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Contrast
The Process of
 ANIMAL CIRCULATION

The circulatory system is the primary method used to

transport nutrients and gases through the body. Simple
diffusion allows some water, nutrient, waste, and gas
exchange in animals that are only a few cell layers
thick; however, bulk flow is the only method by which
the entire body of larger, more complex organisms is
accessed.
 TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

The circulatory system is effectively a network of

cylindrical vessels: the arteries, veins, and capillaries
that emanate from a pump, the heart. In all vertebrate
organisms, as well as some invertebrates, this is a
closed-loop system, in which the blood is not free in a
cavity. 
 TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

As opposed to a closed system, arthropods– including

insects, crustaceans, and most mollusks– have an ‘open’
circulatory system. In an open circulatory system, the
blood is not enclosed in blood vessels but is pumped into
an open cavity called a hemocoel and is
called hemolymph because the blood mixes with
the interstitial fluid.
As the heart beats and the animal moves, the hemolymph
circulates around the organs within the body cavity and
then reenters the hearts through openings called ostia. 
 TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

(a)Closed Circulatory Systems

The heart pumps blood through vessels that are separate
from the interstitial fluid of the body. Most vertebrates and
some invertebrates, like this annelid earthworm, have a
closed circulatory system. 
TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

(a) Closed Circulatory

Systems
 TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

(b) Open Circulatory Systems

A fluid called hemolymph is pumped through a blood
vessel that empties into the body cavity. Hemolymph
returns to the blood vessel through openings called ostia.
Arthropods like this bee and most mollusks have open
circulatory systems.
TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

(b) Open Circulatory

Systems
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VARIATION IN ANIMALS

The circulatory system varies from

simple systems in invertebrates to
more complex systems in
vertebrates. The simplest animals,
such as the sponges (Porifera)
and rotifers (Rotifera), do not
need a circulatory system because
diffusion allows adequate
exchange of water, nutrients, and
waste, as well as dissolved gases. 
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VARIATION IN ANIMALS

Organisms that are more

complex but still only have two
layers of cells in their body
plan, such as jellies (Cnidaria)
and comb jellies (Ctenophora)
also use diffusion through their
epidermis and internally
through the gastrovascular
compartment.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VARIATION IN ANIMALS

Both their internal and

external tissues are bathed in
an aqueous environment and
exchange fluids by diffusion on
both sides. Exchange of fluids is
assisted by the pulsing of the
jellyfish body.
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VARIATION IN ANIMALS

o For more complex organisms, diffusion is not efficient for

cycling gases, nutrients, and waste effectively through the body;
therefore, more complex circulatory systems evolved. In an
open system, an elongated beating heart pushes the hemolymph
through the body and muscle contractions help to move fluids.
o The larger more complex crustaceans, including lobsters, have
developed arterial-like vessels to push blood through their
bodies, and the most active mollusks, such as squids, have
evolved a closed circulatory system and are able to move rapidly
to catch prey. 
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VARIATION IN ANIMALS

(a) Fish have the simplest

circulatory systems of the
vertebrates: blood flows
unidirectionally from the two-
chambered heart through the gills
and then the rest of the body. 
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VARIATION IN ANIMALS

(b) Amphibians have two

circulatory routes: one for
oxygenation of the blood through
the lungs and skin, and the other
to take oxygen to the rest of the
body. The blood is pumped from a
three-chambered heart with two
atria and a single ventricle.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VARIATION IN ANIMALS

(c) Reptiles also have two

circulatory routes; however, blood
is only oxygenated through the
lungs. The heart is three
chambered, but the ventricles are
partially separated so some mixing
of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood occurs except in
crocodilians and birds.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VARIATION IN ANIMALS

(d) Mammals and birds have the

most efficient heart with four
chambers that completely separate
the oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood; it pumps only oxygenated
blood through the body and
deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
 PLANTS TRANSPORT

PLANT TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

Xylem moves water from roots to the leaves, and
phloem moves food from the leaves to the rest of the
plant. During transpiration water evaporates from the
leaves and draws water from the roots.
PLANTS TRANSPORT
Xylem transports water and
mineral salts from the roots up to
other parts of the plant,
while phloem transports sucrose
and amino acids between the
leaves and other parts of the plant.
PLANTS TRANSPORT
Xylem
Mature xylem consists of
elongated dead cells, arranged end
to end to form
continuous vessels (tubes).
Mature xylem vessels:
o contain no cytoplasm
o are impermeable to water
o have tough walls containing a
woody material called lignin
PLANTS TRANSPORT
Phloem
Phloem consists of living cells
arranged end to end. Unlike xylem,
phloem vessels contain cytoplasm,
and this goes through holes from
one cell to the next.
PLANTS TRANSPORT
Phloem
Phloem transports sucrose and
amino acids up and down the plant.
This is called translocation. In
general, this happens between
where these substances are made
(the sources) and where they are
used or stored (the sinks).
PLANTS TRANSPORT

Phloem
This means, for example, that
sucrose is transported:
o from sources in the root to sinks in
the leaves in spring time
o from sources in the leaves to sinks
in the root in the summer
 ABSORPTION OF WATER
Water Uptake and Transport in Vascular Plants
Water is the most limiting abiotic (non-living) factor to plant growth
and productivity, and a principal determinant of vegetation
distributions worldwide. Since antiquity, humans have recognized
plants' thirst for water as evidenced by the existence of irrigation
systems at the beginning of recorded history.

Water's importance to plants stems from its central role in growth and
photosynthesis, and the distribution of organic and inorganic
molecules. 
 ABSORPTION OF WATER
If water is so important to plant growth and survival, then why
would plants waste so much of it?

o To make sugars, plants must absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
atmosphere through small pores in their leaves called stomata.
o However, when stomata open, water is lost to the atmosphere at a
prolific rate relative to the small amount of CO2 absorbed; across
plant species an average of 400 water molecules are lost for each
CO2 molecule gained. 
 ABSORPTION OF WATER
From the Soil into the Plant

o Essentially all of the water used by land plants is absorbed from the
soil by roots. A root system consists of a complex network of
individual roots that vary in age along their length. Roots grow from
their tips and initially produce thin and non-woody fine roots.
o Fine roots are the most permeable portion of a root system, and are
thought to have the greatest ability to absorb water, particularly in
herbaceous (i.e., non-woody) plants (McCully 1999).
 ABSORPTION OF WATER

From the Soil into the Plant

o Absorption of water plus macronutrients and micronutrients

through the root system by diffusion

o Root hairs increases the surface area for transport

o Epidermisà cortexà endodermisà pericycle à move upwards

by means of xylem vessels
ABSORPTION OF WATER