Shashemane Polytechnic Collage Learning Guide: Troubleshoot AC/DC Power Supply With Single-Phase Input

Shashemane Polytechnic Collage
Learning Guide Troubleshoot AC/DC Power Supply with Single-phase Input
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics
 Prepare product and work station for troubleshooting
 Diagnose faulty parts of power supply
 Maintain/repair the power supply unit
 Rewind low-power transformer
 Assemble low-power transformer
 Test and inspect repaired products
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to:-
 Prepared Troubleshooting workplace in accordance with OH&S policies and

procedures
 Consult Responsible person for effective and proper work coordination
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 Prepare and check Required materials, tools and equipment in accordance with
established procedures
 Prepare Parts and materials needed to complete the work and obtained according to
requirements
 Follow Troubleshooting procedures in accordance with OH&S policies and
procedures
 Use Test instruments required for the job to test the required parameters in
accordance with the manufacturer's data and safety procedures
 Identify defects/fault parts using specified testing procedures
 Explain Identified defects and faults to the responsible person in accordance with
company policy and procedures
 Document Results of diagnosis and testing accurately and completely within the
specified time
 Advise /inform Customers regarding the status and serviceability of the unit
 Use Personal protective equipments in accordance with Occupational Health and
Safety practices
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 Replace Defective parts/components with identical or recommended appropriate
equivalent ratings
 Solder/mount Repaired or replaced parts/components in accordance with the
current industry standards
 Perform Control settings/adjustments in conformity with service-manual
specifications
 Perform Repair activity within the required timeframe
 Perform Cleaning of unit in accordance with standard procedures
 Perform Rewinding process in accordance with OH&S policies and procedures
 Check Process according to established standards and requirements
 Use Test instruments required for the job to test the required parameters in
accordance with the manufacturer's data and safety procedures
 Perform Assembling processes in accordance with OH&S policies and procedures
 Check Process according to established standards and requirements
 Check Assembled products in accordance with quality standards
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 Subject Repaired products to final visual inspection and testing in accordance with
quality standards, procedures and requirements
 Document Work completion and responsible person is informed in accordance with

established procedures
 Observe Housekeeping procedures in accordance with 5S discipline and established procedures
 Dispose Waste materials of in accordance with environmental requirements
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Troubleshoot AC/DC Power Supply with Single-phase

Information Sheet Input
Power supply
Power supplies are amongst the most popular pieces of electronic test equipment.
This isn't surprising, as controlled electrical energy is used in a tremendous
number of ways. In this guide, we'll look at a variety of different types of power
supplies, their controls, how they operate, and some examples of their application.
A power supply could broadly be defined to be anything that supplies power, such
as a hydroelectric dam, an internal combustion engine, or a hydraulic pump.
However, we'll limit our discussion to the types of electrical power supplies that are
predominantly used for test and measurement, maintenance, and product
development activities.
This document is intended for users or potential users of power supplies. Its aim is
to define the terms used, introduce the different types of power supplies and the
technology behind them, explain the controls of typical power supplies, and survey
some examples of their use.
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The term "bench power supply" here is used somewhat lightly, as some of the
power supplies we're discussing could be too heavy to put on a bench. Still, the
nomenclature is useful, as even the heavy, high-output power supplies have lots in
common with their smaller cousins. But the term "bench" is descriptive to many
folks, as it conjures up a mental image of a DC power supply used on an engineer's
or technician's bench for a myriad of power tasks.
The remainder of this document will look at the bench type of power supply in
more detail after a quick look at AC power supplies.
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Variable AC Power Supply
When testing electrical equipment that is powered from the AC line, it is often
important to evaluate the equipment when it is exposed to over- or under-voltage
conditions. Normal AC line voltage variations are on the order of ±10%, but can be
more when many heavy loads are utilizing the line at the same time. A designer
may also want to test beyond the normal AC line voltage variations for stress
testing purposes (to find out where the design weaknesses are). A variable AC
supply is needed for this type of testing. A variable AC supply can also be handy
during a "brownout" (low line voltage conditions) to boost the line voltage back to
normal levels. Another use is to boost the voltage when a load is connected through
a long extension cord and the voltage drop of the cord is significant.
The different AC voltages are generated using a transformer (or an

autotransformer). The transformer may have multiple windings or taps, in which
case the instrument uses switches to select the different voltages. Alternatively, a
variable transformer (adjustable autotransformer) can be used to (almost)
continuously vary the voltage1. Some variable AC supplies include meters to
monitor the voltage, current, and/or power.
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Some products, such as the B&K Precision model 1655A Variable Isolated AC Power
Supply shown below, combine both an isolation transformer and a variable
transformer. This product also includes the ability to perform AC leakage testing and
has a convenient adjustable power supply for soldering irons. This is a practical and
useful tool for the troubleshooting bench.
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Types of DC power supply
Battery Eliminator
These types of supplies tend to be the least expensive. The name describes their
main purpose, which is to act in place of a battery. These units are inexpensive and
handy when one needs to work on battery-operated equipment, as they allow one
to work on the equipment without having to find the necessary batteries.
One popular type puts out 13.8 volts DC and is intended to provide DC power to
devices normally powered from an automobile battery. Typical uses is servicing CB
radios and automotive stereo equipment. Their line regulation specification is
usually wider than lab supplies, but this is fine, as voltages in automobiles vary
substantially.
Another popular type (shown at the right) replaces various arrangements of 1.5
volt batteries and 9 and 12 volt batteries. The only controls are an on-off switch
and a rotary switch to allow you to choose the desired output voltage.
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Constant Voltage Supply
A slightly more complex power supply than the battery eliminator supplies a
constant, adjustable voltage. Because they are adjustable, they usually are
supplied with a meter to show you the voltage the supply is set to. Some also have
meters to let you monitor the current. A typical model is B&K 1686A shown on the
right.
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The basic behavior of the supply is to maintain the voltage you have set regardless
of the load's resistance.
These models have a knob to adjust the output voltage. Some models may not be
adjustable all the way down to zero volts and their maximum output current may
be proportional to the output voltage, rather than supplying the rated current at
any output voltage.
Accurate digital meter or to allow connections to other circuits (note the tie points
have a 2 A limit).
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These types of supplies work well as battery eliminators and will also show you the
current that the load is drawing.
Constant Voltage/Constant Current Supply

Probably the most popular type of lab power supply is a constant voltage/constant
current supply. In addition to supplying constant voltage, these supplies can also
supply constant current. When in constant current mode, the power supply will
maintain the set current regardless of changes in the load's resistance.
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This power supply outputs one adjustable voltage, which is indicated by the one set
of banana jack terminals. The above arrangement of output terminals with the
ground terminal between the + and - terminals is the most common and makes
connecting either terminal to ground using a metal shorting bar very convenient.
This is useful when you want one of the terminals to be referenced to ground. Of
course, the same thing can be done with a piece of wire or a jumper wire with
stackable banana plugs.
The above power supply has coarse and fine controls for both current and voltage.
Some power supplies instead use 10-turn pots for adjustment. Others use
thumbwheel switches or pushbutton switches. Thumbwheel and pushbutton
switches are useful (if their settings are accurate) because they can eliminate the
need for a meter.
These types of power supplies often have other useful features:
Remote sensing: a high-impedance input that lets you measure the voltage at
the load. The power supply then corrects for the voltage drop in the leads
connecting the supply to the load.
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Master/slave connections: various methods exist to allow you to connect

power supplies from the same family in parallel or series to get higher voltages
or higher currents.
Remote programming terminal: some power supplies have input terminals for
a voltage or resistance that can be used to control the voltage or current
output. Note: this is called analog programming, not digital programming using
a computer.
Multiple Output Supply
Multiple output power supplies have more than one DC output, often two or
three. These are useful and cost-effective for systems that require multiple
voltages. An often-used power supply for circuit development is a triple output
supply. One output supplies 0 to 6 volts, intended for digital logic. The other two
supply (typically) 0 to 20 volts, which can be used with bipolar analog circuitry.
Sometimes a tracking adjustment is supplied for the two 20 volt supplies so that
the + and - 20 volt supplies can be adjusted together by turning one knob.
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The three outputs can be set independently either by the knob or the keypad. The
channel 1 and channel 2 outputs are 31 volts at 3.1 amps and the third channel
will output 6 volts at 3.1 amps. The supply is thus capable of putting out over 200
watts continuously. The outputs can be turned on and off independently or all at
once (useful for powering up a whole printed circuit board).
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The supply has a number of useful features. The outputs can be set to timed
operation: after a time interval has passed, the output turns itself off. Voltage limits
are settable for all channels, so your prototype electrical design can be protected
from an accidental over-voltage setting. The two 30 volt channels can be connected
in series or parallel for higher voltage or current, respectively. There are also
storage registers for saving up to 50 instrument states for easy recall later (useful
for repetitive testing).
A nice feature for unattended operation is that the power supply can be set to
have its output on at the last power-on settings. Thus, if it is operating a circuit
and the AC power fails, the power supply will again start supplying power when
the AC power comes back on.
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Components of a Power Supply
• Main circuits in most power supplies.
Transformer
• A transformer is commonly used to step the input AC voltage level down or up.
Most electronic circuits operate from voltages lower than the AC line voltage so the
transformer normally steps the voltage down by its turns ratio to a desired lower
level.
• For example, a transformer with a turns ratio of 10 to 1 would convert the 120
volt 60 Hz input sine wave into a 12 volt sine wave.
Rectifier
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• The rectifier converts the AC sine wave into a pulsating DC wave.
• There are several forms of rectifiers used but all are made up of diodes.
• Rectifier types and operation will be covered later.
Filter
• The rectifier produces a DC output but it is pulsating rather than a constant

steady value over time like that from a battery.
• A filter is used to remove the pulsations and create a constant output.
• The most common filter is a large capacitor.
Regulator
• The regulator is a circuit that helps maintains a fixed or constant output voltage.
• Changes in the load or the AC line voltage will cause the output voltage to vary.
• Most electronic circuits cannot withstand the variations since they are designed to
work properly with a fixed voltage.
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• The regulator fixes the output voltage to the desired level then maintains that
value despite any output or input variations.
DC-DC Converter
• Most modern power supplies also contain one or more DC-DC converters
• Modern electronics often demand different voltages to function.
• A DC-DC converter changes one DC voltage to another, higher or lower DC

voltage.
• A DC-DC converter is used with a power supply to prevent the need for a second
AC-DC supply.
How Rectifiers Work
• The simplest form of rectifier is the half wave rectifier shown.
• Only the transformer, rectifier diode, and load (R L) are shown without the filter
and other components.
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• The half wave rectifier produces one sine pulse for each cycle of the input sine
wave.
• When the sine wave goes positive, the anode of the diode goes positive causing the
diode to be forward biased. The diode conducts and acts like a closed switch
letting the positive pulse of the sine wave to appear across the load resistor.
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• When the sine wave goes negative, the diode anode will be negative so the diode
will be reverse biased and no current will flow.
• No negative voltage will appear across the load. The load voltage will be zero
during the time of the negative half cycle.
• See the waveforms that show the positive pulses across the load. These pulses
need to be converted to a constant DC.
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Bridge Rectifier
• Another widely used rectifier is the bridge rectifier. It uses four diodes.
• This is called a full wave rectifier as it produces an output pulse for each half
cycle of the input sine wave.
• On the positive half cycle of the input sine wave, diodes D1 and D2 are forward
biased so act as closed switches appearing in series with the load.
• On the negative half cycle, diode D1 and D2 are reverse biased and diodes D3 and
D4 are forward biased so current flows through the load in the same direction.
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Ripple
• The capacitor does a good job of smoothing the pulses from the rectifier into a
more constant DC.
• A small variation occurs in the DC because the capacitor discharges a small

amount between the positive and negative pulses. Then it recharges. This
variation is called ripple.
• The ripple can be reduced further by making the capacitor larger.
• The ripple appears to be a sawtooth shaped AC variation riding on the DC output.
• A small amount of ripple can be tolerated in some circuits but the lower the better
overall.
The Regulator
• Most regulators are ICs.
• These are feedback control circuits that actually monitor the output voltage to
detect variations.
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• If the output varies, for whatever reason, the regulator circuit automatically
adjusts the output back to the set value.
• Regulators hold the output to the desired value.
• Since ripple represents changes in the output, the regulator also compensates for
these variations producing a near constant DC output.
0 To 12 Volt Variable Power Supply Circuit Diagram
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Satisfactory
Self -check
Response
 The trainee should answer the following questions YES NO
1. What is the use of bridge rectifiers in the AC/DC

power supply?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________
2. List the components of a power supply
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
______________________________
3. List the steps to troubleshoot a power supply?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________________________________
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 The trainee’s underpinning knowledge was
[ ] Satisfactory [ ] Not satisfactory
 Feedback to Trainee:
Trainee’s Signature: Date:
Instructor’s Signature: Date:
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Operation sheet Troubleshoot AC/DC Power Supply with Single-phase Input
TROUBLESHOOTING AC/DC power supply
You'll Need the following instruments for troubleshooting an AC/DC power supply
 Power supply
 Digital multimeter (DMM) to measure voltage, current, resistance and diodes
 Soldering iron and solder
Instructions
Troubleshooting an AC/DC power supply
1. Plug the power supply into a wall socket and measure its DC output, noting if the output
is steady or fluctuates. If the output is close to the rated value, but fluctuates, the
transformer and rectifier are likely okay. If there is no DC output, skip ahead to Step 4.
2. Unplug the power supply. Unsolder the connection from the rectifier to the filter and use
the DMM to measure each filter capacitor, checking for a shorted, open or leaky capacitor. If
there are no bad capacitors, go to the next step. Remove the bad capacitor, being sure to
suck or wick the bad capacitors attachment points before soldering the replacement back in.
Test again as in Step 1.
3. Use the DMM to measure the filter's smoothing resistor's value or verify continuity if
smoothing is done with an inductor. Replace bad component if resistor value is off or the
inductor is completely shorted. Repeat test from Step 1.
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4. Use the DMM to read the AC voltage across the step down transformer's secondary (not
the AC input) winding. This should read an AC voltage a bit over twice the expected DC
voltage output. In a 12VDC power supply, the secondary winding should read around 30
VAC. Most likely, a failed transformer will have little or no reading on the secondary
winding. Replace transformer if bad, then test the new one as in Step 1.
5. Switch the DMM to read DC voltage and measure the output of the rectifier stage. This
should show a value near the expected DC output but will have a lot of fluctuation in the
reading as it is a series of half-waves. At this point for the 12 VDC power supply, the rectifier
reading will be around 13 VDC with a lot of fluctuation.
Basic AC-DC power supplies practices

Question 1:
Learning to mathematically analyze circuits requires much study and practice. Typically,
students practice by working through lots of sample problems and checking their answers
against those provided by the textbook or the instructor. While this is good, there is a much
betterway.
You will learn much more by actually building and analyzing real circuits, letting your test
equipment provide the answers" instead of a book or another person. For successful circuit-
building exercises, follow these steps:
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1.
Carefully measure and record all component values prior to circuit construction, choosing
resistor values high enough to make damage to any active components unlikely.
2.
Draw the schematic diagram for the circuit to be analyzed.
3.
Carefully build this circuit on a breadboard or other convenient medium.
4.
Check the accuracy of the circuit's construction, following each wire to each connection
point, and verifying these elements one-by-one on the diagram.
5.
Mathematically analyze the circuit, solving for all voltage and current values.
6.
Carefully measure all voltages and currents, to verify the accuracy of your analysis.
7.
If there are any substantial errors (greater than a few percent), carefully check your circuit's
construction against the diagram, then carefully re-calculate the values and re-measure.
When students are first learning about semiconductor devices, and are most likely to
damage them by making improper connections in their circuits, I recommend they
experiment with large, high-wattage components (1N4001 rectifying diodes, TO-220 or TO-3
case power transistors, etc.), and using dry-cell battery power sources rather than a bench
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top power supply. This decreases the likelihood of component damage.
As usual, avoid very high and very low resistor values, to avoid measurement errors caused
by meter "loading" (on the high end) and to avoid transistor burnout (on the low end). I
recommend resistors between 1 kΩ and 100 kΩ.
One way you can save time and reduce the possibility of error is to begin with a very simple
circuit and incrementally add components to increase its complexity after each analysis,
rather than building a whole new circuit for each practice problem. Another time-saving
technique is to re-use the same components in a variety of different circuit configurations.
This way, you won't have to measure any component's value more than once.
Question 2:
A technician builds a simple half-wave rectifier circuit for a project, but is surprised to find
that the diode keeps failing:
This comes as a surprise because the diode has a repetitive peak reverse voltage rating of 50
volts, which the technician knows is greater than the peak voltage output by the step-down
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transformer. However, the technician has overlooked something very important in this
circuit design. Explain what the problem is, and how to solve it.
The diode's peak inverse voltage ("PIV") rating is insufficient. It needs to be about 85 volts or
greater in order to withstand the demands of this circuit.
Follow-up question: suggest a part number for a diode capable of withstanding the reverse voltage
generated by this circuit, and able to handle at least 1 amp of continuous current.
Question 3:
Diodes and capacitors may be interconnected to form a type of circuit that boosts voltage in the
process of rectification. This type of circuit is generally known as a voltage multiplier. Shown here are
a few different voltage multiplier circuits:
Determine the degree of voltage multiplication (double, triple, etc.) provided by each circuit.
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Question 4:
Suppose a technician measures the voltage output by an AC-DC power supply circuit:
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The waveform shown by the oscilloscope is mostly DC, with just a little bit of AC "ripple" voltage
appearing as a ripple pattern on what would otherwise be a straight, horizontal line. This is quite
normal for the output of an AC-DC power supply.
Suppose we wished to take a closer view of this "ripple" voltage. We want to make the ripples more
pronounced on the screen, so that we may better discern their shape. Unfortunately, though, when we
decrease the number of volts per division on the "vertical" control knob to magnify the vertical
amplification of the oscilloscope, the pattern completely disappears from the screen!
Explain what the problem is, and how we might correct it so as to be able to magnify the ripple voltage
waveform without having it disappear off the oscilloscope screen.
The problem is that the vertical axis input is DC-coupled.
Follow-up question: predict the frequency of the ripple voltage in this power supply circuit.
Question 5:
AC-DC power supply circuits are one of the most common circuit configurations in electronic systems.
Though designs may vary, the task of converting AC power to DC power is vital in the functioning of a
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great many electronic devices.
Why is this? What is it about this kind of circuit that makes it such a necessary part of many
electronic systems?
Most electric power distribution systems are AC, yet most electronic circuits function on DC power.
Question 6:
Although not a popular design, some power supply circuits are transformerless. Direct rectification of
AC line power is a viable option in some applications:
However, this form of AC-to-DC power conversion has some significant limits. Explain why most
power supply circuits utilize a transformer instead of directly rectifying the line power as this circuit
does.
Transformers provide voltage/current ratio transformation, and also electrical isolation between the
AC line circuit and the DC circuit. The issue of isolation is a safety concern, as neither of the output
conductors in a non-isolated (direct) rectifier circuit is at the same potential as either of the line
conductors.
Follow-up question: explain in detail how the issue of non-isolation could create a safety hazard if this
rectifier circuit were energized by an earth-grounded AC line circuit.
Question 7:
An essential part of an AC-DC power supply circuit is the filter, used to separate the residual AC
(called the "ripple" voltage) from the DC voltage prior to output. Here are two simple AC-DC power
supply circuits, one without a filter and one with:
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Draw the respective output voltage waveforms of these two power supply circuits (V unfiltered versus
Vfiltered). Also identify the type of filter circuit needed for the task (low pass, high pass, band pass, or
band stop), and explain why that type of filter circuit is needed.
A low pass filter is the kind needed to filter "ripple voltage" from the power supply output.
Question 8:
Observe the following two waveforms, as represented on an oscilloscope display measuring output
voltage of a filtered power supply:
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If both of these waveforms were measured on the same power supply circuit, at different times,
determine which waveform was measured during a period of heavier "loading" (a "heavier" load being
defined as a load drawing greater current).
The left-hand waveform was measured during a period of heavier loading.
Question 9:
What does it mean if a power supply has a DC output with 5% ripple?

This means the peak-to-peak ripple voltage is equal to 5% of the DC (average) voltage.
Question 10:
What parameters determine the frequency of a power supply's ripple voltage?
For linear power supplies (those designs having a transformer-rectifier-filter topology), the parameters
determining ripple frequency are line frequency and rectification pulses.
Question 13:
What will be the consequence of one diode failing open in the bridge rectifier of a single-phase power
supply?
The (unfiltered) output voltage will be half-wave, not full-wave.
Question 14:
Suppose you suspected a failed-open diode in this power supply circuit. Describe how you could
detect its presence without using an oscilloscope:
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Incidentally, the "low voltage AC power supply" is nothing more than a step-down transformer with a
center-tapped secondary winding.
"Remove all diodes from the circuit and test them individually" is not an acceptable answer to this
question. Think of a way that they could be checked while in-circuit (ideally, without having to shut
off power to the circuit).
Question 15:
A student learns that a rectifier circuit is often followed by a low-pass filter circuit in an AC-DC power
supply to reduce "ripple" voltage on the output. Looking over his notes from AC theory, the student
proceeds to build this power supply circuit complete with a low-pass filter at the output:
Question 16:
Identify the voltages that are supposed to appear between the listed test points:
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1.
VTP1−TP2 =
2.
VTP1−TP3 =
3.
VTP2−TP3 =
4.
VTP4−TP5 =
5.
VTP5−TP6 =
6.
VTP7−TP8 =
7.
VTP9−TP10 =
Assume that the power transformer has a step-down ratio of 9.5:1.
1. VTP1−TP2 = 120 volts AC

2.
VTP1−TP3 = 120 volts AC
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3.
VTP2−TP3 = 0 volts
4.
VTP4−TP5 = 12.63 volts AC
5.
6.
VTP7−TP8 = 16.47 volts DC
7.
Question 17:
A technician is troubleshooting a power supply circuit with no DC output voltage. The output voltage
is supposed to be 15 volts DC:
The technician begins making voltage measurements between some of the test points (TP) on the
circuit board.What follows is a sequential record of his measurements:
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1.
VTP9−TP10 = 0 volts DC
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Based on these measurements, what do you suspect has failed in this supply circuit? Explain your
answer. Also, critique this technician’s troubleshooting technique and make your own suggestions for
a more efficient pattern of steps.
The fuse is blown open.
Follow-up question: with regard to the troubleshooting technique, this technician seems to have
started from one end of the circuit and moved incrementally toward the other, checking voltage at
almost every point in between. Can you think of a more efficient strategy than to start at one end and
work slowly toward the other?
Question 18:
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circuit board. What follows is a sequential record of her measurements:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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The transformer has an open winding.
Follow-up question #1: with regard to the troubleshooting technique, this technician seems to have
Challenge question: based on the voltage measurements taken, which do you think is the more likely
failure, an open primary winding or an open secondary winding?
Follow-up question #2: how could you test the two windings of the transformer for a possible open
fault? In other words, is there another type of measurement that could verify our hypothesis of a
failed winding?
Question 19:
circuit board. What follows is a sequential record of his measurements:
Date: 2017
TTLM Development
Page 42 of 49
BY: Gizaw Tadesse.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
There is an open" fault between TP4 and TP6.
Follow-up question: with regard to the troubleshooting technique, this technician seems to have
Question 20:
AC-DC power supplies are a cause of harmonic currents in AC power systems, especially large AC-DC
power supplies used in motor control circuits and other high-power controls. In this example, I show
the waveforms for output voltage and input current for an unloaded AC-DC power supply with a step-
down transformer, full-wave rectifier, and capacitive filter circuit (the unfiltered DC voltage waveform
Date: 2017
TTLM Development
Page 43 of 49
BY: Gizaw Tadesse.
is shown as a dashed line for reference):
As you can see, the input current waveform lags the voltage waveform by 90 o, because when the
power supply is unloaded, the only input current is the magnetizing current of the transformer's
primary winding.
With increased loading, the output ripple voltage becomes more pronounced. This also changes the
input current waveform significantly, making it non-sinusoidal. Trace the shape of the input current
waveform, given the output voltage waveform and magnetizing current waveform (dotted line) shown
here:
The non-filtered DC output waveform is still shown as a dotted line, for reference purposes.
Date: 2017
TTLM Development
Page 44 of 49
BY: Gizaw Tadesse.
Challenge question: does the input current waveform shown here contain even-numbered harmonics
(i.e. 120 Hz, 240 Hz, 360 Hz)?
Question 21:
Power supplies are sometimes equipped with EMI/RFI filters on their inputs, to prevent high-
frequency "noise" voltage created within the power supply circuit from getting back to the power
source where it might interfere with other powered equipment. This is especially useful for ß witching"
power supply circuits, where transistors are used to switch power on and off very rapidly in the
voltage transformation and regulation process:

Determine what type of filter circuit this is (LP, HP, BP, or BS), and also determine the inductive and
capacitive reactance’s of its components at 60 Hz, if the inductors are 100 μH each and the capacitors
are 0.022 μF each.
XL = 0.0377 Ω (each)
XC = 120.6 kΩ (each)
Question 22:
Complete this schematic diagram, turning it into a split (or dual power supply, with three output
terminals: +V, Ground, and -V:
Date: 2017
TTLM Development
Page 45 of 49
BY: Gizaw Tadesse.

Examples of ß plit" or "dual" power supply schematic diagrams abound in textbooks. I'll let you do the
research here and present your answer(s) during class discussion!
Question 23:
Predict how all component voltages and currents in this circuit will be affected as a result of the
following faults. Consider each fault independently (i.e. one at a time, no multiple faults):
Any one diode fails open:
Transformer secondary winding fails open:
Inductor L1 fails open:
Capacitor C1 fails shorted:
Date: 2017
TTLM Development
Page 46 of 49
BY: Gizaw Tadesse.
For each of these conditions, explain why the resulting effects will occur.
Any one diode fails open: Half-wave rectification rather than full-wave, less DC voltage across load,
more ripple (AC) voltage across load.
Transformer secondary winding fails open: no voltage or current on secondary side of circuit after
C1 discharges through load, little current through primary winding.
Inductor L1 fails open: no voltage across load, no current through load, no current through rest of
secondary-side components, little current through primary winding.
Capacitor C1 fails shorted: increased current through both transformer windings, increased current
through diodes, increased current through inductor, little voltage across or current through load,
capacitor and all diodes will likely get hot.
Question 24:
Suppose this power supply circuit was working fine for several years, then one day failed to output
any DC voltage at all:
When you open the case of this power supply, you immediately notice the strong odor of burnt
components. From this information, determine some likely component faults and explain your
reasoning.
Shorted capacitor, open transformer winding (as a result of overloading), shorted diode(s) resulting in
blown fuse.
Date: 2017
TTLM Development
Page 47 of 49
BY: Gizaw Tadesse.
Question 25:
The ripple frequency of a half-wave rectifier circuit powered by 60 Hz AC is measured to be 60 Hz. The
ripple frequency of a full-wave rectifier circuit powered by the exact same 60 Hz AC line voltage is
measured to be 120 Hz. Explain why the ripple frequency of the full-wave rectifier is twice that of the
half-wave rectifier.
There are double the number of pulses in the full-wave rectifier's output, meaning the wave-shape
repeats itself twice as often.
Question 26:
Calculate the approximate DC output voltage of this power supply when it is not loaded:
Vout ≈ 21.4 volts

Question 27:
Calculate the approximate DC output voltage of this power supply when it is not loaded:
Vout ≈ 11.6 volts
Date: 2017
TTLM Development
Page 48 of 49
BY: Gizaw Tadesse.
Question 28:
A simple AC-DC power supply circuit outputs about 6.1 volts DC without a filter capacitor connected,
and about 9.3 volts DC with a filter capacitor connected:

Explain why this is. How can the addition of nothing but a capacitor have such a great effect on the
amount of DC voltage output by the circuit?
The filter capacitor captures the peak voltage level of each pulse from the rectifier circuit, holding that
peak level during the time between pulses.
LAP Test Practical Demonstration
Date: 2017
TTLM Development
Page 49 of 49
BY: Gizaw Tadesse.
Name: ___________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ______________ Time finished: __________
Instructions:
I. You are required to perform any of the following:

Task 1.draw the following circuit in the multisim simulation
software and check it if its functional .
Task 2.make continuity test and check the voltage at every stage of
the power supply
II. Request your teacher to evaluate your performance
Date: 2017
TTLM Development
Page 50 of 49
BY: Gizaw Tadesse.

Shashemane Polytechnic Collage Learning Guide: Troubleshoot AC/DC Power Supply With Single-Phase Input

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Learning Guide Troubleshoot AC/DC Power Supply with Single-phase Input

 Prepare product and work station for troubleshooting

 Diagnose faulty parts of power supply

 Maintain/repair the power supply unit

 Rewind low-power transformer

 Assemble low-power transformer

 Test and inspect repaired products

 Prepared Troubleshooting workplace in accordance with OH&S policies and

 Perform Cleaning of unit in accordance with standard procedures

 Perform Rewinding process in accordance with OH&S policies and procedures

 Check Process according to established standards and requirements

 Check Assembled products in accordance with quality standards

 Document Work completion and responsible person is informed in accordance with

 Dispose Waste materials of in accordance with environmental requirements

Troubleshoot AC/DC Power Supply with Single-phase

The different AC voltages are generated using a transformer (or an

Constant Voltage Supply

Constant Voltage/Constant Current Supply

These types of power supplies often have other useful features:

Master/slave connections: various methods exist to allow you to connect

Components of a Power Supply

• Main circuits in most power supplies.

• Rectifier types and operation will be covered later.

• The rectifier produces a DC output but it is pulsating rather than a constant

• A filter is used to remove the pulsations and create a constant output.

• The most common filter is a large capacitor.

• Modern electronics often demand different voltages to function.

• A DC-DC converter changes one DC voltage to another, higher or lower DC

How Rectifiers Work

• The simplest form of rectifier is the half wave rectifier shown.

• A small variation occurs in the DC because the capacitor discharges a small

• The ripple can be reduced further by making the capacitor larger.

• The ripple appears to be a sawtooth shaped AC variation riding on the DC output.

• Most regulators are ICs.

• Regulators hold the output to the desired value.

0 To 12 Volt Variable Power Supply Circuit Diagram

 The trainee should answer the following questions YES NO

1. What is the use of bridge rectifiers in the AC/DC

2. List the components of a power supply

3. List the steps to troubleshoot a power supply?

Trainee’s Signature: Date:

Instructor’s Signature: Date:

Operation sheet Troubleshoot AC/DC Power Supply with Single-phase Input

TROUBLESHOOTING AC/DC power supply

Basic AC-DC power supplies practices

What does it mean if a power supply has a DC output with 5% ripple?

Assume that the power transformer has a step-down ratio of 9.5:1.

1. VTP1−TP2 = 120 volts AC

Any one diode fails open:

Transformer secondary winding fails open:

Inductor L1 fails open:

Capacitor C1 fails shorted:

For each of these conditions, explain why the resulting effects will occur.

Vout ≈ 21.4 volts

Vout ≈ 11.6 volts

LAP Test Practical Demonstration

Name: ___________________ Date: ________________

I. You are required to perform any of the following:

II. Request your teacher to evaluate your performance

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Name: ___ Date: