14 During the cardiac cycle what happens during atrial systole?

The atrioventricular valves are open; the semilunar valves are closed. The atria contract to eject
blood into the ventricles.

15 During the cardiac cycle what happens during ventricular systole?

During ventricular systole the ventricles contract to pump blood through the pulmonary artery and
the aorta. The atrioventricular valves are closed to not have back flow of the blood back into the
atria.

16 Describe the pressures in the heart required for the AV valves to be open.

Opening of aortic valve occurs when left ventricular pressure is above aortic pressure.

17 Describe the pressures in the heart required for the semilunar valves to close.

The semilunar valves are closed because the ventricular pressure is lower than that in the aorta and
the pulmonary artery.

18 What is cardiac output? How do you calculate it?

Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.

Stroke volume x heart rate

19 Identify 3 differences between the structure of veins and arteries.

Veins are closer to the surface of your body, and arteries are deep inside your muscles.

The walls of a vein are thinner than an artery.

Veins carry blood from your organs and towards your heart. Arteries carry blood away from your
heart.

20 What is the difference between the components of tissue fluid and blood plasma?

Tissue fluids don’t contain red blood cells and plasma fluid.

21 What causes the formation of tissue fluid at the arteriole end of a capillary?

High hydrostatic (liquid) pressure exists at the arterial end of the capillary. The hydrostatic pressure
inside the capillary is higher than the hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid. This difference in
pressure forces water and other small molecules out of the capillary, forming tissue fluid.
22 What causes tissue fluid to return to the venule end of a capillary?

At the venule end of the capillary there is a high net oncotic pressure which means tissue fluid
returns to the capillary returning waste products back to the blood.

23 The volume of tissue fluid returning to the capillary is lower than the volume of fluid leaving the
capillary. Explain why.

The hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary is higher than the hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid.
This difference in pressure forces water and other small molecules out of the capillary, forming tissue
fluid.

Transport in Plants

24 What is the purpose of xylem vessels?

It transports water and nutrients from the roots to all parts of the body.

25 Describe the cohesion tension theory of plant mass transport.

When water evaporates from leaves, tension is created, drawing more water up the lead. Because
water molecules are cohesive due to hydrogen bonds, when one is pulled up, the others will follow.

26 What effects would a low wind speed have on uptake of water from roots?

The faster the wind speed, the greater the transpiration rate. This is because the movement of air
across the surface of leaves causes evaporation of water from the mesophyll cells, and this loss of
water must be replaced by water moving up the xylem vessels from the roots.

27 The total volume of water taken up by the roots is not equal to the total volume of water lost
from the leaves. Explain why.

Some water will be used to keep cells turgid, for photosynthesis and other chemical reactions and
some water will be created from aerobic respiration.

28 What is the function of phloem tissue?

Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids up and down the plant.

29 Draw a flow chart to describe the mass flow theory of transport in plants.
30 Describe an observation you would make if you removed the bark of a tree (ringing). The outer
layer of a tree trunk is the location of the phloem vessels.

The roots use their carbohydrates reserves. After several days, these reserves slowly end up and
result in the death of the tree.

31 How do plants conserve water?

Opening the stomata during the coolest times of the day to inhale carbon dioxide and then closing it
during the hotter parts when water evaporation is likely to occur.

32 What is a xerophyte and how is it adapted?

Xerophyte is any plant adapted to life in a dry or physiologically dry habitat. Common adaptations
include small or compound leaves, deep root systems and waxy cuticle development.

33 What is a hydrophyte and how is it adapted?

Hydrophytes are plants that are especially suited for and have adapted to living in aquatic
environments. Roots are poorly developed, and they are very thin and short or completely absent.
They also have a long, slender, and flexible stem and free-floating forms has a short thick spongy
stem.

Module 4

Classification:

1. What is a species?

A species is often defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce naturally with one another and
create fertile offspring.

2. What are the 5 kingdoms and 3 domains?

The domains: the Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya.

The Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and prokaryotes.

3. What evidence is used to put each cell type in each kingdom and or domain?

Anatomical evidence, fossils, and common ancestors.

4. How does a phylogenetic system organise living organisms?

It is represented by a phylogenetic tree that shows how species are related to each other through
common ancestors.

5. How does a hierarchy organise living organisms?

It organises living things in descending levels of complexity: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus, and species.

6. Identify the taxa (groups) that we organise living organisms into (in order!)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

7. What is the binomial name of humans?

Homo sapiens Linnaeus

8. What is the evidence for evolution?

Darwin used multiple lines of evidence to support his theory of evolution by natural selection -- fossil
evidence, biogeographical evidence, and anatomical evidence.

9. What are the genetic causes for variation?

Mutations, the changes in the sequences of genes in DNA.

10.What are the environmental causes for variation?

Environmental factors refer to variations that are caused by external factors, such as diet, climate,
and disease.

11.What are standard deviation and the students t-test used for?

The student’s t test is used to compare the means between two groups. Standard deviation tells you
how spread out the data is.

12.What are the different types of adaptations organisms can have?

Structural, psychological, and behavioural.

13.Name as many plant and animal adaptations as you can?

Plants: They store water in their stems or leaves.

Long root systems in desert plants go deep into the ground to absorb water.

Most plants are leafless. The lack of leaves helps reduce water loss.

In the cactus, leaves are reduced to spines.

Animals: The shape of a beak, the type of feet

The placement of eyes

The sharpness of teeth.