Reservoir rock petro physics

1- Porosity :
The porosity of a reservoir rock is defined as a measure of
the pore space available for the storage of fluids in Rock , it
is the ratio of void volume to total rock volume:

Porosity is calculated using the following equation

Porosity is also classified in terms of the origin of the pore
space:
primary porosity was present at the time of deposition and is an
original sedimentary feature.
Secondary porosity: is void space created after deposition.
This can be caused by fracturing (especially in carbonates) and
recrystallization .

Absolute porosity
The absolute porosity is defined as the ratio of the total pore space in the rock to
that of the bulk volume
Effective porosity
The effective porosity is the percentage of interconnected pore space
with respect to the bulk volume
Example :
 2- PERMEABILITY
The ability of the reservoir rock to allow petroleum fluids to flow
through its interconnected pores.
The rock permeability, k, is a very important rock property because it
controls the directional movement and the flow rate of the reservoir
fluids in the formation.

Petroleum reservoirs can have primary permeability( the matrix

permeability) and secondary permeability.
Primary permeability originated at the time of deposition and
lithification of sedimentary rocks.
Secondary permeability resulted from the alteration of the rock matrix
by compaction, fracturing, and solution.
Calculation of permeability

From Henry Darcy a fluid flow equation can be calculate the permeability

For compressible fluids (gas) k is obtained from:

where μg is the gas viscosity in cP

PERMEABILITY-POROSITY RELATIONSHIP

the relationship between permeability and porosity is qualitative and is

not directly or indirectly quantitative in any way. It is possible to have
very high porosity without having any permeability at all, as in the case
of pumice stone (where the effective porosity is nearly 0), clays, and
shales. The reverse of high permeability with a low porosity might also
be true, such as in micro-fractured carbonates.

KOZENY CORRELATION

Kozeny derived one of the most fundamental and popular correlations

expressing permeability as a function of porosity and specific surface
area.

Consider a porous rock sample of cross-sectional area A and length L as

being made up of a number, n, of straight capillary tubes.

If the capillary tubes are all of the same radius r (cm) and length
L (cm) of a number, n, of straight capillary tubes in parallel. The flow
rate q (cm3/s) through this bundle of tubes, according to Poiseuille’s
equation, is:
Darcy’s law can also approximate the flow of fluids through these n
capillaries:

From equation ( 1) and (2) and solving for K gives

By definition, porosity is

Substituting equation (5) with (3) , obtains a simpler relationship

between permeability and porosity for pores of the same size and radii
equal to r:
 3- Fluid saturation
Saturation is the measure of the fluid volume present in the pore volume of a
porous medium. The saturation of a fluid is the ratio of the fluid volume to the
pore volume of the rock.
Gas saturation is the fraction of pore space occupied by the gas phase.
typical values of oil saturation range between 65% and 85%.
Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation

The saturation of each individual phase ranges between zero to 100

percent. By definition, the sum of the saturations is 100%, therefore

Calculation initial oil-in-place (N, in bbl)

One of the simplest methods of calculating reservoir oil content is called the
volumetric method. The mathematical expression for the initial oil-in-place (N, in
bbl) by this method is:
Equation gives the volume of oil contained in the porous rock at reservoir
conditions of pressureand temperature.

the surface or “stock tank” oil as finally sold by the producer is different
from the liquid volume that existed underground. The difference is due to the
changes in the oil properties as the pressure is decreased from high underground
pressure and temperature to surface pressure and temperature. This reduction in p
and T causes some of the volatile components to come out of solution (evaporate),
causing the liquid volume to shrink. This reduction in volume is expressed by the
oil formation volume factor, Boi. Thus, the stock tank oil initially in place is:

Boi = initial oil formation volume factor .in barrels per stock tank barrel or
bbl/STB
Siw is the irreducible or connate water saturation
In this equation, Soi is replaced by (1-Siw), where Siw is the irreducible or connate
water saturation.
The initial gas in- place in a volumetric reservoir is given by:

The initial gas deviation (also called compressibility) factor, zi, is calculated at the
initial pressure, pi,

Ex 1

Ex2
Calculate initial gas in place (G).
Average Saturation
The average saturation of each reservoir fluid is calculated from the
following equations:

where the subscript i refers to any individual measurement and hi

represents the depth interval to which φi , Soi, Sgi, and Swi apply.
Example :
Calculate average oil and connate water saturation from the following
measurements.