Meaning - Summary

Example
...that's the woman that cuts my hair.
She's the hairdresser who did my sister's hair...
'Glossy Bobs' is where I usually get my hair done.
Can you put the books that are on the table back on the bookshelf?
No, the one (picture) that is on the table.
I used the one (camera) which I got for my birthday.

Defining relative clauses | Meaning and use  

We can use relative clauses to provide extra information about a noun. Defining relative clauses
help us show which specific thing (of many possibilities) we are talking about.
Look at the examples above. These relative clauses tell us:  
Which specific woman is being spoken about. (Jack's hairdresser)
Which particular books Nadia is talking about. (the ones on the table)  
Which particular picture Nadia wants Jack to put on the wall. (the one on the table)  
Which camera Nadia used (her nice new one, not the old one on her phone)

Relative pronouns | Meaning and use

When using relative clauses we can use relative pronouns to refer to the noun (from earlier in the
sentence).  The pronoun can help us understand what the noun describes and how it is used in
the sentence. 
Some relative pronouns describe either the subject, or object. 
Some relative pronouns only describe the object of a sentence.
Some relative pronouns only describe possessives.
Which relative pronoun should I use?
What is described Relative pronoun Example
who
People that That's the person who/that/whom I was telling you about.
whom
which
Object That's the camera which/that I bought her for her birthday.
that
Sam lives next to someone whose dog is very loud!
Possessive (object or person) whose
The car whose alarm keeps going off is really annoying! 
where
Place That's the place where we got married.

Reason why The reason why I moved here isn't important.

Time when That's the time when I usually go to work.
Tips and Tricks
Use "that" when speaking
When talking about people and objects it is possible to use "that" instead of other relative
pronouns.  This is very common in spoken English.  This is also easier to remember, so doing
this can help your spoken fluency.
We only use "whom" in formal writing.  Otherwise we use "who" or "that".