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MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE

EE 5368-FallOUTPUT
2014 (MIMO) SYSTEM
SIMULATION USING POLARIZATION DIVERSITY.
Janath Kumar Madhamanchi-1001095114
Department Of Electrical Engineering,
University of Texas at Arlington


Abstract- In this paper we investigate and evaluate the

performance of MIMO(multiple input multiple output) in the
presence of Rayleigh fading channel. This paper also describes the
investigation which is performed to replace two spatially separated
antennas with single antenna element employing orthogonal
polarizations. So the performance of spatial multiplexing in MIMO
Figure 1. MIMO Tx and Rx
wireless systems with dual-polarization will be estimated. Single
antenna employing orthogonal polarization would be cost effective
replacement for two spatially separated antennas. The parameters
SER (Symbol error rate) and SNR (Signal to Noise ratio) are used
for measurement. Using Maximum Likelihood Estimation the The above block diagram describes the simple multiple input,
performance is evaluated at the receiving end of the system. Finally multiple output (MIMO) antenna system which has two
the theoretical and practically generated performance is compared. transmit antennas and two receiver antennas with channel
matrix H and its elements h 11,h21,h12,h22 as show in the
diagram.

I. INTRODUCTION Thus, MIMO techniques become the primary tool to increase

MIMO is an essential technology used in wireless
communication standards such as IEEE 802.11n (Wi-
Fi), IEEE802.11ac (Wi-Fi), 4G, 3GPP LTE,  WiMAX  and  achieve high capacity gains. But this large spacing increases
HSPA+. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system
employs multiple antennas both on transmitting and receiving
side. Having both multiple transmit and multiple receive
antennas (i.e., a MIMO channel) provides an additional spatial
dimension for communication and yields a degree-of- freedom
gain. These additional degrees of freedom can be exploited by
spatially multiplexing several data streams onto the MIMO
channel, and lead to an increase in the capacity: the capacity
of such a MIMO channel with n transmit and receive antennas
is proportional to n. Usually number of antennas used on
transmitting side is less than or equal to number of antennas
on receiving side.
capacity significantly in the high SNR regime. But large
antenna spacing in several wavelengths is required in order to
the cost and size, so to overcome these drawbacks dual
polarized antennas is used as an alternative which are more
cost effective. In this scheme we use dual polarized antennas,
where two spatially separated antennas are replaced by a
single antenna element utilizing orthogonal polarization.
Therefore we compute the estimates of the symbol error rate
of spatial multiplexing in the presence of polarization
diversity.
Organization of the paper:
Section 2discusses about the channel model.
Section 3the symbol error rate is obtained.
Section 4provides simulation results and observations.
Finally in Section 5we discuss about the conclusion.

II. CHANNEL MODEL

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A system considered which has one dual-polarized transmit
and one dual-polarized receive antenna. The channel is
assumed to be flat over the frequency-band of interest or
Rayleigh fading channel.
The polarizations which we consider are
1. Horizontal polarization and
2. Vertical polarization
If we assume that x is the transmit signal vector, and given by
x= [x0 x1] T, whose elements are obtained from a complex,
finite constellation, r is the 2 x 1 received signal vector, r=[r 0
r1] T and the Complex Gaussian noise is represented as n with
E{ n nH} = σ2n I2,.. Also H is the channel transfer matrix and
√E0 is the normalization factor.
Therefore the input-output relation is therefore given by
r = √E0 H x + n
Here the input signals x0 and x1 are transmitted at different
polarizations and the output signal r 0 and r1 are received at the
same polarizations. Since it is a two input two output channel,
each polarization mode is treated as an independent physical
channel. Here the channel is assumed to be purely a Rayleigh
fading channel.
The channel transfer matrix H is given by
H matrix generally describes the degree of suppression of
individual co- and cross-polarized components, cross
correlation and cross coupling of energy from one polarization
state to the other polarization state. Horizontal, vertical and
±45˚ slanted are the typical polarizations preferred. Here we
assume the same polarization for both the receiver and the
transmitter. Now since we assumed to be purely a Rayleigh
fading channel the matrix H consists of complex gaussian
random variables with zero mean. In the matrix H the
correlation between the elements and the variances of the
elements depend on the propagation conditions and the choice
of polarizations, respectively.
Here the assumptions are made as follows
Ɛ{|h0,0|2}= Ɛ{|h1,1|2}=1
Ɛ{|h0,1|2}= Ɛ{|h1,0|2}=α
Ɛ{|h0,0h*11|2}= Ɛ{|h1,0h*0,1|2}=0
Ɛ{|h0,0h*0,1|2}= Ɛ{|h1,0h*1,1|2}=√ α t
Ɛ{|h0,0h*1,0|2}= Ɛ{|h0,1h*1,1|2}=√ α r
2
Here t and r are correlation coefficients of transmit and
receiving side respectively. Since it is a two input-two output
channel, each polarization mode is treated as an independent
physical channel. Correlation coefficient matrix, R is given by
1 (α) 1/2 t* (α) 1/2 r* 0
(α) 1/2 t α 0 (α) 1/2 r*
R= (α) 1/2 r 0 α (α) 1/2 t*
0 (α) 1/2 r (α) 1/2 t 1
III. DERIVATION OF SYMBOL ERROR RATE
The impact of polarization diversity on spatial multiplexing
and then estimation of the symbol error rate is discussed. In
this section of paper the maximum likelihood decoding
scheme is employed. It is very effective as it combines the
advantages of forward error correction and diversity
transmission to provide considerable performance gains. The
receiver computes the ML estimate according to
X^ = argx min|| r- √Es*Hx||2
Here the calculation is performed over the set of all possible
code vectors. In this case the error rate behavior is governed
by error events where only one out of the two symbols is in
error. Dmin denotes the minimum distance of the scalar
constellation used. Clearly, the error rate will decay for
increasing Dmin. In order to avoid having to find error events
for particular channel geometry, we average over all possible
error events. The SER is calculated for various SNRs to reveal
how error probability behaves as a function of XPD on a given
t and r
.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
We discuss the simulation results which demonstrate the
performance of spatial multiplexing in the presence of
polarization diversity. The actual measurement parameters like
SER (Symbol error rate) and SNR (Signal to noise ratio) are
discussed. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) was defined
SNR=10log(2E s/σ2).
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Example 1 Simulation:
In this example we performed the simulation for the values
t=0.7, r=0.4, alpha=0.4. The simulation is done for QPSK
which are shown below. SNR is plotted on x-axis and SER is
plotted on y-axis in semilog scale. By observing the
simulation it’s seen that for a low SNR, the symbol error rate
(SER) is more and the SER gradually reduces with increase in
SNR.
Figure 2. Symbol error Rate plotted against Signal to Noise ratio
Example 2 Simulation: It demonstrates the advantage of
polarization diversity. For an SNR of 20dB, Fig. 3 shows the
SER as a function of α for various values of t and for r=0. We
can observe that at t=1 polarization diversity i.e. α<1 is
enhancing the multiplexing gain. For t=1, there is an optimum
value of α for which the Symbol error rate is minimum.
Figure 3.SER versus α for various values of transmit correlation
coefficient, t.
Example 3 Simulation: This shows the advantage of
polarization diversity. For an SNR of 20dB, Fig. 4 shows the
symbol error rate as a function of α for various values of r and
3
for t=0. We can observe that at r=1 polarization diversity i.e.
α<1 is enhancing the multiplexing gain. For r=1, the optimum
value of α seems to be same as in the case of transmit
correlation only with t=1.
Figure 4. SER plotted against α for various values of receive
correlation coefficient, r.
V. CONCLUSION
Studied the concepts on MIMO (multiple input and multiple
output). We computed the symbol error rate for MIMO
systems over a Rayleigh fading channel. Also we evaluated
the performance at the receiving end of the system.
Comparison is done between theoretical and practically
generated performance. This project has helped in
understanding the basic concepts which are related to
polarization and also knowledge concerning the random
generation of signal, channel coefficients through MATLAB.
VI. REFERENCE
[1] J. G. Proakis, Masoud Salehi, “Digital Communications”,
New York, McGraw-Hill, 5th Ed., 2008.
[2] http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/antennas/mimo/
multiple-input-multiple-output-technology-tutorial.php
[3] Helmut Bolcskei, Rohit U. Nabar, V. Erceg, D. Gesbert,
and Arogyaswami J. Paulraj, “Performance Of Spatial
Multiplexing the Presence of Polarization Diversity”,
Information Systems Laboratory, Stanford University
Packard 223, 350 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-9510.
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