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Study on Stress-Strain effect of reinforced Metakaolin based GPC under

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DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.162

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 Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Study on Stress-Strain effect of reinforced Metakaolin based GPC under

compression
D. Parthiban ⇑, D.S. Vijayan
Department of Civil Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology-VMRF, Chennai, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The main aim of the present study is to comparatively evaluate Stress-Strain properties of Reinforced
Received 3 October 2019 alkaline activated Metakaolin based Geopolymer concrete with Conventional concrete of M25 grade pre-
Received in revised form 25 October 2019 pared with 3 and 4 numbers of hoop steel reinforcement. For studying Stress-Strain behavior under com-
Accepted 26 October 2019
pression totally the 36 cylinders were tested out of which the 24 cylinders was prepared with Metakaolin
Available online xxxx
based GPC and the remaining with conventional concrete M25 Grade. The flexible think was measured in
this study is that the volumetric percentage of Reinforcement. The results exposed that confinement with
Keywords:
hoop reinforcement significantly enhanced the strength of Metakaolin based GPC but not more than OPC
Geopolymer concrete
Metakaolin
and also it was found that the rate of stress increases when the percentage of the number of hoop rein-
Alkaline activated forcement increased, similarly in case of strain it was decreased when the percentage of the number of
Confinement hoop reinforcement increased. Hence it was concluded that the Metakaolin based GPC is not profitable
Hoop reinforcement that using instead of OPC along with any major form of reinforcement work.
Molarity Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.

1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods

Geopolymer concrete is the inventive and ecological building 2.1. Metakaolin

material and a substitute to Ordinary Portland cement concrete.
The usage of a geopolymer diminishes the plea of Portland cement
which is in charge of great Carbondioxide emission. Geopolymer
was the name given by Inventor Daidovits in 1978 to ingredients
that are considered by connection or networks of inorganic frag-
ments [1]. Geopolymer cement concrete is prepared by exploita-
tion of Mineral material Called Metakaolin. Metakaolin is treated
by suitable skill and utilize for concrete works. In the method of
geopolymer concrete. The usage of this concrete supports to reduce
carbon release by reducing the Ordinary Portland cement demand.
The main ingredients of geopolymer is basis of silicon and alu-
minum are provided by thermally triggered natural constituents
(e.g. Metakaolin) or industry manufacture spin-offs (e.g. fly ash
or slag) and an alkaline triggering solution which polymerizes
these ingredients into molecular connection and networks to form
hardened binder[3]. It is also said as alkali-triggered cement or
mineral polymer cement.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: parthi92bhde@gmail.com (D. Parthiban).
The Metakaolin is a dehydroxylated method of the earthen
crystal kaolinite. An aluminosilicate mineral such as kaolinite
can be dissolved in an alkali-silicate solution to form a rock hard
brittle ceramic. By the chemistry, solitary can reach a high
strength material that can set as slight as a few hours at room
temperature. During the last few decades, fly ash, slag, kaolinite,
mine tailings, etc. are used as raw materials to synthesize
geopolymers. Between them metakaolin is the utmost common
raw material due to its comparatively purer mechanisms [8].
In its fresh form, Metakaolin can respond and set up a fully
toughened geopolymer.
2.2. River sand
In this experimental work Natural sand is used as fine aggregate
and it is obtained from local Palar River Bed, Kanchipuram. The
specific gravity of sand is obtained by pycnometer test. Sieve anal-
ysis was performed to find the fineness modulus of sand. Results
show that satisfy for the above work.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.162
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.

Please cite this article as: D. Parthiban and D. S. Vijayan, Study on Stress-Strain effect of reinforced Metakaolin based GPC under compression, Materials
Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.162
2 D. Parthiban, D.S. Vijayan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

2.3. Coarse aggregate

In this study, coarse aggregates of size 10 mm and 20 mm con-

forming to specifications as given in are: 383–1970 is used [13].
Pycnometer test is carried out to find the specific gravity of aggre-
gates. Sieve analysis has been done to find the fineness modulus of
aggregate. The physical properties and sieve analysis result of the
coarse aggregate have been displayed in the table below
respectively

2.4. Alkaline activated solution

A mixture of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide

solution remained selected as the alkaline solution. The sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solids existed a commercial mark in the system
of fragments with 97% purity. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solu-
tion was arranged by liquefying either the flakes or the pellets in
water. The quantity of NaOH solids in a solution diverse depending
on the deliberation of the solution stated in terms of molar, M [2].
For occurrence, NaOH solution with a concentration of 12 M con-
tain 12  40 = 480 g of NaOH solids (in flake or pellet form) per
litre of the solution, where 40 is the molecular weight of NaOH.
The mass of NaOH solids was calculated as 262 g per kg of NaOH
solution of 8 M concentration. Likewise, the mass of NaOH solids
per kg of the solution for other concentrations was calculated as
10 M: 314 g, 12 M: 361 g, 14 M: 404 g, and 16 M: 444 g. Remind
that the mass of NaOH solids was only a segment of the mass of
the NaOH solution, and water is the major component. The chem- Fig. 1. Process of Geopolymerization.
ical ingredient of the sodium silicate solution was Na2O = 14.7%,
SiO2 = 29.4%, and water 55.9% by mass.
their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete
2.5. Properties of materials of the essential strength, stability and ease of handling as carefully
as possible [9]. For this project based on tested material properties
The properties of materials which has used for the experiment the value of Mix Design is adopted below in the Table 2.
investigation is shown in Table 1.
4.2. Mix design for Metakaolin based GPC
3. Process of geo-polymerization
The mix design of geopolymer concrete is meant from the den-
The Geopolymer is regularly collective by blending industrial sity of geopolymer concrete. GPC may be a novel constructional
derivatives containing Al-Si and the essential provisions Fig. 1. material that has established in recent periods. Therefore, there’s
Geopolymerization procedure comprises a significantly quick mix- no code endowment for combine mix till currently. So the strate-
ture reaction in the form of Silica-Aluminum in source materials gies that are used by investigators habitually in past to design
dissolved using alkaline solution [4]. A Gel is formed by Reaction the mix are utilized in this study. A preliminary study has been car-
heat and its binds aggregates and unreacted source material form- ried out to know basic design methodology of developing GPC mix.
ing geopolymer concrete bonds by the dissolution of Si and Al Usually within arrange of geopolymer concrete mix, coarse, and
atoms takes place through the action of OH ions and thus the Ante- fine aggregates are taken as 75th of entire mix by mass. This rate
cedent ions condense to form monomers Silate stands for silicon- is such as that used in OPC concrete in which they have been
oxo-aluminate and it builds the Chains and rings in a 3-D poly- within the series of 75th to 80th of the concrete mix by amount.
meric network chain in the form of (Na,K)-(Si-O-Al-O-Si-O) Fine aggregate has been taken as half-hour of the entire mixture
[4]. The common density of Metakaolin primarily based geopoly-
4. Mix design mer concrete has been measured the same as that of OPC concrete
of 2400 kg/m3 supported literature survey. The combined mass of
4.1. Mix design for conventional concrete (M25 Grade) Metakaolin and alkaline liquid arrived from the density of geopoly-
mer concrete. From the combined mass, using quantitative relation
As per IS 10262-2009[12], the mix design is defined as the pro- of Metakaolin to alkaline liquid the quantity of Metakaolin and
cess of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining alkaline solution is decided. By taking the ratio of sodium silicate

Table 1 Table 2
Properties of Materials. Mix Design of Conventional Concrete.

S. No Name of material Specific gravity Water absorption % S. No Name of material Quantity (Kg/m3) Mix Ratio
1 Cement 3.09 27.6 1 Cement (Grade-53) 478.95 1:1.2:2.5
(Grade-53 OPC) 2 Water 191.58
2 Coarse aggregate 2.25 0.201 3 Coarse aggregate 1211.75
3 Fine Aggregate 2.84 0.303 4 Fine Aggregate 580
4 Metakaolin 1.92 26 5 W/C ratio 0.4

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 D. Parthiban, D.S. Vijayan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3

solution to sodium, hydroxide solution, determine the mass of

sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide solution is meant
by above method and issued for mix design. The subsequent
parameters were kept constant for varied trial mixes supported
past work allotted [10]. The following parameters were kept con-
stant for various trial mixes based on past work carried out

1) Alkaline liquid to Metakaolin ratio = 0.4

2) Sodium Silicate to Sodium Hydroxide ratio = 2.0
3) Molarity = M12
4) Curing temperature = 75 °C
5) Curing Time = 24 h
6) Rest Period = 1 day
7) Admixture Dosage = 2%.

In order to achieve equivalent compressive strength of M25

grade of control concrete, various variations and mixtures were
done by keeping the above parameters constant and varying the
Metakaolin and water content with different mixes. The mix
design procedure is as follow in Table 3.

5. Preparation, mixing, casting and curing of concrete

Fig. 2. Preparation of 12 M alkaline activator solution.

5.1. Preparation of alkaline activator solution

The alkaline activator solution (AAS) shows an important part in
geo polymerization reaction of geopolymer concrete. AAS activate
the Si and Al present in the cemented or source material [5]. In this
study 12 molarity solutions was taken based on different mortar
compression test to make AAS so to prepare NaOH solution of
12 M molarity, 12  40 = 480 g of NaOH in fragments form was
mixed to water to prepare one liter of solution, where 40 is the
molecular weight of NaOH. When 480gm NaOH pellets were mixed
to 1 L water then total prepared solutions 2.07 kg. Pellets required
to make 1 kg NaOH solution = 480/2.07 = 231 gm. The 231 gm pel-
lets of NaOH remained taken and then water is mixed to make 1 kg
NaOH solution as shown in Fig. 2. When water is mixed to NaOH
percentage of heat is spawned because of exothermic reaction
[6]. To avoid any fate it should be handled prudently with help
of hand gloves. To make AAS sodium silicate was mixed with the
solution of sodium hydroxide. Solution was agitated for 4 to
5 min for accurate mixing of Na2SiO3 and NaOH. Sodium silicate
is mixed in sodium hydroxide solution to increase the rate of
geopolymerization. It is optional that AAS should be prepared 3–
24 h before the molding. In this investigation work AAS was ready
3 to 4 h before casting.
5.2. Mixing of geopolymer concrete
Materials used in casting of sample were balanced first in sur-
face dry condition. These all ingredients remained dry mixed for
4–5 min in tray. For initial study hand mixing was adopted, hand
mixing of GPC ingredients such as Metakaolin, coarse aggregates
and fine aggregates [2].After dry mixing of materials alkaline acti-
vator liquid was added to these dry ingredients of GPC, extra water
Table 3
Mix Design of Metakaolin GPC.
S. No Name of material Quantity (Kg/m3) Mix Ratio
1 Cementous Material 300.00 1:1.98:4.62
2 Fine aggregate 594.00
3 Coarse aggregate 1386.00
4 NaOH 40.00
5 Na2SiO3 80.00
6 Admixture (2%) 6.00
7 Water (15%) 45.00
was also added to increase the workability of mix and mixing was
continue for 4–5 min shown in Fig. 3.
5.3. Casting of concrete specimen
In this Present Study, the concrete specimens are cast for exam-
ine the Stress-Strain behavior under the confined state as well as
basic properties such as Compression and tension under controlled
state. The specimens are cast under the guidance of IS code with
the Suitable mold and precaution measures [7]. In the case of con-
finement, steel rods are introduced in the form of circular hoops
within the cylinder by referring various literature the percentage
of steel reinforcement is introduced like 3 number and 4 number
with in the cylinder as shown in the above Fig. 4.
5.4. Curing of concrete specimen
In case of conventional concrete, check concrete specimens are
unbroken stored in the damp air for twenty-four hours, and once.
This period the test specimens are marked and far from the molds
and kept immersed in pure water until taken out preceding to test
[8]. Within the Geo chemical (process chemical change|chemical
action) process of Geopolymer concrete, water is given out
throughout the chemical reaction/chemical change/chemical
action) and this water tends to vaporize because the specimens
were subjected to heat throughout the curing process shown in
Fig. 5. Similarly, the drying shrinkage becomes negligible due to
the little quantity of water within the pores of the rigid specimens
[5]. Several efforts were distributed for determining the influence
of curing conditions on the physical and mechanical properties
Geopolymer paste and concrete. Meant for close to good geo poly-
merisation the curing temperatures were monitored between
40 °C and 85 °C. They also observed that longer period of curing
results in higher strength however, the increase of strength is neg-
ligible once curing time was extended beyond 24 h [9]. On the con-
trary, the setting was additional delayed for a period of 4 days once
the mixture was handled at the temperature of at the most 10 °C,
however, this doesn’t disturb the standing and properties of hard-
ened geopolymer product at the age of 28 days. Increased strength
formation was monitored on rock based mostly geopolymer cured
at 40 to 80 °C. Period and temperature of curing influence on the

Please cite this article as: D. Parthiban and D. S. Vijayan, Study on Stress-Strain effect of reinforced Metakaolin based GPC under compression, Materials
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4 D. Parthiban, D.S. Vijayan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Mixing of Geopolymer concrete.

Fig. 4. Casting of Cubical and cylindrical specimen.

Fig. 5. Oven Curing of GPC & Water curing of Conventional.

strength of fly ash geopolymer paste. They found that the state of most effective heat solidifying zone obtained was 100 °C for 20 h
curing play an important role on the strength development and of solidifying. However, they thought-about only mortar paste,
micro-structural system of fly ash based mostly geopolymer. The however its behavior in concrete wasn’t cited.

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6. Results and discussion

6.1. Compression test on cubical specimen

The graph in Fig. 6 above shows that the comparative result of

Compression test of OPC and GPC types of concrete, the result of
compression test at the moist and various curing age of days as
shown. It is clear that in all the aspects the conventional concrete
achieves the maximum strength compare to the Metakaolin based
Geopolymer concrete is tested has shown in Fig. 7. It was con-
cluded that the Conventional concrete is achieved maximum com-
pressive strength of 29 N/mm2 then the GPC.

6.2. Split tensile test on cylindrical specimen

Fig. 8. Split Tensile strength at different days of curing.
The graph in Fig. 8 above shows that the comparative result of
Split tensile test of Conventional Concrete and GPC, the result of
Split tensile test at various curing days are shown. It is clear from
these graph that, in all the aspects the conventional concrete
achieve the maximum strength compare to Metakaolin based
Geopolymer concrete is tested has shown in Fig. 9. It was con-
cluded that the Conventional concrete is achieve maximum Split
tensile strength 2.13 N/mm2 then the geopolymer concrete.

6.3. Comparative Stress-Strain effect on 3 hoop confined cylindrical

specimen @ 28 days curing

The graph in Fig. 10 above shows that the comparative analysis

of stress-strain behaviour of all the types of concrete in the con-

Fig. 9. Split Tensile strength of cylindrical speciment.

fined state of having 0.871% of steel reinforcement at the age of

Fig. 6. Compressive strength at different days of curing.
28 days curing. The graph is plotted between the maximum stress
at breakage and the corresponding deformation. The deformation
was changed into strain corresponding to its area afterwards.
While applying the load initially all the specimens start to react
equally. The deformation value of the specimen was monitor fre-
quently at the every load increment of 25kN until the specimen
was failed. Based on experimental data the breaking stress has
no improvement and corresponding strain value get decreased.
Here the conventional concrete is came to known that stress value
of 32.03 N/mm2 and strain value of 0.00318, it was higher than the
Geopolymer concrete specimen made up of Metakaolin as a
Cementous material.

6.4. Comparative Stress-Strain effect on 4 hoop confined cylindrical

specimen @ 28 days curing

The graph in Fig. 11 above shows that the comparative analysis

Fig. 7. Compressive strength of cubical specimens.
of stress-strain behaviour of all the types of concrete in the con-
fined state of having 1.092% of steel reinforcement at the age of
28 days curing. The graph is plotted between the maximum stress
at breakage and the corresponding deformation [10]. The deforma-
tion was changed into strain corresponding to its area afterwards.
While applying the load initially all the specimens start to react

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6 D. Parthiban, D.S. Vijayan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 10. Stress-strain Graph of 3 Hoop Reinforcement.

Fig. 11. Stress-strain Graph of 4 Hoop Reinforcement.

equally. The deformation value of the specimen was monitor fre-

quently at the every load increment of 25 kN until the specimen
was failed. Based on experimental data the breaking stress has
improvement and corresponding strain value get decreased when
compared to case 0.871% of steel reinforcement. Here the conven-
tional concrete is came to known that the stress value of 34.311 N/
mm2 and strain value of 0.002722 it was higher than the Geopoly-
mer concrete specimen made up of Metakaolin as a Cementitous
material.

6.5. Comparative stress effect confined cylindrical specimen @ 28 days

curing

The graph in Fig. 12 above shows that the comparative analysis

of stress behaviour of all the types of concrete in the confined state
of having various percentage of steel reinforcement in the form of
adding 3 hoops and 4 hoops at the age of 28 days curing and tested
under the axial compression having capacity of 2000 kN. The graph
is plotted between the maximum stress at breakage [11]. Based on
the experimental results it was come to know that the addition of
reinforcement considerably increasing the compression strength of
concrete specimens under the axial compression at different per-
centage of hoop reinforcement. But the rate of compression
strength of geopolymer concrete based on Metakaolin are not
reach the value of conventional concrete.
Fig. 12. Comparative Stress graph for different number of Hoop Reinforcement.
6.6. Comparative strain effect confined cylindrical specimen @ 28 days
curing
The graph in Fig. 13 above shows that the comparative analysis
of strain behaviour of all the types of concrete in the confined state
of having various percentage of steel reinforcement in the form of
adding 3 hoops and 4 hoops at the age of 28 days curing and tested
under the axial compression having capacity of 2000kN. The graph
is plotted by the nominal strain value calculated by the maximum

Please cite this article as: D. Parthiban and D. S. Vijayan, Study on Stress-Strain effect of reinforced Metakaolin based GPC under compression, Materials
Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.162
 D. Parthiban, D.S. Vijayan / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 13. Comparative Strain graph for different number of Hoop Reinforcement.
deflection at the time of breakage. Based on the experimental
results it was come to know that the addition of reinforcement
considerably decreasing the strain value of concrete specimens
under the axial compression at different percentage of hoop rein-
forcement. But the rate of strain value of geopolymer concrete
based on Metakaolin 0.0027 are not reach the value of conven-
tional concrete 0.0028.
7. Conclusion
Studies have been carried out on behavior of Conventional con-
crete and GPC based on Metakaolin with confinement under axial
compression. The parameters studied include compressive
strength, Split strength test and comparison of stress-strain calcu-
lations with and confinement. Based on the study conducted the
following conclusions are drawn. An increase in volume of trans-
verse reinforcement directly improves the strength of confined.
The increase in strength was found to be 24% at 0.827% volume
of transverse steel and 42% at 1.091% volume of transverse steel
for circular sections. From the results, we have studied the stress
strain behaviour of a plain concrete and confined normal grade
concrete with hoops under axial compressive load. The experimen-
tal results shows that the addition of reinforcement considerably
increasing the compression strength of normal concrete as
32.02 N/mm2 and for Metakaolin based GPC as 29.12 N/mm2 and
under the axial compression at different percentage of hoop rein-
forcement. Based on experimental results it was come to know that
the addition of reinforcement considerably decreasing the strain
value of concrete specimens as 0.0027 for GPC and 0.0028 for con-
ventional concrete under the axial compression at different per-
centage of hoop reinforcement. The results shows that the stress-
strain behaviour in the case of using hoops shows a similar pattern
except in increase in the peak stress values compared to the nor-
mal plain concrete. The load compelling on to the concrete using
hoops gives betrayal load of more than 30% associated to the nor-
mal plain concrete. From the results, we have obtained the maxi-
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7
mum strain decreased by almost 20% in case of reinforced
concrete than the normal plain concrete. By increasing the number
of hoops to the reinforced concrete, the compressive stresses are
also increased slightly by almost 10%.Percentage of Confinement
increases the strength of concrete also increased the strengths at
28 days but not equal to Conventional Concrete. There is no mix-
design code is available so it is needed to review on the results
which had come out up to till date work done all over the world.
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