields found on and accessible from the Monographs
window.
1. Generic and Brand Names

The generic name appears in the Generic Name field at the top left
of the screen.
The Brand Names field, just below, lists the common brand names
for the drug as well as any generic products for which there is a
color photo available. There are two buttons at the right of the field
with which you can scroll horizontally. When you access a mono-
graph, the program searches the Brand Names field and puts the
first available photo into the Color Photographs area. However,
V-1
clicking on other brand names displays the appropriate photos, if
available. If clicking on a brand name empties the Color Photo-
graphs area, then no photo is available for that product. The mouse
pointer changes to a hand when over the Brand Names field to
indicate that a mouse click can change the current photograph.
2. Chemical Structure and Color Photographs

The chemical structure is included for your reference. There are
unfortunately some drugs, like hormones, which don’t lend
themselves to such graphical representation, in which case the area
is blank.
The Color Photographs area is designed to help you identify

dosage forms in conjunction with the Product Identification Utility
(Chapter VII). In the case of oral solids, the photos are actual-color
and actual-size with standard monitor settings. The dosage forms are
described textually in the Product Identification field (see Item 10).
You can view different dosage forms by clicking once on the desired
name in the Brand Names field. If the Color Photographs area is
blank, then there are no photos currently available for that generic.
If the colors in the photographs appear incorrect, then you should,
if your video card is capable, install a 16- or 24-bit video driver.
The Chemical Structure and Color Photographs areas can be

hidden, allowing more room for the Description field, using the
Show More Show More Text button.
Text
3. Description, Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetics
This field, which we call the Description field for short, is the
centerpiece of the monograph. It has been written to provide the
information you will need to know to use the drug on a daily basis.
You can enlarge this field, so you don’t need to scroll as much to
Show view all the information, by clicking the Show More Text button.
Pictures Click again on the same button (now called Show Pictures, and
visually different) to return the field to the smaller size.
List-based fields (see below)

On the right side of the Monographs window is a group of
buttons, only one of which can be selected at a time. The currently
selected button appears to be depressed. The field corresponding
to the selected button is visible just below the group of buttons.
Click on the button of your choice (which extends over the
appropriate text to its right) to change the currently visible field.
Sections 4–11 describe these fields, each of which holds lists of
standardized terms.
4. Indications…Dosage
The Indications field lists the medical conditions this drug is used
to treat. Non-FDA-approved indications are included and marked
V-2
with a dagger (ß). Click once on an indication to highlight it and
enable the List and Cross-Reference buttons.
Cross-Reference
Click on a highlighted indication to request more information in
the form of dosing guidelines found in the Dosage window. The
indication you clicked will be located and highlighted for quick
reference. From here you may navigate within the Dosage window
or use the Prescribe button to bring up the prescription pad (see
Prescribe Chapter VI). To return to the monograph, click the Dosage
window’s close box.
5. Contraindications/Precautions…
The Contraindications field lists the medical conditions in
which this drug must not be used (contraindications, listed in
italics) or must be used with caution (precautions). These
concepts are sometimes expressed as “absolute” and “relative”
contraindications. If you generate a prescription for a patient with
any of the conditions listed here, the program will warn you (see
Chapter VI). Click once on a condition to highlight it and enable
List the List and Cross-Reference buttons.
Click on a highlighted contraindication to request more informa-

tion in the form of a descriptive paragraph found in the
Contraindications window. The condition you clicked will be
located and highlighted for quick reference. From here you may
navigate within the Contraindications window or return to the
monograph by clicking the window’s close box.
6. Drug Interactions…
The Drug Interactions field lists the drugs (preceded by “Ω”) and
classes of drugs (preceded by “œ”) that have clinically significant
interactions with this drug. Clicking once on an arrow produces an
indented list of all the drugs in the Main Index in this classifica-
tion; clicking on the downward arrow (“∑”) that then appears
before the class will remove the list from view. Click once on any
drug or class to highlight it and enable the List and Cross-
Reference buttons.
Click on a highlighted interaction to request more information in

the form of a descriptive paragraph found in the Interactions
window. The interaction you clicked will be located and high-
lighted for quick reference. From here you may navigate within
the Interactions window or return to the monograph by clicking
the window’s close box.
7. Adverse Reactions…
The Adverse Reactions field lists the conditions that represent
clinically-significant adverse reactions to this drug. We consider
significant side effects to be those of high frequency (in general,
V-3
with >5% incidence) or high severity. Click once on any item to
highlight it and enable the List and Cross-Reference buttons.
Click on a highlighted adverse reaction to request more information

in the form of a descriptive paragraph found in the Adverse
Reactions window. The item you clicked will be located and
highlighted for quick reference. From here you may navigate within
the Adverse Reactions window or return to the monograph by
clicking the window’s close box.
8. OBRA…Patient Information
The OBRA field is designed for patient counseling. OBRA stands
for the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, a component of
which requires patients to be offered counseling at the time of
dispensing of medications.
At the top of the OBRA field, above the solid line, each of the
dosage forms for which there is distinct counseling information is
listed. For example, the information on administration of a tablet
might be quite different from that pertaining to an eye drop. One of
the dosage forms is selected, and the selection is bold. Click once on
any dosage form to select it.
Below the solid line are several standardized terms representing the
counseling requirements mandated by OBRA. Click on a high-
lighted term to request more information in the form of a brief
description found in the Patient Information window. Each
Patient Information screen as a whole is a complete patient
counseling form, satisfying OBRA, designed for you to print and
hand to your patients. You can print handouts either individually
from the monograph (see Printing in Section B), or in groups
with a cover sheet from within a patient record (see Section C
of Chapter VI). The counseling term you clicked will be located and
highlighted within the Patient Information handout; you will
notice that the heading is in the context of the layperson. From
here you may navigate within the Patient Information window or
click the window’s close box to return to the monograph. Note
that the handouts for different forms of the same generic are
always adjacent.
9. Costs: Drug and Monitoring

The Costs field attempts to give you an accurate representation of
the costs of therapy with this drug. The items are categorized under
“Relative Drug Costs,” where comparative information is given;
“Monitoring Costs,” which are often a hidden expense of drug
regimens; and “Total Cost of Therapy,” where we list several
standard doses and give actual dollar-figure ranges, expressed per
month or per day. Costs data is derived from the HCFA-FFP cost
list, and doesn’t reflect additional markups. Click once on any
V-4
bulleted (“Ω”) costs item to highlight it and enable the List and
Cross-Reference buttons.
10. Product Identification

The Product Identification field contains standardized items that
describe the physical characteristics of the dosage forms which are
represented by color photographs. The product being described is
found in bold, followed by the manufacturer’s name, also in bold.
Next is a statement about available dosage forms. Then each dosage
List
form for which there is a photo is listed individually in underlined
italics, followed by a list of descriptive terms. Click once on any
bulleted (“Ω”) item to highlight it and enable the List and Cross-
Cross-Reference Reference buttons.
The information contained in this field is primarily for use in

conjunction with the Product Identification Utility (see Chapter
VII). You can expect many new photos to be contained in each
update of Clinical Pharmacology until this feature reaches its
maximum functionality.
11. Classification…Overview
The Classification field contains two sets of standardized items
that pertain to the classification of the drug. The first set of terms,
preceded by arrows (“œ”), is indexed in the first screen of the
Classifications Index and summarizes the classifications for the
drug as found in the Main Index. Drugs that have more than one
classification (each classification starts with an unindented line) are
listed the corresponding number of times in the Main Index.
The second set of items, preceded by bullets (“Ω”), is indexed in

screen 2 of the Classifications Index and contains alternative
classifications for the drug. Availability (prescription-only, OTC,
or scheduled), pregnancy category, athletic status (banned by
the NCAA or USOC), FDA classification, and VA classification
are examples.
Click once on any standardized term to highlight it and enable the

List and Cross-Reference buttons. Click on a highlighted under-
lined term to bring up the Overview screen for that classification.
The overview is a general statement about the drugs as a group,
emphasizing information common to all the drugs in the class, so
that the individual monographs can focus more on the unique
features of each drug. From here you may navigate within the
Overview window, print the Overview screen, or return to the
monograph by clicking the Overview window’s close box.
12. Revision Date

The date the monograph was last revised is found in this field in the
lower right of the Monographs window.
V-5
B. Monograph-Level Functions
The rest of this chapter is devoted to the buttons which appear

clustered in the upper right of the Monographs window. The
buttons described in this section perform functions that you will
find helpful in using the information in the monographs.
1. Enlarging the Description Field

If you would like more text to be visible so that you have less
Show More scrolling to do to read the entire description of the drug, you can
Text
click the Show More Text button to enlarge the Description field
to cover the chemical structure and color photos. The button then
becomes the Show Pictures button, which can subsequently be
Show clicked in order to make the pictures visible again.
Pictures
2. Prescribing
You can prescribe a drug directly from any monograph by clicking
the Prescribe button, which brings up the prescription pad
(Prescriptions screen) for this drug; any prescriptions which you
Prescribe have previously processed for this generic will be instantly
accessible. Alternatively, you can choose Write Prescription from
the Tools menu. Please see Section G of Chapter VI for a full
discussion of prescription-writing.
3. List Reporting
You can make a list of all the drugs in the Main Index that share a
given standardized term with the List button. This button is
disabled until you highlight a term, after which clicking the button
List brings up a dialog box, from which you generate the report. You
can also choose Generate Report from the Tools menu. The report
lists all the monographs in which the highlighted term appears in
the currently selected field, e.g., Indications, Contraindications, etc.
There are three options you can set. The first, Include cost informa-
tion, will compile information regarding the costs of each drug in
V-6
the list. Including costs is useful, for instance, when listing drugs
that can treat the same indication, or to compare costs within a
therapeutic classification. The second, Don’t alphabetize, lists the
drugs in the order they appear in the Main Index, rather than
alphabetically (the default). The third, Include mini-monographs,
applies only to lists of Indications and Classification terms. Since
(only) these items are found in the mini-monographs, you can
include the drugs represented by mini-monographs in your lists.
The List report is placed into the Report screen on the Index level,
erasing any report previously residing there. Drugs with mini-
monographs are marked with an asterisk (*). The list is a “hot list,”
so you can click twice on any drug to access its monograph. When
you then click the Index Level button from a monograph, you will
Index come back to this screen so that you can “bounce” back and forth
Level between the report and several monographs.
4. Printing
Printing from the Monographs window is extremely flexible. Click
the Print button or choose Print from the File menu to bring up a
dialog box from which you customize the printout. The prompt in
Print the dialog box reflects the last print request. If you wish to repeat
that request for this monograph, simply click OK and your printout
will be generated and printed. Otherwise, choose from the list of
the items you can include in the printout. If you wish to print the
complete monograph, click All, which will select all the items. To
start from scratch, click None to deselect all the items. Then simply
click on any item to select or deselect it. When you have customized
the printout to your liking, click OK.
Because each printout is custom, it will take a short time for the
program to format the information. The phrase “Your document is
V-7
being sent to the printer” will appear in a window while this is
occurring. When this window disappears, returning you to the
Monographs window, the program has done its work, and you
may resume normal use. Depending on your printer configuration,
it may take several minutes for the formatted information to
actually print.
5. Finding
You can search for other drug monographs using the Find button.
Clicking this button (or choosing Find from the Tools menu) brings
Find up a dialog box, into which you type all or part of a drug name for
the program to locate. You can search for generic or brand names.
The Find function is case-insensitive, meaning you don’t need to
worry about capitalization, and “wrap-around,” so that a search
carried out over the last monograph will resume on the first
monograph and continue from there.
The Options button enlarges the window to reveal two sets of

buttons. The first set represents a “keyboard” for superscripts,
subscripts, and special characters. Clicking on a character types that
character into the Find dialog box at the position of the cursor.
Using this “keyboard” allows you to search for these characters as
well as those represented on the standard keyboard.
After bringing up the window with the Find button, simply type
the search characters, which will replace any text previously stored
there. You can also insert the cursor into the text field without
erasing the contents by clicking in the desired location. Click Find,
or hit <return> or <enter>, to execute the search. The search is
actually carried out on the Index level over the indexes that contain
drug names, i.e., the Alphabetical Index through the Discontinued
Products Index.
After a successful search, the Find dialog box disappears and you
are taken to the first monograph that features a drug name contain-
ing the specified characters. You will likely be on a different screen
than the one you started on; in fact, if the first match is not in the
Alphabetical Index, another window, such as Less Common Drugs,
may now be active. If there is more than one occurrence of the
characters, a Results window appears listing each line, and its
location on the Index level, in which the characters were found.
Clicking on any line in the Results window takes you to the
appropriate monograph or mini-monograph. Because Find takes
you automatically to the first monograph featuring the characters,
you have, in effect, already “clicked” on the first line of the
Results window.
The Results window is a “floating” window, meaning that it will

exist on top of other windows, including the active window.
V-8
Further, the Results window will stay open until you explicitly
click the window’s close box or bring up the Find dialog box
with the Find button. This allows you to use the Find Results
window as a flexible navigational tool until you need to execute
another search.
An unsuccessful search results in an indication of “not found” in

the Find window, which remains on top of the same monograph so
that you may retype your request.
6. Getting Help
You may bring up a help screen at any time by hitting F1 or
selecting Context-sensitive help from the Help menu. You can
Help search for help on a specific topic by choosing Search for help on...
from the Help menu.
C. Navigating
The buttons described in this section perform strictly navigational
functions. A good working knowledge of these buttons will
significantly speed up your usage of the program.
1. Returning to the Index Level

The Index Level button returns you to the Index level of the
program in a context-sensitive manner. If nothing is highlighted,
Index clicking here takes you to the spot in the Main Index where the
Level drug name of the monograph you are viewing first appears—
helpful when you will be looking to access another monograph
from the same therapeutic category. If there is an item highlighted,
then you navigate to the index of the currently selected field. For
instance, if “•hypertension” is selected in the Indications field
when you click here, you will go to the spot in the Indications
Index where that term appears. Thus you can quickly find another
indication, or generate a List Report. If a reference is highlighted
(by clicking directly on the superscripted number), you will go to
the appropriate spot in the References Index, so you can quickly
V-9
access the full citation (and then return to the monograph). Choos-
ing an index from the Go To menu is equivalent to clicking the
Index Level button.
2. Returning to the Title screen (Logging out)

Choosing Title Screen from the Go To menu takes you back to
the Title screen. Note that this is equivalent to logging out, and
you should do this each time you finish with the program in a
multiple-user environment. If there are prescriptions waiting to be
printed under the 4-per-page option, then these will print before
logging out.
3. Cross-Referencing: Previous and Next

A key feature of this program is that all of the standardized terms
which appear in lists in the fields on the right side of the Mono-
Previous/Next graphs window are indexed and cross-referenced. By highlighting a
Cross-Reference term, you can return to its index as described above, or cross-
reference its appearances within the monographs. When you
highlight a term (by clicking once on it), the Previous and Next
Cross-Reference buttons are activated, and clicking them takes you
to the previous/next monograph which features the term in the
currently selected field. For instance, if “Ωhypertension” is selected
in the Indications field, clicking Next Cross-Reference takes you to
the next drug that could be used to treat the condition. The flexibil-
ity that this cross-referencing gives you in navigating through the
material is important; you should experiment with these buttons.
4. Going To Previous and Next Monographs

These buttons simply take you to the previous and next mono-
graphs. The monographs appear in the order of their first appear-
Previous/Next ance in the Main Index. Thus, using these buttons usually takes you
Monograph to a related drug just before or after it in alphabetical order. How-
ever, be aware that some drugs with multiple classifications may
seem missing or “out of sequence” because the monograph’s
location is determined by the first appearance in the index.
Helpful hint:
If you are frustrated by “out-of-sequence” monographs, don’t forget
that you can cross-reference an arrowed (“œ”) entry in the Classifi-
cation field to quickly navigate between all the drugs in a given
therapeutic class.
5. Quitting
Use the Quit button to bring up a dialog box from which you can
exit the program. (You may also choose Exit from the File menu.) If
Quiz the Backup database files upon exiting option is checked, you will
be notified that backup is taking place. If there are prescriptions
waiting to be printed under the 4-per-page option, then these will
print before quitting.
V - 10
Chapter VI. Entering Information: Patient
Records and Prescription-Writing
Much of the power of Clinical Pharmacology lies in its ability to store
information about a real or simulated patient and then to generate
reports, handouts, and prescriptions for and about the patient.
Adding and maintaining patient records is a process that will save
you time in everyday clinical situations. It will also reveal much
information that you can learn from and use in patient care.
The program stores information that you enter in database files

within the subdirectory “DB.” If you use the network version of the
program, this directory may or may not be within the main program
directory. If it is, then the program has been installed on your local
hard drive so that although you are accessing the drug information
files over the network, the user-entered information is kept locally.
In this case, you will see only your patient records and prescrip-
tions. Also, only you will see those records. On the other hand, if
you do not have the “DB” subdirectory, the program accesses both
the drug information and the user-entered information over the
network, so that you can see other users’ patients and prescriptions
and they can see yours. (Or, perhaps these are all your patients but
you want to access them from multiple workstations.) In this case,
the possibility exists that two users will simultaneously attempt to
access the same record. If so, only the first will have the ability to
modify the record, and the record is said to be locked to other users.
The second user can view the record, but not change it. We will
make occasional reference to record-locking in this chapter.
A. Adding a New Patient Record

To add a new patient record, you must have the privilege to do so.
From the Program Map, click Patient Records Index to go there. If
New Patient
the New Patient button is enabled then you have the privilege. If it
is disabled, contact the program’s administrator.
Click the New Patient button to bring up the Patient Records window.
1. Record Number and Name

The program first asks for the medical record number, which may
be the patient’s Social Security Number or some other number
assigned by your institution or office. Enter this number; it must be
unique among the patients in your index. Click OK to continue.
Helpful hint:
You may wish to keep several different records for a single patient,
each perhaps representing a hospital stay. Doing so ensures that
VI - 1
you have a record of the patient’s drug therapy at some specific
time in the past always available to you. However, you can’t have
more than one active record for a given record number at once.
Please see Section E for information on exporting patient records.
The program then asks for the patient’s name. Because the patients
will be listed alphabetically by last name, please input the name in
Last, First format. Click OK to continue.
2. Medications
Rather than type in the patient’s current medications, you choose
them from the pertinent indexes, ensuring that the program knows
exactly which drugs you are giving, so you get accurate reports.
You will now find yourself at the Alphabetical Index in data-entry

mode, in which there is a field on the right side of the screen to
accept your entries. You can type-search, scroll, or use Find (which
in data entry mode is limited to the current screen) to locate a drug,
then click on it to add it to the list. Click again on a drug already
listed to remove it from the list.
If a patient is on a new, combination, or less common drug, or a

nutritional product, you must navigate to that index in order to
input the drug. Use the Previous and Next Index buttons or the
Find utility to navigate between the indexes that list drug names.
Previous/Next You will notice that the drugs you enter from indexes other than the
Index Alphabetical Index are marked with an asterisk (*) to remind you of
their location. In reports, the asterisk will indicate that often less
information is associated with the mini-monographs.
In the course of updating the drug information, we often change

brand name listings for generics. We frequently move drugs from
the New Drugs Index to the Main Index. Occasionally we delete
mini-monographs entirely and move the corresponding drugs to
the Discontinued Products Index. In these cases, the program will
automatically change the entry in your patient records to reflect the
new information. If we remove a monograph entirely, the drug will
be marked with a double asterisk (**).
Each time you click the New Patient button, the Patient Records
window will pop up. If you need to add more medications, click
Cancel to dismiss the window; when you have entered all the
New Patient
current medications, click OK on the Patient Records window.
lick OK on the Patient Records window.
Helpful hint:
Don’t forget that ethanol, nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, and
narcotics have significant interactions and can constitute serious
VI - 2
precautions to many prescription drugs. Include these commonly
abused substances, which have full monographs in Clinical
Pharmacology, in your patient records when appropriate.
3. Medical Conditions
The program next wants to know your patient’s medical condi-
tions. Entering these will allow you to associate each of the
patient’s drugs with a medical condition in the Drug Utilization
window, which will allow you to take advantage of the features of
that window. The Drug Indications/Medical Conditions Match in
the Patient Profile (see Chapter VII) analyzes these entries for you.
Additionally, this information makes drugs/contraindications
warnings possible. Again, you choose the conditions from indexes
so that these utilities work properly.
You will now be on the Indications Index in data-entry mode. Enter

the patient’s medical conditions by type-searching, scrolling, or
using Find (which in data entry mode is limited to the current
screen) to locate a condition, then clicking on it to add it to the list.
Click again on a condition already listed to remove it from the list.
An important part of the listing is conditions that constitute

contraindications/precautions to drug therapy. Use the Previous
and Next Index buttons or the Find utility to navigate between the
Previous/Next Indications and Contraindications Indexes (the indexes that list
Index medical conditions) and continue your data entry. Each time you
click the New Patient button, the Patient Records window will pop
up. If you need to add more conditions, click Cancel to dismiss the
window; when you have entered all the medical conditions, click
New Patient
OK on the Patient Records window.
Helpful hint:
Especially with regard to the conditions in the Contraindications
Index, don’t forget to list even those conditions that you aren’t
treating pharmacologically. Many of the contraindications are
broad terms meant to cover a lot of ground in drugs/
contraindications warnings: e.g., “Ωhepatic disease.” You will be
surprised how much good information you can uncover if you are
thorough in entering medical conditions.
4. Allergies
The last piece of information the program always asks about is
allergies, so that the program can warn you if you attempt to
prescribe a drug to which your patient is allergic. Entry of allergies
is done from the Main Index so that you may enter both individual
drugs and drug classifications. Scroll or use Find to locate the
classification, then click on it to add it to the allergies list. Click
again on an allergy already listed to remove it.
VI - 3
Use the Previous and Next Index buttons or the Find utility to
navigate between the two screens of the Main Index. Each time you
Previous/Next click the New Patient button, the Patient Records window will pop
Index up. If you need to add more allergies, click Cancel to dismiss the
window; when you have entered all the patient’s allergies, click OK
on the Patient Records window.
New Patient
5. Other Information
You have created a patient record containing the essential informa-
tion, and now you see the record, with the Patient Records Index
underneath. There are several other fields into which you can enter
data by clicking in the field (or tabbing between fields) and typing:
Address & Telephone, Date of Birth, Weight, Gender, and Renal
Function. The last two fields have associated comboboxes you can
use to make standardized entries. You can further edit the entry if
you wish.
6. Creatinine Clearance Calculation

Because renal impairment is an important consideration in drug
therapy, and creatinine clearance is a specific, quantifiable measure
of renal function upon which dosage adjustments can be based, we
have provided a utility to calculate CrCl for you. If you enter a
serum creatinine (SCr) value in the Renal Function field for a
patient whose birthdate, weight, and gender are already entered,
the program will ask if you would like to calculate CrCl with the
Cockroft-Gault equation. You can then place the result into the
Renal Function field. If the value is abnormal, the program will
offer to place “Ωrenal impairment” into the patient’s Medical
Conditions field, if it is not already there.
VI - 4
B. Modifying Patient Records
Once you have created a patient record, modifying it is easy. To
access a patient record, simply type-search, scroll, or use Find to
locate its listing in the Patient Records Index.
1. Changing the Patient Name and/or Record Number

To change a patient’s name or record number, highlight the
patient’s listing in the Patient Records Index by clicking once. This
will enable the Modify button, which you can click to bring up a
dialog box. Make the desired change(s), then click OK. The pro-
Modify gram will make the change(s) throughout the Patients, Drug
Utilization, and Patient History windows.
2. Modifying Fields in the Patients Window

If you wish to modify information other than the patient’s name or
record number, click twice on the patient’s entry in the Patient
Records Index (once if it is already highlighted) to bring up that
patient’s screen in the Patients window.
If you are accessing the patient records over a network, you may
receive a message that the record is locked, so you can’t modify it.
If so, all of the fields will be locked and the Modify buttons (see
below) will be disabled. You must try to access the record again later.
You can change any of the demographic data simply by inserting

the cursor in the desired field or tabbing between fields, then
typing your change. However, the Allergies, Medical Conditions,
and Current Medications fields have special data entry utilities, just
like when adding the record. All work the same way: the “title bar”
of the field, which is the box that contains the field name and a
delta symbol ( ), serves as a Modify button. Clicking here takes
you to appropriate Index screen in data-entry mode so that you can
add or remove entries from the lists by clicking them. Please see
Current Medications, Medical Conditions, and Allergies in Section
A above for a description of the data entry routines.
Helpful hint:
You may find it extremely useful to use the modify routines not only
to reflect changes you have already made to a patient’s drug regimen,
but also to audition changes. You can add a prospective drug, then
search for interactions, contraindications, etc. with the Patient
Profile before actually prescribing it. For that matter, you can build
entirely simulated patient records in order to do this type of thing!
3. Deleting a Patient Record

You can delete an entry in the Patient Records Index by highlight-
Delete ing it, then clicking the Delete Patient button, if you have the
Patient privilege to add and delete patient records. A dialog box will ask
VI - 5
you to confirm your choice before removing the entry. You should
strongly consider exporting the record before you delete it (see
Section E below), since this will allow you to reincorporate the
patient into your system at a later date.
C. Printing From the Patients Window (Print for Patient)

The Print button on the Patients window has a specialized
function, namely to bring up the Print For Patient window, which
Print houses two time-saving utilities. (If you are interested in printing
the information about the patient, i.e., the information in the
Patients window, please see Section A of Chapter VII, as this is part
of the Patient Profile.)
Both utilities allow you to choose a subset of the patient’s current

medications, which are listed in the box on the left of the window.
If a line is too long to fit into the box, you may view the entire line
in an external window by double-clicking it. Add the drug(s) of
interest by highlighting them in the left box and clicking Add.
Note that you can highlight contiguous medications by dragging
over them. You can add all the medications by clicking Add All.
Similarly, you can remove drugs by highlighting them in the right
(“added”) box and clicking Remove.
1. Printing Patient Information Handouts

Clicking here generates the Patient Information handouts for all
the “added” drugs, along with a customized cover sheet with
the Contact Information for the current user on it. The program
generates each of the printouts independently (so you can
reorder them, etc.) and you will see a notification as each one
prints. This routine should save you significant time, since you
don’t have to visit each monograph and define a custom printout
for each.
VI - 6
For some of the drugs, there may be more than one Patient Information
handout, each corresponding to a different dosage form. In this case,
the program will prompt you to select from a list of available hand-
outs. Also note that there is no patient information available for
drugs represented by mini-monographs (marked with an asterisk).
2. Printing Most Recent Prescriptions (“Refill” utility)

Clicking here generates a prescription with today’s date for each
“added” drug that has been prescribed for this patient at least once
before. In other words, the utility “refills” the selected drugs’prescrip-
tions. It may be helpful to skip ahead to Section G for more details
about prescription generation if you are not familiar with this topic.
The utility first asks if you would like to print the prescriptions or
simply process and record them. If you need a “hard copy” of the
prescriptions to sign and hand to your patient in addition to the
processing and recording, click Print. If you are using the utility
simply to process and record the refills, click Process Only.
There are three options for the scheduling and formatting of

printed prescriptions. Click Now, 1 to print the prescriptions
immediately with one prescription per printed page. Click Now, up
to 4 to print immediately with the prescriptions formatted four to a
page. Click As needed, 4 to format four to a page and print only
when there are four prescriptions in the program’s buffer, or when
the current user logs out.
The program processes the request by looking in the Prescription

History field of the Drug Utilization screen (see Section F) for each drug
and the current patient. If there is a history, the program takes the most
recent entry and duplicates that prescription. To save time, it ignores
drugs/contraindications and drug/allergies warnings; importantly,
though, you must have processed each prescription singularly at
least once before, and have seen the warning(s). The program then
records and optionally prints the prescriptions that can be refilled.
A summary window then indicates the results of the routine.
VI - 7
D. Patient History
From the Patients window, you can click the Patient History button
to bring up the patient’s screen in the Patient History window. This
Patient window contains one large field for you to type in information
History regarding the patient’s clinical presentation and history. Entering a
patient history might be particularly valuable if you export the
patient record to send to someone else, if others will be using this
program to contribute to the patient’s care, or in an educational
setting.
In the future, Clinical Pharmacology will communicate with other

information systems to import already-written clinical histories for
your viewing within the Patient History window.
E. Exporting Patient Records

You can export a patient record, including the information on the
Patients screen, Drug Utilization screens, and Patient History screen,
to disk so that you can transport the record to another copy of
Clinical Pharmacology. (You can also import a patient record into
your program, from the Patient Records Index. See Section C of
Chapter IV.)
Click the Export Patient button to bring up a dialog box. Click OK

to execute the request. You specify the name (default is “[first 8
Export
letters of last name].pat”) and location of the file. You may copy this
Patient file to diskette or transfer it over a network as you wish.
The file-naming system is consistent with DOS standards, and you

can, in fact, import the patient into a copy of Clinical Pharmacology
running on a Macintosh computer. In order to do this, you must
convert the patient file to Macintosh format using a program such as
Apple File Exchange.
F. Drug Utilization
The Drug Utilization window contains much of the detailed
information about your patient’s drug regimen, and is the gateway
to patient-specific prescribing. However, it has significant function-
ality in its own right: it is designed to help you identify trends in
your therapeutic practices by allowing you first to associate an
outcome with each patient-drug combination, and then to cross-
reference drugs, medical conditions, and prescriptions among your
patients. You can also use the Table Utility (Section F of Chapter
VII) to tabulate the data in an easy-to-read spreadsheet format.
VI - 8
1. Accessing Drug Utilization Screens
There are three ways to access the Drug Utilization window. The
first is to click twice on a drug in the Current Medications field of
the Patients window. This action brings up the screen specific to this
drug and this patient, which is the basic premise behind the Drug
Utilization window. The second is to click twice on any condition
in the Medical Conditions field; if the condition has been associ-
ated with any of the Drug Utilization screens, the first one will pop
up (if not, the program will inform you). The third is to click twice
on any prescription in the Prescriptions Index. If the prescription
has been processed for any patients in the patient records system,
the first patient’s Drug Utilization screen for that drug will appear.
A Drug Utilization screen is created for a patient/drug combina-

tion when a) you request the screen for the first time by clicking
twice on a drug in the Current Medications field of the Patients
window or b) you generate a prescription for a particular patient,
whichever event happens first. The drug name is automatically
placed into the Drug field just below the patient’s name and
medical record number. Although the Drug field is not editable,
you can highlight the drug name by clicking once on it. This action
enables the Next and Previous Cross-Reference buttons, with
which you can see the other Drug Utilization screens specific to this
Previous/Next drug. By cross-referencing the patients you have given this drug
Cross-Reference with attention to the Comments/Outcome field (see below), you
can compare the drug’s effectiveness among them.
2. Associating Drug Therapy With A Medical Condition

One of the key pieces of information regarding a patient’s drug
therapy is the condition for which the drug is prescribed. You enter
the condition into the Medical Condition (Indication) field by
VI - 9
choosing from the list of medical conditions you have previously
defined for this patient. The list is stored in the combobox. If you
wish to clear the field, choose “none.”
Once there is a condition in the Medical Condition field, you

can highlight it by clicking once on it. This action enables the
Next and Previous Cross-Reference buttons, with which you can
see the other Drug Utilization screens specific to this medical
Previous/Next condition; you can thus compare your treatments and results for
Cross-Reference this condition.
3. Prescriber & Contact Information

The Prescriber & Contact Info field is updated with the current
user of the program when a prescription is generated for this drug
for this patient. The field is editable.
4. Prescription History
The Prescription History field contains a line entry for each
prescription generated for this drug for this patient. The entry
consists of the date followed by the actual prescription data. By
clicking once on any prescription, you enable the Next and Previ-
ous Cross-Reference buttons, with which you can see the other
Drug Utilization screens containing this exact prescription. Do this
in order to analyze the results you are getting with this particular
form and dosage.
5. Comments/Outcome
The Comments/Outcome field is the key element in the Drug
Utilization system. By entering information about the relative
success or failure of therapy with this drug in this patient, you
allow yourself the opportunity to access this information via the
cross-referencing features described above.
Although the Comments/Outcome field is freely editable, we

encourage you to use the standardized outcomes we have provided
in order to optimize the reporting features of the Table Utility
(Chapter VII). Using the popup button to the right of the field’s
title, choose the most appropriate description of the therapeutic
outcome. The date and outcome will be placed into the field. You
can provide additional information as you wish.

The Prescribe button brings up the prescription pad (Prescriptions
window) in the context of this patient. The patient’s name and
Prescribe
record number will appear on the prescription and you cannot
change them. There are several ways you can generate a prescrip-
tion either without a patient name or for a patient you type in on
the spot. However, from Drug Utilization you are bound to
prescribe for the current patient.
VI - 10
The next section is devoted to a thorough description of both
patient-specific and non-patient specific prescription processing.
G. Creating and Printing Prescriptions

Clinical Pharmacology will generate, record, and print prescriptions
which you can sign and give to your patients and/or use as a
record of prescriptions given or filled.
1. Building the Prescriptions Index

There are several ways you can get started writing prescriptions,
including jumping right in and prescribing for patients. However,
they say that average physician writes for 30-50 medications total–
not that many! Since the program saves all the prescriptions you
write in the Prescriptions Index and allows you to access all the
prescriptions for one generic easily, you will probably save time
(and learn about the program) by building your personalized
Prescriptions Index before prescribing for patients. Then, of course,
your commonly-written prescriptions will be available to you when
you are busy.
Building your Prescriptions Index involves visiting the mono-

graphs for the drugs you commonly prescribe. The Monographs
window, the Dosage window, and the New Drugs, Combination
Drugs, Less Common Drugs, and Nutritional Products windows
contain the Prescribe button. Navigate to the monograph of a drug
you give often (see Chapters IV and V for instructions on naviga-
Prescribe
tion), then click Prescribe, or select Prescribe from the Tools menu
to bring up the “prescription pad,” which is the name we’ve given
the Prescriptions window.
Please note that you always bring up the prescription pad in the context
of a specific drug. The context is important, because a generic name is
VI - 11
always associated with the prescription you are writing. By
keeping this association, the program is able to give you quick
access to all the prescriptions you have given for a drug, even if
you have prescribed for specific brand names.
The prescription pad is always “personalized” to reflect the current

user of the program. The user name appears first in the upper left
of the pad, followed by any contact information that has been defined
for this user in the Privileges window (see Section I of Chapter III).
The font of the personalized information can also be specified. In a
multiple-user setup, you might find that you need to change the
current user to yourself (“log in”) before prescribing. You can
accomplish this by returning to the Title Screen and logging in, or,
to save time, by clicking directly over the personalized information
for a log-in prompt. Simply type your user code and, if you are
authorized to write prescriptions, you will be recognized as the
current user and the prescription pad will be updated accordingly.
The Change Prescription Pad button toggles between prescription

pads that have been useful to our subscribers. Currently there are
Change two designs: one with a simple signature line, and another with two
Prescription lines signifying “Substitution permitted” or “Dispense as written.”
Pad
The Next and Previous Prescription buttons have this specialized
function: to take you through all the prescriptions in the Prescrip-
tions Index that you have written for this generic preparation. If the
Previous/Next
Prescription buttons are disabled, as they are likely to be as you build your
Prescriptions Index, there are no prescriptions, or just one, associ-
ated with the monograph you were viewing when you brought up
the prescription pad. If they are enabled, clicking the Next and
Previous Prescription buttons will cycle you through the different
prescriptions you have written for this drug.
After bringing up the prescription pad, simply fill in the fields as

you’d like the prescription to appear. You can tab through the
fields or place the cursor in any field as you wish. At the right side
of the Drug Name field is a combobox containing the generic and
brand names for this drug. Use it to choose an entry for the Drug
Name field; you may edit the field further if you wish.
Helpful hint:
Bringing up the prescription pad on top of the Dosage window is
an excellent way to have dosing information at your fingertips as
you write prescriptions.
You can leave any of the fields, including Patient Name and
Record #, blank; in fact, for the purpose of building your Prescrip-
tions Index, you will want to leave those two fields empty (these
are non-patient-specific prescriptions).
VI - 12
When you are done writing the prescription, click the Print
Prescription button to bring up a dialog box, from which you can
Print
process the prescription. Uncheck the printing options, should
Prescription either be checked. Since there is no patient associated with this
prescription and we are not going to print it, there is minimal
“processing;” click OK, and the program will simply check the
Prescriptions Index, and if this exact prescription is not already in
the index, it will add it as a new listing. You may subsequently
bring this prescription up by highlighting it and clicking the Prescribe
button on the Prescriptions Index screen. A thorough discussion of
Prescribe the processing and printing of prescriptions appears in Section 3.
By visiting several monographs for drugs you give often and

generating one or more prescriptions for each, you will build a
customized Prescriptions Index which will be very useful to you
in everyday situations. In the future, we would like to offer
precompiled Prescriptions banks for users of Clinical Pharmacology.
Therefore, if you feel you have created a Prescriptions list that’s
complete and useful for your practice, please consider calling us
about it.

There are three distinct ways in which you can generate prescriptions
for your patients. The first is through the Drug Utilization system,
through which you have maximum contact with the patient record
while you prescribe; the second is from the Prescriptions Index,
which may be slightly faster and gives you more flexibility in terms
of the patients you prescribe for. The third is from the monographs,
which gives you access to the drug information as you prescribe.
Prescribing from the Drug Utilization window

A Prescribe button can be found on the Drug Utilization window.
Because each Drug Utilization screen is specific to a patient and a
drug, the patient and the drug name will appear automatically on
the prescription pad. If there is more than one prescription associ-
ated with this generic name in the Prescriptions Index, the Next
and Previous Prescription buttons will be enabled. You may edit
the drug name, although the prescription will still be associated
Previous/Next
Prescription with the generic represented on the Drug Utilization screen. You
may not edit the patient name and record number. If there is at
least one entry in the Prescription History field, the last prescrip-
tion given to the patient (the topmost entry) appears on the
prescription pad.
Prescribing from the Prescriptions Index

The Prescribe button also appears on the Prescriptions Index. To
enable it, click once on a prescription (highlight it); then click the
Prescribe button or choose Prescribe from the Tools menu to bring
up the prescription pad. The entire prescription will appear as it is
VI - 13
listed in the index. If there is more than one prescription associated
with this generic name, the Next and Previous Prescription
buttons will be enabled. You may edit any field, but the prescrip-
Previous/Next tion will still be associated with the original generic. You can enter
Prescription a patient name and/or record number, and if that patient has a
record in the system, it will be updated accordingly as the prescrip-
tion is processed (see next page).
Prescribing from the Monographs windows

The Prescribe button can also be found on each monograph and
mini-monograph, as well as on the Dosage window on the More
Prescribe
Information level. Click it to bring up the prescription pad with the
generic name entered automatically in the Drug Name field. If
there is at least one prescription associated with this generic name
in the Prescriptions Index, the first one will appear on the pad. If
there is more than one prescription for this drug, the Next and
Previous Prescription buttons will be enabled. You may edit any
field, but the prescription will still be associated with the original
generic. You can enter a patient name and/or record number, and if
that patient has a record in the system, it will be updated accord-
ingly as the prescription is processed (see below).
3. Processing and Printing Prescriptions

When you have filled out your prescription, click the Print button,
or select Print from the Tools menu to bring up the Print window. From
here you can process the prescription, then print it if you wish.
Select Print prescription to output the prescription to the printer

directly after processing. Select Print, but wait to output 4 per page
Print to place this prescription into a print buffer until there are four to
Prescription be output. Printing four at once is convenient because the prescrip-
tions fit nicely onto one piece of paper. If you select this option and
fail to generate four prescriptions, the prescriptions you have
generated will be printed when you log out or quit the program.
VI - 14
Click OK to process the prescription. The first step the program
takes is to verify that the generic name associated with this pre-
scription is correct, because this is critical to the patient records
system and the Prescriptions Index. Again, you will always have
brought up the prescription pad in the context of a particular
generic, and this is the default association. However, now the
program searches for the entry in the Main Index, then in the New
Drugs, Combination Drugs, and Less Common Drugs Indexes.
There are two possible types of mismatches.
1) The program can’t find the drug name on the Index level.
In this case the program assumes that you have prescribed a
specific brand name that isn’t listed in the index. You are
notified of the generic that’s currently associated with this
prescription, and you may click Cancel if it is incorrect.
Otherwise click OK and the association will be made; in the
future this prescription will be made available to you when
you prescribe for that generic.
2) The program finds the drug name listed in the index under
another generic. In this case the program assumes that you have
called up the prescription pad in the context of one generic, but
rewritten the prescription for another drug. You are notified
of the original generic association, and the program offers to
change that association to the generic it has found during the
search. Click Change to accomplish this. If the program has
erred and you want to maintain the original association, click
Don’t Change. If you’d like to start over, click Cancel Script.
Helpful hint:
Making sure that you have associated the right generic with the
prescriptions you generate will preserve the integrity of the patient
records as well as maximize the functionality of the prescription
Previous/Next pad, since you can access all the prescriptions for a given generic
Prescription quickly with the Next and Previous Prescription buttons.
Now the Prescriptions Index is updated. If this exact prescription

(including drug name, dosage form, directions, dispense #, and
refills) is not found in the index, it is added as a new line entry.
Again, you may get a brief message that the program is rebuilding
the Prescriptions Index from the database file. The index is
realphabetized so that you may use type-searching on that screen.
Next the program checks whether or not you have entered a

patient name or record number. If you have, the program checks
the Patient Records Index to see if there is a patient record to be
updated. If so, the following occurs:
1) The program checks the drug’s contraindications with the
VI - 15
medical conditions in the patient record. If a contraindication
is found, the program notifies you with a drug/contraindica-
tion warning. You must then click either Cancel, which
cancels the prescription, or OK to override the warning and
continue the processing. There may be more than one drug/
contraindication warning, in which case the notifications
appear in succession.
In the case of a drug/contraindication warning where the

contraindication is “Ωrenal impairment” and pertinent
information is available on the drug’s Dosage screen, the
program will give a redosing recommendation based on
creatinine clearance (CrCl). In this case, Redosing will be a
third option, and you can click it to receive the recommenda-
tion. Note that you must have entered a CrCl value for the patient
in order to generate the recommendation.
2) The program checks the classification of the drug with the

allergies listed in the patient record, and notifies you with
any appropriate drug/allergy warnings. You then click either
Cancel, which cancels the prescription, or OK to override the
warning and continue the processing.
3) The program updates the patient record. If the drug is not

listed in the Current Medications field on the Patients
window, it is added to that field.
If there is no Drug Utilization screen for this patient/drug combi-

nation, one is created. Then today’s date and the prescription are
placed in the top line of the Prescription History field, and the user
name and contact information for the current user of the program
(defined in the Privileges window) are placed into the Prescriber &
Contact Info field.
If you have entered a patient name or record number but the

patient is not found in the Patient Records Index, the program
will not create a new screen in the Patients window for the
patient; however, a Drug Utilization screen will be created or
updated as above, and you can access it from the Prescriptions
Previous/Next Index by clicking twice on this prescription, or by using the
Prescription Next and Previous buttons, or the Find utility, on the Drug
Utilization window.
Finally, the prescription is printed, if you have Print this prescrip-

tion checked, or if there are four prescriptions in the buffer. There
is a quick notification when the program sends the prescription(s)
to the printer. The prescription appears physically identical to the
prescription pad, except that the buttons don’t appear.
VI - 16
Chapter VII. Utilizing Information: Reports
and Utilities
There are several reports and utilities in Clinical Pharmacology that
allow you to do things you normally don’t have time to do. This
chapter describes these features in detail, so once you are familiar
with them you can put them to use in your everyday practice.
A. Patient Profile
The patient records system in Clinical Pharmacology is useful for
recordkeeping, but that’s not the best reason to input patient data.
Once you have generated a patient record, you can create a custom
profile including any or all of the reports listed below. To do this,
click the Profile button on the Patients window to bring up a
Profile dialog box. The checked items will be included in the profile. When
you have customized the request, click OK and the program will
generate the profile and place it in the Report screen. From here
you may review the profile, then print it or save it to disk (see
Report in Section C of Chapter IV).
1. Drug Interactions Report

This report identifies any clinically significant interactions between
medications listed in the Current Medications field. It does this by
comparing lists of the drug names and classifications against the
lists of standardized terms in the Drug Interactions fields of the
same drugs. When the program finds an interaction, it locates
appropriate paragraph in the Interactions window and includes
that description in the report. The description will often be two
paragraphs long, since there is information about the same interac-
tion on each of the drugs’ Interactions screens.
VII - 1
Helpful hint:
Because the mini-monographs contain the classifications of the
drugs, they will be included in the Interactions Report. However,
any description of the interaction will of course have to come from
the Interactions screen of the other drug, and thus may be viewed
as “incomplete.” One approach you may consider is to list the
component drugs of combination preparations separately (they
often have individual full monographs, with “complete” interac-
tions information) in the patient record, especially if you are not
using the prescription generation utilities.
The interactions are formatted and presented in the order in which

they were identified by the program. They are not prioritized or
ranked in order of severity. It has been our philosophy to include
only interactions with clinical significance, so that everything that
appears should be considered important.
You can also generate a non-patient-specific drug interactions

report in which you enter the drugs specifically for the report and
they are not saved. This utility is found on the Drug Interactions
Index (see Section C of Chapter IV).
2. Additive Adverse Reactions Report

This report points out to you adverse reactions that are likely to be
caused by multiple drugs in the patient’s therapeutic regimen. It
works by compiling the standardized adverse reactions listed in the
Adverse Reactions field in each of the monographs. There is no
Adverse Reactions field on the mini-monographs, so these drugs
are not included.
The report lists each adverse reaction grouped according to the

number of drugs in the regimen that might produce it. Theoreti-
cally, adverse reactions at the top of the list might be more likely to
occur, since they can be caused by more drugs, and the effects
might be additive. Following each adverse reaction is a list of the
potential causative agents. These lists make the report valuable
retrospectively as well, since you can come back to it once an
adverse reaction has developed and see which drugs from the
regimen may need to be discontinued or redosed.
You can also generate a non-patient-specific Additive Adverse

Reactions Report from adverse Reactions Index (see Section C of
Chapter IV). You can also choose to list those adverse reactions that
are caused by only one drug. When running the full patient profile
from the Patients window, the program uses the setting as it exists
on that screen.
3. Costs Report
This report helps you estimate the total cost of a patient’s drug
VII - 2
regimen by compiling the Total Cost of Therapy information from
the Costs field of the monographs. Since there is no costs informa-
tion on the mini-monographs, these drugs are not included.
The report lists each drug and the pertinent costs information for
each. Often there will be figures given for several common dosages.
You can also generate a non-patient-specific Costs Report in which

you enter the drugs specifically for the report and they are not
saved. This utility is found on the Costs Index (see Section C of
Chapter IV).
4. Drug Indications/Medical Conditions Match

This report tells you about the degree to which this patient’s drug
regimen “matches” his or her known medical conditions. The
report assesses each drug independently, comparing the conditions
in the drug’s Indications field to the conditions in the Medical
Conditions field in the patient’s record, in order to arrive at one of
the following conclusions:
a) The drug is not indicated for any of the patient’s condi-

tions. If this is the case, the program will list the drug’s
indications for you, so that you can add one (or more) of the
conditions to the patient’s Medical Conditions field.
Otherwise, of course, you may wish to discontinue the drug,
as it is no longer therapeutic for the patient.
b) The drug is indicated for (“matches”) one of the

patient’s conditions.
c) The drug is indicated for more than one of the patient’s

conditions. This is often ideal, but sometimes you may wish
to consider more specific therapy.
The statements are sorted to appear in the order from a) to c).
Finally, the program checks whether all of the patient’s conditions

have been “matched” with at least one drug, and alerts you to the
conditions that are not being addressed pharmacologically. (These
will often, but importantly not always, be the conditions you have
entered from the Contraindications Index.)
5. Drugs/Contraindications Warning
This report lists all appropriate drugs/contraindications warnings,
with descriptions, for this patient. (These are the same warnings
that appear automatically when you process prescriptions for the
drugs in question.) It works by checking a compiled list of the
standardized terms in the Contraindications/Precautions fields of
the monographs against the list of medical conditions defined for
VII - 3
the patient in the Medical Conditions field of the Patients window.
When the program identifies a warning, it locates appropriate
paragraph in the Contraindications window and includes that
description in the report. Because there is no Contraindications
field on the mini-monographs, these drugs are not included.
Helpful hint:
This report is most functional when care has been taken to include
conditions from the Contraindications Index, as well as the
Indications Index, in the Medical Conditions field. Don’t limit
your entry of medical conditions to the ones you are treating
pharmacologically. Remember to include smoking and alcohol
consumption as well.
The warnings are formatted and presented in the order in which

ranked in order of severity, with the exception that absolute
contraindications are italicized. In general, we have included only
contraindications and precautions with clinical significance, so that
everything that appears should be considered important.
Because this report requires so much data from the patient record,
there is no non-patient-specific version; you must generate it from
the Patients window.
6. Drugs/Allergies Warning
This report lists all appropriate drugs/allergies warnings for this
patient. (These are the same warnings that appear automatically
when you process prescriptions for the drugs in question.) It works
by checking a compiled list of the standardized terms in the
Classification fields of the monographs against the list of allergies
defined for the patient in Allergies field of the Patients window.
Mini-monographs do contain the classification information, so the
program will catch allergy warnings for these drugs too.
The warnings are formatted and presented in the order in which

ranked in order of severity. Obviously, any warning of this kind
should be considered seriously.
Because this report requires so much data from the patient record,
there is no non-patient-specific version; you must generate it from
the Patients window.
7. Therapeutic Duplication Alert

This report identifies cases where two or more drugs the patient is
taking fall under the same therapeutic classification. The program
checks the classifications as found in the Classification fields of the
monographs and mini-monographs for duplication at all but the
highest level of organization. That is, the program won’t tell you
VII - 4
that the patient is on two gastrointestinal agents, because
“œGastrointestinal Agents” is the highest level of organization,
and that information is too general to be particularly valuable.
It will, however, tell you if the patient is on two antacids, or two
H¤-blockers.
There is no non-patient-specific version of this report.
B. Intravenous Admixtures Utility

The IV Admixtures Utility allows you to check admixtures of two
or more intravenous drugs and/or solutions for compatibility in
solution, Y-site, and syringe. The utility is particularly valuable
when more than two products are in question, since checking each
combination individually can be cumbersome, even with admix-
tures tables accessible from the Intravenous Products Index.
Clicking the Intravenous Admixtures Utility button puts you in

data-entry mode, in which there is a field on the right side of the
screen to accept your entries. Click on any product to add it to the
Intravenous
list of products to be mixed. Click again on a product to remove it.
Admixtures When you have entered all the products, click again on the Intrave-
Utility nous Admixtures Utility button to generate the report. The
program will check each of admixtures and, for those which have
been studied, add appropriate statement to the report. After
compiling the information, the utility sorts the report alphabetically
for easy location of a particular admixture, then places it on the
Report screen. The “manual” version of this report, using admix-
tures tables as described in Section C of Chapter IV, may be
desirable if you wish to specifically include statements about
admixtures that have not been studied. These are omitted by the
utility, whereas clicking twice on an empty admixture in the table
will create a “not studied” statement that will be incorporated by
the Create Report function.
C. Product Identification Utility

The color photographs of dosage forms are included in Clinical
Pharmacology to be a resource for clinicians in identifying un-
knowns and verifying questionable forms. The key tool in this
regard is the Product Identification Utility, found on the Product
Identification Index.
If there are markings on the dosage form–letters and numbers–then

you may not need to use the utility itself. Simply locate the marking
in the index, then click twice on it to go directly to the first mono-
graph that has that marking in the Product Identification field.
You may then cross-reference the marking if necessary. However,
VII - 5
many pills have no markings, so you will want to locate an item
based on color, shape, etc., and this is where the utility shines.
Clicking the Product Identification Utility button puts you in

data-entry mode, in which there is a field on the right side of the
Product screen to accept your entries. Click on any characteristic to add it to
Identification the list describing the product. Click again on a characteristic to
Utility remove it. The table at the top of the index lists the categories into
which the descriptive terms have been grouped, and you can click
on any item above the solid line to go to that part of the index. Hit
the up arrow to return to the top of the index.
When you are done, click the Product Identification Utility button
again, and the program will search for the first dosage form that
matches the description. If it finds a match, you will go to the
monograph featuring the photo of the dosage form. The specific
form in the Product Identification field will be highlighted, and
the pertinent photo will be displayed. Hopefully the photo will
enable you to identify the dosage form. If not, you can then use the
Product Identification Utility button, which now appears in the
Monographs window, to locate the next match.
The Product Identification Utility button will appear on the

Monographs window until you quit or go back to the Index level.
Therefore, you can navigate or use the utilities on the Monographs
level, and subsequently clicking the Product Identification Utility
button will still locate the next matching product.
The usefulness of the Product Identification Utility depends

directly on the number of photographs in the program. With each
update you can expect a significant increase in that number.
D. Quiz: Interactive Self-Evaluation and Question

Generation
The question generation capabilities of Clinical Pharmacology
provide instructors, students, and practitioners with a powerful
tool for course-based or self-study. You have the flexibility to
design questions from “out-of-the-blue” to highly specific, and to
answer them in a variety of ways.
Keep in mind that the Quiz utility is a question generator and that
there are no stored “question banks.” You must therefore save the
questions to disk, or print them, in order to preserve and modify
them, since each time you generate a new quiz it replaces the
previous one.
VII - 6
The Quiz screen is found on the Index level. Clicking on the Quiz
button brings up the Quiz window, where you define many things
about the way the questions are created and answered.
Quiz
1. Quiz Options
Subjects
The first set of options defines the pharmacological subjects for the
questions. You can select one or more of Indications,
Contraindications, Interactions, and Adverse Reactions as you like.
# of questions
Next, tell the program how many questions you’d like by typing in
a number from 1 to 100.
# of multiple-choice options
You can generate questions with 4 or 5 answers apiece; the pro-
gram generates 4-answer questions a little faster.
Include description of drug in answer

Next, indicate whether you would like the first paragraph from the
Description field on the monograph to appear as the first part of
answer. The other part is the pertinent paragraph from the More
Information-level window describing the indication,
contraindication, interaction, or adverse reaction.
Drugs as questions/Drugs as answers

The program can generate questions where a) the drugs are
mentioned in the question, and the multiple-choice options are, for
instance, adverse reactions; b) the question deals with, for example,
an adverse reaction, and the multiple-choice options are drug
names; and c) a combination of both. Select Drugs as questions,
VII - 7
Drugs as answers, or both to indicate your wish. The Drugs as
questions option generates questions about twice as fast as Drugs
as answers.
Show answers/Multiple responses

The Show answers option, when checked, shows answers along
with the questions when they’re generated. Showing answers
eliminates the possibility of taking the quiz interactively (see
below). Multiple responses sets up a “game” in which you receive
100 points for answering the question on the first try, down to 0 if
you guess all the incorrect answers before getting the question
right. (If this option is unchecked, you get answer immediately
after your first guess.) These options are grouped together because
they are mutually exclusive.
Once you have defined these options, you can click OK to

generate the questions on random drugs throughout the program.
More likely, however, you will want to define drug topics to be
quizzed on.
2. Quiz Topics
Click Topics to go to the Classification Index in data-entry mode.
You can click on any item above the solid line to go to that part of
the index; hit the up arrow key to return to the top of the index.
You can also scroll or use Find in order to locate the topic or topics
that interest you. Click once on any classification to add it to the
topics list; click on any item already in the list to remove it. You
may add as many topics as you like; then click the Quiz button to
return these topics to the Quiz screen, at which point you will be
Quiz prompted to click OK in order to generate the questions.
3. Taking an Interactive Quiz

The program generates the questions you defined and places them
onto the Quiz screen. If you checked Show answers, answers will
also appear. You can click the Print or Save To Disk buttons at any
time to print or save the contents of the Quiz field.
If answers are not displayed, then until the program quits they are
stored in memory so that you can take the quiz interactively. If
Multiple responses was not checked, then you have one try per
question. Simply click on answer you think is right, and the
program will give you feedback with “Correct” or “Incorrect”
followed by answer. The last paragraph of answer is always the
description of the indication, contraindication, interaction, or
adverse reaction in the question. If requested, the description of the
drug about which the question is asked appears first. If you
guessed incorrectly, the letter of answer you chose becomes an “X”
so you can review your responses later.
VII - 8
If Multiple responses is in effect, then you are awarded points
based on how early you guess correctly. For 4-option questions,
100, 66, 33, and 0 points are awarded for correct responses on the
first, second, third, and fourth try, respectively; for 5-option
questions, 100, 75, 50, 25, and 0 points are awarded. If you guess
incorrectly, the letter of answer you chose becomes an “X” and you
can’t choose that response again.
You can see your score at any time during the quiz by clicking the
Quiz button. Your score will be displayed in the Quiz window.
You have the option to start a new quiz or save the current one.
Quiz Click OK or the close box to return to the present quiz.
E. Logical Search Utility

Because the standardized terms in Clinical Pharmacology are fully
indexed and cross-referenced, searching the drug information
based on one term is fast and easy. The Logical Search Utility
extends the search engine in a powerful way by enabling you to
design and execute logical (boolean) searches for drugs which
contain or do not contain any combination of standardized terms.
Your searches can be quite simple, but also extremely complex.
Say, for example, you need to prescribe an antihypertensive for a

pregnant patient. Using the Logical Search Utility, you can quickly
compile a list of all the drugs indicated for hypertension that are
not contraindicated in pregnancy. In order to do this, you build a
“search request” with two “items.”
From the Program Map on the Index level, navigate to the Logical
Search screen. The screen holds the last search request executed; in
order to start over, click New Request. Now, build the request,
starting with the first item.
VII - 9
1. Building a Search Request
Each item consists of four elements: an index in which the standard-
ized term is located; “contains” or “does not contain”; the standardized
term to be searched for; and a concatenator joining this item to the
next. These elements are represented by the four comboboxs
grouped together in the lower right of the screen.
As you build a search request, you work on one item at a time. This
“active” item is underlined in the Search Request field. At any
point in building a request, you can click on any item, whether
complete or incomplete, to make it active. The contents of the
comboboxes and sets of “radio-style” buttons below the Search
Request field reflect the elements in active item. An empty element
is represented by an asterisk (*) in the Search Request field with an
arrow to the left of the corresponding combobox or button set.
After clicking New Request, there is one empty item in the search
request (“* * * *”). Since it is active item, it is underlined. You use
the comboboxes and radio buttons to fill the elements of active
item. In our example, we are looking for drugs where the Indica-
tions field contains the term “Ωhypertension” and the
Contraindications field does not contain the term “Ωpregnancy.”
Let’s consider each element in turn as we build the first item:
“Indications contains ‘Ωhypertension’ and.”
Index
The Item Index button (first combobox) contains the names of the
eight indexes that can be included in the search request. These
indexes correspond to the list-based fields in each monograph. To
search for drugs indicated for hypertension, choose “Indications”
with the button. This 1) defines “Indications” as the first element in
active item and 2) puts the contents of the Indications Index into
the Search Index field on the left of the screen.
Contains/Does not contain

Using the Contains/Does not contain buttons (first set of radio
buttons), choose whether you’re looking for drugs that contain or
do not contain a given term. For the first item, choose “contains”;
for the second item you’ll choose “does not contain.”
Standardized term
This element defines actual term to be searched for in appropriate
field of the drug monographs. You choose the term from the
corresponding index, which is already loaded into the Search Index
field. You can scroll, type-search, or use Find to locate the term of
interest, then click it to choose that term. Choose “Ωhypertension”
from the Search Index field.
VII - 10
Concatenator
The Concatenator buttons are “and,” “or,” and “end.” These
represent the options for linking this item of the request to the next.
If this is the last item, and the request is complete, then “end” is
appropriate choice.
“And” and “or” are logical, or boolean, operators with familiar

everyday meanings. Choosing “and,” as you will in this example,
tells the search engine to return drugs that satisfy both the criterion
set forth in this item and the criterion set forth in the next; thus it is
a more “selective” concatenator. “Or” returns drugs that satisfy
either criterion.
When you’ve completed an item for which “end” is not the

concatenator, the program will automatically generate a new empty
item and make it active. Now, build the item “Contraindications
does not contain ‘Ωpregnancy’ end.” This will complete the
example search request. Please note, however, that you can include
an unlimited number of items in a request.
2. Executing a Search Request

Click Search to execute the request. The program then does the
following:
1) Places an “end” statement into the last item, if there is no

“end” in the request.
2) Evaluates each item for completeness. If it finds an

incomplete item, the program will abort the execution of the
search and make the incomplete item active.
3) Performs the search linearly until an “end” statement is

reached. (Thus you can shorten a search request without
starting over by placing “end” in appropriate item.) In our
example, the program searches for all the drugs matching the
criterion in the first item, creating an internal list of all the
drugs whose Indications field contains “Ωhypertension.”
Because it reads “and,” not “end,” it then creates an internal
list of drugs whose Contraindications field does not contain
“Ωpregnancy,” then performs the “and” operation on the two
lists to create a new list of the drugs that satisfy both criteria.
Then, in response to the “end” statement in item 2, the
program displays the list of matches in the next available
screen of the Search Results window. If all results screens are
filled, you will be asked to specify a screen to replace.
Helpful hint:
After the program performs a concatenation operation, it discards
the original two lists. Any later concatenation operation is thus
VII - 11
performed using the new list. So if in our example there were a
third item, the concatenation operation would be performed on this
new list and the list from the third item’s criterion. This is the linear
flow of the search. If you wish, you can use the Compare Results
button (see below) to customize the flow of your search.
3. Using Search Results Windows
The Search Results window is a “floating” window with significant

functionality. It will remain open until you explicitly close it with
the close box or you navigate to another screen on the Index level.
The Search Results window contains five screens, each accessible
by clicking the appropriate “tab”at the top of the window.
Reloading the request

The first line of the results window is italicized and describes the
search request. You can click on the italicized line of any Search
Results window to reload that particular request into the Search
Request field. If you are not on the Logical Search screen, you will
navigate there.
Navigating
Below the first line of the results window is an alphabetical list of
all the drugs that satisfy the search request. You can click on any
drug name to navigate to its monograph.
Comparing results windows

While you can create complex, multi-item search requests in the
Search Request field, a more flexible approach is to create smaller
requests and execute them independently, because you can then
take advantage of the program’s ability to compare two results
windows to create a third.
VII - 12
Try executing a new search while the Search #1 screen of the
Results window is visible. The results are placed on the Search #2
screen of the Results window. On the Options screen, you can
perform a specified logical operation between the lists of drugs in
the two search screens. Between these two screens, the options are
#1 and #2 (“and”), #1 or #2 (“or”), #1 or #2 but not both (“exclu-
sive or”), #1 but not #2 (“not”), and #2 but not #1. When all three
search screens are filled, you may pick which two screens to
combine. Click Compare Results to execute the operation, the
results of which are placed in the Combined screen of the Results
window.
If you are familiar with mathematical logic, you can see one
advantage of this approach: it allows you to break away from the
linear execution of the complex search request. In mathematical
terms, it allows you to do parenthetical grouping, as in “A and (B
or C),” which evaluates differently from the linear “(A and B)
or C.”
Reporting
Click Create Report on the Options screen of the Results window
to compile a report containing all the searches in the Search Results
window. The report is placed on the Report screen, from which you
can print it or save it to disk.
F. Table Utility
One of the primary goals of Clinical Pharmacology is to utilize the
information it contains in valuable ways. The Table Utility allows
you to tabulate and analyze the data you have entered about your
patients in order to help you identify trends in your practice.
Whereas the Patient Profile is concerned with one patient, Table is
concerned with a subset of your patients which you define.
Say, for example, you want to examine the use of gentamicin

within your practice. You might want to look at the conditions it’s
being used for, check that dosages are adjusted in renal impairment
and in the elderly, and review outcomes with the drug. The Table
Utility gives you a flexible way to do such analysis.
The Table Utility tabulates the data you have entered in the
Patients and Drug Utilization files in your “DB” directory. These
files, which contain data from the corresponding window within
the program, are tabulated independently for simplicity. Thus there
are two screens–Patients Table and Drug Utilization Table–in the
Table window. When you access the Table Utility from either the
Table Patients or Drug Utilization windows, you will get the screen for
VII - 13
that window. From the Patient Records Index, clicking the Table
button brings up a dialog for you to select which screen you would
like. Since the majority of our example pertains to Drug Utilization,
click DU to bring up this screen.

As the name implies, the Table Utility generates a table which you
can display or export to disk. You have control over both the rows
and the columns of the table. There will be one row in the table for
each record you add, and one column for each field from the Drug
Utilization (or Patients) window you wish to include.
The first step in creating a table is to define a “key field” which you
will use to select and sort the records to comprise the rows of the
table. In the example, we are studying gentamicin, so “Drug” will
be our key field. Using the Key Field combobox (the combobox in
the upper left of the screen), choose “Drug” from the list of fields in
the Drug Utilization window. When you do this, the program
compiles an alphabetical list of all the entries in the Drug field.
Please note: Because this utility depends entirely on user-entered

data, if you have not entered any patient records into the program,
you will see no results. Furthermore, the example played out here
uses hypothetical data; your data will, of course, be different.
Each entry has to its right a number in brackets indicating the

frequency with which it appears in the database file. If a line is too
long to fit into the box, you may view the entire line in a popup
window by right-clicking on it.
Next, add the item(s) of interest by highlighting and clicking Add.

Note that you can highlight more than one item at once. (You can
add all the items by clicking Add All.) Any items that you add are
automatically sorted according to the parameters selected in the
Sort Type and Sort Direction comboboxes (the upper-right
comboboxes). You can choose new sorting parameters at any time.
In the example case, you would highlight and add “Gentamicin

[frequency].” Since you are interested in only one drug, the sorting
parameters are irrelevant, but please note that you are never
VII - 14
limited to one item. You can make very specific tables like this
one or very general tables that cover, for instance, all the drugs
you prescribe.
The Report button creates a report of the sorted items and places it
on the Report screen on the Index level. This can be useful when
your goal is, for example, to create a list of your most-frequently
prescribed medications. In this case you have reached an endpoint
just by selecting and sorting the records. Usually, though, you will
want to create a table by including some related data from the
selected records.
Define the columns for your table by choosing fields with the
Column Field combobox (the lower-left combobox). The sorted
items from the key field are represented as “Sorted [name of key
field]” at the top of the list. Usually, you will place this item in the
leftmost column, although it can go anywhere. When you choose a
field, its name appears in the box to the right of the button, and you
simply “drag and drop” the field into the column of your choice in
the table template at the bottom of the screen. You can also rear-
range existing columns within the template by dragging them. You
can eliminate a field from the table by dragging it to the Column
Field combobox.
For the example, put “Sorted Drugs” in the leftmost column,

followed by “Patient Name,” “Medical Condition,” “Prescription
History,” and “Outcome.”
When you drop the “Sorted” item into the table template, the Show
Table and Export Table buttons become enabled (indicative of the
fact that you cannot build a table until you have selected and sorted
items from the key field). Note that at the same time, the Key Field
combobox is disabled. This happens because only one set of records
can be sorted at once. To choose another key field, simply drag the
“Sorted” item to the Column Field combobox.
When the columns are defined and arranged, click Show Table.
Shortly you will see the table, filled in with data from your data-
base records. You can adjust the column separators to change the
width of the columns by dragging them; this can improve the
visibility of the data. You can view the entire contents of any cell in
a popup window by right-clicking on the cell.
Click Export Table to write the table, delimited by tabs and returns,
to a text file which can be opened with a spreadsheet program.
Note that any return characters within the data are replaced with
“◊” (ASCII 215).
Returning to the example, we can now study the medical condi-

tions and outcomes associated with gentamicin. However, the
VII - 15
dosing in the “Prescription History” column is only pertinent when
related to renal function and old age. Although the Prescription
History field is on the Drug Utilization window, the Renal Function
and Birthdate fields are on the Patients window. Thus, we need to
use the Patients Table screen to identify the elderly and renally-
Next impaired patients. Use the Next Screen button to go to the Patients
Screen Table screen, then select “Current Medications” as the key field.
Add “Gentamicin [frequency],” then build a table with the columns
“Sorted Current Medications,” “Patient Name,” “Birthdate,” and
“Renal Function.” Use this table to identify the pertinent patients.
Alternatively, you could use “Birthdate” or “Renal Function” as the
key field.
The Table Utility is designed to give you maximum flexibility in

designing queries, but there is some degree of complexity involved.
If you have trouble getting the information you need from the
Table Utility, please contact our Technical Support department. As
always, we’ll be glad to help you and receive your feedback about
the program.
VII - 16
Index
Adverse Reactions
Additive Adverse Reactions Report
non-patient-specific IV-9
patient-specific VII-2
Field V-3
Index IV-9
Window V-4
Allergies
Adding VI-3
Modifying VI-5
Alphabetical Index III-2, IV-5
Arrows
Before standardized terms I-4
Backing Up
Backup Database button III-7
Backup database upon quitting option III-6
Balloon Help IV-4, V-9
Brand names V-1
Bullets
Buttons
As objects I-3
CD-ROM version II-1

Chemical structures V-2
Classification
Field V-5
Index IV-11
Close box I-4
Color photographs V-2
In Product Identification Utility VII-5
Combination Drugs
Index IV-6
Mini-monographs IV-6
Comments/Outcome field
In Drug utilization VI-9, VI-10
Configuring the program III-3
Content
Drug information
completeness I-1, V-5
philosophy I-1
updates I-2, III-2, V-5
User-entered information I-2
Contraindications
Field V-3
Index IV-8
Window V-3
Copy & Paste Utility II-4
Copyright and Disclaimer screen III-1
Costs
Field V-4
In List Reports IV-4
In List reports V-6
Index IV-10
Report
Create log files option III-5
Creatinine clearance
Calculation VI-4
Cross-referencing V-10
Description
Field V-2
Disable save to disk option III-6
Discontinued Products
Index IV-8
Dosage
Window V-3
Drug Indications/Medical Conditions Match VII-3
Drug Interactions
Field V-3
Index IV-8
Report
Window V-3
Drug Utilization
In prescription processing VI-16
Window VI-8
Drug/Allergy Warnings
In patient profile VII-4
Drug/Contraindication Warnings
In patient profile VII-4
Renal impairment recommendations VI-16
Edit menu II-4

Editorial Staff screen III-2
Exporting
Patient records VI-8
Fields
As objects I-3
Finding
On Index level IV-1
On Monographs level V-6
Results window IV-2, V-8
Show Find on entry to Index level option III-6
Generic name V-1
Importing
Patient records IV-11
Index level IV-1
Returning to V-9
Indications
Field V-2
Index IV-8
Installation II-1
Intravenous Admixtures
Report
using admixtures tables IV-8, VII-5
using utility VII-5
Intravenous Products
Index IV-7
Introduction I-1
Less Common Drugs

Index IV-6
Levels
In program organization I-4
List Reporting
On Index level IV-3
Lists
In program organization I-3
Logging out II-3, IV-5, V-10
Logical Search
Building a search request VII-9
Executing a search request VII-11
Screen IV-3, VII-9
Using results windows VII-12
comparing VII-12
navigating VII-12
reloading the request VII-12
reporting VII-13
Main Index IV-5

Medical conditions
Adding VI-3
Associating with drug therapy VI-9
Modifying VI-5
Medications
Adding 43
Modifying VI-5
Menubar I-3, II-3
Mini-monographs I-1
Combination Drugs IV-6
Less Common Drugs IV-6
New Drugs IV-6
Nutritional Products IV-6
Monographs
Content I-1
Level V-1
Screens V-1
Order of V-10
Window V-1
New Drugs
Index IV-6
Nutritional Products
Index IV-6
Objects
In object-oriented environment I-2
OBRA
Field V-4
Outcome
In Drug utilization VI-10
Overview
Index IV-11
Window V-5
Patient History window VI-8

Patient Information
Printing handouts for a patient VI-6
Window V-4
Patient name
Modifying VI-5
Patient Profile VII-1
Patient Records
Adding VI-1
Deleting VI-5
Exporting VI-8
Index IV-11
Modifying VI-5
Popup buttons
As objects I-3
Prescription History VI-10
Prescriptions
Drug name/associated generic mismatch VI-3
Index IV-12
building VI-11
updating VI-15
Prescribing for patients VI-13
Prescribing from monographs V-6
Printing VI-16
Printing 4 per page V-10, VI-14
Processing VI-14
Print using 8.5” x 11” page size option III-6
Printing
On Index level IV-4
Prescriptions VI-6
Privileges III-4, VI-1
Product Identification
Field V-5
Index IV-10
Utility IV-10, V-5
Program Map III-2
Returning to IV-5
Programming screen III-2
Q
Quitting II-4, III-2, IV-5, V-10

Quiz
Options VII-7
Saving to disk IV-13
Screen IV-13, VII-7
Taking interactively VII-8
Topics VII-8
Window VII-7
Record number
Modifying VI-5
Record-locking VI-1, VI-5
References
Index IV-13
Locating in monographs IV-13
Registration II-2
Report
Saving to disk IV-13
Screen IV-12
Require password for access to Configure screen opt III-5
Require user code option III-3, III-5
Revision date V-5
Screens
As objects I-3
Show splash screen at startup option III-6
Showing more text V-2, V-6
Showing pictures V-6
Squares
Standardized terms I-4
Highlighting and requesting more information I-4, IV-3
System requirements II-1
Table Utility VII-13

Building table VII-15
Defining columns VII-15
Defining rows VII-15
Exporting table VII-15
Terms and Definitions screen III-1
Timing out
Time out option III-6
Title
Level III-1
Screen III-1
returning to II-4, IV-5, V-10
Type-searching IV-3
Updating the program II-3

Use custom text at top of printouts option III-7
User-entered information I-2, VI-1
Users
Adding III-3
Default user III-3
Deleting III-3
What’s New screen III-2

Windows
As objects I-2

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Clinical Pharmacology

An Electronic Drug Reference

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II. Getting Started

III. Configuring The Program: Title Level

IV. Finding Information: Index Level

V. Browsing and Cross-Referencing Information: Monographs and More Infor-

VI. Entering Information: Patient Records and Prescription-Writing

VII. Utilizing Information: Reports and Utilities

A. About Clinical Pharmacology

We have chosen to include full monographs on only those drugs

We are absolutely committed to providing this information on an

The user-entered information is stored in a database that has been

Windows contain two other general types of objects: fields and

In general, you will move toward more detailed information by

As you request more information, often smaller windows pop up

The program contains many 256-color images. Due to wallpaper or

You have three options for installation: CD-ROM installation (the

You have three options for installation: complete installation (the

After the installation process is complete, a dialog box will be

B. Opening The Program

Please register your program with us by placing the second

2. Updating The Program

C. Accessing Drug Monographs

The last item in the File menu is Exit, which is equivalent to

number of the program, which will be useful especially if you need

B. Copyright and Disclaimer

C. Terms and Definitions

G. Quit This Program

H. Program Map & Alphabetical Index

Please note: By defining a user and assigning a password, you are

If you are using the program in an office, pharmacy, ward, or

Require password for access to this screen

Show Find on entry to Index level

Backup database upon quitting program

Create log files

Time out after 5 minutes of inactivity

Print using 8.5“ x 11” page size

Show splash screen at startup

Disable save to disk

Use custom text at top of printouts

It is an excellent idea to do this periodically, or to use the Backup

An unsuccessful search results in an indication of “not found” in the

3. Highlighting and Double-Clicking

The exact nature of the more information request with regard to

2. Going to the Program Map

Because it is so large, the Main Index is divided into two screens.

3. New Drugs Index

4. Combination Drugs Index

5. Less Common Drugs Index

6. Nutritional Products Index

The nutrient/drug interactions information is also fully integrated

When you have finished with the Nutritional Products window,

7. Intravenous Products Index

An admixture for which there is information–not all possible

The Intravenous Admixtures Utility, which allows you to research

8. Discontinued Products Index

10. Contraindications Index

11. Drug Interactions Index

This index also houses the Drug Interactions Report, which

12. Adverse Reactions Index