BIOLOGY

LESSON 1: BREATHING ANG EXCHANGE OF GASES

Presented by Group 1
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able
to:

K: Compare and Contract plant and animal

gas exchange.
S: Identify the structures and functions of the
respiratory system in plants and animals.
A: Recognize the importance of gas
exchange to plant’s and animal’s way of life
Pre Activity

BREATHING EXERCISE
Procedure:
1. Close your mouth and then press your nose.
2. Hold your breath for a few seconds.
3. Run in place for 30 seconds. Then, sit down and
count the number of breaths you take.

Guide questions:
1. How did you feel after doing the activity?
2. What air did you breathe in and breathe out?
3. What will happen to our body if the air cannot
enter?
 Gas Exchange

All living organisms obtain energy by metabolizing compounds such as

carbohydrates.
Respiration is the process by which organisms require oxygen for metabolism.
Carbon dioxide gas is produced and must be removed from the body of animals. In
plants, carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration, is needed for
photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide must be available to plant cells, and oxygen gas must be
removed. Animals have to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxde in order to
survive.

Gas exchange is one of the essential prerequisites for life to continue.

 Gas Exchange
Diffusion across a moist membrane is the basic mechanism of gas exchange.
Diffusion is a process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration in the direction following a concentration gradient.

In living organisms, molecules move across cell membranes which are moistened by fluid.

ANIMALS
In order to survive, animals need to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Oxygen and
carbon dioxide are two of the many gases found in the environment which move by diffusion
across moist membranes in animals.

Breathing is a mechanical process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is

released. The exchange of gases through inhalation and exhalation is called respiration
Here are the ways in which

animals obtain energy:

From the air or water

through the moist
surface directly into the
body (e.g., amoeba,
flatworm)
Here are the ways in which

animals obtain energy:

From the air or water

through a thin, moist
body wall of blood
vessels (e.g., earthworm)
Here are the ways in which

animals obtain energy:

From the air through

spiracles (opening on
the thorax) or a tracheal
system to a system of
ducts to the tissues (e.g..
insects)
Here are the ways in which

animals obtain energy:

From the air through

moist lungs surface to
blood vessels (e.g., land
snail, land vertebrate)
 Gas Exchange System

The respiratory system's function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

between the air and the cells. In simple animals, the exchange of gases directly
occurs with the environment, while in some animals like mammals. breathing is
done through the body's nasal passages. The general body surface of most
animals lacks sufficient area to exchange gases for the whole organism. The
solution is a respiratory organ that is extensively folded or branched, thereby
enlarging the available surface area for gas exchange. Air is a respiratory medium
with plentiful O₂ Water has much less oxygen and greater density and viscosity,
making gas exchange more challenging in water than in air. The respiratory
surfaces (organs) where gas exchange with the respiratory medium occurs must
be moist, thin, and large enough to supply the whole body.
 Gas Exchange System

The following are the various types of gas

exchange systems used by animals:
1. Skin system - The skin or the body surface
system is also known as the integumentary
system. Animals that live in moist environments
like worms and amphibians used their moist
body surface to breathe in oxygen. Capillaries or
tiny vessels lie just below the skin of worms to
facilitate gas exchange between the external
environment and the circulatory system. The
skin of frogs is made up of very thin tissues,
allowing smooth exchange of gases
 Gas Exchange System

The following are the various types of gas exchange systems used by animals:
1. Skin system - The skin or the body surface system is also known as the integumentary system.
Animals that live in moist environments like worms and amphibians used their moist body surface
to breathe in oxygen. Capillaries or tiny vessels lie just below the skin of worms to facilitate gas
exchange between the external environment and the circulatory system. The skin of frogs is made
up of very thin tissues, allowing smooth exchange of gases
 Gas Exchange System

Gills system - Fish and other aquatic

animals use their gills to take up the
dissolved oxygen from water. Gills are
thin tissue filaments that are highly
branched and folded. When water
passes over the gills, the dissolved
oxygen in water rapidly diffuses across
the thin membranes of the gills into the
bloodstream. On the other hand, carbon
dioxide in the bloodstream of the animals
leaves through the gills.
 Gas Exchange System

Tracheal system Insects, such as

grasshoppers and spiders, use their
tracheae to facilitate gas exchange.

Tracheae consist of air tubes called

spiracles forming network in the bodies of
insects. Spiracles connect to the tubular
network allowing oxygen to pass into the
body and regulate the diffusion of CO2 and
water vapor.
 Gas Exchange System

4. Lung system A pair of organs divided into small

chambers filled with capillaries called lungs are found
inside the cavity of land animals such as humans. The
tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs is
called trachea. The trachea divides into two main
bronchi (singular: bronchus)- (the left and right) which
further subdivides into bronchioles.
 Gas Exchange System

The tip of each bronchiole is called alveolus (plural:

alveoli) wherein actual gas exchange occurs. Lying flat at
the bottom of the chest cavity (under the lungs) is the
diaphragm, a large muscle that aids in breathing by
moving up and down. The rib cage encloses the lungs
and protects the respiratory organs and the heart. Air is
inhaled through the nasal cavity and crosses the
surfaces of the mucous membrane. From the nasal
cavity air passes through the pharynx and the larynx to
the trachea. Particulates in the air are removed in the
nasal passages preventing damage to the trachea and
lungs.
 Gas Exchange System

Plants get the gases they need from the air and water around
them. For photosynthesis, they use carbon dioxide and get rid
of oxygen. Unlike animals, plants don't have special organs for
breathing. In water plants, gases move through the water
between their cells, while in land plants, air enters their tissues
and the gases move into the cells' moisture. Every part of the
plant handles its own gas needs. Diffusion is how plants get
the oxygen they need in all their cells. This happens in leaves,
roots, and stems.
 Gas Exchange System

Leaves have tiny openings called stomata (singular: stoma) that help with gas
exchange between the air around the plant and the cells inside the leaf that do
photosynthesis. These stomata control how much carbon dioxide the plant takes in
for photosynthesis and also help to release water vapor from the plant. A stoma is
made up of a small pore surrounded by two guard cells, which control whether the
pore is open or closed.
 Gas Exchange System

Inside a leaf, there's a part called the mesophyll, which is

between the upper and lower layers of the leaf's skin.
The mesophyll is where photosynthesis happens and it's
made up mainly of special cells called parenchyma cells.
There are two main parts of the mesophyll: the palisade
mesophyll at the top of the leaf and the spongy
mesophyll below it. The palisade mesophyll has long,
skinny cells, while the spongy mesophyll has more
spread-out cells with air spaces around them. These air
spaces help carbon dioxide and oxygen move around
the cells, especially near the stomata where gas
exchange with the outside air happens.
 Gas Exchange System

Plant roots absorb oxygen from the air that's

trapped between soil particles. The root hairs,
which are tiny extensions of the outer layer of
root cells, come into direct contact with the soil.
Oxygen moves into the root hairs through
diffusion and then spreads to other cells in the
roots. Only carbon dioxide is diffused into the
roots through the root hairs and is released from
the plant's roots. Root respiration, or the
process of breathing in roots, happens through
the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
through the root hairs.
 Gas Exchange System

Stem- Big plants and trees have lenticels in their tough stems.
Lenticels are small areas on the bark where cells are spaced apart,
allowing gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the
air and the living cells inside the woody stem.
 MULTIPLE CHOICE Read and understand each item carefuly, Then, write the letter of
your choice on your answer in your notebook.

1. Which of the following is not a structure for gas exchange in plants

A. Stomata B. Lenticels C. Aerial root hairs D. Flowers
Let’s go
2. What group of vertebrates rely on gas exchange across the skin as well as at the
lungs to maintain sufficient blood oxygen levels?
A. Fish B. Reptile C. Amphibians D. Birds
quiz time
3. What is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration in the direction following a
eyyy concentration gradient?
A. Respiration B. Diffusion C. Ventilation D. Exhalation

4. Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood
supply?
A. The lung of vertebrate B. The tracheal system of an insect
C. The gills of a fish D. The skin of an earthworm

5. Which refers to the organs where gas exchange with the respiratory medium
occurs?
A. Respiratory surface B. Respiratory medium C. Respiratory system D. Respiration
Thank

you!

Do you have any questions?