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Special Instruction
Battery Test Procedure{1401}
Media Number -SEHS7633-09 Publication Date -22/11/2010 Date Updated -22/11/2010
i04134796
Introduction
This instruction provides the necessary information in order to test the following battery types:
• A new battery
The procedures and the tests refer to batteries of the following types:
Procedures and/or tests will specify the types of batteries and voltages.
Identify the battery before you use any procedure or before you perform any test. Ensure that the battery type
and the battery voltage are known.
Safety Precautions
Handling Batteries And Battery Acid
Página 2 de 22
All lead-acid batteries contain sulfuric acid which can burn the skin and
clothing. Always wear a face shield and protective clothing when
working on or near batteries.
Note: When working with acid or when adding electrolyte to a battery, wear a face shield and protective
clothing to prevent contact with the battery electrolyte.
Eyes - If electrolyte is splashed into the eyes, proceed with the following steps:
1. Force the eyes open. Flood the eyes with cool, clean water for at least 15 minutes.
2. After you drink the milk or the water, drink one of the following liquids:
◦ Milk of magnesia
◦ Beaten eggs
◦ Vegetable oil
External - If electrolyte burns the skin, proceed with the following steps:
Explosive Gases
Always disconnect the circuit away from the battery; never towards the
battery.
Always keep sparks, flames or any other ignition sources away from the
battery.
Batteries produce hydrogen and oxygen gases during normal operation. Gases escape through the vent caps.
An explosive atmosphere may collect around the battery, especially if ventilation is poor. The explosive
atmosphere may still be present for several hours after the battery is charged.
DO NOT under any circumstances remove the vent caps from a battery
while the battery is charging.
Charging the battery with the vent caps removed could result in an
explosion and personal injury.
Caterpillar General Service Batteries and Caterpillar Premium High Output Batteries have vent caps. The vent
caps have a built-in flame arrestor. The vent caps reduce the possibility of external sparks that could ignite
gases that are inside of the battery. Caution is still required.
Internal sparks that are generated by an open connection may cause a battery to explode.
Sparks can also be generated when you connect and/or disconnect a battery from an external circuit such as a
battery charger or the battery cables.
Charging
Do not attempt to charge a battery that has ice in any of the cells.
Do not attempt to charge a battery until you are familiar with the procedures for using the battery charger.
For the correct procedures, refer to the Operation and Maintenance Manual for the product.
Página 4 de 22
Battery charging equipment must always be located in an area that provides proper safety and proper
ventilation.
Batteries that are used in cool or moderate conditions can last between two and three times longer than
batteries used in hot climates. In colder climates, the duration of battery life is between 48 and 54 months. In
warmer locations, the duration of standard battery life is 18 to 23 months. This data is based on normal usage.
Normal usage includes a good charge and a good condition of discharge.
• Refer to the user manual for more information about using the 225-8266 Ammeter Tool Gp .
• Refer to Operating Manual, NEHS0764, "Using the 177-2330 Battery Analyzer " for detailed
instruction on the use and the testing procedure of the 177-2330 Battery Analyzer
• Refer to Special Instruction, SEHS9249, "Use Of The 4C-4911 Battery Load Tester For 6, 8 V and 12
V Lead Acid Batteries."
• Refer to the manual that is provided by the supplier for more information on the use of the 237-5130
Digital Multimeter Gp .
• Refer to Operation Manual, NEHS0678 for complete information for the use of the 146-4080 Digital
Multimeter Gp
Recommended Cleaning
Cleaning the Battery
To prevent a leakage path (a type of short circuit), clean the top surface of the battery and the terminal posts
of the battery.
Página 5 de 22
A leakage path can cause electrical components and systems to appear as functioning even though the
disconnect switch (if equipped) is in the OFF position. The electrical system can also include the Engine
Monitoring System (EMS).
A battery can be slippery and difficult to maneuver if an acid film exists. An acid film can corrode the battery
posts and the cable connections.
Baking Soda - Combine 0.1 kg (0.2 lb) of baking soda with 1 L (1.1 qt) of clean water.
Ammonia - Combine 0.1 kg (0.2 lb) of ammonia soda with 1 L (1.1 qt) of clean water.
NOTICE
Rapid air movement from compressed air combined with dust, dirt, or
other forms of debris can create static electricity. Static electricity may
lead to an explosion when in the vicinity of a battery, resulting in
personal injury or death. Never use compressed air for cleaning in the
vicinity of a battery.
Remove the cleaning solution from the battery and neutralize the battery by rinsing the battery with clean
water.
If a corroded terminal post has a nonconductive coating, you cannot clean the terminal with a cleaning
solution or with a cleaning brush.
Use a fine grit sandpaper to remove the nonconductive coating if the terminal posts are corroded.
NOTICE
Clean the battery terminal posts surface until the surface has a bright,
shiny appearance.
• The REQUIRED AC power source must match the AVAILABLE AC power source.
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• For 12 V batteries, use a charger that is rated at 70 A. For 6 V batteries, use a charger that is rated at
110 A.
• Continuous shorting (touching) of the charger output lead wiring should not damage the battery
charger.
• Use a charger that has a relay for polarity protection. The polarity protection will prevent damage to the
charger if the battery is connected in reverse.
• Charging overloads into the RED charging zone on the output meter should not damage the battery
charger.
• Use a battery charger with at least three switchable charge rate settings or a continuous variable output
rate.
This feature permits the charger to work with all three Caterpillar battery types and voltages. A high 6 V rate
can be used on an 8 V battery.
The continuous variable rate permits a charging current near the values that are required. The continuous
variable rate allows the current to be reduced if a battery overheats or a battery creates excessive gassing.
Record the results of the test on the correct Battery Test Sheet.
If there is external visible damage in the area of the leak, then replace the battery at the expense customer .
If the battery is eroded in areas that were in contact with the hold-downs, then replace the battery at the
expense of the customer.
NOTICE
Find the cause of the failure before you install a new battery. Failure to
do so could result in damage to the replacement battery.
The electrolyte level must be above the plates in each cell before continuing. The electrolyte level does not
need to be up to the bottom of the filler neck. The electrolyte level only needs to be above the plates. The
battery may still be serviceable after the battery is filled and after the battery is properly charged. The battery
service life and cranking performance will be reduced if the electrolyte level is below the top of the plates.
Note: The warranty is voided if the electrolyte level is below the top of the plates. Remove the warranty
sticker from the battery. The battery may still be functional after the battery is filled and/or after the battery is
charged.
• Test the battery. Refer to .Operating Manual, NEHS0764, "Using the 177-2330 Battery Analyzer "
Illustration 1 g00658592
Refer to Operating Manual, NEHS0764, "Using the 177-2330 Battery Analyzer " for detailed instruction on
the use and the testing procedure of the 177-2330 Battery Analyzer
Refer to the "Battery Case Cleaning And Battery Terminal Post Cleaning" section in this service publication.
Note: Some battery chargers are equipped with a polarity protection relay. The relay protects the battery
charger from damage if the charger is connected in a series circuit to the battery.
NOTICE
A battery can be in a low state of charge and will NOT have sufficient
voltage to activate the relay.
Página 8 de 22
Before you connect the charger to the battery, the following tasks must be performed:
• The voltage of the battery charger and the rated voltage of the battery should be equal.
Refer to Table 1.0 in the Caterpillar Data Sheet, "Battery Charging Parameters" if the battery type is changed
from the factory specified battery type to ensure optimum battery life.
The voltage of the charge should be compensated for the temperature of the battery in high ambient
temperatures or extreme ambient temperatures. The following items are reasons for the compensation of
temperature:
• Prevent the thermal runaway of the batteries when the batteries are used in high temperature conditions.
Thermal runaway - When heat of the battery is created faster than the dissipation of battery heat. If this
condition continues, permanent battery damage will occur.
A battery will emit hydrogen and oxygen gases when the battery is being charged. The gases are emitted due
to the decomposition of water. A battery emits gases because the battery is being charged at a rate that is
higher than the acceptable rate for the battery. Generally, a battery will emit gas when the battery reaches a
full state of charge. A charger automatically reduces the charge rate as the battery reaches the fully charged
state in order to eliminate most of the gases from being emitted. It is important not to charge Caterpillar
maintenance free batteries for extended periods of time at rates that will cause the batteries to emit gases.
Also, the gases can cause the pressure in the battery to increase. No battery should be charged for a long
period of time.
When a battery has reached a full state of charge any additional charging will result in heat that is wasted and
the loss of water. The excess heat is damaging to the plates and the separators. The loss of water lowers the
electrolyte level. The loss of water increases the specific gravity of the electrolyte. The factors that are
previously mentioned decrease the service life of the battery. The previous factors also increase the potential
for an explosion. Temperature compensation of the charging voltage can prolong the life of the battery.
In order to limit the alternator voltage to a safe value, a voltage regulator is included in the charging circuit.
The primary function of the voltage regulator is to control of the output voltage in order to maintain the
battery at a proper state of charge.
Página 9 de 22
Many voltage regulators are compensated for temperature. The system voltage is decreased as the temperature
increases. Normal settings are adjusted for 25 °C (77 °F). The voltage adjustment is used in order to
compensate for the acceptance of the charge by the battery.
The setting of the voltage regulator can influence the service life and performance of the battery. Settings that
are too high result in overcharging and reducing the life of the battery. Settings that are too low result in the
following conditions: undercharging, reduced performance and a discharged battery.
The voltage regulator must be checked in 16093 km (10000 mi) intervals. Also, the voltage regulator can be
checked in 2000 hour intervals or during normal oil change intervals. The voltage regulator should be
checked immediately if the battery is hot to the touch or if the electrolyte is frothing from the vents.
Table 1
Optimum charging voltage for a 12 V battery versus temperature that is using an alternator
Temperature MF CA/CA Low Antimony Hybrid AGM GEL
Refer to the Caterpillar Data Sheet, PEHJ-0073 in order to identify the chemical construction of Caterpillar
batteries in order to determine the recommended charging voltages.
Table 2
Optimum Charging Voltage for 12 V Batteries versus Temperature that are using a Charger
Temp Low Antimony
MF CA/CA Hybrid AGM GEL
Maintenance Free - The battery uses lead calcium grids for the positive plates and the negative plates. The
battery has a lower acceptance of charge than the other batteries. The battery tolerates overcharging better
than the other batteries.
Low Antimony - The battery uses grids of lead antimony for the positive plates and the negative plates. The
battery has a higher acceptance of charge. The battery is prone to overcharging.
Hybrid - The battery uses a lead antimony for the positive grid. The battery uses lead calcium for the
negative grid. The capacity of the charge is between the maintenance free battery and the low antimony
battery. The battery is prone to overcharging.
Lead antimony and some of the hybrid batteries require the addition of water. Lead calcium batteries do not
require the addition of water. Battery types should never be mixed on a machine. If the battery types are
mixed, some batteries may be overcharged and some batteries may not be charged completely. If one battery
needs to be replaced, all of the batteries should be replaced.
• DO NOT touch the charger leads or disconnect the charger leads while the charger is turned ON.
Note: For a 12 V battery, do not exceed a terminal voltage of 16 V. However, the terminal voltage may
exceed 16 V ONLY for the first 15 minutes while the battery is beginning in order to accept a charge.
Overcharging may occur even if the charging voltage is under 16 V. Overcharging is indicated by the
following symptoms:
If any of these symptoms occur, reduce the charging rate in order to eliminate the overcharging. Complete the
charging at the LOWER charging rate.
Use the charging voltage that is recommended. Refer to ""Charging" " in this publication. If the
recommended current is NOT exceeded, the initial charging voltage can be equal to the capacity of the
charger.
1. Connect the charger RED positive (+) lead to the battery's positive (+) terminal post and connect the
charger BLACK negative (-) lead to the battery's negative (-) terminal post.
If the charger is set at the highest voltage and the battery does not begin to accept the recommended 50
percent minimum charging current within the first 15 minutes, replace the battery.
The warranty should be accepted ONLY if the open circuit voltage is greater than 11.5 V for a 12 V battery.
NOTICE
Find the cause of the failure before you install a new battery or return
the original battery to service.
Use the following topics as guidelines to determine the cause of the failure.
Note: Refer to ""Battery Case Cleaning And Battery Terminal Post Cleaning" " if these conditions are
present.
• Foreign material that is trapped under the battery at the time of installation
Página 12 de 22
• Abuse
• The battery hold-downs are too loose. Inspect the battery for eroded areas at the point of contact with
the battery hold-downs.
• The battery case will appear to be leaking. The battery vent plug holes may be partially blocked.
Overcharging
Some of the causes and resulting effects of overcharging are dependent on the type of battery.
A faulty voltage regulator can cause an above normal charging rate to any battery type.
Table 3
Effects Of Overcharging Batteries
Type Of Battery Effect
Caterpillar General Service All of the battery cells have a low level of electrolyte.
Batteries
Caterpillar Premium High When the plates of the battery are inspected through the filler holes, the
Output Batteries plates may appear to be warped. Excessive temperature can cause plate
warpage.
The battery may not pass a load test.
Caterpillar Maintenance The battery may not accept a charging current.
Free Batteries
The battery may not pass a load test.
Accessible Batteries
Accessible batteries are batteries with caps that can be removed in order to allow access to check the
electrolyte levels. Use deionized water or mineral free water to change the level in the battery cells.
Accessible batteries are recommended in all generator set applications. Generator set applications commonly
use a constant charge such as a float charge during operation and the use of this type of constant charge
shortens the life of the battery if the battery is not maintained properly. Using accessible batteries allows
proper maintenance and service to the batteries. Proper maintenance and service will maximize the life of the
batteries.
If an accessible design is not available, a design that is not accessible can be used. A battery that is not
accessible must be replaced after 3 years of service. For warmer regions of the world, replace the battery that
is not accessible within 2 years.
The table below lists the recommended accessible batteries and the batteries that are not accessible.
Table 4
Group Size Accessible Batteries that are not accessible
8D 101-4000 153-5720
4D 9X-9730 153-5710
Página 13 de 22
4D 9X-9720 153-5700
31 115-2422, 115-2421 9X-3404
Accessible batteries require periodic checks for proper electrolyte level. The electrolyte level should be
covering the grids 13 mm (0.50 inch) within the battery in order to maximize the transfer of the full charge. If
the liquid level is below the grids, only add deionized water or mineral free water. Never add battery acid to
top off the volume, as the addition of extra acid will destroy the grids.
Check the level of the electrolyte in accessible batteries every 1000 service hours. In warmer climates, check
more frequently, such as every 500 hours in order to make sure that the electrolyte level is 13 mm (0.50 inch)
above the top of the separators.
Undercharging
The following examples are causes of undercharging:
• A faulty alternator
• A machine or an engine that is operated with the disconnect switch (if equipped) in the OFF position
• Extended storage of a machine or engine with the disconnect switch (if equipped) in the ON position
Undercharging on a battery can be caused by connecting a Caterpillar General Service Battery or a Caterpillar
Premium High Output Battery in a series circuit with a Maintenance Free Battery.
Contaminated Electrolyte
Contaminated electrolyte can be caused by adding contaminated water to a battery during the service life of
the battery. Adding contaminated water to a battery can shorten the life of the battery.
Página 14 de 22
Illustration 2 g00657874
Página 15 de 22
Vibration
Internal damage and external damage to any battery type can be caused by vibration. The effects of vibration
may vary according to the type of battery. A Maintenance Free Battery cannot be inspected internally because
of the sealed design.
Caterpillar General Service Battery And Caterpillar Premium High Output Battery
• Dark electrolyte
• A shorted cell in the battery may be due to the following conditions: an increase in the charging current,
overheating and excessive gassing.
Sulfation
Micro-crystalline particles on the surface of the battery plates can be caused by the following situations:
• Using a battery with the electrolyte level below the top of the plates
• While the machine is in storage, the disconnect switch is left in the ON position.
You cannot reverse the effects of sulfation that is produced over long periods of time.
The battery will permanently lose some of the ability to store electricity and the ability to deliver electricity if
some sulfation occurs. The ability to store electricity and the ability to deliver electricity at the full capacity
depends on the duration of the sulfated condition.
2. Touch the meter probes to the battery terminals (RED probe to POSITIVE terminal and BLACK probe
to NEGATIVE terminal).
12 V battery - The battery voltage is below 11.5 V and the battery will NOT accept a charging current
within 15 minutes of starting the test.
8 V battery - The battery voltage is below 7.67 V and the battery will NOT accept a charging current
within 15 minutes of starting the test.
6 V battery - The battery voltage is below 5.75 V and the battery will NOT accept a charging current
within 15 minutes of starting the test.
If a battery has recently been charged, a false charge or a surface charge may exist. This surface charge
MUST be removed.
Note: The surface charge can be removed with the battery in the machine or with the battery out of the
machine.
Remove The Surface Charge From A 12 V Battery When The Battery Is Not Installed
Use a battery load tester in order to test the battery. Set the battery load tester at one half of the battery rating
(CCA). Use the battery load tester for 15 seconds. Wait for 5 minutes and then measure the open circuit
voltage. Refer to ""Open Circuit Voltage" ".
To find the battery rating (CCA), see the label on the battery. If the battery has no label, refer to Specification,
PEHP2001, "Specifications For Caterpillar Batteries" or Special Publication, PEKP9100, "Caterpillar Parts
Sales Kit".
Remove The Surface Charge From a Battery While The Battery Is Installed
Note: The fuel shutoff valve (if equipped) and/or the governor control (if equipped) MUST be in the OFF
position before starting the engine.
• Remove the battery terminal cables and the battery terminal wires from the battery.
• For a 12 V battery, a rating (CCA) that is BELOW 12.40 V indicates that the battery needs to be
charged.
• For an 8 V battery, a rating (CCA) that is BELOW 8.27 V indicates that the battery needs to be
charged.
• For a 6 V battery, a rating (CCA) that is BELOW 6.20 V indicates that the battery needs to be charged.
CHARGING
Charging the battery with the recommendations from the tables will NOT obtain a full charge. Charge the
battery to the required charge level. Use the following tables:
Table 5
Battery Charging Ampere Rate
Battery rating (ampere 15-34 35-49 50-69 70-99 100-129 130-164 165-199 200-249
hour) (1)
Setting for the battery charger
5.0 7.5 10 15 20 25 30 35
(ampere)
(1)
.
To determine the rating, A-Hr and the Cold Cranking Amp CCA refer to one of the following publications:
Specification, PEHP2001, "Specifications For Caterpillar Batteries" and Special Publication, PEKP9100,
"Caterpillar Parts Sales Kit"
A setting of one-half of the amperes may be used. However, the time for charging must be DOUBLED. A
battery that is being tested for a warranty MUST accept the MINIMUM charge within 15 minutes. The
minimum charge is 50 percent of the amperes.
Table 6
Optimum Charging Voltage for 12 V Batteries versus Temperature that are using a Charger
Temp Low Antimony
MF CA/CA Hybrid AGM GEL
Refer to the Caterpillar Data Sheet, PEHJ-0073 in order to identify the chemical construction of Caterpillar
batteries in order to determine the recommended charging voltages.
Table 7
Open Circuit Voltage
12.39-12.20 12.19-12.00 less than 12.00
12 V battery 12.4 or more
The above charging rates and charging times will bring a battery to approximately 70 percent of a full charge.
If a 100 percent state of charge is required to return the battery to service, use the following procedure:
1. Charge the battery at the rate from the table in order to bring the battery to approximately 70 percent of
a full charge.
2. Charge the battery at half of the same rate. Use the same amount of time that was used to bring the
battery to approximately 70 percent of a full charge.
For example, charging is needed for a battery with a rating of 100 ampere hours. The battery has a voltage
that is less than 12 V.
1. To reach 70 percent of the full charge, charge the battery at 20 A for 4 hours.
2. To reach a charge of 100 percent, charge the battery at 10 A for an additional four hours.
Note: Since the amperes that are needed for charging will usually change with time, periodically check the
amperage. Adjust the amperage, if necessary. Stay near the recommended rate. If the battery becomes warm
or a smell of acid becomes noticeable, reduce the charging rate.
These vent caps have built-in (internal) flame arrestors that reduce the
possibility of external sparks igniting inside of the battery.
Note: Caterpillar General Service and Caterpillar Premium High Output batteries have vent caps.
Charging Time
The battery should be charged according to the voltage. Refer to Tables 2 and 5.
Charging Voltage
Charge the battery according to the specified voltage. Refer to Tables 5 and 6.
• Select a rate of amperage and a rate of charge of voltage. Select the charging time. Refer to Table 5, 6
and 7.
Note: Refer to Specification, PEHP2001, "Specifications For Caterpillar Batteries" or Special Publication,
PEKP9100, "Caterpillar Parts Sales Kit" if the Ampere Hour (A-Hr) is unknown.
Amp Hour Rating - The Amp hour rating is determined by testing a fully charged battery at a temperature of
26.7 °C (80 °F). A constant low drain for 20 hours is required.
At the end of that time, the voltage of each battery cell must be 1.75V or more.
Battery Cell - A battery cell is used for converting chemical energy into electric energy.
Battery Charger - A device for replacing electricity in a battery that was removed during the discharge cycle
Battery Load Test - A procedure to check the ability of a battery. The procedure determines if the battery
can carry a charge, and if the battery can sustain a charge.
Battery Load Tester - Equipment used to perform a battery load test. The battery load tester will measure the
battery terminal voltage at the end of a specified time while the battery is under a specified load current.
Charging - The process of replacing electricity in a battery that was removed during the discharge cycle.
Página 20 de 22
Circuit - A closed path followed by an electrical current. Described as a complete path for a closed circuit
and a disconnected path for an open circuit
Cold Cranking Amp (CCA) - A measure of the battery ability to deliver a current under cold conditions
The rating (CCA) is the minimum amperage which must be maintained by the battery at −17.8 °C (0 °F) for
30 seconds. At the end of the 30 seconds, each battery cell must have a minimum of 1.2 V.
Corrosion - An accumulation of solid sulfates of iron, copper, or other metals. Corrosion usually accumulates
around the battery terminals. The accumulation can cause poor electrical contact between the battery cables
and the battery terminals. Poor contact between the battery cables and the terminals can reduce the flow of
voltage to the starter. Poor electrical contact can also STOP the flow of voltage to the starter.
Direct Current (DC) - An electrical current that flows in one direction only.
A fully charged battery (lead acid) has a direct current (DC). When the battery is discharged, direct current
must be used to recharge the battery.
Discharge - When the electrical power is drained from a battery, the battery has been discharged.
Dry Charged - A battery that is shipped and stored with out electrolyte has been dry charged. The battery is
activated by adding the correct amount of electrolyte.
Electrolyte (Acid) - The liquid that is in a battery. The liquid is a mixture of sulfuric acid and water.
In a battery, electrolyte is used as a conductor of electricity during the charge and discharge cycle of a battery.
The battery will store electricity when electrolyte is added to the battery and the electrolyte touches the active
material on the plates.
Grid - An electrically conductive framework that is made from a lead alloy. The grid supports the active
material of a battery plate.
Hybrid (Dual-Alloy) Battery - This is a battery that uses low levels of antimony in the positive grid and
calcium in the negative grid.
Low Antimony Battery - The grids in this battery are made up of a lead alloy. This lead alloy contains no
less than 1.5 percent antimony and no more than 3 percent antimony.
Maintenance Free Battery - This battery does not require a periodic check. A maintenance free battery is
normally sealed in order to prevent access to the electrolyte. However, some Maintenance Free Batteries are
accessible.
Maintenance Possible Battery - This battery is maintenance free and accessible. Calcium is used on both the
negative grids and the positive grids. The removable caps allow you to check the water levels and the specific
gravity.
Negative - This negative magnetic field has a polarity which is opposite to the polarity of the positive
magnetic field.
Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) - The voltage of a battery when a battery is not delivering electricity or
receiving electricity. The voltage of a fully charged battery cell is 2.11 V.
Parallel Circuit - A circuit which provides more than one path for current flow
Página 21 de 22
When two or more batteries are connected in a parallel circuit, the following situations may occur:
• The sum of each battery's capacity is the CCA and the RC of the system.
Positive - This positive magnetic field has a polarity which is opposite to the polarity of the negative
magnetic field.
Reserve Capacity (RC) - The ability of a battery to sustain a minimum electrical load during a charging
system failure.
This minimum load in severe conditions requires current for the following accessories:
• Ignition
• Windshield wipers
Reserve Capacity Rating - The amount of time that is required for a battery to deliver 25 A at a temperature
of 26.7 °C (80 °F). This rating is important in case the alternator or the generator fails. The Reserve Capacity
Rating is the duration of battery power for essential accessories.
Resistance - The opposition to the free flow of current in a circuit. The resistance is measured in Ohms.
Series Circuit - A circuit which has only one path for current flow
Batteries that are arranged in series are connected with the NEG post of the first battery to the POS post of the
second battery.
When two 12 V batteries are connected in series the circuit voltage will be equal to the sum (total) of the two
battery voltages (24 V).
Short Circuit - An unwanted path for electricity. An internal short circuit causes a reduction of voltage in the
cell and specific gravity in the shorted cell.
Specific Gravity is determined by using a hydrometer to compare the weight of the electrolyte to an equal
amount of pure water, which has a specific gravity value of 1.0.
A specific gravity value of 1.265 ± 0.005 is used to activate a Caterpillar battery in a normal environment. In
humid areas, a specific gravity value of 1.225 ± 0.005 is used.
State of Charge - The amount of electrical energy that is stored in a battery. The state of charge is expressed
as a percentage of the energy in comparison to a fully charged battery.
The stabilized open circuit voltage determines the state of charge. The stabilized open circuit voltage is
measured after the surface charge has been removed.
Surface Charge - A false voltage reading on the battery plates. The surface charge on a battery happens
during the charging cycle.
Página 22 de 22
The surface charge must be removed before the open circuit voltage (state of charge) can be determined.
Wet Charged Battery - This type of battery is already filled with electrolyte and fully charged. Wet charged
batteries are ready to use.
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