University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Cagayan de Oro
C.M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City 9000 Philippines
Tel. No. +63 (88) 856 1738; Telefax +63 (88) 856 4696

Unit 1c
“Common
Sources of
Water Supply”

Ruth
CE 423 – Water Guinita-Cabahug,
Supply Planning andDTEDevelopment
Faculty, SPSEM
Ruth Guinita-Cabahug, DTE
May 9, 2008
Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
 Questions
1) In which three forms can water be found on
Earth?
Answer:
Water can be found in: (1) liquid form in oceans, rivers, lakes and
rain; (2) in solid form in ice and snow; and (3) as a gas (water
vapor) in the atmosphere

2) Why is water described as a renewable

resource?
Answer:
▪ Because the processes of the water cycle are constantly
renewing the surface water and groundwater.
▪ Precipitation (rainfall) feeds the rivers and streams and infiltrates
into the ground to replace the water that we use.
 Questions
3) What percentages of fresh water are estimated
to be stored in the forms of:
3.1) ice and permanent snow (glaciers)
Answer: About 69%

3.2) groundwater
Answer: About 30%

3.3) as surface and atmospheric water

Answer: only about 4%
 Introduction
▪ Water is a valuable natural resource
that is found in different forms in the
environment.
▪ It is important to understand how water
moves through the environment so that we
can understand how to manage it
successfully.
▪ Fresh water is finite and vulnerable.
Supplying sufficient clean, fresh water is one
of the most vital natural resource issues
facing humanity.
 Introduction
▪ Water shortages are becoming a global
issue, due to an increasing population,
economic growth and climate change.
▪ A lack of clean, fresh water can hinder
the efforts to reduce poverty and
progress national development, resulting
in poor health, low productivity, food
insecurity and restricted economic
development.
Uses andIntroduction
Importance of Water
Categories of Uses of Freshwater
1) Consumptive use – water removed from
available supplies without return to a water
resource system (e.g., water used in
manufacturing, agriculture, and food preparation
that is not returned to a stream, river, or water
treatment plant)
2) Non-consumptive use - can be treated and
returned as surface water.
A great deal of water use is non-consumptive,
which means that the water is returned to the
earth as surface runoff
 The Hydrological or Water Cycle
▪ Water is continually moving around the Earth and
continuously changing its physical form.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al-do-HGuIk
The Hydrological or Water Cycle
The various phenomena that characterize the
water cycle are as follows:
▪ Evaporation
▪ Condensation
▪ Precipitation
▪ Infiltration
▪ Runoff
▪ Evapo-transpiration
▪ Melting
▪ Grounwater Flow
▪ Advection
Distribution of Water Resources

F:\Ruth\RGC Instructional
Videos\CE51-433-Engineering
Hydrology\Lab Exercises\Water
Planet.mp4

F:\Ruth\RGC Instructional Videos\CE51-

433-Engineering Hydrology\Lab
Exercises\How much water is on Earth_ -
Space Place in a Snap.mp4
 Water Sources
1. Surface Water Cagayan de Oro River
1.1) Rivers

▪ Drinking water has to

be handled and
produced more carefully
than irrigation water,
because it can contain
substances that
endanger human health.
▪ River water is a surface water
source and a part of the water cycle.
It can be used for households,
irrigation, processing in industries
or for the production of energy.
 Water Sources
▪ The quality and quantity of the
water carried in the river depends
on various factors. First of all, river
water depends on the watershed.
This means the river water level
changes throughout the year with
the different seasons.
▪ The seasons are closely linked to Upstream
the different climatic regions and of
course the river catchment.
Macajalar Bay
▪ Large catchments influence the
river water level more slowly than
small catchments (FAO 1992).
▪ Steep slopes in the catchment area
mean more surface run-off and thus
more sediments and soil that are
brought into the river.
9
Water Sources

10
 Water Sources

A river is divided into three stages: the upper course, middle course and
lower course. The figure shows the different characteristic for each of these
stages. Source: WORDPRESS (n.y)
 Water Sources
Meandering Anastomosing
Braided River
River River

Channel
Bar

River Shapes : Channel pattern and sand body geometry. Different fluvial styles are
associated with different sand body geometries.
Water Sources

Small dams hold

back river water so
it flows into
irrigation channels.
Dam

13
 Water Sources
1. Surface Water
1.2) Lakes
▪ Lakes, like every surface
water source, are very
important for water supply in
communities, cities, agriculture
and industry. Lake Sebu, South Cotabato
▪ Lakes exist as two types of
surface water sources: as
natural lakes, and as artificial
lakes (also called reservoirs).
▪ Normally, lakes are fed and
drained by river or streams, but
are also supplied by
precipitation run-off.
14
 Water Sources
2. Groundwater
▪ An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock.
▪ Water-bearing rocks are permeable, meaning that liquids and gases
can pass through them.
▪ Groundwater is the
water contained in
aquifers (see figure).
This is replenished
or recharged by
precipitation that
percolates through
the soil to the water
table, and by water
seeping from
streams, as well as
other bodies of
surface water, such
as lakes and
wetlands.
Water Sources

Unconfined
Aquifer or
Water Table
Aquifer

16
 Water Sources
3. Mixed Water Sources
 Water Sources

Well Drilling Videos

▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-KLWEnwiaY
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBOtXD_UQSo
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5w2dgimAxiY&t=1s
(Cebu Hydraulics Aqua Division - Drilling Team in
action)
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLgNCLe66cM
(CEBU HYDRAULICS DEEP WELL PROJECT PART 2)
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2M_13qOhDzY
(Cebu Hydrauliucs Aqua Division Part 3)
 Water Sources
3. Mixed Water Sources or Conjunctive
Use
▪ most commonly referred to as the combined use of
ground and surface water (FOSTER et al. 2010).
▪ the natural hydrologic connection between
groundwater and surface water is used in order to
improve water reliability.
▪ this practice can become particularly important for
mitigating problems related to climate change, such as
(Dudley & Fulton, 2005):
✓ increased drought or overexploitation; and
✓ decreases in groundwater availability
 Water Sources
3. Mixed Water Sources or Conjunctive Use (cont’d)
For optimal conjunctive use, recovery and
recharge of groundwater needs to be
balanced out.
Source: DUDLEY & FULTON (2005)
Basic design principles
Two main usage phases of
conjunctive use are
differentiated:
▪ Recharge: when the water
table is high, the use of
surface water is to be
maximized. The recharge of
groundwater can be enhanced
artificially by surface water
recharge and subsurface
water recharge.
▪ Recovery: During dry
season, water is drawn from
groundwater resources.
 Water Sources
3. Mixed Water Sources or Conjunctive Use (cont’d)
Surface Groundwater Recharge
This method involves surface
spreading of water in basins that
are excavated in the existing
terrain. For effective artificial
recharge, highly permeable soils
are required and maintenance of
the water layer above the soil
surface is necessary. Recharge in
spreading basins is most effective
where there are no impending
layers between the land surface
and the aquifer and where clear
water is available for recharge. In
addition this method tolerates more
turbid water than any well recharge
methods does (O'HARE et al.
Groundwater recharge in spreading basins,
1986).
Arizona. Source: CAP (2002)
 Water Sources
3. Mixed Water Sources or Conjunctive Use (cont’d)
Surface Groundwater Recharge
Shafts can have circular,
rectangular, or square cross
sections and may be
backfilled with porous
material enhancing the
percolation process and
preventing the stagnation of
the water (which can lead to
insect breeding). The shaft
may end above the water
table or reach below the
water table and serve as
hydraulic connector
Groundwater recharge in trenches. Source: BATES (O'HARE et al. 1986).
(2004)
 Water Sources
3. Mixed Water Sources or Conjunctive Use (cont’d)
Sub-surface Groundwater Recharge

Artificial recharge via an injection pipe.

Source: USGS (2011)
 Water Sources
4. Rainwater
Rainwater is also an important source of water, although on a
relatively small scale. Collecting rain from roofs or other hard-
surfaced areas and storing it until it is needed can provide a valuable
source of water for many purposes.
 Water Source Selection
▪ The quantity, quality, and reliability of available
water are three main factors that need to be
considered when evaluating water sources. Socio-
cultural and technical issues may also be important.
This section provides an overview of some of these
different factors.
Water quantity
▪ If you are selecting a new source of water for a community
you would need to be sure that the volume of water that
could be supplied would be sufficient to meet the
community’s needs, both now and in the future.
▪ It would also be important to consider the reliability of the
source over time.
 Water Source Selection
Water quality
▪ The quality of water required depends on what it will be
used for.
✓ Drinking water must be clean and safe to drink and
protected from any contamination by pathogens or
other pollutants. The primary concern must be to
prevent the transmission of waterborne diseases.

✓ For other water uses such as for domestic washing or

for agricultural or industrial uses, the quality is less
critical.
 Water Source Selection
Water quality
▪ Turbidity (the cloudiness of
water) is a measure of water
clarity. Turbidity is considered a
useful approximate measure of
water quality because
pollutants and micro-organisms
can be carried on the surface of
suspended solids.
▪ The more turbid or cloudy the
water is, the more suspended
▪ In general, surface water sources are likely to particles there are in it, and the
contain many different materials and potential more polluted the water is likely
pollutants. These include micro-organisms,
to be. However, clear water is
some of which may be pathogens, and small
solid particles referred to as suspended not necessarily clean,
particulates or suspended solids. These because some contaminants
make the water turbid (see figure). may not be visible.
 Water Source Selection
Socio-cultural considerations
▪ Socio-cultural considerations may be important for
water source development.
✓ Before a new water source is developed, a thorough
assessment of the needs and wishes of the
community should be undertaken

✓ It is particularly important that women participate in the

process

✓ If the community’s opinions are not taken into

account, the water supply system is likely to be under-
used and may easily fall into disrepair, causing people to
revert to their old water sources which may be more
polluted.
 Water Source Selection
Technical requirements
▪ The development of the source must be technically
feasible and the operation and maintenance requirements
for the source abstraction and supply system must be
appropriate to the resources available.
✓ Supply systems are likely to be misused if they cannot
be operated and maintained either by community
members or by organizations and institutions within
the area.
✓ People who have responsibility for the maintenance of
water sources or distribution points should be
properly trained and rewarded for their
contribution, to ensure sustainability.