L-9 The Excretory System

A. Multiple choice type:

1. (c) Removal of nitrogenous waste
2. (a) Proximal convoluted tubule
3. (c) Sweating
4. (b) Liver
B. Very short answer type:
1. (a) Cortex
(b) Glomerulus
(c) Collecting duct
(d) Kidney
(e) Urethra
(f) Urochrome
2. (a) Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, secondary capillary
network, renal vein.
(b) Renal artery, Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra.
3. (a) Ultrafiltration.
(b) Excretion.
(c) Osmoregulation.
(d) Excretion.
4. (a) Haematuria.
(b) Glysosuria.
(c) Albuminuria.
(d) Hepatitis.
C. Short answer type:
1. (a) Glomerulus: is involved in Ultrafiltration. The liquid part of the blood
which is plasma including urea, salts, glucose filters out from glomerulus in
renal tubule.
(b) Collecting duct: receives the contents of many kidney tubules and pours it
as urine in the pelvis of the kidney.
(c) Ureter: carries urine to urinary bladder.
(d) Vasa recta: It helps to maintain the osmolarity of the blood.
(e) Urethra: is involved in the process of micturition i.e. expelling urine out of
the body.
2.
Column I Column II
(a) Bowman’s Capsule (i) Glomerulus
(b) Contains more CO2 & less urea (i) Renal artery
(c) Antidiuretic hormone (ii) Regulates amount of water
excreted
(d) Contains more urea (iii) Renal vein

3. Fill in the blanks:

In a nephron, the blood flows through the glomerulus under great pressure.
The reason for this great pressure is that the efferent (outgoing) arteriole is
narrower than the afferent arteriole (incoming). This pressure causes the liquid
part of the blood to filter out from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.
4. (a) Urea, uric acid and ammonia.
(b) Urea, uric acid and creatinine.
(c) Sodium chloride, potassium chloride and ammonia.
(d) Kidney, urinary bladder and urethra.
(e) Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle,
distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct.
(f) Ultrafiltration, reabsorption, tubular secretion.
(g) Renal ultrafiltrate in glomerulus, tubular fluid in tubules of kidney, urine in
distal convoluted tubule.
5. Odd one Reason
(a) Neuron Others are the part of excretory system.
(b) Excess sodium chloride Others are the nitrogenous waste products.
(c) Loop of Henle Others are the parts of kidney.
(d) Papilla Others are the parts of Nephron.
6. (a) PCT: Proximal Convoluted Tubule
(b) DCT: Distal Convoluted Tubule.
(c) ADH: Anti-diuretic Hormone.
(d) ORS: Oral Rehydration Solution.
7. (a) Kidney: located on either side of backbone in upper abdomen.
(b) Uriniferous tubule: located inside kidn
(c) Malpighian capsule: located in the cortex of the kidneys.
(d) Loop of Henle: located in the medulla of kidneys.
D. Descriptive type:
1. Define the following terms:
a. Excretion is the removal of harmful and unwanted nitrogenous waste
products from the body.
b. Kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on either side of the backbone
and protected by the last two ribs.
c. Micturition is the process of passing out urine through urethra under the
impulse from the nervous system.
d. Osmoregulation is the process of regulating water balance for the regulation
of osmotic pressure of the blood.
2. Differentiate between the following pairs of terms:
a. Bowman’s capsule and Malpighian capsule (structure)
Bowman’s capsule Malpighian capsule
Bowman’s capsule is a thin walled Bowman’s capsule along with
cup containing the glomerulus. capillary network called glomerulus
forms the Malpighian capsule.
b. Diuresis and Uremia (Cause and problem)
Diuresis Uremia
Cause: Reduced production of ADH. Cause: Due to irreversible Kidney
damage.
Problem: Increased production of Problem: Kidney failure, heart attack
urine. etc.
c. Renal cortex and Renal medulla (location and appearance)
Renal cortex Renal medulla
Location: Outer dark region of Location: Inner lighter region of
kidney. kidney.
Appearance: Dotted appearance. Appearance: Conical pyramids.
d. Renal pelvis and Renal papilla (structure)
Renal pelvis Renal papilla
 Renal pelvis is the front expanded Renal papilla is the apex of pyramid
end of the ureter. that projects into the pelvis of the
kidney.
e. Urea and Urine
Urea Urine
Urea is a nitrogenous waste product Urine is the filtrate left after
formed by the breakdown of reabsorption and tubular secretion.
ammonia.
f. Excretion and Secretion (utility)
Excretion Secretion
It remove waste from the body. It provides useful substances like
enzymes, hormone etc. to the body.
3. Give reason/Explain:
a. Excretion helps in removing toxic wastes from our body and it also plays an
important role in osmoregulation i.e. the maintenance of homeostasis of the
body.
b. If one kidney is donated to a needy patient, the other kidney alone is
sufficient for removing waste or excretion. Thus, the donor can live a normal
life.
c. During summers, we lose a considerable part of water through perspiration
and kidneys have to reabsorb more water from the urine. This makes the urine
thicker in summers than in winters.
4. Uriniferous tubules are the structural as well as the functional unit of the
kidneys. It filters the blood and remove waste in urine.
5. Maintaining a normal osmotic concentration in the body means regulating
the percentage of water and salts. If this regulation mechanism fails, we either
end up losing vital salts and water or may accumulate unwanted salts and
excess water in our body.
6. The filtration of blood under extraordinary force which causes the liquid part
of the blood to filter out from the glomerulus into the renal tubule is called
ultrafiltration. The glomerular filtrate consists of water, urea, salts, glucose and
other plasma solutes.
Selective absorption: The glomerular filtrate entering the renal tubule contains
a lot of usable material such as glucose and sodium. In renal tubule, lot of
water along with usable substances are reabsorbed by the tubule. Such
reabsorption is called selective absorption.
7. Dialysis is the process in which artificial kidney is employed to filter the
blood of a patient whose kidneys are damaged. Dialysis is carried out in case of
failure of both the kidneys.
E. Structured/Application/Skill type:
1. a. It is longitudinal section.
b. 1- Renal artery, 2- Renal vein, 3- Ureter, 4- Cortex, 5- Pelvis.
c. i) Malpighian capsule- Cortex (4)
ii) The blood vessel with lest /no nitrogenous waste- Renal vein (2)
iii) Freshly collected urine- Pelvis (5)
2. a. Urinary system, Circulatory system, Excretory system
b. 1- Kidney, 2- Aorta, 3- Ureter, 4- Urinary bladder, 5- Urethra.
c. Nephron.
d. Urea, Uric acid.
e. Ultrafiltration and Reabsorption.
3. a. Glomerulus.
b. Efferent arteriole, Renal vein.
c. Collecting tubule.
d. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT), Collecting tubule.
e. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
f. The reason for high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is that the
efferent (outgoing) arteriole is narrower than the afferent (incoming) arteriole.
g. Loop of henle.
4. a. Excretion is the removal of harmful and unwanted nitrogenous waste
products from the body.
b. The cortex of the kidney show a dotted appearance due to presence of
Bowman’s capsule.
c. The medulla of the kidney show a striped appearance due to the presence of
loop of henle.
d. A- Renal vein contain less urea and glucose.
B- Renal artery contains more urea and glucose.
5. a. Cortex.
b. 1- Afferent arteriole, 2- Glomerulus, 3- Bowman’s capsule, 4- Efferent
arteriole.
c. i) Ultrafiltration
ii) Reabsorption
iii) Tubular secretion
d. Ultrafiltration. The filtration of blood under extraordinary force which
causes the liquid part of the blood to filter out from the glomerulus into the
renal tubule is called ultrafiltration. The glomerular filtrate consists of water,
urea, salts, glucose and other plasma solutes.