Worksheet - I

Biology X
Topic: Transportation and Excretion

1. What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are
the functions of these components?
2. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals
and birds?
3. What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
4. How are water and minerals transported in plants?
5. How is food transported in plants?
6. Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
7. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with
respect to their structure and functioning.
8. Differentiate between an artery and a vein.
9. Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries?
10. Why and how does water enter continuously into the root xylem?
11. Why is transpiration important for plants?
12. What do you mean by ‘translocation’ of nutrients in plants?
13. What is the function of blood capillaries?
14. What is the function of blood capillaries surrounding the nephrons?
15. Name the parts of the body responsible for excretion in (a) amoeba, (b) earthworm.
16. State the two vital functions of the human kidney.
17. Name the gas transporting protein molecule present in the blood. Why this
molecule is employed to transport oxygen, but no CO 2?
18. What is meant by osmoregulation? Explain the importance of osmoregulation for
body cells.
19. What is lymph? Write its importance functions.
20. Which is the major nitrogenous waste product in a human being? How is it
removed from the body?
21. Assign the specific functions to the following organs in relation with excretion in
human beings.
(a) Kidneys (b) Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
(c) Tubular part of nephron (d) Ureter
(e) Urinary bladder (f) Urethra

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22. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.
23. How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
24. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
25. (a) Draw a diagram of the human urinary system and label in it:
(i) Kidney (ii) Ureter
(iii) Urinary bladder (iv) Urethra
(b) Name the two major components of normal human urine.
26. Draw a sectional view of the human heart and label on it: Aorta, Right ventricle
and Pulmonary veins.

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 Hints/Solutions to Worksheet - I
Biology X
Topic: Transportation and Excretion

1. The major components of the transport system in human beings are blood and
lymph. Blood plasma helps in transportation of food, carbon dioxide, nitrogenoous
wastes, salt and other soluble substances. Red blood corpuscles carry oxygen.
Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine to other tissues. It also
drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.
2. Birds and Mammals need comparatively more more energy for maintaining their
body temperature. This can be maintained by separating the oxygenated blood
from deoxygenated blood.
3. The components of transport systems in higher plants are: (a) xylem and (b)
phloem. Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem
parenchyma.
4. Refer to article 1.10.1 on page 35.
5. Refer to article 1.10.2 on page 39.
6. Refer to article 1.8.5 on page 33.
7. Both alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys possess network of blood
capillaries. The exchang of gases takes place in alveoli where impure blood
(deoxygenated blood) is purified to oxygenated blood. Similarly, the nephrons
purify the blood by filtering out its waste products in the form of urine.
8. Artery Vein
(a) It has thick, elastic, (a) It has thin, non-elastic wall.
muscular wall.
(b) Its has narrow lumen. (b) It has wide lumen.
(c) Flow of blood is fast and jerky. (c) Flow of blood is slow and smooth.
(d) It carries blood away from the (d) It carries blood from an organ
heart to a organ. towards heart.
(e) It carried oxygenated blood (e) It carries deoxygenated blood
(exception pulmonary artery). (exception pulmonary vein).
9. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to various body parts. The flow of
blood is fast and jerky under pressure. Therefore, arteries have thick, elastic
walls. Veins collect blood from various body parts of bring to the heart. They have
valves. So, flow of blood is smooth, under no pressure. The thin walls of veins,
therefore, allow smooth flor of blood towards heart.

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10. Root cells are in close contact with the soil. They actively take up ions from soil.
Ion concentration, therefore, increases inside the root. This reuslts in increased
osmotic pressure and, hence, movement of water from the soil into the root
continuously.
11. Transpiration (a) helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and
minerals from roots to the leaves, and (b) helps in the cooling of plant parts.
12. Movement of organic nutrients (such as sugars) from leaves to other parts of
plant through living cells (sieve tubes) of phloem is called ‘translocation of
nutrients’.
13. Blood capillaries connect the arteries and veins. They perform the function of
exchange of food materials, gases and metabolic wastes.
14. Blood capillaries surrounding the nephrons absorb useful products, such as
glucose, amino acids, water, etc, from the glomerular filtrate.
15. (a) Amobea – cell membrane and contractile vacuole
(b) Earthworm – nephridia
16. (a) Human kidneys excrete the toxic wastes from the body.
(b) The kidneys perform the phenomenon by controlling water balance and level
of mineral ions in the body.
17. Haemoglobin is the gas transporting protein molecule present in the red blood
cells. It has the unique property of combining reversibly with oxygen and is the
medium by which O 2 is transported within the body. Carbon dioxide is more
soluble in water than oxygen and therefore, it is transported in the dissolved
form in blood plasma.
18. Osmoregulation is the process of regulating the water content and ion
concentration in the body. It is an important process particularly in relation to
the habitat in which the organisms live. For example, the organisms living in
fresh water take up large amount of water through their skin or mouth. Excess
water must be removed in order to survive. Similarly, marine and terrestrial
animals need to conserve water. Thus, osmoregulation is important because the
water content of body cells must be in accordance with their surrounding media.
19. Lymph is extracellular, light-yellow coloured, mobile fluid connective tissue which
drains into the lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces.
Lymph transports digested and absorbed food fats from digestive tract to the
blood.
20. The major nitrogenous waste product in a human being is urea. It is removed
from the blood by filtration into Bowman’s capsule. The filtrate carrying urea
passes from nephrons into a space inside kidney leading to the ureter. From
ureter, urea along with urine passes into the urinary bladder and is stored there
till throw out of the body.
21. (a) Urine formation
(b) Process of filtration of the blood, called ultrafiltration
(c) Selective reabsorption of substances from filtered urine

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 (d) Transportation of urine from kidney to urinary bladder
(e) Collection and storage of urine
(f) Tube for passing our urine.
22. Refer to article 1.11.1.3 on page 42.
23. The amount of urine produced is regulated by reabsorption of water and dissolved
substances. It depends on how much of excess water is there in the body and
how much of the water material has to be exereted.
24. Refer to article 1.11.2 on page 43.
25. (a)

(b) Normal human urine contains about 95% water and 5% nitrogenous
substances (mostly urea and uric acid),
26.

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