Ad Pavtal Differenhal Equs a involving one or more parhial cleuiahs on (umkinown) hnetion of Ano or more urd faviables vs Called a parked otifheuntial equa hon The oveler The est ovolet cletivahive Called Orel vation oe “a qt, Case of on oven ary 2 io on we Sau That & por ao equatren' és ‘pit o oF The ont gem The oteponclent Jaote (Ta unknown Fre) armel id pana an Some Jon portent partiod clifferen hi Egan's 4 Second ordy ae! ; ; ave £9 | ) gu rrtdu one-climensional wave 7 2 ow ? ba ) Jer io dimensional Laplace % 24 4du a wn Bi f 4) Fue 4 u foy Two- dimensional faissen £9" guru =-+% 2 ye | 5) = fp ot sree chemenssenal 071 Ou -c( dH +24 at” ax™ Dye | p ‘ Dhree- Himevsroved Laplace &yn 6) dey de td Lo Out 24° ae Here °0? & @ Constenl , t is time , Cartesian Cou nales ancl olrmensiow (3 Tht no: 4 Mase Courdinalts in The eguahion s £9040 (uit F Coy) +0) B men: homoganes Wh ok ate hennegeneons HY) Z AE awd Scanned with CamScannerSolubon a pte m Some region R she atepoaeé Variables os nF i achort hes Ms all Ue pathol cles’vahves abfesring om Ihe Cahoon i Some clomatn containtt de and satapi es Tht egvahon erety w hate in RY often one mere Teguivs Wot The Benchon & Conbruous .on The bouncling <£R, Aas Thewse clevahves im Thx interior af R, and Salofpie Te eguahon in The anterior of &) In generl , The Totaly of Solubions of a pte Ss Veg large - Fer exernple, Te Burchons, Us xy, Us eXa5Y » Us An (ef) mm encl olber, ate Which ave enbirely oUYy. recent “ later That The Unique Solubous 4 (3). we Shall See Setrbion 4 de Cortespenching fo a given he : m uslt be oblainesl by use qd addi fond concki'hons ams from The problem » pv Unstance ° te Cendibion Tre Solubon ‘uw assume Ginn Values on Be bovnel of Be region Conn (bowrdey Comcihion) or” ohen time t’ iz one of Vora bles, MhedU( wr ly = Ay, both) are presen bed at t=e (inital Concliions) clamertal ‘threnrem ( Superposthon ex ineanity Pivabl) vs uperposs! pies as Hy WL, amd Uy ave am Solubons of a (near ecco danuaia equahon m Some region R, then Ua Cut uy With ea Constont Cane & also a Solubion - Scanned with CamScanner, Whe}, : i We Consicet The case of two cinclepenclent Vanieble] at “ustly assume them ts be x anal ¢ emel: ome 7 ‘ts be the clepenclinl Variable. 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Po = oz ( be _ 3 i PEE a Be rede, ng str ee In case Where are nm Endependerit vavea bles, ae take Geom ta be 2% ,-- Xn ar © in then vegar =f 25 The Pebemoclenit Variables: dh This Case se use Following notations + 5 = iz Sone ves site parkal eAifierem babions are cite alencteal by makny Use ot Suhhines Se rear Uy, =u, Uy du) Uy a Pe, yy =I yy De a Som x ae d ay? xx Dut 2 tt oy t dy Pormation ef “Diffeertiel Eqns Fieve we ust Show That row P Gree! og The ediminabon e4 artes brow ~ on brilrerg res Méhhod T: Ry ELiminaling "a »b) =o —W Boney F Cuyee ) Constants - ite Hire 1a? amet ‘Have arbiters C fvgatle be Ye garded an furchen Ww (dle penclew mae ly Garkall H ard DefperenKakn GQ) wrt x and + Parkaly thon be | ; OE 4 pabeo 4% S24q9f 20 —+t ae Ou ot oz EUinimabing two conshwts &? 4'L) from three ta (NK), me Jet Alay, cab) 20 _— i) Which ha Derlil-clifteenbal eqn of Te fs oe Can be- Conslents arvlnitrary Conslente : Scanned with CamScannerExr Pond a pate by eliminakng @ «1b? from ta VW Eqvation Le axtby tareb™ $9) Give Zea axt bya b wu Oz e Q ox | Sea 1 ab. Using Mese ate ‘mw W ,we gt = x2 dz 4 (dz) 4( 22) ze xe 4 lathich Wo The vvequived pre : ta Exi- Porm pre by eliminating an leitrart Cons bem Frw Tre followin velahions + of a Cxty) tb: le oe oe s 82 1a , dea , Eliminaky % ae oN at @ Le axt byt rb $9 d2z2a, &e=-b, var Wese om ane Hn ax 24 ae Se ryde 4(92)( 2). ox U3y* 5) x) L (9 L= axet + (y)vete b = 22 | bet -—® , oz eaxet 4 vet —2 au t Subshmhwy value qf @ ywe gt oe x(G)+ 2) IL Scanned with CamScanner‘od Ze (tea) (gb) - a so ae e 2x Cyt) = (grt lo) = Re A 2 24 (xtta) > Grea) = i Using Mese values mC. _ az. s = 22%. oe = = as yay = fy “4 ) Ext Form pele eliminaling Const A amd P- fm ee hy eg Sa Ze A ef Simp =) % az 2 Apel Cespx: — Ou aon = Apel Sin Px — Diffecnknty (2)« me pactnlly wrix & Ye yet dz = - Ar e * sinpx (4) Te & Je aA eft Gm pr —S) | ce r Acting Ww « (5), Scanned with CamScannerMeThot TL : Be eliminating arbitrary damchon 4 trom the tan (uvso, oo UV ave funds aye Rees ooh. Given day, Bao, B= | a C2 Pawkatlp ret | | Ob / du. De 4 Bu u.d2\,I9¢ [dv In 4 YH) Du (Be oe “39 ee vet x oy a8 4 Bb (a+ pee) + ae ae +p Qu) = iia arlene) Similarly, ifr bog Ww fey ma we gal sel Gna) (98) —° av “eniiy wa Ths (3 se av ove have Ae ae x) w (Bry yee pds) (Sree “4 Pp + Sa, = R. | kthere P= Ou .dy du .dv . Qedu.dy dud i a) Dx oe De: a= Se du ov 7 ot ay ae A Scanned with CamScannera Porm The poe by eliminating the funchon £ from - elation a = gH ab (1 lost) " $9 Diet Z “parhally wrt xa y - / ab P= ee 0 + 2f'( tay) (Me) * 3,4 Gilay) uh > -pt- 24a ay) —o ?, & a = a = 2y 4 (294) y- | > ayy Cat) Feom UW &€Q - — . “pe = vert | an EAE toy samo Be ba oe Ex. Pree pare by “elivninabing ne drom De Fe Y ya ott) -0 So oe . Sod) + g(x) 3 2-4 Cc ) $ de if! (id -t q (xt) yen Cf Cast) +9 “(x-tt) De 22 2 -f 7 nading O#@: wwe 3° gods 20 ar Dt } rit) gi) —@ Scanned with CamScannerEx Dom a ped: elemtnablng te arbitrary fue? | hee The oe ee i eft) +f i SO Given -xeuez 2 J(eteyt) +0 “Di © Parkally meat curt, +p =f (dey) (ax4+22p) —@ K lta = f'Ctepee’) (oy +224) 5 Elinninaing $/Coag2), from (2) 8 (3), we qt Cee) (ye eqy = Cieq)(xeep) A Elimmate {and F from Ys f(xnat) + F(xtat) " 4 JS (aieat) + F(atat) —W - y " tj { ao at) 4P Cxeat)] 2k» Sleaat) + Pleotat) 5 Fe of Gra) 7 Btse 24 = § (a-ak) (a) + Fl (xtat) (a) - ot se Jt = Geet) (-a) + eC’ (xtat) (a)" at ay 2a [5 “Cn —at ) +F en sat)| —2) , at 7 a Del) 2 ay -a@ a att oz Ex:- Eleminate avloitrery Aunckon f from Ze: f (arg) | Sf 2s Aly) toa a | azz ax f(s) 5 3 5 -ay f (2 9) 7b timimaliny Ae PY, gS 2 4x de so te De 4 4 ™ oe ay tm Scanned with CamScannerLineay Pax hal Differential Feyvalions of The fiysk Ordev: A ote : t al detivah ves Pan ae bavelutn “g bis order parh' ‘ va! P & Called a pce ie bop an both cee in tte fir i t Segre EP ave molt anulliplieel To Phen t is oad a Uneay pate of the frat order: Lageangé’s LinEaR Equation: Var a The Pde of Wt form Por Qa, = R, where PAAR we Ponchons 4 %4,Z is The Ltemderd font t mer pce of the Ia erder and is cated grease s Une Equa fon. p f _o Now Lagrange’s linesy equation pr 2 R hon % obtained 4 cleominaod an an bilrard frnets ¢ frm o(yv) 20 Lae ny ee Some Stefi nile fnes of yh? Diffiten bia bing (2 phot wrt Way 26 (du ge +o =0 so (e 2 £0) +8 ab (% 5 P) 8 24 / du oe Qe 4 dv =o") a (HEY * 28 (8 xy) Cimertap =< A ag , we we Qu (ze a wv.) ae) 7 51) (3 124) (%+%e) ) (Se +Sep)=0 oy/2u.dy -du u\p (% Ov du J | (a a2 ay JP 32 Jn oe AD a = uh Ju. av “Dx OY og spe Scanned with CamScannerWhich nv Same 24 (I) uit Pz Qu.dv _ Qu. dv .@-9u dv Du dv Of oe 8 By OEE Re Qu. 2 _ Qu.dy . dx Jy 84 a 4 To determine U,V from B&R, Supp U= 2 Rest V= 6b , Whee a,b ave Constr 4o (ut! © a < Hx + Se dy+ Oe dz = duce oi ' ov. dx + ava + Ov -dz-dvca ie ax Dy 4 De Dane: Poy Cres Muth phlea ions we | ax: 7 ay 7 dz O4.0v du.dy dudv gu dy BA -e he Bp De Be ty Be de Se OE OE a. An = ay = a —®) golukon-s Ce valtows ave Usa avob oluken Shoe cleformining UsVv frow Te Sronllansous 27% (3) we Aare tie Sotn ef poe Pp+Qa=R a3 Hluvjeo ov Uefty) 4VeF(y) ‘ , Note: W503) ave Called Lagvange's auxiliary £5y'5 - “at Subsicliary equations ° WORKING, METHED; Te Solve Pp+Qy=F . Car Bom Tiling ea TL Solve Aurillin Lexa b: melied of grPing eta | enlides 1 oth ty eb feo By Ula Veb » Whew a,b ave ality Contr - So Usfiy) vw ve flu bCuyeo b Te Gererd Sot, ' a Ble Se _, Scanned with CamScanner ea or Tt| Problems on Po+Gy= Ri : 7 ante at Typed + [Based on Rulet Lev Solving Ax/P = a7? i} : a 4 oe 3 absent | Suppose that ove tha Variables is xdxnezde =0 > xo772 Cc). Talking Second neha Ay=o > Ya - 4 Dre Qrenerl CR. + (2424 y) <0 Scanned with CamScannerPek [Reced om Rule fr Solving d2/p = a/g -le/e =o] “pbese one integral AO W Known by using raleL be Bubp also: tal another imbeqral Comnot be - ived. by Using vule L- te ; Them one tnegral Ixnowoy hg US % used to ind amothey integral as Shown - The following Solved Gxembles~ rote latinsecond: Swtegral , TES Constemt of Cntegrabion ef tie Furst Umbesval Shout be removed lakuren - Ex. Solve pt dq= Sz+ fen(q-3%) . SO SS ASE awe: dx = ty = dz — \ > Sze Tang dx) eg fist dun frre chiors - bdx -Ayso Be-7 = 4 Talaing frist oe last frachen- ete elaz l SZ ttany ZF x- 4 log (s2tlang) = > Sx -log (Sa Hang) =o > Sx clog ($2 + fon (33-9) =O: Whe Cremeval Yn on 4( 34) See log (Sz +Hon(sx-y))) 9 7 °Dh pf Scanned with CamScannerEx! Solve z (2x4) (px-vg) exit SQ xz (2+ x4)P 42 (224g) Y=% Hs A- eqns are rs de xz (wx4) —y2 (244) x Taking first ya prac Kors ae = =A ~ de td oo = loge + logy . Talein ol = xY4<0,. | fist «thal Frachion -¥% (24) 4 ede = - 2(zeqdz 2 vez! UG =O, “7 “a we 5 4 =) byY¥erterG = Oo 4 fhe General Sinn -( «qo xz 422°) 20 (xg, xlez"+22'" 7) 20° ) Scanned with CamScannerSolve mepayty =x SJ Ds Nee are’ ce ‘ ate = ae | Tang pale ha fale oe = = log x-legy='eq5 => H Hp Be Cy “Taxing Seamd # Third Frnchn ere 7 2 a4 oy = tde ci at Z = cg - -= =G > wy ae a AE La soe + (4 aye) =O, + i Ext Solve Ppry= wee at a de ad = 50s Megis au TEOTE™ Seen - es ty => -rdx-ay=0 9 -2x-4= q =) ytex = gq. - & an = dz => B2x2Siney Dee aa ( 3,2 Sing > x Sing ee ‘a> 4? Smn(ysr) - 2 = S.- mB Wwe enor) She 4g 7% So (ye22) ) = © | ‘ Scanned with CamScannerType (Based on Rule M dv Solving eo/pqel¥g edyp)ey Let P, 6,4 R, be fues of %442- Shen bt a well known princi ple algebra, each Srvackon & (yy utlt Pere are Hy PP+6,a+kR zo, then We to Tl Teleco ‘ + DhIS ives 1 ' 2 oy 2 ols Zev ive Uy (ay2) =o : to Which Con he iotegie pentbel + ak anole’ DiS meMed way be . integral Usluipa een © F818 ave Called mies poe Spectal Case , thete Om be Consten' E- Solve § 2 (ea). = {a xy 40 Gr Salve [an fyap + fecapexp = {ESTY — Lagrarg?’s Subs di ary saqus ote adx _ bd = cae — Cbo-< de (c-a) 2% Cobyxq Choosing ork ab wmullipliers » eaek-Prackonsh) analy + by ty+ c2dz. = axdx ahydy ecede nage [coerced +-h)] 2 4crzdzco axrby ttt = cy ax, bycz 9% mulkpliers 5 each Fred = atudxebiydys ede Q a azdk+ bye = Dntegrnkry in Choosin 4 oO = cPuole + yd ected nye Lalb-+ b(ea)+e(4-)] x aude + bry dy Code so => ara + bry ecrte q — c (pe, The vegal gereral Boluhon 4 ven by 4 (ax byrer arb’ ec") =o whe db bh om arbibeny foal —\) Scanned with CamScannerSolve Comey) p+ (ne-tedey = hyomre Sa: $9 The, Legrmges onu aillror ee mame =r ° wn a Choosing 2,42 ag mulhpliers » each free hen gw = xdriydy+zdz a #AX aypelytede % (manga g mx-te)e2llyem) }- 5 Rcerydyrede <0 a saya. ae mI, Cheoving Lpmin as remllthlters, gach frachion- EM 2 Ramdyende cg Adxamdy ante. A (Gear m ype (oe ate}eH( Ayre) 7 _ \dermdyendeo > darmy nz C5 —@ Prom Gra @ , the veqd Salm Hm qwen by Pete, Lavmyrnr)zo, + being am anrbtany fc | Ex Solve xCyzr)p -y(zatyy = 2 (rry') FSO Dhe lagrenge’s Swriidlany Ignd oe” a ax 2 a = _dz —@ SR ye) Gey) | ‘ Wye as multiplies, ¢ ach Prachion ef S xdx+ydy4zdz - xelx ty dytede V2) Pee) C 2 xx 42Azz0 => wayrevs > Choosing tyr Vy ste 5 mulhplrrs » each frochion df C1) ew (i dx-al4y = Ye de toty “ede = peg o G egtevex*- ued 2 Weck tdeco > hg (%)-bye > Bere - fe reg gemural ost. 2 DWnG. ne : pia 22, We =O, ?- bering an arb ean fe « al rit 3 Scanned with CamScannerSolve (yz) p= 4xt4z)¢ : zee) Dhe Laqromges . Subsiclion Bans ann’ Pa t : af ( «pte) Yate) -z (zy?) : Choown Vx Yes ue Ab mH H plierS , each frost 6) Vou a+ Yo det Yade =%, dx Vy dy, de Y4tz =x™-2 aehy” = > dat Yay dzso” =? —toy Gry2) = bog G => 26S e Cheost w%4,—-l as vmaulk pliers, each frackor PhO = Xelxtydy te. exdxaydy-de x Cpae) -y(ote) -2 Oy) a 72 Vagroze gy —G- IY —@ Scanned with CamScannerTAPED Based om Rus B Por Salving Mpa Aas 47e) —O Let FQ, 4 R, be fnes Fp M442 Men roa SX Welt known “principle of algebra, each frach GO = Rav re dyrRide » PP +o@a,t+ RR, The nuwmervatey e| Wh exack Aifferenlial te nt Aemomtnettin of (+ Dhan (2) Cam the. Combiad uy ua Sita ble drachon w (Ct) to qe an intes ral - OMEVER > WA Bome problems i andthe Sef of om liars: AD a 2R, ave 40 Chosen Rat MWe fyeactren Pode Sida Bde —~ PLP +@0+R2 ; Vol Uy Such thek Un numeratey hn exact clanorminaliy Paachons (2) 4 (3) oe Caminnead +o Se oem tigen din SS be vepeatid te! ome te get omelet Tala Ex Solve (i+y)P + Cray =e ‘ SO Phe Lagrange’ aualliery Lays ave * eee 0 : ad (ae re 1, we ave « Taeing Tr twist io frachons AW, 2 y= ce, —© Gadde - og (. wt). by ao C- B- OK Gun Sd, tLietok, (re Jao, $, bey ao golly Scanned with CamScannerEX! Solve pry = xt 4Y tz SQ he Lagranges AEqrs ave: | dz. dy | ae | ie eH “Taksing Te first two frackon + to, we gt ay -dyso 3 X-YEG —b a ( as anulhiphers , cack Prachion acy CS hessing bb = Axrdyrd2 - Averett yy Late Qorry tz) Dex te Combining “the fiest frackon of (OD veilh Arackion (a,meqt AC rexxye2) aah LEXKEY AT : => log (atzayt*) = x tlog- Oo. - tog (aeasstez ) ct a 2xxty a= a om zt -, —@ > a rsetyS ; 7 Pom = W, Aha sveguaed qeveral PAS. - Ley S (eweys)| =6, & being a arrhihena toe é : —O Scanned with CamScanner