Life Processes

(Aakhir ye jeevan chal kaise raha hai?)

 WHAT ARE LIFE PROCESSES?

The processes that are necessary for an organism to stay

alive are called life processes. Ex: Nutrition, Respiration etc.
NUTRITION
The process by which the living
organisms receive and utilise the
food materials necessary for their
survival, growth and repair of worn-
out tissues is called nutrition.
 NUTRITION

Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Can make their cannot make
own food their own food
Holozoic
Saprophytic
Parasitic
Autotrophic - green plants

Heterotrophic -
1). Holozoic - Humans
2). Parasitic - round worm
3). Saprophytic - Fungi
 Heterotrophic

1). Saprophytic - Obtaining food

from dead and decaying matter. Ex:
Fungi
2). Parasitic - Obtaining food from
host organism without killing it. Ex:
Roundworm

3). Holozoic - Having solid matter

and then digesting it is holzoic
mode of nutrition. Ex: Animals
 Photosynthesis
The process, by which green plants make their
own food from carbon dioxide and water by
using sunlight energy in the presence of
chlorophyll, is called photosynthesis.
 Stomata

1.They allow the exchange of gases (CO2 and O2) with the
atmosphere.
2. Evaporation of water from the leaf surface occurs
through the stomata. Thus, the stomata help in the
process of transpiration.
3. Allows the intake of carbon dioxide and to give out
oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.
 Imp. inHeterotrophic Nutrition
Some organisms
break-down the food material outside the body
and then absorb it.
Examples are fungi like bread moulds, yeast
and mushrooms
 Nutrition in Human Beings

01
Digestion begins in the mouth itself
Salivary Amylase - Starch

Stomach
Gastric Juice

- Hcl --> Converts Perpsinogen to pepsin

- Mucus --> Protects inner lining of stomach
- Pepsinogen ---> Digestion of protein

Liver
Bile Juice
Emulsification of fats - breaking
down of big fat molecule into
smaller ones.
 1. Buccal cavity

Teeth help in chewing and grinding the food

Starch gets converted to simple sugar /
maltose. The movement of tongue turns
food into mass of a substance
called BOLUS.

Digestion begins in the mouth itself

Salivary Amylase - Starch
 2. Oesophagus
No digestion of food takes place
here. Peristaltic movement helps
to pass the food down.
 Gastric Glands
Gastric Glands secretes gastric juice which consists of
HCl, mucus and pepsinogen.

Functions of HCl: 1). Converts inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin

2). Kills the germs.

Function of Mucus : Protects the inner lining of stomach

Function of Pepsin : Breaks down proteins into peptides

 Small Intestine

1). Emulsification of fats by

Bile Juice which is secreted by liver

2). Pancreatic juice secreted by pancreas

contains trypsin and lipase.
Lipase: Breaks down emulsified fats
Trypsin: Helps to digest protein
 Carbohydrates - Glucose
Fats - Fatty acids + glycerol
Protein - Amino Acids
 Villi
1). Increases the surface area
of the small intestine
2). The villi are richly supplied
with blood vessels.
3). Helps in the absorption
of digested food.
Large Intestine
Only reabsorption of water
takes place here. Unabsorbed
food is thrown out through
anus.
 What is Transportation?
Transportation is a life process where substances
synthesized or absorbed in one part of the body
are carried to other parts of the body .

Why is Transportation important?

Transportation is important in plants and animals as it

leads to movement of nutrients, water, minerals,
gases, etc. in their bodies which is essential for their
survival and growth. It also transports waste material
which is to be excreted out from the body.
 Transportation in Plants
A group of special cells forming vascular tissue transport water
and nutrients to all the cells of the plants.

Xylem
Xylem transports water and
minerals obtained from the
soil.

Phloem
Phloem transports products of photosynthesis
from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
 What is Blood?
Blood is a special fluid that is actually a connective
tissue. To be more precise, it a transport liquid
which is pumped by the heart to different parts of
the body, after which it comes back again to the
heart.

Main Components of Blood:

1). Plasma
2). Erythrocytes or Red Blood cells ( RBC)
3). Leucocytes or White Blood Cells ( WBC)
 PLasma
Plasma constitutes about 55 percent of the
blood volumePlasma contains 91-92%water,
7 % proteins, 0.9% inorganic salts, 0.1%
glucose.
 Red Blood Cells
Transport oxygen to all parts of the body from the
lungs and take back CO2 to the lungs.

White Blood Cells

They help in fighting diseases and attack the
foreign bodies in the blood.. They are less as
compared to RBCs ( Immunity samajhlo)

Blood Platelets
They are responsible for controlling
bleeding or in clotting of blood.
 Functions of Blood
Blood Provides the Body's Cells with Oxygen and Removes
Carbon Dioxide
Blood Transports Nutrients and Hormones
Forms clots to prevent blood loss
Blood Regulates Body Temperature.
Blood Brings Waste Products to the Kidneys and Liver
 Blood Vessels

1. ARTERIES These are the blood vessels which

carry blood away from the heart to
various organs of the body

2. VEINS These are the blood vessels which

carry blood towards the heart from
various organs of the body

3. CAPILLARIES Capillaries are tiny blood vessels

connecting arteries to veins
HEART
Double circulation
 What is blood pressure?
The force that blood exerts against the wall of a
vessel is called blood pressure.This pressure is much
greater in arteries than in veins. The pressure of
blood inside the artery during ventricular systole
(contraction) is called systolic pressure and pressure
in artery during ventricular diastole (relaxation) is
called diastolic pressure.
Lymph
 Respiration
Definition - The process of releasing energy
from food is called respiration.

Glucose is the best source of

energy.
Respiration V/s Breathing
 Types of Respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic
(in the presence of O2) (in the absence of O2)
Respiration (Steps)
Respiration in Aquatic Animals
 Human respiratory system
Mechanism of Breathing in Humans
Haemoglobin is a pigment present in the
RBCs that gives blood its red colour.
Oxygen binds with haemoglobin to form
oxyhaemoglobin
 What is excretion?
Excretion is a biological process by which an organism gets rid of
nitrogenous waste products from the body.

Excretion

Excretion in Humans Excretion in Plants

 Excretion in Plants

WASTE PRODUCTS OF A PLANT!

Oxygen can be looked upon as a waste product of
photosynthesis and carbon dioxide a waste product of
respiration whereas water is a waste product of both.

HOW IS WATER LOST?

Water will be lost through transpiration.
 Excretion in Plants

Oxygen is a waste product of

photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide is a waste product

of respiration.

Water is a waste product of

transpiration.
 What are other products of excretion?

1. Gums, resins, rubber, and latex are also

removed from various parts of the plant body.
 Organs of Excretion in Humans

Organs of excretion include the SKIN, LIVER ,

LARGE INTESTINE, LUNGS, and KIDNEYS.

Skin Liver Large Intestine Kidney

 Excretory system in human beings

Human excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair

of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra forms the
human excretory system.
Kidneys are present on either side of the backbone in the
abdomen.Kidneys produce urine and urine from kidney
passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder and
remains stored their until it is released through the urethra.
Each structural and functional
unit of the kidney is called
nephron.
 The Ultimate process of Urine Formation

All the blood components are filtered in this process by the kidneys
1 . Ultrafiltration except for the blood cells and the plasma proteins, e.g. urea, water,
sodium, glucose, potassium,etc.

Some essential components are reabsorbed back into the blood

2. Selective reabsorption
vessels.For example: water, sodium, glucose

The movement of elements such as water, glucose, amino acids, urea etc
3. Secretion from the blood into the nephron is known as secretion.
 Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration begins in the nephron in the
kidney. Blood travels through a coiled
structure of capillaries called the glomerulus
surrounded by the Bowman's capsule.
 Selective Reabsorption
this reabsorption takes place selectively allowing
substances useful to be reabsorbed excluding
those not needed by the body. Substances like
glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc., in the filtrate are
reabsorbed actively.
Haemodialysis