January 2021

VOLUME 37, NUMBER 1

INSIDE
New Coating Protects
Against COVID-19
Leveraging Self-Healing
Technology
Paint Coatings Industry Naturally Sourced Colorants

Globally Serving Liquid and Powder Formulators and Manufacturers

SURFACTANT LEACHING

www.pcimag.com
 “I’m really a
production guy
at heart.”
Rick O’Boyle has been with Ross
for 29 years, but he spent his first
11 years in manufacturing before
moving into technical sales.
This experience gave him a deep
understanding of the real-world
production challenges our
customers face every day.
Ross Regional Sales Managers are all
full-time, salaried experts who will
consider your whole production
environment – then suggest the right
mixing technology and equipment
design to meet your process goals.

Contact Ross today to put our

experience to work in your plant.
Call 1-800-243-ROSS or visit mixers.com
Try our Knowledge Base & Product Selector
web app: mixers.com/web-app

Rick O’Boyle
Regional Sales Manager
29-Year Ross Veteran
Employee Owner

Scan to learn more.

 22 24 42

CONTENTS
ONLINE FEATURES
www.pcimag.com

Optimization of Waterborne Coatings,

Uflex Ltd.

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY Volume 37, Number 1 Durable Exterior Coating Gets New HQ
Building Ready for the Long Haul, APV
January 2021 Engineered Coatings

The Road to Permanently Hygienic

Wooden Surfaces, Kubilay Boya

New E-Commerce Solution Ensures Fast

FEATURES Delivery of Powders in Small Quantities,

AkzoNobel

12 Understanding Surfactant Leaching

in Architectural Coatings, The Dow COLUMNS/
Chemical Company DEPARTMENTS
4 Viewpoint
22 New Multi-Surface Coating Protects Against
COVID-19, NANOVA CARE COAT 6 Industry News

10 Names in the News

24 Leveraging Self-Healing Polymer Technology 10 Calendar of Events

in Coating Design, Autonomic Materials, Inc. 11 TiO2 Insider

48 Company News

30 A Perfect Match: High Performance and 52 Products

Potential for Cost Optimization at the Same 53 Classifieds
Time, Synthomer Deutschland GmbH 53 Advertiser Index

38 The Emergence of Naturally Sourced ON THE COVER:

Colorants, Global Market Insights, Inc. © The Dow Chemical Company,
used with permission.

42 Improving the Wet Track Abrasion of Asphalt

Emulsion Sealers, MiniFIBERS, Inc.

PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN: Digital 2328-8329) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media, Inc., 2401 W. Big
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 VIEWPOINT
Mentoring at Its Best
Here’s a little bit of uplifting news to kick
off the year. Specialty chemicals provider,
Nouryon, has partnered with New York-
based American Corporate Partners
(ACP) to provide mentorships that assist
post-9/11 veterans transition from active
military duty to civilian careers. The U.S.
Department of Defense estimates that
approximately 200,000 members of the armed
services exit active duty each year and transition
to civilian life. These veterans are highly skilled
and educated, but are not always accustomed
to working in the private sector. ACP and its
partners provide one-on-one mentoring,
networking and online career advice to help
returning veterans and active-duty spouses find
their next careers.
I reached out to Nouryon to learn more about
this partnership. Regina Tracy, Head of Com-
munications, Americas and Performance For-
mulations, told me that this alliance with ACP
is a great fit for their company. Working with
veterans who are poised to enter civilian life
supports the continued development of Noury-
on’s high-performance culture, and makes for a
collaboration that benefits both organizations,
especially in the areas of STEM. “It makes really
good sense for us to help high-performing mili-
tary personnel transition into high-performing
business roles,” she said.
ACP Chairman and Founder, Sidney Good-
friend, said of the partnership, “Adding
Nouryon to our list of partners is exciting and
important. Nouryon is a world-class organiza-
tion with leaders in a wide variety of business
careers, including management, chemistry,
logistics, engineering and manufacturing. Their
skills can help our veterans further their careers
through one-on-one mentoring.”
Heading up the mentoring program at
Nouryon is John Callaway, Project Manager and
Director of the company’s Veteran Network
Program. A retired Navy Captain himself,
4 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Callaway joined Nouryon a little over a
year ago. He was mentored during his
career transition by Nouryon’s Chairman
and CEO, Charlie Shaver, who had
become acquainted with Goodfriend
and his mentoring program. As a
mentor, Shaver was able to connect
Callaway with a number of business
contacts, ultimately leading to Callaway’s
new role at Nouryon.
As someone who has received the mentorship
himself, Callaway has a unique perspective on
the value that the ACP brings. “The differentiator
for the American Corporate Partners program
is its direct access to business leaders. The pro-
gram is able to connect people that do not have
any business contacts with a network that can
help them find their way,” he said. Callaway is
excited that Nouryon is taking its relationship
with ACP to a corporate sponsorship level, which
essentially means the company will offer 25
mentors from within the organization, as well as
a donation to ACP to fund their efforts.
According to Callaway, veterans offer unique
skills and qualities that will be beneficial in the
corporate world. Many vets have literally been
battle tested. “We tend to have a lot of leader-
ship experience at a younger age. We have a lot
of deployed experience – have travelled interna-
tionally – and have an expeditionary mindset of
having to work with the people around us, be it
international partners or host countries. We are
also familiar working with a defined end state, a
short timeline and without many resources. We
have had to make decisions and prioritize.”
What a great program! If your company is
interested in learning more about ACP’s Veteran
Mentoring Program, click here.
By Kristin Johansson, Editor-in-Chief | PCI
Carbon black that’s clean and performs. Happy new year to the planet.
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 INDUSTRY NEWS

BCF Survey Reports Uptick in Coatings Industry Confidence

COVENTRY, UK – As with BCF Business Confidence Index well as a sharp downturn
many other manufac- in certain packaging areas,

Aug 14
100

Nov 17
Average

Aug 13

Feb 16

Apr 19
turing sectors, the UK 90 particularly in the hospitality

Nov 16

Oct 18
coatings, printing inks sector and on-the-go pack-

Oct 20
80

Oct 19
and wallcoverings indus- 70 aging, where the decline in

Nov 13
tries have experienced 60 Nov 12 business activity has had

Jun 20
Jun 16
50

Apr 18
an uncertain year with a major impact. Year-to-
COVID-19, not helped 40 date printing ink sales are
30
by the continued lack of down 18%, and the outlook
20
clarity on a trade deal 10 remains very uncertain
with the EU. 0 for 2021.
According to the lat- 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Similarly, industrial coat-
est survey by the Brit- BCF Business Confidence Index Average ings sales were down 17%
ish Coatings Federation Graph courtesy of the BCF.
year-to-date, and although a
(BCF), its members are large proportion of firms are
more positive than they were in June, but confi- expecting sales to increase in 2021 as UK manufac-
dence is still weaker than average and far lower turing returns to more normal levels, many compa-
than the pre-Brexit levels. While decorative coat- nies expect the recovery to be limited.
ings have seen strong growth this year, sales in One major area of concern is employee num-
the printing inks and industrial coatings markets bers, with almost half of firms expecting redun-
are down by between 15% and 20%. dancies in 2021. While the furlough scheme has
Business confidence differs dramatically been a huge support through the lockdowns,
between sector groups. With a large propor- uncertainty regarding the impacts of the coro-
tion of the UK workforce working from home or navirus pandemic and Brexit may result in a
furloughed, the DIY sector has seen an increase decrease in staff numbers.
in sales since March, with decorative paint firms The survey was conducted in the second half
expecting this to continue into 2021. of October 2020, prior to the UK government’s
However, for printing inks and industrial coatings second lockdown announcement but also
it is a very different story. Printing ink manufactur- before vaccine breakthroughs. With the end
ers, making both packaging and publication inks, of the transition period nearing and continued
had a much more subdued 2020. This reflects a uncertainty about a Brexit deal, it is assumed
continued decline in the publication sector as that 2021 will bring continued challenges.

Pigment Market Expected to Recover After represent a 12% drop in value compared to 2019.
COVID-19 Disruption The drop was the result of restrictions on eco-
LEATHERHEAD, UK/AKRON, OH – A new study nomic activity and industry closures across the
by Smithers predicts global demand for high- world caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which
performance and special effect pigments in has impacted nearly all end users.
2020 will be 217,100 tonnes, with a value of Smithers forecasts a gradual recovery for the
$6.22 billion, as the industry reacts to a severe industry across the first half of the new decade.
short-term fall in demand caused by the global According to the study, a 5% recovery in the
coronavirus outbreak. market is expected in 2021; but demand will
New research contained in the Smithers mar- not return to 2019 levels until 2023 or 2024.
ket report, The Future of High-Performance Pig- Having negotiated this short-term shock and
ments to 2025, shows that the 2020 numbers adjusted to a post-COVID world, consumption
6 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

is forecast to reach 255,770 tonnes, with a value
of $7.58 billion, in 2025.
Smithers’ study gives expert qualitative and
quantitative analysis of the market outlook for
16 different organic, inorganic and special-effect
pigments. It shows that the largest market shares
remain for pearlescents, and aluminum and bronze
metallic products, which combined in 2019 were
59% of the market by weight. The 2019-2020
decline will affect all pigment classes but be most
pronounced in the special-effects sector.
The short-term fall in demand and future
recovery will be linked to the fortunes of major
end-use industries. The leading uses for high-
performance and special-effect pigments are in
plastics and coatings, with smaller shares going
to inks, cosmetics and textiles. The impact of
COVID-19 is not uniform across or within these
sectors. For example, decorative paints have per-
formed well in the first half of 2020, as locked-
Brightening lives one product at a time.
Our high-performance complex inorganic color pigments
have durable color that bring architectural coatings to life.
Find your color at shepherdcolor.com.
INDUSTRY NEWS
down consumers spend time on home improve-
ment; in contrast, demand for automotive coat-
ings has fallen by around 25% worldwide.
As they navigate this new commercial land-
scape, high-performance pigment suppliers will
need to react to multiple business and evolving
technology requirements. Among those require-
ments is the impact of major M&A activity
reshaping the industry, with DIC buying BASF’s
pigment division and Clariant selling its Mas-
terbatch business to PolyOne to create the new
company Avient. Further consolidation in the
industry is a distinct possibility in the future.
Another issue the industry will face is the
increasing sophistication of performance pigment
suppliers based in China. Ongoing demand for
pigments with higher chroma that enable supe-
rior color options should also be considered.
Other technologies that businesses will need to
consider are the improvements in pigment grades
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 7
 INDUSTRY NEWS
to speed the transition from traditional milling to
high-speed stirring. Greater portfolio diversification
through integrating cutting-edge nano-pigment
and smart pigment innovations is another factor.
Companies must also consider introducing renew-
able or bio-based performance pigments to meet
end-user demands for more sustainable solutions
that cut their carbon footprint.
Call for Papers Issued for ABRAFATI
SÃO PAULO, Brazil – Organizers of the ABRAFATI
International Coatings Congress are inviting
industry professionals and academic or govern-
mental research institutes to submit abstracts
for the event, which is taking place Sept. 28-30,
2021, in São Paulo, Brazil. Abstracts should detail
high-level technical contributions and the latest
research results that highlight advancements
in paints and coatings. The deadline to submit
an abstract is March 10, 2021. More information
about submitting an abstract is available here.
Color Marketing Group Unveils
Color Forecast for 2022
ALEXANDRIA, VA – The Color Marketing Group
(CMG) recently announced its Global Color Fore-
cast. The Key Colors for 2022 send a message of
hope and renewal. For the first time, two regions
selected yellow as the Key Color. Although dif-
ferent in chroma, they are both red-influenced
and share the same level of brightness.
Asia Pacific selected Hope, a clear yellow with
low chroma that exhibits optimism and renewal
as the region, with the world, continues to
emerge from the pandemic.
Europe selected Sunny Side Up, a soft,
medium-chroma yellow shimmering light.
It reflects the empathetic and kind side
of humanity.
Latin America selected Despertar, Spanish and
Portuguese for awakening. An intense, saturated
Key Colors for 2022.
8 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
orange representing the power of the sun and
nature’s strength, it symbolizes the emergent
spirit of change and growth for the region.
North America selected New Day, a light, low-
chroma, fresh blue with red influences. It con-
veys the classic connotation of hope and new
beginnings, and suggests confidence and famil-
iarity to greet 2022 with a sense of comfort.
Learn more about these colors and CMG.
BNP Media Launches BNP Engage
TROY, MI – BNP Media, one of the country’s
leading B2B media companies, announced
the launch of BNP Engage, a creative agency
uniquely designed to serve B2B marketing
needs. Previously orangetap marketing, BNP
Engage will capitalize on the industry-specific
expertise of BNP Media’s 45+ publications and
connect its clients to a vast audience of decision
makers across multiple industries.
“This isn’t a run-of-the-mill marketing agency.
BNP Engage is uniquely positioned to connect
businesses with services powered by our well-
established editorial, publishing and marketing
infrastructure at BNP Media. Our in-house indus-
try expertise and technical know-how enable us
to create the kind of content that can drive their
marketing and leverage it to reach niche audi-
ences across a wide range of markets,” said Tagg
Henderson, owner and Co-CEO of BNP Media.
Businesses today face pressure to develop
marketing content and campaigns that result in
a real impact on their bottom-line performance.
However, the time and resources required to
consistently develop this type of effective, com-
pelling content to guide marketing goals can
be hard to develop and maintain in-house. By
providing end-to-end project management
and content creation powered by niche-market
knowledge, BNP Engage offers clients the effi-
ciencies and strategic creative support needed
to drive their business objectives.
Using New Corning Technology, PPG Develops
Paint that Kills SARS-CoV-2
CORNING, NY – Corning Inc. announced a new
breakthrough in glass-ceramic technology, Corn-
ing® Guardiant®. The company is working along-
 INDUSTRY NEWS

side PPG as it seeks EPA regis- our customers are seeking product in the coming months
tration for a paint product for- multiple layers of protection that contains Corning Guardi-
mulated with the technology. as they navigate the COVID-19 ant, providing customers with
Under test methods approved pandemic. Following registra- an additional safeguard from
by the U.S. EPA, paints and tion with the EPA, we look the coronavirus in areas that
coatings containing Corning forward to launching a paint pose a higher health risk.” z
Guardiant were shown to kill
more than 99.9% of SARS-
CoV-2, the virus that causes Ti Observer™
COVID-19. The tests provide the
first demonstration of highly Insights
durable antimicrobial activity
against SARS-CoV-2. The dem-
onstrated antimicrobial efficacy
remained active even after tests
simulating six years of scrub-
bing. The tests were designed
Publications for Decision-Makers in the TiO2 and Financial Industries
to account for the cleaning that
a surface could be subjected to
over time.
Corning Guardiant contains Subscribe to TiPMC Publications for
copper, which has been the latest on TiO2 Trends and Insider News
shown to exhibit antimicrobial
efficacy when applied to • Ti Observer Insights
surfaces, consistently reducing Monthly Industry Report focused on timely opportunities,
germs on contact. It keeps the
analytics, and perspectives in TiO2, pigments, minerals,
most effective form of copper
and chemical industries. We take a look at effects
readily available for reducing
harmful germs. globally as well as the China impact. Includes the TiO2
Subject to EPA approval, value chain HeatMap and optional VIP extras.
PPG’s antiviral paint product
using this new technology will • TiO2 and Feedstock Forecasts
be available under the name Quarterly TiO2 forecasts, pricing reports and outlook,
COPPER ARMOR™. Prior to Semi-annual Mineral Sands forecasts, pricing reports,
making claims in the United outlook, and comparisons. Stay informed and ahead.
States against harmful germs
such as SARS-CoV-2, finished For more info or to subscribe:
products incorporating Corn- tipmcconsulting.com
ing Guardiant must first be
registered with the U.S. EPA. Gerald Colamarino +1 610.274.1603
“PPG is proud to partner with gcolamarino@tipmcconsulting.com
Corning to continue innovat- MENTION PCI FOR A SPECIAL OFFER
ing and creating solutions
that address our customers’
greatest needs,” said Michael
TiPMC Consulting
H. McGarry, PPG Chairman and
Consultants to the Financial, Chemical and Minerals Industries
Chief Executive Officer. “We
know that now more than ever,
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 9
 NAMES IN THE NEWS

n MFG Chemical appointed Chad March 1, 2021 and will take over
Ayers as the new Site Manager for the global management of ECK-
its 27-acre plant in Pasadena, Texas. ART, a division of ALTANA.

n Trinseo appointed Joseph n Chromaflo Technologies hired

Clarke to be the Technical Sales Christina Rouse as Data Ware-
Representative supporting its CASE house Architect - IT Department.
(coatings, adhesives, sealants and Ayers Mendoza
elastomers) business. n Beckers Group appointed
Christophe Sabas as the com-
n The Chief Executive Officer pany’s new CEO.
of Siegwerk, Herbert Forker,
is retiring effective March 31, n Pernille Fritz Vilhelmsen is
2021. Dr. Nicolas Wiedmann will the new Executive Vice President
succeed Forker. and Chief People and Culture
Officer and member of the
Przybyla Vilhelmsen
n Marvin Mendoza is the new Executive Management Board
Global Head of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion at PPG. of Hempel A/S.

n Dr. Christian Przybyla will become Chairman n Guy Williams, Chief Executive of U-POL, is the
of the Management Board of ECKART GmbH on new British Coatings Federation President. z

CALENDAR
Meetings, Shows and Educational Programs

2021 paint.org/aca-events/ Cleveland

coatings-tech-conference clevelandcoatingssociety.org
FEB. 10
48th Annual Waterborne 9-11
28-30
Symposium Eastern Coatings Show
Women in Finishing FORUM
Virtual Event Atlantic City, NJ
South Bend, Indiana
waterbornesymposium.com easterncoatingsshow.com
ccaiweb.com/page/WiF
14-16
24-26
MAY 2-5 Middle East Coatings Show
Smart Coatings
SSCT Annual Technical Meeting Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Virtual Event
Savannah, Georgia coatings-group.com/mecs/dubai
smartcoatings.org
southerncoatings.org
SEPT. 8-9
MARCH 23-24 Coatings Trends & Technologies
Surface Finishing Mexico 6
Lombard, IL
Queretaro, Mexico DSCT FOCUS
pcimag.com/coatings-conference
surfacefinishingmexico.com Plymouth, Michigan
dsctfocus.org 9-11
APRIL 19-21 Paintistanbul & Turkcoat 2021
CoatingsTech Conference JUNE 7-9 Istanbul
Virtual Event Sink or Swim 2021 turkcoat-paintistanbul.com
10 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 INSIDER

The Dilemma for North American TiO2 Consumers

By Gerald Colamarino, Director, TiPMC Solutions, Wilmington, DE
The TiO2 industry experienced a strong increase FIGURE 2 v 2016-2020 Chinese export volumes.
in sales during 3Q20, gaining approximately 4% in Chinese Exports Into Major TiO2 Markets
160,000
sales outside of China. Despite reduced utilization 140,000
Tonnes
rates, TiO2 prices in North America have remained 120,000
stable through the pandemic for multi-national 100,000
80,000
producers, while the price of Chinese imports has 60,000
dropped nearly USD400/t since the beginning of 40,000
20,000
2020. Despite the differential in pricing, Chinese
0
producers have not been able to capture signifi- 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
cant share in North America. Why? 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Asia NA WE
TiPMC believes there are several major issues Source: Global Trade Tracker
adversely impacting growth of Chinese imports
into North America. These include chloride pig- favored by Chinese TiO2 producers. It is unlikely
ment availability, quality and consistency of they will build any final-stage finishing within
product, available grades, local representation, North America, even though most coatings cus-
local production, and available slurry products. tomers require TiO2 in slurry form.
Lomon Billions has increased chloride pro-
duction considerably, and they are reported to What Can Coatings Companies Do?
be improving quality and consistency. In North Value and margin stabilization initiatives have sat-
America, they have also provided local represen- isfied some TiO2 customers in the coatings seg-
tation for years and offer a readily available uni- ment, as the variability of Chinese pricing does
versal coatings grade. However, these factors do not warrant the effort to qualify new products
not seem to be enough for North American con- if current suppliers keep pricing stable. TiPMC
sumers to take advantage of the price differential. believes current Chinese import pricing into
One reason may be related to the fact that North America is not sustainable, and increasing
production outside of China has not been costs will further pressure depressed margins.
Coatings companies wishing to take advan-
FIGURE 1 v 2016-2020 Chinese export price
tage of the price differential may need to con-
differential (indexed to period average).
sider alternatives, including supporting final-
MNP vs. Chinese Export Price Differential
3.00 stage product finishing in North America, both
2.50 financially, technically and operationally.
2.00 As the TiO2 market strengthens post-pan-
1.50 demic, TiO2 consumers in North America will
1.00
continue to be faced with the dilemma of how
0.50
best to find reductions in TiO2 costs. z
0.00
2Q16
3Q16
4Q16
1Q16
2Q17
3Q17
4Q17
1Q17
2Q18
3Q18
4Q18
1Q18
2Q19
3Q19
4Q19
1Q19
2Q20
3Q20
20

For more insights into the TiO2 and Mineral Sands markets, visit
1Q

NA EMEA Global TiPMCconsulting.com. See our ad in this issue for more details.
Source: 10Qs/TiPMC Estimates/Ferroalloynet/Global For more information about the impact of COVID-19 on the TiO2
Trade Tracker industry, ask to see our latest issues.
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 11
 Jim Still-Pepper/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
Understanding Surfactant Leaching in

Architectural Coatings
By Ashley Gong, Stephanie Bortko, James Bohling and Alan Piwowar, The
Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, PA

A
rchitectural coatings provide the initial exposure to the exterior environment,
improved aesthetics and critical and may continue over days or weeks. This can
protection to substrates. They are be visualized by difference in gloss, color or
formulated to meet many key coat- light-scattering patterns that often resemble
ings properties like opacity, stain and dirt pickup
resistance, washability, gloss and color reten- FIGURE 1 v Various types of failure on paint 
tion, adhesion, low volatile organic compounds surfaces.
(VOC), odor, mildew, cracking resistance, low-
temperature applications, etc. Unfortunately,
despite optimization for these and other char-
acteristics, unexpected failures may still appear
after the paint application, drying and aging, as
shown in Figure 1. The phenomenon called “sur-
factant leaching” is one such failure, which will
be discussed in detail in this article.

What is Surfactant Leaching?

Surfactant leaching is often described as a
change of paint appearance that happens after

12 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
vertical lines, as shown in Figure 2. This appears
in specific climatic conditions with extreme
temperatures and/or high humidity. Surfactant
leaching is also known by other names such
as water staining, water streaking, surfactant
exuding or snail trail.
Common Perceptions of
Surfactant Leaching
Common perceptions of surfactant leaching
are that surfactants are the only cause of
this visual stain and that only reducing the
surfactant will solve the issue. But in reality,
all water-soluble materials such as inorganics
and additives can leach out of the coating and
stain the film surface. Changing the surfactant
may help, but is not guaranteed to resolve
surfactant leaching.
Water-soluble species present in a paint
formulation are the main source of surfactant
leaching. All latex paints are made with some
water-soluble ingredients, such as dispersants,
surfactants, wetting agents and/or thickeners,
which can exude from a paint film with time.
Weather conditions have a direct influence on
the proportion of water-soluble ingredients that
are brought to the surface as the paint dries, or
shortly thereafter. Dew or light rain soon after
painting can extract water-soluble elements
from the painted surface, leading to surfactant
leaching. Water dissolves the leachate and
redistributes the material into lines (on a vertical
surface), often producing shiny streaks.
were placed on top of the binder surface and
allowed to stand for 10 min. The panel was then
transferred to a vertical position, allowing the
droplets to run-off of the binder surface, pass-
ing over the uncoated vinyl chart, as shown in
Figure 3 (left). The panel was then allowed to
dry overnight vertically in a CTR. The same test
was repeated when paint film dried for 2, 4 and
24 hrs. The appearance of the water streaks was
given a rating of 1-5, with 5 being no visible
marking on the droplet on the binder coating
or run-down portion of the scrub chart, and 1
being a dramatic change in gloss, appearance
and or severe transfer of stain to the black vinyl
chart, which can be seen in Figure 3 (right).
Analytical Testing
Many analytical tools were used to study sur-
factant leaching. For leachate and latex serum
FIGURE 2 v Some examples of
surfactant leaching.

Measuring Surfactant Leaching

Applications Testing
Surfactant leaching was monitored using an FIGURE 3 v ASTM 7190 surfactant leaching
adapted version of the standard water streaking streaking test.
Surfactant Leaching Ratings
testing method (ASTM 7190). The binder or paint
5 3 1
was applied to a vinyl scrub chart using a 3-mL
draw down bar and allowed to dry in the control
temperature room (CTR) at 25 °C, 50% humidity
for 2, 4, and 24 hrs. Three pools of deionized (DI)
water droplets (~5 drops of DI/0.3 g per pool)

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 13

Understanding Surfactant Leaching in Architectural Coatings
analysis, GPC and HPLC were applied. AFM and
TOF-SIMS were used for surface analysis, and
XPS, SEM, EDS, IR were used for deeper analysis.
Appearance of
Surfactant Leaching
When defining surfactant leaching, we often use
the word “migration,” which is critical but not
the only important factor. Equally important is
what the materials do visually at the paint sur-
face. We have defined surfactant leaching as a
FIGURE 4 v Left: Optical image showing sur-
factant leaching from a white paint onto a black
substrate. Right: Scanning electron micrographs
showing two different types of crystal formation.
Localized
domains that
scatter light +
gloss/whitening
FIGURE 5 v Left: Optical image of a paint
surface after a drop of water evaporated. Middle:
Scanning electron micrograph of the optical
image highlighting a concentration of organic
material (dark regions) near the edge of the drop-
let. Right: 2D molecular representation of the
droplet by TOF-SIMS showcasing an enrichment
of exudate at the edge of the droplet.
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
mm 0.0 1.0 2.0
14 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
change of appearance. This appearance change
follows at least three different mechanisms:
crystal formation, pooling of organic materials in
discrete locations and color change.1
Crystal Formation
Surfactant leaching crystals that develop
on the surface of a paint may have different
compositions but commonly contain sodium
and sulfur, although organic crystals are also
possible. Crystals impart a visual change at
a paint surface by scattering light and are
therefore most pronounced on deep-shade
paints and shown in Figure 4.
The probability of salt crystal formation
depends on the types of cations and anions
present and their solubility. Drying temperature
and humidity can impact their precipitation
speed, leading to varying crystal sizes, which
can influence how strongly the crystals impart
a visual change at the surface. In some cases,
water-soluble species at the surface can interact
with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, forming
less-soluble carbonates, which can be more chal-
lenging to remove.
Pooling of Materials
In addition to crystal formation, pooling of
organic material such as surfactants or other
water-soluble species is another form of surfac-
tant leaching. Interestingly, if these materials
form a continuous, homogenous coating at the
paint surface they are not visually identifiable.
However, if solubilized and redistributed by a
water droplet, material can begin to accumulate
or pool into isolated regions, leading to a visual
change in appearance, as shown in Figure 5.
Essentially, water or dew interacting with the
3.0 water-soluble species concentrates material to
2.5
2.0
the edge of water droplets during evaporation.
1.5 This will typically translate into gloss change, or
1.0
0.5 tackiness in the paint film once it is dry. This con-
0.0
3.0 4.0 centration of leaching materials can be observed
with various analytical techniques, like SEM or interact with the water in contact with the
TOF-SIMS, as shown in Figure 5. paint surface, it is important to examine the
accessibility of water-soluble substances in
Color Change a dried paint film and the different mobility
The last change of appearance observed is due factors that influence their speed of migration.
to color change. Color change is typically linked Water-soluble components at the surface
to a migration of leachates to the paint surface are usually accessible to water, but the
that either have color or change color upon accessibility of those in the bulk of a coating
exposure to the atmosphere (e.g. oxidation) or depends on the pathways left after film
light (e.g. UV degradation) (Figure 6). The identi- coalescence or channels between film-forming
fication of this source of change will require an and non-film-forming materials.
accurate diagnosis of each raw material present
in the paint. FIGURE 6 v Optical image showing a color
change for a coating after exposure to a drop
Composition of Surfactant of water.
Leaching
The composition of the exudate may be nec-
essary to understand the source of surfactant
leaching. We can either consider what is leach-
ing in the water placed on the paint surface or
try to find a correlation between the amount
of water-soluble species in a paint composition
and the visual modification of the surface. Water
extraction from a paint surface is shown in Fig-
ure 7. From various analyses, we have observed
that surfactants, dispersants, salts, oligomers,
rheology modifiers and other small molecules
can migrate to the water droplets placed on the
surface of a dried paint, and that more leaching
often corresponds to more visual difference, as FIGURE 7 v Water extraction from surface.
indicated in Table 1. As paint film dried for lon-
ger time, the water-soluble species decrease and
surfactant leaching resistance gets better.

Latex Film Formation

To understand the fate of water-soluble
Film with known Water interaction Water extraction
species during film formation and how they dry time (45 seconds)

TABLE 1 v Leachate in water analysis (HPLC-ELSD) and surfactant leaching ratings.

Visual Surfactant Leaching Rating
Liquid Chromatography Analysis Surfactant (ppm) Thickener (ppm) Oligomers (ppm)
(1-5, 5 = Best)
Paint (dried 2 hrs) 1.5 150.1 426.4 600
Paint (dried 24 hrs) 3.5 80.3 175.4 350

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 15

Understanding Surfactant Leaching in Architectural Coatings

FIGURE 8 v 2D atomic force microscopy From multiple experiments, we have learned

phase maps of a paint surface dried at room tem- that shorter drying times often lead to worse
perature before and after exposure to a water surfactant leaching. Drying time is correlated
droplet. Bright regions correspond to water-sol- with latex film formation, with a short drying
uble or inorganic material (e.g. pigment). Darker time likely resulting in a poorer film formation.
regions correspond to latex polymer. Left: images Another way of viewing surfactant leaching is
highlighting solubilizing of water-soluble materi- to examine the surface of the coating before
als. Right: images highlight extraction of material and after water exposure, as shown in Figure
from the bulk of the coating to the air interface. 8. Water placed on the dry paint surface may
redistribute soluble exudates (left images in
~24 Hrs Air Dried …and Water Exposure ~24 Hrs Air Dried …and Water Exposure
Figure 8), or extract material from the bulk of a
coating, redistributing it at the surface, as shown
in the images on the right.
AFM data suggests that if water-soluble mate-
rials are “coating” the surface of a paint follow-
HFV 2 micron HFV 10 micron
ing drying and if water or dew hits the surface,
a re-solubilization occurs. If this happens on a
FIGURE 9 v Factors influencing surfactant vertical surface, water would run down the sur-
leaching. face, re-distributing the soluble species, leading
to surfactant leaching formation.
Temperature
Air-flow
Environment
Humidity
Binder
Fundamental Study on
Surfactant Surfactant
Leaching Surfactant Leaching
Composition Dispersant
Other Many factors may influence the appearance or
Paint Components RM
Neutralizer
the severity of surfactant leaching. However,
PVC these factors can be divided into two groups.
Formulation VS Those that are linked to the environment or
Attributes Colorant
weather conditions during or after film appli-
cation and those linked to the paint itself, as
FIGURE 10 v HTR coating workflow. shown in Figure 9.
Drying speed of a paint based on waterborne
latex, typically acrylic, depends strongly on tem-
perature, humidity and airflow conditions in which
the paint is applied. The speed of drying will slow
in cold, humid and low airflow conditions. In this
case, the paint film will take more time to coalesce
and fully dry, which will make it more susceptible
to adverse weather conditions such as rain or
surface water condensation. The paint composi-
tion itself is an additional factor that will influence
strongly the surfactant leaching. Certain water-
soluble species contained in paint ingredients
such as the binder, dispersant, rheology modifier

16 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
or colorant can explain the sensitivity of certain TABLE 2 v Paint formulation used in HTR
paints to surfactant leaching. We will discuss each (46PVC, 37VS).
category in detail in the next few sections. Material Name Pounds Gallons Level  
Grind
High Throughput Study TiO2 197.66 5.92 16.00% PVC
Water 150.00 17.97
High throughput research (HTR) methods were
Dispersant 20.93 2.37 1.00% % Disp
widely adopted in the 1990s pharmaceutical Nepheline syenite 241.83 11.10 30.00% PVC
industry to improve drug discovery success. Defoamer 2.00 0.25
They have been quickly expanded into HEC 3.00 0.28
many other areas due to their capability of Grind Sub-total 615.42 37.88 46.00% PVC
Letdown
allowing many more experimental variables Premix
to be explored and understood than previous Binder 380.19 42.75
approaches. Since the early 2000s, Dow has Defoamer 2.00 0.25
been investing in high throughput tools in Coalescent 9.50 1.20 5.00% % Coal
Premix Sub-total 391.69 44.20
order to enhance synthesis and formulation
Surfactant 1 0.06
capabilities. As part of this effort, a high Neutralizer 0.50 0.07
throughput workflow specially designed for Associative
7.00 0.81
coating research was developed. This workflow thickener A
Associative
contains an integrated set of hardware and thickener B
15.00 1.72
software that are capable of formulating, testing Water 126.92 15.26
and analyzing the coating formulations, which Totals 1157.53 100.00
allows hundreds of samples to be screened per
(Without
day. Figure 10 shows a schematic diagram of Property Value
Additives)
the process. The process starts with a design of Total PVC 46.00 %
experiment (DOE) based on the requirement Volume Solids 37.00 %

of the study, followed by the automatic paint

formulating, drawing down and testing. TABLE 3 v The design parameters for HTR.
The experimental data is then collected and Design Factor Type
Poly acid dispersant
analyzed using different tools, and lastly models Dispersant Copolymer dispersant
are built to predict the performances and TSPP
understand the mechanism. Long EO chain, nonionic surfactant
Short EO chain, nonionic surfactant
In this work, a high throughput study was Surfactant
Phosphate surfactant
designed on waterborne architectural paints Branched, nonionic surfactant
Ammonia
formulated with the 46PVC and 37VS formula- Neutralizer
KOH
tion shown in Table 2. The PVC, VS, TiO2 type, Thickener package
All HEC
extender type, defoamer and coalescent were HEC/HEUR

fixed variables. The formulation variables

changed were: type of dispersant, type of sur-
factant, type of neutralizer and different thick-
ener package, as shown in Table 3. The high
throughput facility is capable of testing many
paint performance properties, including gloss,
block, adhesion, scrub, hiding, stain resistance,
etc. The following is a discussion of the high
throughput results on surfactant leaching.
The surfactant leaching results of the high
throughput study showed good agreement
with lab surfactant leaching tests. The statistical
modeling (least squares approach) of the

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 17

Understanding Surfactant Leaching in Architectural Coatings

FIGURE 11 v HTR results of surfactant leaching vs. various factors. Left: Least squares model gener-
ated from all the data. Right: Impact of different variables on surfactant leaching.

5 5

AVE Total
2.722447 4
AVE Total Actual

4 [1.89769, 3
3.5472] 2
1
3

Ammonia

All HEC
KOH/ammonia

HEC/HEUR
Branched nonionic
Short EO nonionic
2

Long EO nonionic

Phosphate Surf
Copolymer
Poly Acid
1

TSPP
1 2 3 4 5
AVE Total Predicted P<.0001
RSq=0.87 RMSE=0.5427
Dispersant Surfactant Neutralizer Thickener
Summary of Fit
RSquare 0.873055
RSquare Adj 0.773163
Root Mean Square Error 0.542697
Mean of Response 3.038636
Observations (or Sum Wgts) 110

applications tests revealed a number of telling mulation gave slightly better surfactant leach-
trends, as shown in Figure 11. The most telling ing performance than using KOH, although the
trend was influence of dispersant type on difference was not significant. One hypothesis
surfactant leaching. for this difference is that ammonia will leave
Dispersant type showed a big impact on sur- the paint film while drying, but hard bases will
factant leaching. In this particular formulation, stay in the film, leaving a salt that can leach.
the polyacid dispersant and the copolymer type The difference on surfactant leaching perfor-
dispersant showed similar surfactant leaching mance may depend on how much ammonia
performance, while small phosphate type dis- was replaced by KOH.
persant TSPP showed much worse surfactant The thickener package showed a minimal
leaching performance. We had seen TSPP affect- effect on the surfactant leaching as well. We
ing surfactant leaching many times in multiple observed that an all HEC thickener is better than
cases in other studies. HEC and HEUR combination. We will discuss fur-
The surfactant type showed minimal effect ther in a later part of this article.
on the surfactant leaching. The long EO
chain, short EO chain, branched or phosphate Impact of Environmental Conditions
surfactant did not have significant impact Drying conditions impact surfactant leaching
on surfactant leaching in this particular significantly. In areas with extreme weather –
formulation. This is contradictory to common high humidity, very high temperature or very
perception that the surfactant is the main low temperature – the surfactant leaching is
cause for surfactant leaching. negatively impacted. We conducted two experi-
The neutralization type also showed a mini- ments to show how drying conditions impact
mal effect on the surfactant leaching. The HTR surfactant leaching. Four different binders were
study showed that using ammonia in the for- formulated in the same formulation, as shown in

18 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Table 2. One set of drawdowns was dried in the FIGURE 12 v Drying conditions impact on
CTR and another set was dried in the fridge. The surfactant leaching. Left: panel dried in CTR.
surfactant leaching performance of the same Right: panel dried in fridge.
paint drying in different conditions was dramati-

Surfactant Leaching Ratings

Surfactant Leaching Ratings

Drying in CTR Drying in Fridge
cally different, as shown in Figure 12. Drying in 4.5
4
6
3.5 5
the fridge induced much worse surfactant leach-

(5=the best)

(5=the best)
3 4
2.5 3
ing performance. 2
1.5 2 hrs
4 hrs 2 2 hrs
4 hrs
1 1 day 1 1 day
The surfactant leaching ratings worsen as 0.5
0 0
Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint
temperature reduces and humidity increases, A B C D A B C D

because the drying time gets longer and the CTR Fridge
film formation gets worse. The longer drying
time induces more water-soluble materials to
migrate to the surface, and worse film formation
leaves more channels for water-soluble materi-
FIGURE 13 v Binder and formulation impact
als to leach out. Similar results were found with
on surfactant leaching.
binder testing at different drying conditions.
6 2 hrs
Relative Leaching (5 = Best)

4 hrs
5 24 hrs
Impact of Binder Choices
In order to evaluate the impact of binder or 4
formulation selection on surfactant leaching, 3
an experiment was performed where the same
2
binder was studied in several different formula-
tions (Paints 1, 2 and 3). Even though the same 1

binder was used, the surfactant leaching perfor- 0

mance varies in different formulations. In Paints
1, 2 and 3, which were made with the same
binder but in different formulations, the sur-
factant leaching performance was dramatically
different. Several different binders were also
compared in the same formulation. In Figure
13, Paints 1, 4, 5 and 6 were made with different
binders in the same formulation. The surfactant
leaching performances are very different.
Impact of Formulation
People may tend to think that the binder is
the thing that governs the surfactant leaching,
because different binders perform very differently
on surfactant leaching. However, as shown in Fig-
ure 13, just by changing formulation, the surfac-
tant leaching performance can be very different.
In this section, we will discuss in detail how each
formulation factor impacts surfactant leaching.
Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint Paint
1 2 3 4 5 6
PVC and Volume Solids
Pigment volume concentration (PVC) and vol-
ume solids (VS) are the formulation factors that
impact surfactant leaching the most. In this
study, we used the same binder and formulated
in 20-60 PVC, which covers from high gloss to
flat formulation space, and in 22-40 VS, which is
a wide range of VS. Figure 14 on the next page
shows the surfactant leaching performance of
the paints with various PVC and VS. The trend is
very clear. Surfactant leaching gets worse with
higher PVC and lower VS.
For higher-PVC paints, there is less binder
and more pigment. The channels between pig-
ment particles create pathways for water-soluble
materials to leach out. Therefore, the higher the
PVC, the worse the surfactant leaching perfor-

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 19

 Understanding Surfactant Leaching in Architectural Coatings
mance, as shown in Figure 14. However, some
other studies show that lower-PVC paints may
show worse surfactant leaching performance
than higher-PVC paints. One possible explana-
tion is that there are more water-soluble mate-
rials brought into the system by the greater
amount of binder. While this study clearly
showed that lower PVC is better, one must
always consider the many other factors that can
also impact performance.
For lower-VS paint, the water content is higher.
For paints to dry, the water has to evaporate
from the paint film, as shown in Figure 14 (right).
The more water, the longer the drying time. The
elongated drying time will facilitate more water-
soluble materials leaching out. Another reason
is that lower-VS paints need more rheology
modifier to reach desirable thickness. The higher
amount of rheology modifier is another factor
that makes surfactant leaching worse, which will
be discussed in the next section.
FIGURE 14 v PVC and VS impact on surfac-
tant leaching.
VS vs. PVC
4010
4.5
38 8
VS 26 6 2.5
24 4
22 2 1.5
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
PVC
FIGURE 15 v Level of HEUR rheology modi-
fier impact on surfactant leaching.
5
4.5
Surfactant Leaching (2 hrs)
4
3.5
3 types of surfactants didn’t show a significant
2.5
2 formulation. However, in other formulations,
1.5
1 surfactants, as shown in Figure 17 (left). The
0.5
0
2 4
20 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Rheology Modifiers
Rheology modifier was found in the leaching
materials shown in Table 1. This is probably the
most surprising finding, because rheology modi-
fier tends not to be even considered for impacting
surfactant leaching. The impact is actually very sig-
nificant. We observed that both type and amount
of rheology modifier had a significant impact.
Figure 15 shows surfactant leaching of paints
made with different amount of HEUR rheology
modifier. The amount of HEUR used are ranged
from 6 to 12 lbs/100 gal. HEUR rheology modi-
fier negatively impacted surfactant leaching, but
the trend is not linear, as shown in Figure 15. The
impact is especially significant for smaller changes
at lower loading levels and plateaued once the
loading amount reach 10 lbs/100 gal. The similar
trend was found when using HEC or HASE rheol-
ogy modifier. Using more-efficient rheology mod-
ifier is one solution for better surfactant leaching.
Type of rheology modifier is also a key impac-
tor. Figure 16 shows the same formulation
made with different VS and different rheology
modifier (HASE and HEUR). The lower the VS the
Surfactant Leaching
Water evaporation
1.5
2 hrs
1.0
1.5
2.0
worse the surfactant leaching, which agrees with
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5 High VS
what we discussed earlier. All the formulations
with HEUR and HASE showed bad surfactant
Water evaporation leaching in this formulation. However, adding a
1 Low VS
small amount of HEC in the formulation dramati-
cally helped surfactant leaching, as shown in
Figure 16. The hypothesis is that HEC thickens
the water phase and holds the water-soluble
materials from leaching out.
Surfactant and Dispersant
From the HTR study shown earlier, different
difference in surfactant leaching in specific
there are greater differences with different
more hydrophobic the surfactant, the better
6 8 10 12 the surfactant leaching performance.
 The same was found for impact of dispersant
on surfactant leaching. While the HTR study
showed that poly acid dispersant and copoly-
mer dispersant didn’t show a significant differ-
ence in surfactant leaching, in other formula-
tions the more hydrophobic the dispersant, the
better the surfactant leaching performance, as
shown in Figure 17 (right).
This is a general rule for surfactant leaching
- more hydrophobic materials are preferred for
better surfactant leaching performance.
Conclusion
Film formation is the ability of a binder to
coalesce and form a film, minimizing channels
that enable diffusion of water-soluble species.
As discussed, optimizing drying conditions sig-
nificantly impacts film formation. When possible,
addition of coalescent will further improve the
level of film formation and surfactant leaching
resistance even if the binder does not necessar-
ily require it based on guidance on the technical
data sheet, especially when applied in areas with
extreme weather or high humidity.
Pigment volume concentration and volume
solids are both important formulation param-
eters when trying to limit surfactant leaching.
Lower PVC and corresponding higher amount
of binder will provide better film integrity, while
the higher VS will lower evaporation time with
corresponding lower transport of water-soluble
substances to the paint surface.
Traditional paint ingredients like surfactants
and dispersants need to be chosen with the
most care. Often, the ionic or non-ionic nature of
a surfactant or dispersant, and their hydrophilic
and hydrophobic balance are enough to explain
part of their resistance to surfactant leaching.
Rheology modifier may also present a source
of surfactant leaching, and we have seen that
increased levels of rheology modifier will worsen
surfactant leaching. Testing different types and
looking for more-efficient rheology modifiers
FIGURE 16 v Adding HEC to HEUR/HASE-
thickened paints to improve surfactant leaching.
HASE HEUR
36% VS 33% VS 31.5% VS 30% VS 36% VS 33% VS 31.5% VS 30% VS
HASE/HEC HEUR/HEC
FIGURE 17 v Surfactant and dispersant
impact on surfactant leaching.
Hydrophobic Surfactant Dispersant
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
Hydrophilicity
to limit their addition level might be another
appropriate way to reduce surfactant leaching.
Finally, colorant tends to bring significant
amount of surfactant to formulation, especially
in deep-base paint. Careful choice of colorant is
also key for better surfactant leaching.
Surfactant leaching is a complex issue where
binder, formulation and environmental condi-
tions all impact performance. There is NO single
solution for all. As a general guideline, to limit
visual appearance of surfactant leaching we
need to consider two things: First, promot-
ing rapid and full film formation to limit water
migration channels; Second, reducing unneces-
sary water-soluble species by the optimization of
the paint formulation. z
References
1 Leger, P.; Gong, A. Piwowar, A. Towards Best Practice
in a Snail Trail-Free Exterior Architectural Paint. Euro-
pean Coatings Journal, 2020. 03: p. 32-37.
This paper was presented at the 2020 Waterborne Symposium.
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 21

New Multi-Surface Coating
Protects Against COVID-19
Dr. Swapan Ghosh, Director, NANOVA CARE COAT, Mumbai, India
C
oronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is
a novel virus that was discovered to
be the cause of a large and rapidly
spreading outbreak of respiratory dis-
ease, including potentially fatal pneumonia. The
disease began in Wuhan, China in January 2020,
and has grown to a pandemic and global crisis.
The virus was provisionally designated 2019-nCoV
and later given the official name SARS-CoV-2.
SARS-CoV-2 is a delicate but highly conta-
gious virus that primarily spreads from person to
person. It also spreads when an infected person
coughs or sneezes, and droplets land on sur-
faces or objects. Someone who touches the sur-
face and then touches their nose, mouth or eyes
can pick up the virus.
Although viruses don’t grow on non-living
surfaces, recent studies show that the coronavirus
can remain viable or infectious on metal, glass,
wood, fabrics and plastic surfaces for several
hours to days, irrespective of the surface look-
ing dirty or clean. The virus is relatively easy to
destroy, using simple disinfectants like ethanol
(62-71%), hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) or sodium
hypochlorite (0.1%) by breaking the delicate enve-
lope that surrounds the tiny microbe. However, it
22 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Nikada/E+ via Getty Images
is practically impossible to sanitize surfaces all the
time, and disinfection doesn’t guarantee that the
surface won’t get contaminated again.
Our research goal was to create a surface
coating with relatively low surface energy that
can repel the spike glycoprotein that anchors to
surfaces, and to use active chemicals to make
the spike glycoprotein and viral nucleotides
inactive. We have developed advanced, anti-
microbial (anti-viral and bactericidal) NANOVA
HYGIENE+™, which reduces the risk of microbial
contamination virtually for all surfaces, including
metal, glass, wood, fabrics and plastics by the
principle of repelling microbes, offering a non-
stick surface to pathogens and self-sanitizing
for 90 days. The technology developed is effec-
tive and certified against SARS-CoV-2, the virus
responsible for COVID-19.
How it Works
Our technology works on the surface contact
mechanism, meaning that as soon as any germs
come in contact with the coated surface it starts
deactivating the pathogens. It has been created
with the combination of silver nanoparticles
(as virocidal) and non-migratory quantrany
ammonium salt disinfectant (as virostatic). These
are extremely effective in the inactivation of the
enveloped RNA virus and bacterial DNA genome.
The coating has been tested against the human
coronavirus (229E) (a type Alpha coronavirus) at
Nelson Lab, USA; the bovine coronavirus (S379)
(A type Beta coronavirus 1) from Eurofin, Italy;
and MS2, a RNA virus, a surrogate virus in place
of Picoma viruses such as Poliovirus and human
norovirus from the accredited NABL lab in India.
Products show efficacy of  >99% while tested
as per global standards  ISO, JIS, EN and AATCC
(Figure 1).  Further, the product has been tested
for its nontoxic properties as per the global stan-
dard Nontoxic Acute Dermal Skin Irritation Report
(OECD 404) from the FDA-approved lab APT
research Centre, Pune, India, and per the global
leaching test for food contact US FDA 175.300
from CFTRI, Mysore, India. These test results con-
firm that the product is nontoxic and safe to use.
We have applied to patent this technology
with application no. 202021020915. The
working model of the NANOVA HYGIENE+
technology is as follows:
1. As the microbes come in contact with the
coating, AgNPs inhibit the replication of virus
nucleotides, the main mechanism of its being
virulent. It binds to electron donor groups such
as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen commonly
found in enzymes within the microbe. This
causes the enzymes to be denatured, thus effec-
tively incapacitating the energy source of the
cell. The microbe will quickly die.
2. The cationic silver (Ag+) or QUATs works
to inactivate the human coronavirus by
interacting with its surface (spike) protein,
S, based on its charge like it works in HIV,
hepatitis viruses, etc. (Figure 2).
The technology achieved success and recom-
mendation from many elite organizations and
scientists. NANOVA HYGIENE+ shows complete
disablement of various pathogenic bacteria
already, and on the basis of available scientific
reports, we are of the opinion that the present
FIGURE 1 v Test results of the Nanova
Hygiene+ technology.
Control
Treated
FIGURE 2 v Schematic representation
of Nanova Hygiene+ technology with nano
actives for inactivation of adhered virus
on surfaces.
Polyelectrolyte coated
metal/metal oxide
nanoparticles
Dissolution Rupture
of the of RNA
lipid layer
formula should work against a broad spectrum
of viruses as well.
The technology’s application on different
surfaces can stop the secondary spread from
various surfaces to living cells through touch.
The self-protecting nano coating works for all
surfaces like fabric (masks, gloves, doctor coats,
curtains, bed sheets), metal (lifts, doors handles,
nobs, railings, public transport), wood (furniture,
floors, partition panels), concrete (hospitals,
clinics and isolation wards), plastics (switches,
kitchen and home appliances) and potentially
could save many lives. a
Test reports are available. For more information, visit www.
nanovacarecoat.com or e-mail info@nsccindia.com.
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 23
Leveraging Self-
Technology in Coa
By Gerald O. Wilson, Ph.D., President and CEO, Autonomic Materials, Inc.,
Champaign, IL

S
ince White et al. first reported a dem-
onstration of self-healing functionality
in a polymer system1 it has become
a growing field of research and tech-
nology development with a diverse set of tech-
nologies adding new functionality to polymeric
materials. This article provides an overview
discrete volumes occupied by polymer chains
on opposing crack faces, and (5) diffusion to
an equilibrium distance and randomization. A
FIGURE 1 v Stages of crack healing in a poly-
meric material.5
Crack

of the classes of technologies that have been

developed and their ongoing and/or potential
uses in the design of coating systems.
Research on healing in polymeric materi- (1) Rearrangement; (2) Surface Approach
als goes back to the late 1970s and early 1980s
when Wool and O’Connor extensively studied
semicrystalline polymers, amorphous glassy
polymers, block co-polymers, elastomers and
fiber-reinforced composites at temperatures
ranging from 50 ºC below glass transition tem- (3) Wetting

perature (Tg) up to 100 ºC. In these studies, χ

healing after damage in the form of a crack in

the polymer was facilitated by heating above
the glass transition temperature.2-4 Wool later
provided a framework describing the stages of
(4) Diffusion to a distance of χ
healing,5 which when applied to his earlier work
χ∞
suggests heating above Tg provided the energy
for (1) molecular rearrangement on oppos-
ing crack faces, (2) approach of the crack faces
towards each other, (3) wetting, which describes
polymer chains on opposing crack faces coming
(5) Diffusion to an equilibrium distance
in contact with each other, (4) diffusion through of χ∞ and randomization

24 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Healing Polymer
ating Design
schematic of these stages is provided in Figure
1. From the late 1980s into the 1990s, research-
ers began using solvents to initiate the stages of
healing described above by swelling the poly-
mers.5 It became clear that whether through the
application of heat or a solvent, mobility within
a polymeric material was essential to initiate a
healing response.
Notably, while the application of heat and
solvents provided breakthrough insight into
how polymers could be healed, these efforts still
required external intervention, and the healing
response did not occur autonomically. In other
words, the healing did not constitute a self-heal-
ing response. The first significant step towards
eliminating the need for external intervention in
a polymer healing process came from the work
of White et al., where dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)
was microencapsulated and embedded within
an epoxy matrix along with particles of Grubbs
catalyst. Damage to the epoxy matrix ruptured
the capsules, releasing the DCPD monomer into
the site of damage. Once in the site of damage,
the monomer reacted with the Grubbs catalyst,
initiating a ring opening metathesis polymeriza-
tion (ROMP) that restored structural continuity to
the matrix. Recovery of up to 75% of the original
fracture toughness of the matrix was reported.1
The work of White et. al. also led to helpful defi-
nitions of the concept of self-healing and charac-
terization of self-healing performance exhibited
during quasi-static or dynamic failure modes.6
Bet_Noire/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic
Functionality Design
Since the demonstration of self-healing function-
ality in an epoxy matrix using ROMP chemistry,
a range of self-healing concepts have been con-
ceived, developed and tested. From a design
perspective, these concepts can be classified as
extrinsic or intrinsic. In extrinsic design, the self-
healing functionality is added to the material as a
separate, compartmentalized component within
the polymer matrix. The mobility required for heal-
ing, described in the stages of healing above, is
achieved by the release of a healing agent formula-
tion from a compartment such as a microcapsule,1
or a hollow host material such as a hollow fiber.7
Examples of extrinsic self-healing function-
ality design include microcapsule-based self-
healing technologies that have been designed
by researchers at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign,8-11 and those developed by
Autonomic Materials, Inc.12,13
For intrinsic design, the self-healing function-
ality is designed into the material but is not a
distinct phase from the bulk material. The mobil-
ity required to heal matrices exhibiting intrinsic
self-healing functionalities typically stems from a
combination of chemical functionality designed
into the material and energy supplied to the
material system. Healable supramolecular poly-
mers reported by Burnworth et al. are an example
of intrinsic healing functionality design in a poly-
meric material.14 In their work, they described a
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 25
Leveraging Self-Healing Polymer Technology in Coating Design
FIGURE 2 v Extrinsic vs. intrinsic healing functionality.
Extrinsic Design
n Functionality added to the coating as a
separate compartmentalized healing agent
within the bulk material matrix.
n Mobility to initiate a healing response comes
from release of healing agent from
compartments.
n Examples: infiltrated hollow host material
(mid ‘90s)5 and microencapsulated healing
agents (2001 and beyond)1,8-13
metallosupramolecular polymer that is mend-
able by exposure to light. Their design included
non-covalent metal-ligand bonds that disengage
upon exposure to ultraviolet light, allowing for
the mobility within the polymer that initiates the
healing process. A summary of the differences
between extrinsic and intrinsic healing functional-
ity design is provided in Figure 2.
Autonomic vs.
Non-Autonomic Healing
Where coating design is concerned, it is
perhaps more useful for the classification of
approaches to designing healing functionality
into polymeric materials to account for the
target application. Coatings are generally
used for some combination of aesthetic and
protective purposes. As such, the choice of the
most relevant healing technologies to consider
when designing new coating systems should
take into consideration whether the coating is
to be used for aesthetic or decorative purposes,
or primarily for the protection of the substrate.
Within this context, the more important
characteristic of the healing functionality is
not how it is designed but how it functions;
and how healing functionalities function can
broadly be classified into autonomic and non-
autonomic healing.
26 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Intrinsic Design
n Functionality designed or added to material
but is not a discrete phase within the bulk
material matrix.
n Mobility to initiate healing response begins
with absorption of energy provided by
external stimuli.
n Examples: Polymers incorporating mostly
supramolecular and non-covalent
interactions;14 some examples include
covalent bonds.15
Autonomic healing in polymeric materials
can best be defined as their ability to respond to
damage by exhibiting repair without any external
intervention. In other words, other than leverag-
ing what is already available in the environment
of the material system, no additional energy is
required to initiate the mobility necessary for a
healing response. Several microcapsule-based
healing motifs have demonstrated the autonomic
nature of this approach to healing. These include
the original ROMP-based healing system reported
by White et al. and chemistries based on silanol
polycondensation,8 hydrosilylation,9 solvent-
induced healing10,11 and isocyanates.16 In all these
examples, damage initiated the mobility required
for healing by rupturing microcapsules embed-
ded in a matrix, causing the healing agent to be
released into the site of damage where it was
crosslinked by another reactant also released into
the site of damage, present in the matrix or pres-
ent in the environment. Although they can also
be designed to be non-autonomic, extrinsic heal-
ing functionalities represent the most likely path
to autonomic healing. This approach to designing
“self-healing” into materials also represents the
highest level of fidelity to its biomimetic inspira-
tion as well as to the moniker itself.
Substrate protection typically requires high-
performing binders. This is particularly the case
where the protection of metal substrates is con-
cerned. Furthermore, protective coatings are used
on large metal assets that are not always acces-
sible such as wind turbines, offshore oil and gas
platforms, ballast tanks, etc. These applications
are more likely to benefit from autonomic healing
functionality incorporated into familiar and well-
tested resin systems, thus maintaining tried and
true properties while exhibiting value-added self-
healing response to damage.
Non-autonomic healing in polymeric materials
is characterized by the need for additional exter-
nal stimuli beyond what is readily available in the
environment of the material system. Examples
include the metallosupramolecular polymers
reported by Burnworth et al., discussed earlier.
Non-autonomic healing functionalities are bet-
ter suited to decorative applications such as the
coatings on devices and consumer goods, which
by virtue of their size and the way they are used,
make the identification of damage and, therefore,
the application of external stimuli required to ini-
tiate a healing response more practical. A sample
segmentation of autonomic and non-autonomic
healing technologies by protective or aesthetic
application is provided in Figure 3.
Application to the Design of
Protective Coatings
The value proposition offered by self-healing
technology resides in the ability to maintain
FIGURE 4 v Coating applications that would require autonomic healing functionality.
Industrial Maintenance
Bet_Noire/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
the function provided by a coating, whether
decorative or protective, after it is damaged.
As such, the utility of these technologies is
maximized when they are autonomic and do
not require external stimuli, as regardless of
the application, no additional effort or energy
would be necessary to identify the damage
and stimulate the healing response. However,
the applications that stand to benefit the most
are those operated in remote locations and
for which labor associated with maintenance
and downtime are costly. These applications
include oil and gas, infrastructure and general
industrial applications where coatings protect
structural metals from corrosion (Figure 4). In
these applications, self-healing functionality
that arrests damage prevents undercutting
FIGURE 3 v Segmentation of healing
functionalities by application.
Material
Functionality
PROTECTIVE
Damage is Visible and Accessible
No External Intervention Required
•
•
Material Exposed to Healing Conditions
Re-Mendable Diels-Alder Reactions15
• ROMP of DCPD1
• Natural Oils17
• Phase-Separated Thermoplastics
• Phase-Separated/Encapsulated8
•
•
Isocyanates16
Solvent-Induced Epoxy Chemistries10,11
Healing Agents
•
•
PDMS (Polycondensation)18
PDMS (Hydrosilylation)9
AESTHETIC
Damage is Visible and Accessible
• Alleviation of Crosslink Depression
above Tg
Few Viable Aesthetic Solutions
• Metallo-Supramolecular Polymers
• Sliding Crosslinks (polyrotaxanes)
• Look and Feel Matters
• Life Extension not Needed
• Hydrogen Bonding Interactions
NON-AUTONOMIC AUTONOMIC
External Energy Required Truly Self-Healing
Oil and Gas Infrastructure
James/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images Sergei Telenkov/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 27
Leveraging Self-Healing Polymer Technology in Coating Design
FIGURE 5 v Coating applications for which non-autonomic healing functionalities would still
be compelling.
Consumer Electronics
ilbusca/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
at the coating/substrate interface, maintains
coating adhesion to the substrate, thereby
protecting the substrate after damage. The
ability to maintain the protection of an asset
following damage to the coating keeps the
asset in service for a longer period of time,
extending maintenance cycles and minimizing
costly downtime.
Targeting these applications, Autonomic
Materials, Inc. has developed a number of self-
healing technologies for protective coatings.
Examples include microencapsulated healing
agents for use in zinc-rich primers,12 powder
coatings19 and waterborne epoxy coatings.20 A
team including Chevron, Rust-Oleum and Auto-
nomic Materials has also demonstrated a self-
healing solventborne epoxy primer for offshore
applications.21 These technologies can also be
used in adhesives and sealants that require both
joining and substrate protection capabilities.
Application to the Design of
Decorative Coatings
Commercial applications of self-healing for
decorative coatings have mainly utilized non-
autonomic healing functionalities. This is partly
because there are currently no technologies that
combine Class-A surface aesthetics with auto-
nomic healing functionality, as microcapsule-
based technologies that facilitate autonomic
28 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Automotive
Vladimiroquai/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
healing will generally cause some decrease in
the gloss of a coating. Using new non-auto-
nomic healing chemistries to design healing
functionality into clear coats for automotive and
consumer electronic applications (Figure 5), is
consistent with the fact that damage on these
items can be more easily located, and external
stimuli required for initiating a healing response
can be more easily applied. Nissan and NEI have
both introduced coatings designed to eliminate
fine scratches with the application of heat.22,23
Outlook
From keeping critical assets in service for a lon-
ger period of time without disruption, to keep-
ing our electronic devices and vehicles looking
good even after damage, the promise offered
by self-healing technologies will see interest
in them continue to grow. As evidence of this
interest, consider that according to a study
conducted by n-tech Research, the market for
self-healing materials is expected to reach $2.4
billion by 2022.24 As early adopters continue
to prove their value in the field, we can expect
these technologies to become fixtures in the
toolkits of coating formulators. z
References
1 White, S.R.; Sottos, N.R.; Geubelle, P.H.; Moore, J.S.;
Kessler, M.R.; Sriram, S.R.; Brown, E.N.; Viswanathan,
 S. Autonomic Healing of Polymer Composites, Nature, Coatings for Steel, Progress in Organic Coatings, 2006,
2001, 409, 794-797. 55, 244 - 253.
2 Wool, R.P. Material Response and Reversible Cracks in 18 Cho, S.; White, S.R.; Braun, P.V. Self-Healing Polymer

Viscoelastic Polymers, Polymer Engineering and Science,
1978, 18, 1056-1061.
3 Wool, R.P. Crack Healing in Semicrytalline Polymers,
Block Copolymers and Filled Elastomers, Polymer Sci-
ence and Technology, 12A, 341, Lieng-Huong Lee, In
Adhesion and Absorption of Polymers, Part A, Plenum
Coatings, Advanced Materials, 2009, 645-649.
19 Wilson, G.O.; Ebbert, B.R.; Andersson, H.M. Improved
Corrosion Resistance in Powder Coatings via Micro-
encapsulated Self-Healing Agents, Paints and Coatings
Industry, March 2017, 49-59.
20 Shukla, S.; Dayton, C.R,D.; Kasisomayajula, S.; Navarro,

Publishers, New York, pp 341-362.
4 Wool, R.P.; O’Connor, K.M. Craze Healing in Polymer
Glasses, Polymer Engineering and Science, 1981, 21,
970-977.
5 Wool, R.P. Self-Healing Materials: A Review, Soft Mat-
ter, 2008, 4, 400-418.
6 Wilson, G.O.; Andersson, H.M.; White, S.R.; Sottos,
N.R.; Moore, J.S.; Braun, P.V. Self-Healing Polymers,
Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, (Ed.).
doi:10.1002/0471440264.pst469.
7 Blaiszik, B.J.; Kramer, S.L.B.; Olugebefola, S.C.; Moore,
J.S.; Sottos, N.R.; White, S.R. Self-Healing Polymers
A.G.; Wilson, G.O. High Performance and Ultra-Low
VOC: Self-Healing Technology Eliminates the Trade-
Off, Paint and Coatings Industry, November, 2020.
21 Cibotti, F.; Chaloner-Gill, B.; Badgley, M.; Ferraro, N.;
Cervantes, F.; Wilson, G.; Kasisomayajula, S.; Anders-
son, M.; Al-Borno, A. Incorporation of Self-Healing
technology into Protective Coatings as a Maintenance
Solution for Offshore Oil and Gas Assets, Paint and Coat-
ings Industry, July 2020.
22 https://techcrunch.com/2012/01/17/nissan-scratch-
shield/, Accessed November 8th, 2020.
23 Ou, R.; Eberts, K.; Skandan, G. Phase Separated Self-

and Composites, Annual Review of Materials Research, Healing Polymer Coatings, US Patent 8,987,352 B1.
2010, 40, 179-211. 24 Self-Healing Materials Market to Reach $2.4 billion
8 Cho, S.H.; Andersson, H.M.; White, S.R.; Sottos, N.R.;

Braun, P.V. Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Self-Healing

Materials, Advanced Materials, 2006, 997-1000.
9 Keller, M.K.; White, S.R.; Sottos, N.R. A Self-Healing

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Elastomer, Advanced Functional

GROW
Materials, 2007, 17, 2399-2404.
10 Caruso, M.M.; Delafuente, D.A.; Ho, V.; Moore, J.S.; Sot-

tos, N.R.; White, S.R. Solvent-Promoted Self-Healing

Materials, Macromolecules, 2007, 40, 8830-8832.
11 Caruso, M.M; Blaiszik, B.J.; White, S.R.; Sottos, N.R.;

and Moore, J.S. Full Recovery of Fracture Toughness

Using a Non-Toxic Solvent-Based Self-Healing System,
Advanced Functional Materials, 2008, 18, 1898-1904.
12 Kasisomayajula, S.; Dayton, C.R.D.; Wilson, G.O. The

Next Generation of Zinc-Rich Primers: Improved Versa- in your industry knowledge

tility and Performance via Self-Healing Functionality,
Paint and Coatings Industry, March, 2019.
13 Navarro, A.G.; Kasisomayajula, S.; Wilson, G.O. Design-

ing Self-Healing Functionality into Silicone-Based Pro-

tective Materials, Paint and Coatings Industry, June, 2019.
14 Burnworth, M.; Tang, L.; Kumpfer, J.R.; Duncan, A.J.; Beyer,
Shop the PCI Store.
F.L.; Flore, G.L.; Rowan, S.J.; Weder, C. Optically Healable
Supramolecular Polymers, Nature, 2011, 334-337.
15 Bergman, S.D.; Wudl, F. Mendable Polymers, Journal of

Materials Chemistry, 2008, 18, 41-62. Paint Coatings Industry

16 Huang, M.; Yang, J. Facile Microencapsulation of HDI

for Self-Healing Anticorrosion Coatings, Journal of

Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21, 11123-11130. pcimag.com/books
17 Kumar, A.; Stephenson, L.D.; Murray, J.N Self-Healing

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 29

A Perfect Match:
High Performance
Potential for Cost
By Jan Pilger, Lab Supervisor Specialty Coatings; and Thomas Bernhofer,
Technical Service Manager Coatings, Synthomer Deutschland GmbH, Marl, Germany

O
ver the last few years, topics enable the aforementioned savings by showing
around health and environmental test results of paint formulations with a high pig-
challenges, and sustainability ment volume concentration (PVC) and within the
have gained further attention, gloss range of matte (<10 GU 85°) and dead matte
especially amongst the younger generation. This (<5 GU 85°), which are popular in the central
megatrend is seen across all industries globally, European market, particularly the DACH region.
but is particularly visible for the automotive, We will also elaborate on results from formula-
chemical and manufacturing industries. tions for mid-sheen gloss >10 GU 85° wall paint,
Numerous new and revised regulations have often encountered in other international markets.
been introduced to the chemical industry A market-standard styrene acrylic polymer was
in different regions in the last two years, used as benchmark in this study.
including a number of revised regulations
and reclassifications of chemical substances Lower Binder Dosage: A
such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Gain in Formulation Cost,
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, titanium dioxide No Compromise in Performance
(TiO2) and several isothiazolinone limitations. Paint formulations developed in our laboratory
With this trend in mind, Synthomer has devel- with the new styrene acrylic polymer (Table1)
oped a novel styrene acrylic binder with excel- have shown an excellent wet scrub resistance
lent water resistance, scrub resistance and hiding
power, and that potentially enables the paint and TABLE 1 v Polymer characteristics of the
coatings industry to optimize binder and pig- novel styrene acrylic.
ment dosage, resulting in paint property, carbon Revacryl UltraGreen
Parameter Test Method
footprint and cost improvements. Formulations 1966
based on this new binder can also meet the 2018 Solid content (%) ISO 3251 50
pH ISO 976 7.8
criteria for the RAL UZ 102 label (Blue Angel) in Viscosity (mPa.s) ISO 2555 150
the category “Low Emission Interior Wall Paints.” MFFT (°C) ISO 2115 4
In this article we detail our internal studies that Tg (°C) ISO 16805 7

30 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 runna10/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
and
Optimization
and opacity, fulfilling class 1 – EN 13300. We then Ultragreen™ performed better than the
further investigated the possibility to optimize benchmark, albeit both only met EN13300 class
the paint formulations towards lower binder 2 wet scrub resistance (Table 2).
content while still meeting the requirements of All paint samples were subjected to a stabil-
the class 1 – EN 13300. ity test at room temperature (RT) and at 40 °C
A series of paint samples was compounded for four weeks, and no instability was observed
with the binder content reduced in increments throughout the test period.
of 1% from 17% to 7%. Pigment and fillers
were adjusted accordingly to ensure all paint FIGURE 1 v Wet scrub resistance in rela-
samples had the same solid content, and all tion to the binder content of the new binder.
paint samples went through the full application
test cycle including both liquid and dry film 100
17
15 15
properties. Test results showed that with the 95 13
new polymer, paint formulations with 8% binder 11 10
90 9 7
8
content (reduced from 17%) can still meet
85 7.5 5
the EN13300 class 1 wet scrub resistance and 3.7 4.2
1.8 2.3 2.4 2.2
opacity requirements (Figure 1). Consequently, 80 0
Contrast Ratio (%)
PVC of the paint formulation increased from UltraGreen 1966 Content (%)
Loss in Coating Thickness After 200 Scrubs (µm)
67% to 81%. At 7% binder content, the Revacryl

TABLE 2 v Test results at reduced binder content vs. benchmark.

Parameters Method Revacryl UltraGreen 1966 Benchmark Styrene Acrylic
Formula Modified with Formula Modified with Formula Modified with
8% Binder 7% Binder 7% Binder
Extender+TiO2 (%) 92 93 93
Binder content (%) 8 7 7
Contrast ratio (%) 300 µm wet on Leneta 100.0 100.0 99.5
Hiding power (class) EN 13300 1 1 1
Wet scrub resistance
DIN EN ISO 11998 4.2 7.5 15
(µm)
Wet scrub resistance
EN 13300 1 2 2
(class)

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 31

High Performance and Potential for Cost Optimization

TABLE 3 v Optimized wall paint with 8% binder content and reduced TiO2 content.
Ingredient Function Standard Optimized
Water Diluent 362 401
Thickener MHEC 6000 Thickener 5 5.5
NaOH (10%) pH buffer 1 1
Sodium hexametaphosphate Dispersing aid 1 1
Polyacrylate sodium salt Dispersant 4 4.5
Defoamer (oil-based) Defoamer 2 2
Biocide Biocide 3 3
Titanium dioxide Pigment 200 178
Calcium carbonate filler (2 µm) Filler 55 71
Calcium carbonate filler (5 µm) Filler 55 71
Calcined kaolin (1 µm) Filler 50 64
Calcined kaolin (3 µm) Filler 90 116
Defoamer (oil-based) Defoamer 2 2
Revacryl UltraGreen 1966 Polymer dispersion 170 80
TOTAL 1,000 1,000

TABLE 4 v Performance summary of the of causing cancer through inhalation in pow-

optimized formulation with lower binder and der mixture, and the updated classification will
TIO2 content. be implemented on the 1st of October 2021.2
Revacryl UltraGreen Therefore, the industry is constantly looking for
Parameters Method
1966 opportunity to reduce TiO2 content in a formu-
Standard Optimized lation without significantly affecting its perfor-
TiO2 content (%) 20.0 17.8
Binder content (%) 17 8
mance, especially in paint opacity.
300 µm wet Similar to the binder content optimization
Contrast ratio (%) 100.0 99.6
on Leneta study, a series of paint samples was com-
Hiding power (class) EN 13300 1 1
Wet scrub resistance DIN EN ISO
pounded with different TiO2 content starting
4.2 4.3
(µm) 11998 from 20% and reduced in increments of 1%,
Wet scrub resistance while binder content remained constant at 8%.
EN 13300 1 1
(class)
Raw material price Solid content of paint samples was controlled
100 86
index (%) by adjusting the fillers such as clay and calcium
carbonate accordingly (Table 3), and the paint
Lower TiO2 Content for Lower Cost samples were subjected to selective application
and Leaner Carbon Footprint tests, namely opacity, wet scrub resistance and
The high refractive index (n20D = 2.609) of storage stability.
TiO2 is a major contributing factor to the hiding Results indicate that a 10-11% reduction of
power of a wall paint formulation. However, TiO2 TiO2 (from 20% to 17.8%) is viable while keep-
represents a costly ingredient and may represent ing the paint contrast ratio above 99.5%. Wet
up to 25% to 30% of raw material costs in a class scrub resistance of the paint was not affected,
1 – EN 13300 formulation. Furthermore, the high therefore the optimized formulation still meets
amount of energy for TiO2 production (5.3 t CO2 the EN13300 class 1 requirements. Paint samples
per ton TiO21) contributes substantially to the remain stable after 4 weeks at both room tem-
carbon footprint of the total paint formulation. perature and 40 °C (Table 4).
Also, TiO2 has been reclassified by the European With the optimized paint formulation where
Commission to H351 carcinogen 2, suspected both binder and TiO2 content are reduced, we

32 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 Are you pushing the
boundaries of powder
POWDER COATING
coating technology?
SUMMIT The 2021 Powder Coating Summit is seeking
talented speakers with engaging content to
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The Powder Coating Summit is a two-day technology event
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Presentations for the Powder Coating Summit should offer
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Metallics and Effect Pigments
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High Performance and Potential for Cost Optimization

estimate a potential saving of 14% in formula- 2 depending on formulation, the type and
tion cost and an improved carbon footprint by amount of extenders used.
12% (117 kg/t) based on theoretical calculation. Blocking resistance of the paints was tested
according to an internal method where each
Robust Polymer Design to Fit a paint was applied at 150 µm wet thickness,
Broad Range of Formulations dried for 24 hrs at room temperature and sub-
To further validate the performance of the newly
developed styrene acrylic polymer, additional TABLE 6 v Silk wall paint (25 GU 60°).
laboratory studies were carried out in three mid- Raw Material Function P.B.W
sheen paint formulations that are commonly Water 210
seen in many international markets (Tables 5-7). Thickener HEC 250 Thickener 2
Using the same methodology as before, Rheology modifier PU thickener 12
three in-house formulations were selected and
Polyacrylate sodium salt Dispersant 5
a binder content optimization study was carried
Defoamer (silicone-based) Defoamer 2
out (Figure 2). A reduction of 7-12% in binder
Biocide Biocide 2
content was achieved while maintaining similar
Titanium dioxide Pigment 170
paint properties.
The targeted gloss unit was achieved across Calcium carbonate filler (2 µm) Extender 80

all three paint formulations, despite lower Opaque

Opaque polymer 167
polymer
binder content and higher PVC. All three
Polymer
samples showed excellent wet scrub resistance, Revacryl UltraGreen 1966 350
dispersion
meeting the EN13300 class 1 requirement, TOTAL 1,000
while opacity was between class 1 and class
TABLE 7 v Semi-gloss wall paint
TABLE 5 v Satin wall paint (20 GU 60°).
(30 GU 60°).
Raw Material Function P.B.W
Raw Material Function P.B.W
Water 282.4
Water 322.5
Thickener HEC 250 Thickener 3
Thickener HEC 250 Thickener 3
NiSAT - Thickener PU-thickener 22.5
NiSAT - thickener PU-thickener 22.5
Neutralizing
Ammonia 0.5 NaOH (10%) Neutralizing agent 0.5
agent
Polyacrylate sodium salt Dispersant 3 Polyacrylate sodium salt Wetting agent 3

Sodium hexamethaphosphate Dispersant 1 Sodium

Dispersant 1
hexametaphosphate
Defoamer (oil-based) Defoamer 1.5
Defoamer (oil-based) Defoamer 1.5
Defoamer (silicone-based) Defoamer 2
Defoamer (silicone-based) Defoamer 2
Biocide Biocide 4
Biocide Biocide 4
Titanium dioxide Pigment 175
Titanium dioxide Pigment 180
Micronized ironoxide pigment Pigment 0.1
Calcium carbonate riller
Extender 90
Calcium carbonate filler (2 µm) Extender 125 (2 µm)
Polymer Polymer
Revacryl UltraGreen 1966 380 Revacryl UltraGreen 1966 370
dispersion dispersion
TOTAL 1,000 TOTAL 1,000

34 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
FIGURE 2 v A set of Leneta charts with TABLE 8 v Test results mid-sheen
applied paint coat. wall paints.
Test Parameter Method 20 GU 25 GU 30 GU
PVC (%) 32.4 42.8 31.5
Binder content (%) 38 35 37
Gloss (GU) 60° 20 26 29

Viscosity (mPas)
Initial 1,520 750 1,120
Haake D=44s-1
After 28 days @ RT 1,480 692 1,065
After 28 days @ 40 °C
1,680 783 1,369
Gap height
Contrast ratio (%) 99.3 99.6 98.9
300 µm
Hiding (class) EN 13300 2 1 2
200 scrubs, 28
Wet scrub
days RT DIN EN 4.8 2.5 3.1
resistance (µm)
ISO 11998
Wet scrub resistance
EN 13300 1 1 1
(class)
Blocking resistance
1 kg, 30 min RT 0.6 0.5 0.8
(N/cm2)

sequently tested at room temperature for 30
min with a 1-kg weight using a blocking tester
(R&H ECA 7038-6). Results in Table 8 show that
all samples reach acceptable blocking resistance,
with a force value ranging from 0.5-0.8 N/cm2.
The paint stability tested after 4 weeks at
room temperature and 4 weeks at 40 °C storage,
measured with a Haake-Rheometer at shear-rate
D = 44 s-1 showed a good storage stability with
only slight viscosity increase.
Passing the VOC Requirements for
RAL UZ 102 Labelling
With an optimized post-activation process,
residual monomers of the new styrene acrylic
polymer were reduced and the formaldehyde
content (according to VdL-RL 03) is below
detection limit. The total VOC content can be
further reduced by steam-stripping on demand.
However, based on the optimized formulation
used in this study, the requirements for
environmental labels e.g. RAL UZ 102 (VOC <700
ppm) can be achieved.
A Next-Generation Polymer
Dispersion for a More
Sustainable Future
The findings and results presented in this
study confirm that the newly developed
styrene acrylic polymer does show a significant
improvement in wet scrub resistance over
the current benchmark. This indicates that
wall paints made using this polymer can have
better durability and will last longer. Thanks
to its excellent pigment binding capability, the
polymer enables paint formulators to optimize
their existing formulations to potentially
reduce both the binder and TiO2 content
while still meeting the stringent EN13300 class
1 standard, delivering a more sustainable
solution to consumers.
The new polymer was tested in a broad
range of formulations at different PVC and
gloss. In all tested formulations, the polymer
exhibited a consistent performance in the key
parameters including wet scrub resistance,
opacity and storage stability at both room
temperature and 40 °C. The robustness of

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 35

High Performance and Potential for Cost Optimization

a polymer remains crucial in complexity suited for a broad range of formulations that
reduction for procurement and raw material meet the EN 13300 – class 1 requirements.
inventory management. • The polymer enables potential binder
A few considerations were taken into account and TiO2 content optimization up to 8%
during the development of the product to limit to 11% respectively. This enables cost-
the use of any known hazardous substance. saving potentials of 14%, as well as a leaner
The polymer is therefore free from alkylphenol carbon footprint.
ethoxylate (APEO) surfactant, formaldehyde and • The binder offers an excellent water
ammonia. Optimization in polymerization and resistance, wet scrub resistance and pigment
post-activation helped to reduce the residual stabilisation capability. a
monomers, hence also lowering the total VOC
of the product, allowing formulators to design References
1 TDMA-Info (December 2013): The Carbon Footprint of
a paint formulation that can meet even the
demanding requirement of Blue Angel eco-label Titanium Dioxide Pigment
2 https://echa.europa.eu/de/brief-pro-
for low emission wall paints.
file/-/briefprofile/100.033.327

Results at a Glance This article was originally published in the European

• The new novel styrene acrylic polymer is Coatings Journal, 10/11, 2020.

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36 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 September 8-9, 2021
The Westin Lombard, IL
P R O D U C E D B Y:

Call For Speakers

Deadline: March 26, 2021
As we develop our first-in-class educational lineup for our 2021
conference, we’re calling on top-tier experts like you to submit your
most innovative and engaging presentation topics!
We are seeking presentations on:

» NEW TECHNOLOGIES
CTT is always looking for the latest technology (commercialized or not) that has
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formulation challenges.

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Do you have a creative new application for a product that has been on the
market for a while?

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500 coatings professionals to increase exposure for you and your company,
find new customers, network and stay informed on industry trends. If you are
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with any questions.

Submit your abstract at: www.coatingsconference.com

The Emergence of Naturally
and Their Role in Advancing Modern Pigment
By Saloni Walimbe, Sr. Content Developer, Global Market Insights, Inc., Pune, India
H
umans have used color as a means
of expression since the prehistoric
ages. From scratches on trees and
rocks, food or water indicators,
territorial markers, to painted images in
caves and other surfaces, the applicability
of colorants or pigments has continued to
broaden significantly over the years.
This, in turn, has contributed to persistent
efforts towards developing better pigment
technologies. The earliest known pigments
used by ancient civilizations were derived from
natural sources such as ground minerals and
charcoal, among others. Many cave paintings
from the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras feature
yellow ochre (hydrated iron oxide, Fe2O3·H2O),
red ochre (iron oxide, Fe2O3), and carbon black,
indicating that these pigments were known to
prehistoric humans.
B.C.E. 2000 and subsequent years saw the
rise of synthetic pigments, such as white lead,
which was created through the combination of
vinegar and lead in the presence of CO2, and
Egyptian blue or calcium copper silicate, which
was derived from malachite or other copper
ore-colored glass.
38 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
While red ochre, limestone, charcoal and the
like constituted a major part of the early pig-
ments market, the onset of the industrial age
also triggered the development of novel colo-
rants such as iron oxide, cadmium, titanium
dioxide and chromium, among others, which are
used extensively in the modern world.
With more and more pigment technologies
emerging from the woodwork over the years,
keeping track of compositions became increas-
ingly more challenging. A solution to this chal-
lenge came to light in the 20th century, when the
International Organization for Standardization
created standards pertaining to pigment char-
acteristics and testing. The Colour Index Interna-
tional is a notable example of such a published
standard index, with over 27,000 pigments
indexed in its schema, designed to identify the
colorants based on their chemical compositions.
While pigments and dyes are both character-
ized as colorants, they have some distinguishing
factors that set them apart from one another.
One of these factors is solubility. Pigments are
generally dry formulations that are insoluble in
liquid carriers and thus form a suspension when
combined with liquids. On the other hand, dyes

Sourced Colorants
Technologies
are liquid colorants that can dissolve in liquids
to form a solution. Soluble dyes may occasion-
ally also be precipitated to form a metal salt
pigment, also known as a lake pigment, which
includes indigo lake, aluminum lake, etc. Pig-
ments and dyes also have different particle sizes.
Pigments are made up of larger particles with UV
stability properties, whereas dyes are generally
made up of finer particles.
Rising Focus on Biocolorants
Recent years have witnessed a marked shift in
global trends towards the use of more environ-
mentally sound and biodegradable commodities.
This has been prevalent to a great extent in the
modern pigments industry, where the demand
for natural coloring agents has been growing
steadily across the textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceu-
tical, and food and beverage industries, among
others. According to some studies, the annual
growth rate of natural dyes has been estimated
at around 5-10% as compared to the lower rate of
3-5% demonstrated by synthetic dyes.
Many biocolorants are found in nature, from
a variety of resources such as plants and micro-
organisms, which are coming to be viewed as
increasingly suitable alternatives to conventional
synthetic pigments and dyes in use currently.
Sergio Delle Vedove/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
This burgeoning interest in naturally sourced
pigment technologies is mainly due to the rising
awareness regarding environmental and human
health conservation, as colorants derived from
natural flora and fauna are considered to be
safer, owing to their non-carcinogenic, non-toxic
and biodegradable nature.
Microbes, insects, plants and ores are among
the most common sources of natural pigments.
Pigments sourced from microorganisms are
gaining massive traction in recent years, given
their perennial availability and stability. Bacterial
pigments, especially, are considered a prom-
ising research endeavor, with studies being
conducted for their applicability across myriad
industrial sectors.
The textile industry is one of the largest
consumers of colorants in the industrial land-
scape. Studies suggest that the textile industry
is responsible for the production and use of
nearly 1.3 million tons of pigments, dyes and dye
precursors, most of which are synthetically pro-
duced. However, due to strong health concerns
associated with synthetic pigments, such as their
use of potentially harmful chemicals, hazardous
waste generation and worker safety issues, these
colorants are considered detrimental to environ-
mental health. Bacterial pigments and other bio-
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 39
The Emergence of Naturally Sourced Colorants
As the importance of colorants and pigments continues to become more prevalent,
scientists and pigment producers are consistently seeking new ways to create more
extreme color technologies that transcend the abilities of their existing counterparts.
colorants are being hailed as a lucrative solution
to this challenge, attracting the interest
of key players in the industry.
For instance, a British biotechnol-
ogy startup, Colorifix, is working
on a method of dyeing textiles
that involves the use of microor-
ganisms to recreate bright colors
on fabrics, thereby cutting down
on the use of water and hazardous
chemicals in the process. By study-
ing the ability of microbes to deposit and
fix pigments on fabrics, the company
has been able to mitigate the use
of harmful heavy chemicals and
reduce water consumption by
over 90%, depending on pigment,
fabric and equipment, as well as
reduce the temperature of the pro-
cess substantially, as compared to
conventional dyeing methods.
Robust Industry Outlook
As the importance of colorants and pigments
continues to become more prevalent,
scientists and pigment producers are
consistently seeking new ways to
create more extreme color tech-
nologies that transcend the abili-
ties of their existing counterparts.
For instance, in 2019, a team of
scientists from MIT introduced
what is hailed as the “blackest
black” pigment to date, made using
carbon nanotubes, the same mate-
rial used to create Vantablack, which held the
record for the world’s darkest material, back in
40 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
2014. While the foil was built on the same type
of nanotubes, the difference in synthesis
was what enabled the new material to
capture over 99.995% of light.
Similar progress was made by
scientists from Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, whose efforts led to
the creation of a very thin polymer
foil able to scatter photons more
efficiently, thus becoming a more
sustainable alternative to traditional
white pigments. The material derived from
the new pigment technology demon-
strates widespread application poten-
tial across the industrial landscape
and has been created as a suitable
replacement for titanium dioxide,
which has been the standard white
pigment option for myriad purposes
such as paints, lacquers, plastics,
foods, cosmetics and more.
Conclusion
Pigments and colorants have triggered a consid-
erable change on a global scale, altering
the way people perceive and interact
with colors. Scientists and artists alike
have been invested deeply in iso-
lating pigments from nature and
developing novel pigment technol-
ogies to preserve and protect the
integral role of color in every aspect
of human life. As these developments
and efforts continue to flourish with
each generation, the global pigments mar-
ket will likely witness a more sustainable and
colorful journey over the years ahead. z
Listen to PCI’s Coat It Podcasts!
Two Sustainable Chemistry Leaders Join Forces
Elementis and NXTLEVVEL Biochem have formed a commercial agreement that will enable them to develop, manu-
facture and sell a portfolio of bio-based products. Luc van Ravenstein from Elementis and Mathieu Flamini from
GFBiochemicals discuss their new partnership and the products they plan to launch in the near future.

Color Trend Forecasting During a Pandemic Leads to Unique Results

For the first time ever, The GLIDDEN® paint brand by PPG has announced an Accent Color of the Year for 2021, rather
than a Color of the Year. Similarly, PPG didn’t choose one Color of the Year, but a Palette of the Year instead. Learn
from PPG’s Senior Color Marketing Manager, Amy Donato, what went into selecting these colors during this unprec-
edented year.

Digital Transformation
Episode 1: Demystifying Digitalization
In this first podcast in a 3-part series on digital transformation, PCI talks to Zack Woods of Alchemy Cloud about the
basics of what it means to “go digital”.
Episode 2: Speed Traps and Turbo Boosters on the Road to Digitalization
This episode discusses strategic innovation on the road to digital transformation, including things that may slow
companies down during this process, enablers that can help them move along faster, and ways companies can digi-
tally innovate in areas like the laboratory, production and customer service.
Episode 3: Predictive Chemistry in 2020: Fact or Fiction?
Our final episode on digital transformation addresses predictive chemistry, a major advantage that digitalization can
bring to a company. Predictive chemistry translates to more than just a reduced number of experiments in the lab. It
also results in better worker safety, a shorter product development cycle, increased competitiveness in the market,
and the ability to attract more engaged and talented employees.

Where is the Global Coatings Industry Today, and Where is it Going?
George Pilcher, Vice President of The ChemQuest Group, reviews some of the key points from his Keynote Address at
CTT Virtual Week. Topics include where the global coatings industry stood pre-Covid, which segments of our indus-
try were hit hardest and which have done well, how the price of oil has affected the industry, and how companies
should be planning for the future.

PPG’s Jaime Irick “Leads from the Front”

Jaime Irick, PPG’s Vice President, Architectural Coatings, United States and Canada, discusses leadership, the trends
he’s seeing play out in the market, the affect COVID-19 has had on our industry, and his passion for diversity and
inclusion.

Collaborative Innovation
Meeting the technical and product needs of all your customers can be very challenging. A faster technology solution
might be found through collaborating with other companies, laboratories or institutions. Learn more about scouting
for opportunities like this in our podcast with Dr. Vickie Scarborough and Edye Fox Abrams of The ChemQuest Group.

COVID-19 and the Coatings Supply Chain

Dan Murad, CEO of The ChemQuest Group, shares information on how the coronavirus is impacting the coatings
industry supply chain as of April 7, 2020.
Improving the Wet
of Asphalt Emulsio
Joe McJunkins, Bruce Prezzavento and Anthony Curcio, MiniFIBERS, Inc.,
Johnson City, Tennessee
P
roper maintenance of asphalt drive-
ways, parking lots and roadways is
a critical aspect to providing good
performance over an extended period
of time. There are many commercially available
grades and types of asphalt emulsion-based
sealers designed to extend the service life of
these surfaces. ADMIXUS® fibrillated HDPE fiber
FIGURE 1 v A micrograph of fibrillated HDPE
fiber (courtesy of Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.).3
42 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
has been shown to significantly improve the
properties of these commercially available coat-
ings. Through proper suspension of pigments
and fillers, reduced cracking, increased flexibility
and reduced shrinkage, overall coating perfor-
mance can be greatly improved.
The study discussed in this article examined
the quality of film formation, tensile proper-
ties and wet track abrasion resistance. For this
experiment, a commercially available, entry-level
asphalt emulsion-based sealer was purchased,
and the properties were tested with and without
the post addition of various grades of fibrillated
HDPE at three different dosage levels.
Review of the Physical Properties
of Fibrillated HDPE
The process for producing a wet lap fibrillated
HDPE fiber has been previously described.1
These fibers, produced by Mitsui Chemicals,
Inc., are used in a wide variety of applica-
tions, including wet laid nonwovens (Figure 1).
 Track Abrasion
on Sealers
Elaine Odell/iStock/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images

MiniFIBERS, Inc. believed that a dried product
would be useful as an additive in a variety of
applications, and so developed a proprietary
process that separates the fibers into individual
filaments and dries them to a moisture content
of less than 2%. The grades of interest for coat-
ings applications have fiber lengths between
100 µm to 900 µm, and fiber diameters between
5 µm and 15 µm. When dried, the wet lap pulp
fibers, which are hydrophilic, become hydropho-
bic. By modifying the process, the hydrophilicity
can be maintained, so grades can be produced
needed to achieve the targeted dosage (0.5%,
1.0% or 2.0%) was added and carefully stirred
into the commercial sealer. The mixture was then
blended using a lab-scale Cowles mixer equipped
with a 42-mm sawblade dispersion impeller. Each
mixture was blended for 15 min at 1,000 rpm. The
resulting mixtures were allowed to equilibrate for
a minimum of 24 hrs before casting.
TABLE 1 v Physical properties of commercially
available fibrillated HDPE fiber.
ADMIXUS MST ADMIXUS MS

ADMIXUS RS
ADMIXUS ES

that are hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The physical

properties of commercially available grades of Untreated Grades Hydrophobic
dried fibrillated HDPE fiber are listed in Table 1.
ADMIXUS EST

ADMIXUS AS

Experimental Treated Grades Hydrophilic

Sample Preparation
Samples for testing were prepared by stirring a
Average fiber
5-gallon pail of an asphalt emulsion driveway length (µm)
100 600 700 900
sealer/coating to a smooth composition. Nominal fiber
5 5 15 15
Approximately 700 g of the commercial sealer was diameter (µm)
Surface area (m2/g) 12 12 8 8
transferred to each of 20 tared 1-qt containers. Specific gravity 0.96 g/cc
The net weight of sealer in each container was Melting point 275 °F / 135 °C
recorded. The mass of fibrillated HDPE fiber Moisture content < 2.0 %

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 43

Improving the Wet Track Abrasion of Asphalt Emulsion Sealers

FIGURE 2 v Digital photograph shows Asphalt Film Tensile Test Method

different amounts of cracking due to poor Tensile testing was performed using an Instron
film formation. Model 3500 test instrument equipped with an
Instron Model 2519-105 force transducer and a
pair of Instron 2716-015 wedge grips. The tensile
test method involved a pre-test specimen load
of 1.00 N at a rate of 1 N/mm, elongation rate of
1.00 mm/min, and end-of-test at an 80% drop in
peak force. Average results were calculated and
2a. Control 2b. 0.5% 2c. 1%
ADMIXUS MST ADMIXUS MST reported from three to five specimens from a
single casting.
FIGURE 3 v Reduction (%) in cracked area
cured at 55 °F in order of improvement. Asphalt
Film Formation
film tensile properties, asphalt films cured
After the films were cast, it was observed
at 115 °F.
that the films at ambient temperature had
Percent Reduction in Cracked Film
different amounts of cracking due to poor
Percent Improvement

vs Control without ADMIXUS

100 film formation. We then embarked on a
90
80 study of the effect of fiber type and addition
70
60 rate on the degree of cracking observed.
50
40 Prior to water bath delamination, the cured
30
20 and cooled films were photographed in the
dark on top of a lightbox. Each photo was
1% MI US S
0. AD US ST
0. A IX ST
0. AD IXU ES

2% DM US S
5% D XU T

2% AD IXU S
AD MIX S AS

1% ADM US S
1% AD IXU ST

1% M XUS S
2% DM US S
2% DM US T
2% AD IXU MS

2% MI XUS S
AD XUS RS
IX ST
AS
AD MIX S E

A IX R
M

IX E

AD MI S R

A X A

AD MI S M
0. A MI ES

A IX S
X E
5% M M

M M
M S

1% M US
5% M S

US
5% D U
1% AD US

subjected to image analysis to determine the

IX
5% M

I
0. AD

ratio of the areas of light (crack) and dark (film)

5%
0.

parts of the sample. 2

Film Casting
The samples were poured into a 6” x 6” x 0.093”-
thick template positioned on top of a 10” x 10”
clear glass plate. The samples were drawn down
in the template using a sheetrock taping knife.
Asphalt Film Curing and Tensile Test
Specimen Preparation
Glass plates containing the sample films were
placed in an oven at 45, 55, 65 or 115 ± 3 °F for 1
to 5 days depending on the temperature (more
curing time for lower temperature curing). The
plates were then cooled and submerged in
a water bath for up to 24 hrs to facilitate film
delamination from the glass plate. The approxi-
mately 1-mm thick films were trimmed and cut
into approximately 90-mm x 25-mm strips for
tensile testing.
As an example, illustrated by the digital pho-
tograph in Figure 2, the coating that consistently
produced the lowest degree of contiguous film
was the control formula containing no fiber at
curing temperatures of either 45, 55, or 65 °F.
As shown in Figures 2a, 2b and 2c, the degree
of film formation increased progressively with
the incorporation of higher load rates by weight.
We then utilized the photographs to calculate
the area of each film that is cracked. Film crack
areas for the 19 formulations under investigation
ranged from zero (unobservable) to approxi-
mately 8% of the total area of the film at 45, 55
and 65 °F, which represent 100% to 92% contigu-
ous film formation, respectively.
Figure 3 depicts the results. We see that film
formation is improved with both larger-size
fibers and by increasing the dose of the fiber.

44 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 FIGURE 4 v Typical tensile stress/strain rela-
tionship of asphalt film specimens (a) control with
no fiber and (b) 1% ADMIXUS MST, cured at 115 °F.
1.6

Tensile Stress (MPa)

1.2 1% ADMIXUS MST
Control

0.8

0.4

Tensile Stress and Strain Testing

Tensile testing provided stress-to-fracture (ulti- 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
mate stress) and strain-to-fracture (ultimate
Tensile Strain (%)
strain) and Young’s modulus.
As illustrated in Figure 4, asphalt film FIGURE 5 v Relative ultimate tensile strain for
specimens exhibited a standard tensile asphalt specimens (Control without fiber) in order
stress-strain relationship with ultimate strain of increasing ultimate strain.
approximately ranging between 1% and 3% of Tensile Strain of Asphalt Sealers
specimen length. vs Control without ADMIXUS
Tensile Strain vs. Control

3.00
As illustrated in Figure 5, relative to the ulti-
2.50
mate tensile strain of the control sample, the
2.00
ultimate tensile strain of asphalt film increases 1.50
with the addition of fiber, following trends of 1.00
fiber size and application rate. In general, we 0.50
see that smaller fibers give a smaller increase in
1% DM US l
1% AD IXU ST
0. AD MIX S ES
0. AD IXU ES
0. D U T

1% ADM US T
AD IXU MS
5% AD U S
2% DM IXU S
1% DM S M S
2% ADM US T
1% D IXU ST

1% M US S
2% AD US AS

2% M US T
AD XU MS
IX ST

S
A X ro

0. % MIX S R
A M SA
A IXU S E

AD MI S R
IX ES
IX ES

M
IX S

AD MIX MS
E

M SM
I t

S
5% M n

US
5% M U
5% M S
5% M S
0. AD Co

strain, while larger fibers give a larger increase

IX

I
A
A

in strain. Increase in fiber dose also provides

5%

2
0.

increases in the tensile strain observed.

The sample with 0.5% ADMIXUS MST pro- FIGURE 6 v Relative ultimate tensile stress for
vided the most efficient fiber in promoting asphalt specimens (Control without fiber) in order
tensile elongation. At twice the load rate, 1% of increasing ultimate stress.
ADMIXUS MST produces a supplementary Tensile Stress of Asphalt Sealers
Tensile Stress vs Control

increase in ultimate strain from 2.28 to 2.46 vs Control without ADMIXUS

1.70
times that of the control.
1.50
As illustrated in Figure 6, the ultimate tensile 1.30
stress of asphalt films increased with the 1.10
addition of fibrillated HDPE fiber also exhibiting 0.90
higher ultimate stress with medium-length or 0.70
5% D U l

1% DM US S
0. A IXU ES

1% DM XUS T
2 AD U S
5% D XU S

2% DM XUS S
1% AD US S
2% DM XUS ST
AD IXU MS

1% AD US T
2% D IXU ST
0. DM IXU AS
0. AD US MS
1% AD IXU ST

M XUS S
US S
ST
0. % A MIX tro
A MIX S E

IX E
0. % A MI S M
A MI S R
IX A
A MI ES

AD MI S R
IX A
IX ES

long fibers than that with short fibers. However,

M M

M E

5% M M

M
A M S
2 D on

5% I S
5% D S

1% M S
A C

X
A I

we did not see a direct correlation with

A
5%

application rate.
0.

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 45

Improving the Wet Track Abrasion of Asphalt Emulsion Sealers

FIGURE 7 v Relative Young’s modulus for formula with no fiber. Four of the formulations
asphalt specimens (Control without fiber). with fibrillated HDPE exhibit a mass loss of less
Modulus of Asphalt Sealers than one-half (1/2) that of the control, demonstrat-
vs Control without ADMIXUS
ing an abrasion resistance of more than twice (2X)
Modulus vs Control

1.40
1.30 that of the control formula.
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90 Chemical Resistance
0.80
0.70 The chemical resistance of each film was evalu-
0.60
0.50
S S S S l S S S T S S T T T T S S T
ated per acceptable industry standards. The
M S A S E S E tro S E S R M MS M S A ES ES MS ES S R S A MS
X US IXU IXU IXU Con IXU IXU XUS US XUS IXU US US US US IXU IXU US following chemicals are commonly found on
I
M DM DM DM M M MI IX MI M MIX MIX IX MIX M M IX
AD A % A % A AD AD AD DM AD AD AD AD DM AD AD AD DM
A A A driveways, parking lots and roadways - gaso-
%
2% 2 2 1 5% 1% .5% % 1% 1% 2% 5% % 1% .5% .5% %
0. 0 2 0. 0.5 0 0 1
line, motor oil, transmission fluid, brake fluid
FIGURE 8 v Wet track abrasion results of and power steering fluid - and were included
asphalt emulsion films.4 in the study. All samples evaluated in this study
performed well, with no softening, blistering, or
% Reduction in Weight Loss

% Reduction in Wet Track Abrasion

vs Control without ADMIXUS
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0.5% 1%
ADMIXUS ADMIXUS ADMIXUS ADMIXUS ADMIXUS ADMIXUS ADMIXUS ADMIXUS
AS MS
Depicted in Figure 7, the Young’s modulus of
asphalt films with fibrillated HDPE fiber varied
from 18% lower to 41% higher than that of the
control formula with no fiber. The highest loads
of fiber (2%) generally produced films with a
lower Young’s modulus.
Wet Track Abrasion
Wet track abrasion is a key test method for pave-
ment preservation products. This test is described
in standards accepted by the International Slurry
Surfacing Association (ISSA). According to the
ISSA TB-100 testing protocol, as illustrated in Fig-
ure 8, the wet track abrasion resistance of nine
selected asphalt emulsion films with and without
fibrillated HDPE fiber was compared.5 All of the
eight formulations that contained fibrillated HDPE
fiber exhibited lower abrasion mass loss and
higher abrasion resistance than that of the control
other visual defects observed.
Conclusions
Overall, the post-addition of six different grades of
ADMIXUS fibrillated HDPE fiber has shown to posi-
tively affect film formation, tensile properties and
0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 1% 1% 1% wet track abrasion resistance of a commercially
RS MS MST RS AS MST
available asphalt emulsion driveway sealer/coating.
These results suggest that the incorporation
of fibrillated HDPE fiber into asphalt emulsions at
levels as low as 0.5% (w/w) of treated or untreated,
medium-length fibers, will promote optimum per-
formance, especially at lower application tempera-
tures, which may extend the application season. z
References
1 Prezzavento, B.; Hyde, J. Performance Characteristics
of Coatings Containing Highly Fibrillated HDPE Fibers,
PCI Magazine, June 2016.
2 Relative film crack area was determined by digital
image analysis of a center-cropped (1500 x 1500
pixels), negative image area using imageJ software,
(https://imagej.nih.gov/).
3 Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Shiodome City Center, 5-2,
Higashi-Shimbashi 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo
05-7117, Japan.
4 MIFI 01-02-01/09, PRI Asphalt Technologies Inc.,
6408 Badger Drive, Tampa, FL 33610.
5 MIFI 01-02-01/09, PRI Asphalt Technologies Inc.,
6408 Badger Drive, Tampa, FL 33610.

46 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
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 COMPANY NEWS
Archroma Recognized for Supply Chain Transparency
REINACH, Switzerland –
Archroma, a leader in
specialty chemicals, was
recently ranked number
one in the Industrial
Chemicals list published
by the Institute of
Public & Environmental
Affairs (IPE), a non-profit
environmental research
organization based Heike van de Kerkhof, CEO of Archroma, delivering a Public & Environmental
in Beijing, China, for message at the online 2020 Green Supply Chain Forum Affairs supports us.
driving transparency in of the Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs.
its supply chain.
Archroma also entered the top 50 of compa-
nies in IPE’s Green Supply Chain CITI Evaluation,
at the 47th position. The evaluation dynamically
assesses brands on the environmental manage-
ment of their supply chains in China.
The Archroma team is committed to sourcing
safe and sustainable raw materials and interme-
diates from like-minded partners. Archroma’s
efforts in this area were noticed and rewarded in
2020 with the EcoVadis Gold award.
Heike van de Kerkhof, CEO of Archroma,
recently delivered a message at the IPE 2020
Green Supply Chain Forum online and said, “As
Brenntag and CheMondis
Announce Collaboration
ESSEN, Germany/COLOGNE, Germany – Chemical
distributor Brenntag and CheMondis, a leading
B2B online marketplace for chemicals in
Europe, announced a cooperation to jointly
accelerate digital sales and marketing for the
chemical industry. Both companies recognize
the increasing importance of online sales
channels for the chemical industry and agreed
to collaborate in this field. The collaboration will
start with making Brenntag’s leading portfolio
for paints and coatings, and adhesives and
sealants gradually available for online purchase
on CheMondis in the German market.
“Over the last two years, Brenntag has steadily
built our Brenntag Connect ecommerce platform.
48 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
an industry leader, we
have the responsibility
to keep on addressing
the climate challenge
and to do everything
we can together to
reduce our impact on
the environment. This
is where the approach
of the Institute of
They encourage us to
challenge our suppliers
in terms of safety, health and environment, and
to go even beyond our own strict policies and
processes.”
Archroma recently released its third Sustain-
ability Report. Prepared in accordance with
the Global Reporting Initiative standards, and
covering fiscal year 2019, the report outlines the
company’s progress on its priority sustainability
topics, such as human health and environmental
safety, resource efficiency, sustainable sourcing
and product stewardship, as well as diversity and
inclusion, and talent management. The report
can be downloaded here.
The platform is now live in most of our mature
markets. We see a strong upward trend in online
business, and with this complementary coopera-
tion we extend our digital channels further,” said
Maarten Stramrood, CDO at Brenntag. “Our col-
laboration with CheMondis will provide our current
and potential customers an even broader choice.”
PPG to Buy Ennis-Flint
PITTSBURGH – PPG has reached a definitive
agreement to acquire Ennis-Flint, a global manu-
facturer of coatings headquartered in Greens-
boro, North Carolina, with a broad portfolio of
pavement marking products, including paint,
thermoplastics and other advanced traffic tech-
nologies. The transaction is valued at approxi-
mately $1.15 billion.

“The acquisition of Ennis-Flint will further
expand our product offering and opportunities
in rapidly developing and high-growth mobil-
ity technology solutions,” said Michael McGarry,
PPG Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. “The
company is well known for its high-quality prod-
ucts, technical expertise and innovative systems.
The addition of Ennis-Flint’s products further
enhances our existing mobility technologies
in support of increased automotive occupant
safety through driver-assisted and autonomous
driving systems. We look forward to the Ennis-
Flint team joining PPG and working together to
further expand the company’s product distribu-
tion on a global scale.”
Ennis-Flint supplies a wide range of products,
including traffic paint, hot-applied and pre-
formed thermoplastics, raised pavement mark-
ers and intelligent transportation systems from
a network of manufacturing facilities within the
United States, Europe, South America and Asia.
The company employs approximately 1,000
people globally, and its full year of 2020 revenue
is expected to be approximately $600 million.
Perstorp Plans to Produce
Sustainable Methanol
MALMÖ, Sweden – Specialty chemicals
provider Perstorp has developed a production
concept to produce methanol from a large
variety of recovered end-of-life streams and
hydrogen from electrolysis. Project AIR will
build a first-of-a-kind, large-scale, commercial
carbon capture and utilization (CCU) unit to
produce sustainable methanol. The methanol
plant will be unique in the sense that it is a
combined CCU and gasification process where
CO2, residue streams, renewable hydrogen and
biomethane will be converted to methanol.
Perstorp plans to do this in cooperation with
Fortum, Uniper and Nature Energy.
“This innovation would both optimize the use
of existing technologies whilst building some-
thing completely new, as well as demonstrating
carbon capture and utilization, using captured
CO2 as a raw material. It would be a concrete
example of the transition towards a circular
economy and of how significant CO2 emission
C O M PA N Y N E W S
Photo courtesy of Perstorp.
reductions could be achieved by utilizing exist-
ing resources and closing loops. This would be
an important step for us to achieve our goal of
becoming finite-material neutral,” said Perstorp’s
President and CEO, Jan Secher.
Project AIR aims to substitute all the 200,000
tons of fossil methanol that Perstorp uses annu-
ally in Europe as a raw material for chemical
products. The project would support companies
downstream in the value chains in their efforts
towards renewable/circular materials, reduced
carbon footprints, and in their ability to offer
sustainable, affordable products. If completed,
Project AIR will reduce greenhouse gas emis-
sions by about 500,000 tons annually. The goal is
to start producing sustainable methanol in 2025.
If the required funding is granted, Perstorp
plans to build the methanol plant in Stenung-
sund, Sweden, utilize its own CO2 and residue
streams, and use the methanol to substitute
all the fossil methanol used in its production
in Europe. Fortum and Uniper plan to supply
renewable hydrogen from a new electrolysis
plant. Nature Energy, one of the world’s largest
producers of biogas, will seek to supply biogas
to Project AIR.
Troy Partners with Pinturas Popular
FLORHAM PARK, NJ – Troy Corp. has initiated a
cobranding partnership with Pinturas Popular,
a leading manufacturer of paints and coatings
in the Dominican Republic. As part of the
partnership, Troy has awarded Pinturas Popular
the right to brand its paints and coatings with
the HomeShield™ Antimicrobial Protection
logo. HomeShield branding certifies that the
products incorporate advanced antimicrobial
technology from Troy.
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 49
 COMPANY NEWS
“We are excited to introduce our line of high-
quality paints and coatings featuring the Home-
Shield Antimicrobial Protection brand,” said Pin-
turas Popular’s Executive Vice President, Rubén
Darío Acevedo. “Our customers demand the best
quality and have expressed interest in antimicro-
bial protection in Pinturas Popular® products,”
continued Acevedo. “The humid climate of the
Dominican Republic puts exterior coatings at
risk of microbial growth. The protection offered
by Troy HomeShield technology provides peace
of mind for our customers.”
Synthesia Technology Announces
U.S. Expansion
BARCELONA, Spain – Synthesia Technology Amer-
ica has confirmed its plans to invest in a new,
large-capacity production facility in the United
States. The new polyester polyol production facil-
ity will facilitate the manufacture of polyols based
on recycled PET technology. In addition to the
polyester polyol production, the new facility will
also contain a systems house for the manufacture
of blend polyols and PU systems.
Synthesia has not yet announced the exact
capacity of the new facility, the selected loca-
tion, or the expected opening date.
Flint Group Packaging Inks Launches
Center in Barcelona
BARCELONA, Spain – Flint Group Packaging Inks,
supplier of ink and coatings to the packaging
industry, announced an
investment in a newly
optimized Regional
Service Centre (RSC) in
Barcelona, Spain. The
site opening strength-
ens the company’s
position in the Spanish
Photo courtesy of Flint Group
market. It brings the
Packaging Inks.
company closer to its
customer base by enabling more localized tech-
nical and commercial services, as well as leverag-
ing the benefits of the group’s global manufac-
turing and warehousing capabilities.
The 1,600-square-meter RSC will be the
regional base for the company’s Iberian
50 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
operations. Based in Les Franqueses del Vallès,
a Barcelona municipality, the center will offer
customers a swift turn around for blending
services and local manufacturing alongside
robust warehousing, logistical services and
direct contact with experienced Flint Group
commercial and technical teams.
S&SE Brings Pollution Abatement
Solutions to India
LONG BEACH, CA – After studying India’s issues
with air quality and natural resources, and learn-
ing how the company could help, Ship & Shore
Environmental Inc. (S&SE), a multinational envi-
ronmental pollution abatement and energy
solutions firm headquartered in Long Beach, Cal-
ifornia, has now launched its presence in India.
Over the past two years, S&SE has been
aggressive in expanding well beyond its U.S.
home and bringing its services to Asia. India has
long been on S&SE’s radar as a prime location
for environmental assistance, and the ground-
work is now complete. In addition to working
with India on a large scale, S&SE has also culti-
vated local partners to help deploy services and
solutions in local markets. This will help with
tailoring offerings to fit area-specific environ-
mental regulations. The company is entering
India with a complete team for sales, marketing,
business development and expert engineering
specifically for the Indian market.
R.E. Carroll Passes Responsible
Distribution Verification
EWING, NJ – Chemical distributor R.E. Carroll Inc.
has successfully passed its NACD Responsible
Distribution® verification for the current
three-year cycle, reaffirming the company’s
commitment to the health, safety and security
of its employees, communities and the
environment. Responsible Distribution is the
National Association of Chemical Distributor’s
(NACD) third-party-verified environmental,
health, safety and security program that allows
members to demonstrate their commitment
to continuous performance improvement in
every phase of chemical storage, handling,
transportation and disposal. z
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 PRODUCTS
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SCHLENK METALLIC PIGMENTS
Zenexo® GoldenWhite WB 21 YS offers the
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 Antiviral Wood Coating
KUBILAY BOYA
Kubilay Ultra Hygiene was tested against human
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 Coalescing Agent
BASF
LOXANOL CA 5315 is designed for polymers for
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 Conveyor Oven
GRIEVE
No. 972 is an electrically heated, 250 ºF, two-
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It features 4”-thick
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 Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Additives
IASIS MOLECULAR SCIENCES
A copper-based additive at a concentration of
52 JANUARY 2021 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
2.0 wt% (≤0.24 wt.% copper) has been shown
to be antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral.
Additive-modified surfaces show defense
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 Double Planetary Mixers
CHARLES ROSS & SON CO.
With the ROSS Double Planetary Mixer, powders
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controlled and spill-free addition of liquid raw
materials. Learn more.
 Defoamer
EVONIK
Offering a unique combination of effective-
ness and compatibility for printing inks, TEGO®
Foamex 852 is a siloxane-based defoamer for
waterborne formulations. It is 100% active and
thereby also solvent-free. Benefits include shear
stability and long-term effectiveness. It can be
added at any stage of the printing ink manufac-
turing process. Learn more.
 Foam Tester
KRÜSS
The Foam Tester provides for stan-
dardized foam formation by elec-
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objective result using precise, elec-
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content and flow-out speed. Learn more.
 UVC Exposure Measurement
ATLAS
Atlas® UVCTest™ is designed to evaluate the
durability of materials exposed to high-energy
UVC radiation. It features a specially engineered
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UVC lamps with an output that peaks at 254 nm.
Learn more. z
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