LIFE PROCESSES -TRANSPORTATION

1. List the components of circulatory system in human beings

2. Is blood a tissue ? Justify

Yes, Blood is a fluid connective tissue -because it consists of a fluid medium called Plasma
in which the cells are suspended.

3. Explain the functions of blood

a) Plasma transports food, hormones, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.
b) RBCs carry oxygen
c) WBC provide immunity to body
d) Platelets help in blood clotting.

4. Explain the need for a chambered heart in human beings.

- Human heart has different chambers to prevent the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the blood
containing carbon dioxide
- Both oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported by the blood.
- The carbon dioxide-rich blood must reach the lungs for the carbon dioxide to be removed
- The oxygenated blood from the lungs must be brought back to the heart.

5. How many chambers are preset in human heart ?

- Four chambers
- It consists of 2 atria and 2 ventricles. ] [ Mammals and Birds]

6. Why is a four chambered heart advantageous for a mammal?

- The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is useful to keep oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
- Such separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
- This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, which
constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature.

7. Define double circulation.

A type of circulation in which the blood flows through the heart twice, during each cycle of
passage through the body.

8. List the functions of different chambers of human heart.

Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein and drain to LV
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of body
Right atrium receive deoxygenated blood from vena cava
Right pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs.
ventricle

9. How is pulmonary artery different from pulmonary vein regarding function ?

Pulmonary artery-carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
Pulmonary vein – carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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 10. Represent schematically the mechanism of double circulation. [ Explain the functioning
of human heart ]
or
Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?

-The energy demand of human beings is too large and hence it is necessary for the separation of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to meet this energy demand.

11. Why do veins and heart have valves?

- Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards, thus allowing the flow of blood in direction only
Valves present between the atrium and ventricle prevent the back flow of the blood.

12. Why do ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the atria?
Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs in high pressure.

13. (a) Explain the types of chambers in a three chambered heart .

(b) Name two animal groups which possess it. Why are they able to manage their life
process with the functioning of a 3 chambered heart ?
-[It consists of 2 atria and 1 ventricle]
-[Amphibians, reptiles (except crocodiles)
• They tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood streams.
• [They do not use energy for maintaining body temperature, the body temperature depends on
the temperature in the environment]

14. Explain the type of heart and circulation in fishes.

-Two chambered heart [It consist of one atrium and one ventricle]
- The blood is pumped to the gills, is oxygenated there, and passes directly to the rest of the body
[Blood goes only once through the heart in the fish during one cycle of passage through the body. –
single circulation]

15. List the differences between an artery and vein

Artery Vein
1. They carry blood away from the heart to They collect the blood from different
various organs of the body organs and bring it back to the heart
2. They have thick, elastic walls, since the They are thin walled because the blood
blood emerges from the heart under high is no longer under pressure
pressure
3. They do not have valves They have valves

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 16. How are capillaries formed ? What is their function?
On reaching an organ or tissue, the artery divides into smaller and smaller vessels
to bring the blood in contact with all the individual cells
They are the smallest vessels which have one-cell thick walls.
Function of capillary
Exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells takes place across this thin wall.
The capillaries then join to form veins.

17. What happens when there is a leak in the blood vessel? How is this issue solved by the
body ? [ Or] what is the role of blood platelets ?

If there is leak in the blood vessels, that may lead to →

1. Bleeding- the loss of blood from the system
2. Loss of pressure which would reduce the efficiency of the pumping system.
To avoid this, the blood has platelet cells which circulate around the body and
plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at these points of injury

18. How is lymph formed?

Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries some amount of plasma, proteins and blood
cells escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph.

19. How is it different from plasma/blood?

1. Lymph is colorless, while blood is red in colour due to hemoglobin
2. Lymph contains less protein when compared to blood
Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces, which join to form
large lymph vessels that finally open into larger veins.

20. What are the functions of lymph ?

1. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine
2. Lymph drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.

21. What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?

- Haemoglobin is a red pigment present in our blood which carries oxygen to all body parts.
- deficiency of haemoglobin → oxygen supply to cells decreases → release of less energy in our body,
→leading to a disease called anaemia.
- Breathlessness, tiredness and weakness are the symptoms of anaemia.

22. Why do plants need a transport system ?

- If the distance between soil-contacting organs and chlorophyll containing organs become large
because of changes in plant body design, diffusion processes will not be sufficient to provide raw
material in leaves and energy in roots.
-Plants need specialized tissues to conduct materials from the source to the sink.

23. Why plants have low energy needs?

1. Plants do not move
2. Plant bodies have a large proportion of dead cells in many tissues.

24. What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?
Xylem moves water and minerals obtained from the soil.
Phloem transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves where they are synthesized to
other parts of the plant.

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 25. How are water and minerals transported in plants ?
In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheid of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to
form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant.

Roots cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions

↓
Difference in the concentration of these ions between the root and the soil
↓
Water moves into the root from the soil
↓
Creation of suction pressure in leaf by transpiration
↓
Upward movement of water from xylem of roots
There is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column of water that is steadily
pushed upwards.

26. Define transpiration. What is its advantage in plants ?

The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration
Advantages:-
1. Transpiration from the cells of a leaf creates a suction which helps in the absorption and
upward movement of water and minerals through xylem from roots to the leaves.
2. It also helps in temperature regulation

27. What is the major driving force in the movement of water through xylem during
day and night?
- The effect of root pressure in transport of water is more important at night.
- During the day → stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes the major driving force
in the movement of water in the xylem.

28. What is translocation ? which all materials are usually translocated ?

✓ The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of
plant through phloem is called translocation
✓ The phloem transports amino acids and other substances.
✓ These substances are delivered to the storage organs of roots, fruits and seeds and to growing
organs.
✓ The translocation of food and other substances takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of
adjacent companion cells.

29. Compare the transport process in xylem and phloem.

Transport in xylem
Xylem transport water and mineral from
roots to different parts
Transport occur only in upward direction
Xylem transport can be explained by
simple physical forces, diffusion etc..
Transport in phloem
Phloem transport food molecules, amino
acids and other substances.
Transport occur in upward and downward
directions
Phloem transport involves energy thus an
active process

30. How does translocation occur in plants ?

- Materials like sucrose are transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP.
- This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move into it.
- This pressure moves the material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure. This allows the
phloem to move material according to the plant’s needs. For example, in the spring, sugar stored in
root or stem tissue would be transported to the buds which need energy to grow.

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