UNIT-1

1.) Explain any 5 important features of operating system.

a) They have a work management
An important responsibility of any operational program is to plan the tasks to be handled by the
computer system.
This is one of the main tasks of the job management function. The operating system creates the order in
which programs are processed, and defines the sequence in which particular jobs will be executed.
The term 'in queue' is often used to describe the series of jobs awaiting execution. The operating
system compares a variety of factors to create this job queue.
Some of these factors include:

 Some jobs that are currently being processed.

 The system resources being used.
 What resources will need to be used by the following programs.
 Priority of work compared to other tasks.
 Any other special requirements to which the system must respond.

The operational program should be able to review these factors and control the order in which
these jobs are processed.
b) They have a management of resources
The management of resources in a computer system is another major concern of the operating
system. Obviously, a program cannot use a device if that hardware is not available.
The operating software monitors the execution of all programs. It also monitors all types of devices
being used.
To accomplish this, it establishes a table in which the programs are combined with the devices
they are using or will use in the future.
The operating system reviews this table to approve or deny the use of a specific device.
c) They have an input / output operations control
The distribution of the resources of a system is closely related to the operation of the control of input /
output control of a software.
As access to a particular device is often necessary before input / output operations can begin, the
operating system must coordinate input / output operations and the devices on which they operate.
In effect, it establishes a dictionary of programs that go through the execution and the devices that must be used
to complete the operations input / output. Using control reports, jobs may require specific devices.
This allows users to read information from specific sites or print information in selected offices. Taking
advantage of this facility, information read from a location can be distributed throughout the computer system.
To facilitate the execution of input / output operations, most operating systems have a standard set of control
instructions to handle the processing of all input / output instructions.
These standard instructions, referred to as the input / output control system, are an integral part of most
operating systems.
 They only simplify the means for all programs being processed to perform input / output operations.
In effect, the running program executes signals to the operating system that an input / output operation is
desired, using a specific input / output device.
The software in control calls the IOCS software so that it can complete the input / output operation.
Considering the level of input / output activity, in most programs the IOCS instructions are extremely vital.
d) Are multi-tasking systems
Most modern operating systems allow multiple tasks to be performed.
For example, a computer can simultaneously run a user program, read information from a disk, or display the
results on a printer. It talks about multitasking or multi-programmed operating systems.
e) Meet the process of memory space
On many operating systems, each process has its own memory space. This means that this memory is not
available to other processes. In this case, the space direction of the process is spoken.

2.) Differentiate internal and external DOS command.

INTERNAL DOS COMMANDS EXTERNAL DOS COMMANDS

These are those commands which are contained in 1. These are those commands which are not in-built in
command.com files of MS-DOS. MS-DOS.

1. These are those functions that are built into the 1. External commands are those which are not included
command interpreter. in the interpreter.

There is no need of any external file in computer to 1. There is a need of an internal file in the computer to
read internal MS-DOS read external MS-DOS command.
command.

1. Internal commands do not vary from system to 1. External command may vary from system to system.
system. This means any two computers with same version of
MS-DOS may have same internal commands, but
may have different external commands.

1. These are ver, time, del, md, cd, copy con, cls, date, 1. These are tree, xcopy, diskcopy, more, print etc.
vol, ren, copy etc.

3.) Write short notes on the following.

a) Booting process:- Booting process is to boot a computer is to load an o.s. into a computer
main memory or RAM once the o.s. is loaded, it is ready for user to run application. Reboot
means to reload a o.s. on larger computer such as main frames, the equivalent term for
boot is “initial program load”(IPL) and for reboot is re-IPL. Booting an o.s. is different
from installing it, which is generally an initial one time activity. At the end of installation
your o.s. is on your hard disc ready to be booted into RAM. When we start our Computer
then there is an operation which is performed automatically by the Computer which is also
called as Booting. In the Booting, System will check all the hardware’s and Software’s those
are installed or Attached with the System and this will also load all the Files those are needed
 for running a system. In the Booting Process all the Files those are Stored into the ROM Chip
will also be Loaded for Running the System. In the Booting Process the System will read all
the information from the Files those are Stored into the ROM Chip and the ROM chip will
read all the instructions those are Stored into these Files. After the Booting of the System this
will automatically display all the information on the System. The Instructions those are
necessary to Start the System will be read at the Time of Booting.

b) Text editor

A text editor is a type of program used for editing plain text files. Such programs are
sometimes known as "notepad" software, following the Microsoft Notepad.
Text editors are provided with operating systems and software development packages, and
can be used to change configuration files, documentation files and programming
language source code. A text editor is a computer program that lets a user enter, change,
store, and usually print text. Typically, a text editor provides an "empty" display screen (or
"scrollable page") with a fixed-line length and visible line numbers. You can then fill the
lines in with text, line by line. A special command line lets you move to a new page, scroll
forward or backward, make global changes in the document, save the document, and perform
other actions. After saving a document, you can then print it or display it. Before printing or
displaying it, you may be able to format it for some specific output device or class of output
device. Text editors can be used to enter program language source statements or to create
documents such as technical manuals.
c) Window explorer
File Explorer, previously known as Windows Explorer, is a file manager application that is
included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows
95 onwards. It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file systems. It is also the
component of the operating system that presents many user interface items on
 the monitor such as the taskbar and desktop. Controlling the computer is possible without
Windows Explorer running .

d) Kernel and cell

The kernel is the essential center of a computer operating system, the core that provides basic
services for all other parts of the operating system. A synonym is nucleus. A kernel can be
contrasted with a shell, the outermost part of an operating system that interacts with user
commands. Kernel and shell are terms used more frequently in Unix operating systems than
in IBM mainframe or Microsoft Windows systems.

4.) Write short notes on the following.

A. Disk Defragmentation: with the continued use of computer the files use again and again
becomes fragmented as these are written and re-written on a very fast revolving hard disk.
Due to fragmentation of files, the seek times of the hardware increases and its efficiency
comes down.
Defragmentation of files restoring the efficiency of hard disk.

B. System tray in task bar: The system tray (or "systray") is a section of the taskbars in the
Microsoft Windowsdesktop user interface that is used to display the clock and the icons of
certain programs so that a user is continually reminded that they are there and can easily click
one of them. The system tray is a section located at the one end of the taskbar in Windows
95, 98, and NT. To interact with a program in the system tray, you select an icon with
your mouse and double-click or right-click the icon. When you minimize the program after
using it, it shrinks back into the system tray instead of into the main part of the taskbar

C. FAT: A file allocation table (FAT) is a file system developed for hard drives that originally
used 12 or 16 bits for each cluster entry into the file allocation table. It is used by the
operating system (OS) to manage files on hard drives and other computer systems. It is often
also found on in flash memory, digital cameras and portable devices. It is used to store file
information and extend the life of a hard drive. Most hard drives require a process known as
seeking; this is the actual physical searching and positioning of the read/write head of the
drive. The FAT file system was designed to reduce the amount of seeking and thus minimize
the wear and tear on the hard disc.

5.) Why we say that operating system works as a resource manager, explain it detail.

Modern computers consist of processors, memories, timers, disks, mice, network interfaces, printers, and a wide
variety of other devices. In the alternative view, the job of the operating system is to provide for an orderly and
controlled allocation of the processors, memories, and input/output devices among the various programs
competing for them.
When a computer (or network) has multiple users, the need for managing and protecting the memory,
input/output devices, and other resources is even greater, since the users might otherwise interface with one
another. In addition, users often need to share not only hardware, but information (files, databases, etc.) as well.
In short, this view of the operating system holds that its primary task is to keep track of which programs are
using which resources, to grant resource requests, to account for usage, and to mediate conflicting requests from
different programs and users.
Resource management includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two different ways:
1. Time Multiplexing
2. Space Multiplexing

6.) Define batch processing and real time operating system. . Batch processing is the execution of a
series of jobs in a program on a computer without manual intervention (non-interactive). Strictly
speaking, it is a processing mode: the execution of a series of programs each on a set or "batch" of
inputs, rather than a single input (which would instead be a custom job). However, this distinction
has largely been lost, and the series of steps in a batch process are often called a "job" or "batch job".

Batch processing has these benefits:

 It can shift the time of job processing to when the computing resources are less busy.
 It avoids idling the computing resources with minute-by-minute manual intervention and supervision.
 By keeping high overall rate of utilization, it amortizes the computer, especially an expensive one

REAL TIME O.S.: A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to

serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffer delays.
Processing time requirements (including any OS delay) are measured in tenths of seconds or shorter
increments of time.

7.) Explain Del command in DOS.

Del is a command used to delete files from the computer. If you are looking to delete a file,
directory, or folder, the steps vary depending on the method you'd like to use, as well as your
operating system. To proceed, choose from the list of options below and follow the instructions.
Windows 2000 and Windows XP

Deletes one file.

DEL [drive:][path]file name
DELETE [drive:][path]file name
[drive:][path]file name Specifies the file to delete.
Delete only operates within the system directories of the current Windows installation, removable
media, the root directory of any hard disk partition, or the local installation sources.
Del and delete do not support replaceable parameters (wild cards).

8.) Explain two features of windows.

Start Menu – The Start Menu provides the primary access point for programs and applications on your
ThinkPad.
Taskbar and Notification Area – The Taskbar contains 3 main components, the Start button, the
Task/Quicklaunch bar and the System Notification Area.
Windows Snipping Tool – Windows 7 includes an application to capture, save and share “snipped” images from
your desktop.
Displaying to a External Monitor or Projector – The ThinkPad is equipped with one or more external display
connectors so that you may connect to an external monitor or the multimedia projector.
Using Local Area Networks (LAN/WiFi) – The ThinkPad is configured to access both wired and wireless
network resources.
Windows Explorer Favorites – File system favorites are quick links to specific directories (folders) located on
your hard drive.
Windows Explorer Libraries – Libraries are an easy way to collect and track documents on your computer that
are related to one another but are not necessarily located in the same directories (folders).

9.) Explain Booting.

10.) Explain Xcopy and Copy command.
The xcopy command is a Command Prompt command used to copy one or more files and/or
folders from one location to another location. The xcopy command, with its many options and
ability to copy entire directories, is similar to, but much more powerful than, the traditional copy
command.
In computing, copy is a command in RT-11, RSX-11, OpenVMS, DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft
Windows operating systems. The command copies computer files from one directory to another.

11.) Explain the following DOS command

A. Format: To format a specified partition on a hard drive (internal or external), flash drive, or floppy disk
to a specified file system. In computing,  format , a command-line utility  carries out disk formatting.
The command performs the following actions by default on a floppy disk, hard disk drive, solid
state (USB), or other magnetic medium (it will not perform these actions on optical media):

1. clearing the FAT entries by changing

2. clearing the FAT root directory by changing any values
3. checking each cluster to see if it is good or bad and marking it as good or bad in the FAT

FORMAT d:

Formats the disk in the specified drive to accept DOS files, analyzing the entire disk for defects.

Initializes the directory and file allocation tables. Can be used to format both diskettes and fixed disk.

a) Chkdsk:
b) RD
c) MD
d) COPY
e) DEL
f) CD
12.) Explain the installation process of window7.
A clean install is intended for users who want to freshly install Windows on their computer (by
deleting all of the data on the hard disk and then installing Windows) or computers that do not have
an operating system yet.
Enter your computer's BIOS. Turn off the computer that you want to install Windows on then turn
it back on. When the BIOS screen appears or you are prompted to do so,
press  Del ,  Esc ,  F2 ,  F10 , or  F9  (depending on your computer’s motherboard) to enter the
system BIOS. The key to enter the BIOS is usually shown on the screen.

2
 Find your BIOS's boot options menu. The boot options menu of your BIOS may vary in location or name
from the illustration, but you may eventually find it if you search around.
 If you can't find the boot options menu, search the name of your BIOS (most likely located in the BIOS menu)
online for help.

Select the CD-ROM drive as the first boot device of your computer.
 Although this method may vary among computers, the boot options menu is typically a menu of movable device
names where you should set your CD-ROM drive as the first boot device. It can also be a list of devices that
you can set the order of their boot on. Consult a manual or the internet for help if you're stuck.

Save the changes of the settings. Press the button indicated on the screen or select the save option
from the BIOS menu to save your configuration.

5
Shut off your computer. Either turn off the computer by choosing the shut-down option in your current
operating system, or hold the power button until the computer powers off.
Power on the PC and the insert the Windows 7 disc into your CD/DVD drive.

7
Start your computer from the disc. After you have placed the disc into the disc drive, start your computer.
When the computer starts, press a key if you are asked if you would like to boot from the disc by pressing any
key. After you choose to start from the disc, Windows Setup will begin loading.
 If you are not asked to boot from the disc, you may have done something wrong. Retry the previous steps to
solve the problem.
 8
 Choose your Windows Setup options. Once Windows Setup loads, you'll be presented with a
window. Select your preferred language, keyboard type, and time/currency format, then click Next.
 9
 Click the Install Now button.
 10

Accept the License Terms. Read over the Microsoft Software License Terms, check I accept the license terms,
and click Next.


11
Select the Custom installation.
12
Decide on which hard drive and partition you want to install Windows on. A hard drive is a physical part of
your computer that stores data, and partitions "divide" hard drives into separate parts.
 If the hard drive has data on it, delete the data off of it, or format it.
 Select the hard drive from the list of hard drives.
 Click Drive options (advanced).
 Click Format from Drive options.
If your computer doesn't have any partitions yet, create one to install Windows on it.
 Select the hard drive from the list of hard drives.
 Click Drive options (advanced).
 Select New from Drive options.
 Select the size, and click OK.
13
Install Windows on your preferred hard drive and partition. Once you've decided on where to
install Windows, select it and click Next. Windows will begin installing.

13.) Explain the use of DIR command to display a list of files.

a) One page at a time
b) All files including files in subdirectories
14.) Give any two features of window 7.
15.) Short notes on
a) Booting process
b) System files
c) My computer
d) Task bar
16.) What is full form of FAT?
17.) What is NTFS?
18.) What is File?

A file is a collection of data stored in one unit, identified by a filename. It can be a document, picture, audio or
video stream, data library, application, or other collection of data. The following is a brief description of each
file type.
Documents include text files, such as a Word documents, RTF (Rich Text Format) documents, PDFs, Web
pages, and others. Pictures include JPEGs, GIFs, BMPs, and layered image files, such as Photoshop documents
(PSDs). Audio files include MP3s, AACs, WAVs, AIFs, and several others. Video files can be encoded
in MPEG, MOV, WMV, or DV formats, just to name a few.
A library file is a unit of data that is referenced by a specific program or the operating system itself. These
include plug-ins, components, scripts, and many others. An application is a program, or executable file.
Programs such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and Apple iTunes are both applications, but are also files.
Files can be opened, saved, deleted, and moved to different folders. They can also be transferred across network
connections or downloaded from the Internet. A file's type can be determined by viewing the file's icon or by
reading the file extension. If the file type is associated with a specific application, double-clicking the file will
typically open the file within the program.

19.) What do you mean by folder?

A folder, also called a directory, is a special type of file on your computer's file system which contains other
files and folders. When you are browsing the files on your computer using a File Manager, such as Windows
Explorer, the icon for a folder will typically look similar to the image at the right. A digital folder has the same
purpose as a physical folder – to store documents. Computer folders can also store other types of files, such
as applications, archives, scripts, and libraries. Folders can even store other folders, which may contain
additional files and folders.
Folders are designed for organizing files. For example, you might store your digital photos in a "Pictures"
folder, your audio files in a "Music" folder, and your word processing documents in a "Documents" folder.
In Windows, software programs are installed by default in the "Program Files" folder, while in OS Xthey are
stored in the "Applications" folder.
Folders are also called directories because of the way they organize data within the file system of a storage
device. All folders are subfolders, or subdirectories of the root directory. For example, in Windows, C:\ is the
root directory of the startup disk. The Internet Explorer application is installed in the C:\Program Files\Internet
Explorer directory, which is also the directory path of the Internet Explorer folder.
While folders may contain several gigabytes of data, folders themselves do not take up any disk space. This is
because folders are simply pointers that define the location of files within the file system. You can view how
much data is stored in a folder by right-clicking it and selecting Properties in Windows or Get Info in OS X. To
create a new folder, right-click on the desktop or an open window and select New → Folder (Windows) or New
Folder (OS X).

20.) What is desktop?

A desktop may refer to any of the following:

1. A desktop is a term commonly used to describe a desktop computer or system unit.
2. When referring to an operating system or GUI, the Desktop is a system of organization of icons on a screen.
The Microsoft Windows Desktop was first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and has been included
with every version of Windows since then. 
The desktop is the primary user interface of a computer. When you boot up your computer, the desktop is
displayed once the startup process is complete. It includes the desktop background (or wallpaper) and icons of
files and folders you may have saved to the desktop. In Windows, the desktop includes a task bar, which is
located at the bottom of the screen by default. In Mac OS X, the desktop includes a menu bar at the top of the
screen and the Dock at the bottom.
The desktop is visible on both Windows and Macintosh computers as long as an application or window is not
filling up the entire screen. You can drag items to and from the desktop, just like a folder. Since the desktop is
always present, items on the desktop can be accessed quickly, rather than requiring you to navigate through
several directories. Therefore, it may be helpful to store commonly used files, folders, and application shortcuts
on your desktop.
A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or
table due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has a case that houses the power
supply, motherboard (a printed circuit board with a microprocessor as the central processing
unit (CPU), memory, bus, and other electronic components), disk storage (usually one or more hard disk
drives, optical disc drives, and in early models a floppy disk drive); a keyboard and mousefor input; and
a computer monitor, speakers, and, often, a printer for output. The case may be oriented horizontally or
vertically and placed either underneath, beside, or on top of a desk.

21.) What is icon?

An icon is a small graphical representation of a program or file. When you double-click an icon, the
associated file or program will be opened. For example, if you were to double-click on the My
Computer icon, it would open Windows Explorer. Icons are a component of most GUI operating
systems, including Microsoft Windows and Apple macOS X. Icons help users quickly identify the
type of file represented by the icon. The image to the right is an example of "My Computer" icons in
different versions of Microsoft Windows. In computing, an icon is
a pictogram or ideogram displayed on a computer screen in order to help the user navigate
a computer system or mobile device. The icon itself is a quickly comprehensible symbol of
a software tool, function, or a data file, accessible on the system and is more like a traffic sign than a
 detailed illustration of the actual entity it represents.[1] It can serve as an electronic hyperlink or file
shortcut to access the program or data. The user can activate an icon using a mouse, pointer, finger,
or recently voice commands. Their placement on the screen, also in relation to other icons, may
provide further information to the user about their usage. [2] In activating an icon, the user can move
directly into and out of the identified function without knowing anything further about the location
or requirements of the file or code.
1) In a computer's graphical user interface ( GUI ), an icon (pronounced EYE-kahn ) is an image
that represents an application, a capability, or some other concept or specific entity with meaning
for the user. An icon is usually selectable but can also be a nonselectable image such as a
company's logo.
2) 2) On a Web page, an icon is often a graphical image that represents the topic or information
category of another Web page. Frequently, the icon is a hypertext link to that page. Typically,
icons are gathered in one or two places on a page, either as separate graphic files or as a single 
3) 3) Icon is also a lexical programming language, commonly thought to be an evolution of the
SNOBOL programming language
22.) What is task bar?

A taskbar is an element of a graphical user interface which has various purposes. It typically shows
which programs are currently running.    

In the graphical user interface (GUI) for a computer operating system or application, a taskbar is a visual device
on the desktop that typically shows the user which applications (tasks) are currently active and running. Some
taskbars, such as those in Windows operating systems, also include icons for commonly-used utilities such as
the system clock and antivirus software. In some systems, the user is allowed to modify the contents, location,
or appearance of the taskbar.

Definition - What does Taskbar mean?

The taskbar is a movable, concealable icon bar that is set on the very edge of the graphical user interface (GUI)
desktop and serves as a launching pad for applications as well as a holder for icons indicating running
programs. The taskbar was first introduced by Microsoft in Windows 95 and has since been adopted by other
operating systems.
Although other desktop environments like Linux’s KDE Plasma and GNOME have their own taskbars, the most
popular taskbar is the one in the Microsoft Windows operating systems

23.) What is recycle bin?

the Recycle Binis a location where deleted files or folders are temporarily stored in every version of Microsoft
Windows since Windows 95. The Recycling Bin allows users to recoverfiles that have been deleted in Windows
and can be found on the desktop. The image to the right is an example of what the Recycle Bin may look like in
your version of Windows. When a record is deleted in Insightly, it's moved to the Recycle Bin. If records are
accidentally deleted, and you need to recover, retrieve, or undelete them, you can use the Recycle Bin
to restore those records.
 Items deleted within the last 30 days can be restored or permanently deleted from the Recycle Bin.
 Anything in the Recycle Bin for more than 30 days will be permanently deleted by the system and
cannot be restored.
 Items in the Recycle Bin count toward your record and storage limits.

The Recycle Bin link appears in the right sidebar when viewing a list of records.
The Recycle Bin will display the most recently deleted items at the top of the list and the rest in
descending date order.

The list includes all deleted items, even if they were attached to a "parent record" that was deleted.
To restore an item that was attached to a deleted parent record, you will need to restore the parent
record.

When a record is deleted in Insightly, it's moved to the Recycle Bin. If records are accidentally deleted, and you
need to recover, retrieve, or undelete them, you can use the Recycle Bin to restore those records.
 Items deleted within the last 30 days can be restored or permanently deleted from the Recycle Bin.
 Anything in the Recycle Bin for more than 30 days will be permanently deleted by the system and
cannot be restored.
 Items in the Recycle Bin count toward your record and storage limits.

24.) What do you mean by booting?

25.) What is full form of DOS?
26.) What is operating System?
27.) Name different types of operating system.
28.) Define the directory structure?
29.) Define the booting process?
30.) What do you mean by external command in DOS?
31.) What do you mean by internal commands in DOS?
32.) What is role of windows Accessories?

Windows XP provides several accessories, or applications, that you can use to help you in your work. These
accessories are not full-featured programs, but they are useful for specific jobs in the Windows environment.
Accessories include a calculator, a painting program, a word processor, a text editor, and Internet applications.
(Internet applications are discussed in Part 8, "Connecting to the Internet.")
Tasks
1. Using Calculator
2. Using Command Prompt
3. Using WordPad
4. Typing Text
5. Selecting Text
6. Deleting Text
7. Copying Text
8. Moving Text
9. Formatting Text
 10. Using Notepad
11. Using Paint
12. Drawing a Shape with Paint
13. Adding Text to a Drawing
14. Adding Color to a Drawing
15. Erasing Part of a Drawing

33.) What do you means by sharing information between programs?

If you want to include information contained in a file created in one Office application in
another application, you have two options: copy and paste or OLE (object linking and
embedding). If you don't need the information to update itself in both locations when one
changes, use the Copy (Ctrl+C) and Paste (Ctrl+V) commands. To copy data using linking
and embedding, open the source file that has the data you want to link or embed, such as
an Excel chart. Select the data and click the Edit menu and select Copy.

Next, open the destination file where you want the linked or embedded data to appear and
click Edit, Paste Special. To link the information, click the Paste Link radio button in the
Paste Special dialog box and click a format on the As: box. To embed the data, click the
Paste radio button and select a format from the As list. Click OK to create the linked or
embedded object. You can also create an embedded object from an existing or new file by
choosing Insert, Object. In the Object dialog box choose an object type or indicate a file
name before clicking OK. To modify a link, use the Edit, Links command. To edit an
embedded object, double-click it in the destination file. The source program opens so you
can make your revisions.

When you're finished making changes, click outside the selected object. (Linking
maintains an active pipeline between the source and destination program; embedding
inserts information from one program into another as an object.

34.) What is difference between CUI and GUI

35.) Explain any 5 DOS commands.

1) Cls :- The purpose of this command is to clear the display screen and redisplay the Dos prompt at the top  
left corner of the screen.

Syntax:- C : / > Cls

2) Dir:- It displays the list of directories and files on the screen.

Syntax:- C : / > dir.

     a. C : / > dir/p – It displays the list of directories or files page wise
     b. C: / > dir/w- It displays the list of directories or files width wise
     c. C : / > dir/d: –It display list of directories or files in drive D
     d. C : / > dir filename . extension – It displays the information of specified file.
     e. C : / > dir file name with wild cards.

Wild cards: - It is the set of special characters wild are used with some commonly used DOS commands there
are two types of wild cards.

1. Asterisk (*)
2. Question mark (?)

1. Asterisk:-  (*) The wild word will match all characters. 

1. C : / > dir *.* - will display list of all files and directories. 
2. C : / > dir R*.* - will display all files stored with first character R.

2. Question mark: - This wild card represents a single character that a group or files have in common.

1) C : / > dir  ac .* - will display all files having any first character and remaining name has given in command.

2) C : / > dir ??? R . doc-will display all files having extension doc and having any first three letters and fourth letter is
R.

3) Date: - It displays the current system date. User can also change the current date with new date by using this
command.

Syntax: - C : /> date

Current date is: sat 3-25-2015
Enter of new date (mm-dd-yy):-

4. Time : - It displays the current systems time user can also change existing time with new time by using this
command.

Syntax : - C : / > time

Current time is 12 : 39 - 48 : 36 p
Enter new time : -

5. VER : It displays the version of DOS being used currently.

Syntax : - C : / > Ver

MS – Dos version 6 : 20
Copy card .

6. copycon : - The purpose of this command is to create  a file.

Syntax : - C : / > copy con filename . extension

Saves the contents of file by pressing  ctrl +z key combination at the last time of the file. File name should not be
greater than 11 characters out of which 8 characters are for the name and 3 characters are for the extension.

Extension is optional :
Eg : C : / > copy con ram
I am a good boy
1. File is copied.
C:/>

7. TYPE:- Allows the user to see the contents of a file.

Syntax :- C :/ >Type path

Eg: C:/ > Type D:/> ramu

8. REN : - The purpose of this command is to rename the old file name with new file name.

Syntax : - C : / > ren oldfilename  newfilename

C : / > ren ramu somu

9. DEL:- The purpose of this command is to delete file. The user can also delete multiple files by busing this
command and long with while cards.

Syntax : - C : / > Del file name . extension

                  C : / > Del ramu
                  C : Del x . prg.

10. MD:- The purpose of this command is to create a new directly or sub directly i.e sub ordinate to the
currently logged directly.

Syntax : - C : /> MD directory

C : /> MD sub directory

Ex : C : / > MD college

Now user wants to create a sub directory first year in college directory then
C : / > cd college
C : / > college > Md first year

11. CD : - The purpose of this command is to change from one director to another directory or sub – directory.

Syntax : - C : / > CD directory name

Ex : C: / > cd college

C : / > college > CD first year
C : / > college > first year >
If the user wants to move to the parents directory then use CD command as
C : / > college > first year > cd ….
C : / > college >

12 . RD: - The purpose of this command is to  remove a directory or sub directory. If the user wants to remove a
directory or sub – directory then first delete all the files in the sub – directory and then remove sub directory and
remove  empty main directory.

13. COPY: The purpose of this command is to copy one or more specified files to another disk with same file
name or with different file name.

Syntax : - C : / > copy source path target path

C : / > copy A :/>  *. *  C : /> chinni
                                         
2. External commands: -  This commands are not permanent part of the memory. To execute or run this commands
an external file is required.

Example : [.] Dot  exe, bat.

Some commonly used DOS external commands are .

1. CHKDSK:- The command CHSDK returns the configuration status of the selected disk. It returns the information
about the volume, serial number, total disk space, space in directories, space in each allocation unit, total memory and
free memory.

Syntax : - C : / > CHKDSK drive name

Eg:- C : / > CHKDSK   e :
If drive name is not mentioned by default current drive is considered.

2. Diskcopy : - Disk copy command is used to make duplicate copy of the disk like Xerox copy. It first formats the
target disk and then copies the files by collection. From the source disk and copied to the target disk.

Syntax : - C : / > disk copy < source path > < destination path >
Ex: - c : / > diskcopy A : B :

NOTE: - This command is used after diskcopy command to ensure that disk is copied successfully.

3. Format : - Format is used to erase information off of a computer diskette or fixed drive.

Syntax : - C : / > format drive name

Ex : C : / > format  A:

4. Label : This command is used to see volume label and to change volume label.

Syntax : C : / > label drive name

Ex : C : / > label  A:

5.Scandisk : - This utility is used to repair and check various  disk errors. It also defects various physical disk errors
and surface errors.
Syntax : - C : / > scandisk < drive names >
 C : / > Scandisk  A :

6. Move : The purpose of move is move to files from one place to another place.

Syntax: C : / > Move < source path > < target  path >

7. Print :This command allowed users to print a text file to a line printer.
Syntax : C : / > Print  < files name >
C : / > print ramu

8. Tree : This command displays the list of directories and files on specified path using graphical display. It displays
directories of files like a tree.
Syntax:- C : / > tree > path
C : / > tree  A:

9. Deltree: This command is used to delete files a directories same as by the del and RD commands. This command
is more useful than del and RD commands because it completely removes specified directories ie.,  disk will all it files
and sub – directories at a time.

Syntax:- C : /  > deltree (path)

C : / > deltree  A:/>ramu 

36.) What do you mean by operating system? Explain work, classification and functions of
operating system?

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and

provides common services for computer programs.. The operating system (OS) is the most important program
that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs
and applications. Computer operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from
the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the storage drives,
and controlling peripheral devices, such as printers. 
For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop — it
makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The
operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.
An operating system or OS is a software program that enables the computer hardware to
communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a
computer and software programs would be useless. The picture is an example of Microsoft Windows
XP, a popular operating system and what the box may look like if you were to visit a local retail
store to purchase it.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting
software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an
intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually
executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it.
Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game
consoles to web servers and supercomputers.

Batch operating system

The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on
an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with
similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs with the operator
and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.
The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −

 Lack of interaction between the user and the job.

 CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
 Difficult to provide the desired priority.
Time-sharing operating systems
Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular
computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.
The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of
Multiprogrammed batch systems, the objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing
Systems, the objective is to minimize response time.
Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so frequently. Thus,
the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, the processor executes
each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is, if n users are present, then each user
can get a time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response time is in few seconds at most.
The operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of
a time. Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing
systems.
Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows −

 Provides the advantage of quick response.

 Avoids duplication of software.
 Reduces CPU idle time.
Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems are as follows −

 Problem of reliability.
 Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.
 Problem of data communication.
Distributed operating System
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users.
Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.
The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses
or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a
distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and
so on.
The advantages of distributed systems are as follows −

 With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.
 Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
 If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
 Better service to the customers.
 Reduction of the load on the host computer.
 Reduction of delays in data processing.
Network operating System
A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating
system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area
network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.
Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server
2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD.
The advantages of network operating systems are as follows −

 Centralized servers are highly stable.

 Security is server managed.
 Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
 Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.
The disadvantages of network operating systems are as follows −

 High cost of buying and running a server.

 Dependency on a central location for most operations.
 Regular maintenance and updates are required.
Real Time operating System
A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and
respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to respond to an
input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time. So in this method, the
response time is very less as compared to online processing.
Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow
of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated application. A real-time operating
system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail. For example, Scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control
systems, etc.
There are two types of real-time operating systems.

Hard real-time systems

Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In hard real-time systems, secondary
storage is limited or missing and the data is stored in ROM. In these systems, virtual memory is almost never
found.

Soft real-time systems

Soft real-time systems are less restrictive. A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains the
priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time systems. For example,
multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea exploration and planetary rovers, etc.

37.) What do you mean FAT and NTFS? Explain their function and compare them?

 NTFS and FAT are both file systems. Both are two different methods, which store the data in
a structured way on a disk partition. NTFS stands for New Technology File System while FAT stands for
File Allocation Table.
File System is the most popular and widely used technique to store data on different types of devices such as a
hard drive, memory card, USB, etc. The devices write and store the data in their systems so that the data can be
modified, accessed, deleted, or distributed at the time of need. The data can also be upgraded or degraded while
formatting the system. This article differentiates between the two popular file systems, NTFS and FAT File
Systems.
The term FAT is an acronym for ‘File allocation Table’. It is simple, handy and robust. It was created by
Microsoft in 1977 and is widely used and found in different portable and embedded devices.

The FAT file system offers good performance in light-weight implementations. It makes the data sharing easy
and convenient; it is also a useful format for solid state memory cards. Due to technology advancement and the
increased need for more space, various versions of FAT file systems have evolved. Some of them are mentioned
below:

 FAT 12: it was the first system introduced and had a storage capacity of 32 MB
 FAT16:  it has a storage capacity of 2 GB
 FAT32:  it is the third and latest file system and has a storage capacity of 8 GB
However, in FAT there is no security of data and it is not easily recoverable. This file system is also used to
format the hard disk for ‘multibooting’ the OS configuration in case of a system crash.  

The term NTFS stands for ‘New Technology File System’. It is a widely popular file system, which was
introduced after the FAT file system. It was developed in 1993 and was first used in the operating system
Windows 3.1. It supports the data storage capacity up to 256TB. It is used in all the latest versions of Windows
such as Vista, Windows 7, XP, 2000.

NTFS has an advanced data structure and sectors writing technique, improved security, and high capability of
space utilization. Including this, the NTFS has several improved features over FAT file systems that are stated
below:

 It is more stable and reliable

 It supports automatic recovery record the information in case of hard disk crash
 It has high speed to read and write data from the hard drive
 It has high security over individual files and folders
 It supports dual booting system
 The NTFS’s data can be shared and accessed over the network
 It has File Encryption

38.) Comparison between NTFS and Fat File Systems:

  NTFS Fat File Systems

The term NTFS stands The term FAT is an

Acronym for ‘New Technology acronym for ‘File
File System’. allocation Table’.

It provides complete There is no security of

Security security to files and files and folders in the
folders in the system. system.

Activity Log In case of any failure, In case of any failure,

 the files and folders are
the files and folders can
not recovered or
be easily restored.
restored.

It supports flexible per No such compression is

File Compression
file compression. supported.

File Size It can be 4GB to 64 GB It is 4GB Max

It allows the accessing

It only allows accessing
of files when the
on the recognized
OS Compatibility computer running on
platforms, on a running
other or different
computer.
platforms.

It does not allow It allows sharing data

Data sharing sharing data between between the operating
the operating systems. systems.

39.) What do you mean by control panel in windows? Explain various options available in control
panel.
The Control Panel is a section of Microsoft Windows that enables a user to change various
computer hardware and software features. Settings for the mouse, display, sound, network,
and keyboard represent just a few examples of what may be modified in the Control Panel. Below
are some examples of how the Control Panel appeared in Windows. The control panel is used to
configure and manage almost all aspects of Windows, including keyboard and mouse functionality,
users and passwords, power options, network settings, desktop background, display settings, sound
settings, mouse settings, hardware and software options, installation and removal of programs,
parental control, speech recognition, etc.

In recent versions of Windows, Control Panel is accessible from the Windows System folder or category in the
Apps listing.

In other versions of Windows, click Start and then Control Panel or Start, then Settings, then Control Panel.

See How to Open Control Panel for detailed, operating system specific directions.

Control Panel can also be accessed in any version of Windows by executing control from a command line
interface like Command Prompt, or from any Cortana or Search box in Windows.

The Control Panel itself is really just a collection of shortcuts to individual components called Control Panel
applets. Therefore, to use Control Panel really means to use an individual applet to change some part of how
Windows works.
See our Complete List of Control Panel Applets for more information on the individual applets and what they
are for.

If you're looking for a way to access the areas of Control Panel directly, without first going through Control
Panel, see our List of Control Panel Commands in Windows for the commands that start each applet. Since
some applets are shortcuts to files with the .CPL file extension, you can point directly to the CPL file to open
that component.

For example, control timedate.cpl works in some versions of Windows to open the Date and Time settings,

and control hdwwiz.cpl is a shortcut to Device Manager.

 Change Your Password

 Change Another User's Password
 Change AutoPlay Settings
 Create a Password for Your Account
 Adjust the Date and Time
 Remove Your Password
 Setup Windows Backup
 Start Device Manager
 Change Internet Explorer Settings
 Configure Regional and Language Settings
 Configure Text to Speech and Speech Recognition Settings
 Install Windows Updates
 Change Network Settings
 Adjust Color Quality
 Adjust Screen Resolution
 Change Your Monitor's Refresh Rate
 Adjust Keyboard and Mouse Settings
 See the Windows Service Pack You Have Installed
 Create a Password Reset Disk
 Change Background, Screensaver, and Windows Sounds Settings
 Show Hidden Files

 Add a Printer
 Configure the Start Menu and Taskbar
 Configure Windows Firewall Settings
 Hide Hidden Files
 Change Your Product Key
 Manage Windows Gadgets
 See If You're Running a 32-bit or 64-bit Version of Windows
 Change the Default Program for a File Extension
 Disable Error Reporting
 Reinstall a Program

40.) What do you mean by GUI operating system? Give examples with salient features of GUI
operating system. How it is better than CUI operating system.
 The graphical user interface (GUI /ɡuːiː/), is a type of user interface that allows users to interact
with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation,
instead of text-based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were
introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs),[1][2]
[3]
 which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard. A GUI uses windows, icons,
and menus to carry out commands, such as opening, deleting, and moving files. Although many
GUI operating systems are navigated through the use of a mouse, the keyboard can also be utilized
by using keyboard shortcuts or arrow keys. Unlike a command line operating system or CUI,
like Unix or MS-DOS, GUI operating systems are much easier to learn and use because commands
do not need to be memorized. Additionally, users do not need to know any programming languages.
Because of their ease of use, GUI operating systems have become the dominant operating system
used by today's end-users.

 examples of a GUI operating system?

1. Microsoft Windows
2. Apple System 7 and macOS
3. Chrome OS
4. Linux variants like Ubuntu
Entering dates

o A graphical representation of a calendar that allows you to enter the date in your form by
clicking on the desired date in the calendar.

o Access the calendar in date fields by using the LOV icon or through the menu under Edit, List of
Values.

Folders are special blocks that allow you to:

o Only display the fields you are interested in.

o Arrange the fields to best meet your needs.

o Define query parameters to automatically call the records you need when opening the folder.

o Sort in any order relevant to your needs.

Toolbar

o Most commonly used menu items are duplicated as icons at the top of the Applications window.

Attachments

o Used to link non-structured data such as images, word processing documents, or video to
application data.

Multiple windows

o Allows you to display all elements of a business flow on the same screen.
 o Does not require that you complete entering data in one form before navigating to another form.
Each form can be committed independently.

On-line Help

o Help is now based on the functional flow of the task rather than according to the form's structure.

o Lets you select the task you want to perform and provides a step by step description of the task.

o Allows navigation to any part of the Help system.

 Difference between CUI and GUI
 • CUI and GUI are user interface used in connection with computers
 • CUI is the precursor of GUI and stands for character user interface where user has to type on keyboard
to proceed. On the other hand GUI stands for Graphical User Interface which makes it possible to use a
mouse instead of keyboard
 • GUI is much easier to navigate than CUI
 • There is only text in case of CUI whereas there are graphics and other visual clues in case of GUI
 • Most modern computers use GUI and not CUI
 • DOS is an example of CUI whereas Windows is an example of GUI.

41.) What do you mean by directing and file structure? Explain various naming rule for files.

In computing, a directory structure is the way an operating system's file system and its files are
displayed to the user. Files are typically displayed in a hierarchical tree structure.

A directory is defined as an organizational unit, or container, used to organize folders and files into

a hierarchical structure.
A directory contains bookkeeping information about files that are, figuratively speaking, beneath
them in the hierarchy. You can think of a directory as a file cabinet that contains folders that contain
files.
Files, Paths and the Root Directory
Computer manuals often describe directories and file structures in terms of an inverted tree. The
files and directories at any level are contained in the directory above them. To access a file, you may
need to specify the names of all the directories above it. You do this by specifying a path.
The topmost directory in any file is called the root directory. A directory that is below another
directory is called a subdirectory. A directory above a subdirectory is called the parent directory. Under
DOS and Windows, the root directory is a back slash (\).To read information from, or write information
into, a directory, you must use an operating system command. You cannot directly edit directory files. For
example, the DIR command in DOS reads a directory file and displays its contents. A directory is a
location for storing files on your computer. Directories are found in a hierarchical file system, such
as Linux, MS-DOS, OS/2, and Unix.
Operation performed on directory are:

 Search for a file

 Create a file
 Delete a file
 List a directory
 Rename a file
 Traverse the file system

Advantages of maintaining directories are:

 Efficiency: A file can be located more quickly.
 Naming: It becomes convenient for users as two users can have same name for different files or may have
different name for same file.
 Grouping: Logical grouping of files can be done by properties e.g. all java programs, all games etc.