GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM

GAS EXCHANGE (Respiration)

•Gas exchange is the process of absorbing inhaled atmospheric oxygen
molecules into the bloodstream and offloading carbon dioxide from the
bloodstream into the atmosphere.
Biological
Without gas exchange, no one can survive.
Oxygen produced by plants and other photosynthetic organisms.
End product of photosynthesis is food.

GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS

STRUCTURE
❑ Cell membrane
❑Body surface/skin
❑Gills
❑Tracheal systems
❑Lungs
CELL MEMBRANE (DIFFUSION)
• Single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, are in constant
contact with their external environment.
• Gas exchange occurs by diffusion across their membranes. Even in
simple multicellular organisms, such as green algae, their cells may be
close to the environment, and gas exchange can occur easily.
DIFFUSION- movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower
concentration.

BODY SURFACE/SKIN
• Amphibians use their skin as a respiratory surface.
• Flatworms and annelids use their outer surfaces as gas exchange
surfaces. Earthworms have a series of thin-walled blood vessels known as
capillaries. Gas exchange occurs at capillaries located throughout the
body as well as those in the respiratory surface.
Most animals that use their body or skin.
From Epithelial cell- skin cell for respiration (in and out of gases)
To cell membrane- dissolve of oxygen (solute: being dissolved; solvent:
dissolving)
Aqueous solution- type of solution wherein water is the solvent

GILLS
• Gills greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange. They occur in a
variety of animal groups including arthropods (including some terrestrial
crustaceans), annelids, fish, and amphibians.
• Gills typically are convoluted (roll) outgrowths (extension of an
organism; fishes) containing blood vessels covered by a thin epithelial
layer.
• Typically, gills are organized into a series of plates and may be internal
(as in crabs and fish) or external to the body (as in some amphibians).
It contains blood vessels.
Gills can be found inside or outside the organism.
TRACHEAL SYSTEMS
• Many terrestrial animals have their respiratory surfaces inside the body
and connected to the outside by a series of tubes.
• Tracheae are these tubes that carry air directly to cells for gas
exchange. Spiracles are openings at the body surface that lead to
tracheae that branch into smaller tubes known as tracheoles. Entering
and the exit of gas exchange. For example, is cockroach.
• However, tracheae will not function well in animals whose body is
longer than 5 cm.

LUNGS
• Lungs are ingrowths of the body wall and connect to the outside by as
series of tubes and small openings.
• Lung breathing probably evolved about 400 million years ago.
• Lungs are not entirely the sole property of vertebrates, some terrestrial
snails have a gas exchange structures similar to those in frogs.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Gas exchange is the process whereby water vapor and oxygen leave and
carbon dioxide enters plant leaves.
• In plant cells, carbon dioxide may appear to be a waste product of
respiration, too, but because it is used in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide
may be considered a by-product.
Two most important events that occur in leaves: Respiration and
Photosynthesis.
Stoma/Stomata- specialized spores that are found in leaves. Each stoma
has its own guard cells.
Pores would open whenever sunlight hits them. It’ll close when its night
time.
Turgor pressure (guard cell)- there is a force wherein the guard cells are
being pushed towards the cell wall and away from the Stomata.
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
•Xylem and Phloem make up the big transportation system of vascular
plants.
•The xylem of a plant is the system of tubes and transport cells that
circulates water and dissolved minerals.
• Most plants have green leaves, where the photosynthesis happens.
When those sugars are made, they need to be given to every cell in the
plant for energy.
• Enter phloem. The phloem cells are laid out end-to-end throughout the
entire plant, transporting the sugars and other molecules created by the
plant. Phloem is always alive.
 In terms of organs/ medium use for circulation, it has 2 main
circulatory organs for plants. The Xylem (transport water and nutrients
from the roots to the different parts of the plant or to leaves; upward;
roots to the leaves) and Phloem (transports sugar/ food and other
metabolic processes from the leaves to the rest of the plant or to the
root; downward; leaves to the roots).
Tracheids- supporting organ of the Xylem; elongated cells that helps in
the transport of water and nutrients.
Sieve tubes- elongated cells that serve as the help for the transport of
sugar and other metabolic products throughout the body or the plant.
 In terms of circulation process for plants, their fluid circulates through
transpiration pool (evaporation of water from the leaves of the
plants).
 In terms of water transport for plants, water is transported through
the Xylem.
 In terms of food transport, food is transported through the Phloem.
 In terms of gas exchange, gas exchange happens through stomata.
TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS
• The circulatory system is effectively a network of cylindrical vessels: the
arteries, veins, and capillaries that emanate from a pump, the heart.
• In all vertebrate organisms, as well as some invertebrates, this is a
closed-loop system, in which the blood is not free in a cavity.
• In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels
and circulates unidirectionally from the heart around the systemic
circulatory route, then returns to the heart again.
In terms of organ associated/ medium use for circulation, first is blood.
First function of blood is transport gases and nutrients in the animal body,
as well as, carries waste out of the body.
Second, is it also regulated the organism’s body temperature to maintain
the homeostasis (balance between the external and internal
environment). The blood absorbs and distribute the heat all throughout
the body to helps the homeostasis. It either releases (sweat) or conserve
(chill) the warmth or heat.
If not well-balanced, there’s a tendency that we will develop diseases.
Another function of our blood is it also helps in healing and prevention in
further damage through platelet formation. Platelet/Thrombocytes is the
one who stops the bleeding of open wound and prevent blood clot. Like
hobby-ing of threads.
Hemophilia- disease wherein an individual doesn’t stop from bleeding.
It also plays an important role in our immune system.
WBC/ leukocyte- first defense of our body; disease-fighting of our blood.

-Most invertebrates don’t have bloods; they have Hemolymph- fluid that
is used by the invertebrates

Other medium for circulation is blood vessel (carries blood).

Heart- pumps blood all throughout the body.
1. Blood
2. Blood vessels
3. heart
In terms of circulation process, blood is forcefully pumped from the heart.
In terms of water transport, 90% of water is transported through blood
plasma.
In terms of food transport (glucose), food is transported though blood
plasma also.
In terms of gas exchange, gas exchange occurs in lungs.